Journal articles: 'Third root'

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Martínez Montiel, Luz María. "Our Third Root." Diogenes 45, no. 179 (September 1997): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039219219704517913.

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Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Zahed Mohammadi, Sousan Shalavi, and Shilpa Bandi. "Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 4 (2015): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1681.

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ABSTRACT Successful root canal treatment depends on having comprehensive information regarding the root(s)/canal(s) anatomy. Dentists may have some complication in treatment of third molars because the difficulty in their access, their aberrant occlusal anatomy and different patterns of eruption. The aim of this review was to review and address the number of roots and root canals in third molars, prevalence of confluent canals in third molars, C-shaped canals, dilaceration and fusion in third molars, autotransplantation of third molars and endodontic treatment strategies for third molars. How to cite this article Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Bandi S, Patil SG. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4): 310-313.

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R, Marano. "External Root Resorption associated with Impacted Third Molars: A Case Report." Journal of Oral Health and Craniofacial Science 2, no. 2 (2017): 043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.johcs.1001010.

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Noori, Haeman, David L. Hill, Daniel A. Shugars, Ceib Phillips, and Raymond P. White. "Third Molar Root Development and Recovery from Third Molar Surgery." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 65, no. 4 (April 2007): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2006.02.035.

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Estrela, Carlos, Mike R. Bueno, Fernando B. Barletta, Orlando A. Guedes, Olavo C. Porto, Cyntia R. A. Estrela, and Jesus Djalma Pécora. "Identification of Apical and Cervical Curvature Radius of Human Molars." Brazilian Dental Journal 26, no. 4 (August 2015): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-64402013x0252.

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<p>To determine the frequency of apical and cervical curvatures in human molars using the radius method and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Four hundred images of mandibular and maxillary first and second molars were selected from a database of CBCT exams. The radius of curvature of curved root canals was measured using a circumcenter based on three mathematical points. Radii were classified according to the following scores: 0 - straight line; 1 - large radius (r>8 mm, mild curvature); 2 - intermediate radius (r>4 and r<8 mm, moderate curvature); and 3 - small radius (r≤4 mm, severe curvature). The frequency of curved root canals was analyzed according to root canal, root thirds, and coronal and sagittal planes, and assessed using the chi-square test (significance at α=0.05). Of the 1,200 evaluated root canals, 92.75% presented curved root canals in the apical third and 73.25% in the cervical third on coronal plane images; sagittal plane analysis yielded 89.75% of curved canals in the apical third and 77% in the cervical third. Root canals with a large radius were significantly more frequent when compared with the other categories, regardless of root third or plane. Most root canals of maxillary and mandibular first and second molars showed some degree of curvature in the apical and cervical thirds, regardless of the analyzed plane (coronal or sagittal).</p>

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Chan, EKM, and MA Darendeliler. "Exploring the third dimension in root resorption." Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 7, no. 2 (May 2004): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2004.00280.x.

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Gibbons, A. "Biotechnology takes root in the Third World." Science 248, no. 4958 (May 25, 1990): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2343311.

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Sabarinathan, S., Hemen Dutta, and B. V. Senthil Kumar. "Approximation of a third root functional equation." Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 87, no. 1 (March 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43538-021-00004-x.

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Dubovina, Dejan, Stevo Matijevic, Filip Djordjevic, Jelena Stanisic, Branko Mihailovic, and Zoran Lazic. "Frequency and risk factors for injury of the inferior alveolar nerve during surgical extraction of the impacted lower third molars." Vojnosanitetski pregled 76, no. 12 (2019): 1240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp171024032d.

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Background/Aim. The injury of inferior alveolar nerve during a surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars, followed by sensory disturbance, is, for the patient, an extremely unpleasant complication. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of this complication after the third molar surgery and its frequency depending on a tooth position and tooth relation to the mandibular canal. Methods. In this study, 800 surgical extractions of the impacted lower third molar were performed. The position of the impacted tooth was recorded according to the Winter classification, as well as the ratio of their root tips to the mandibular canal using the Tanaka et al. and Rood and Shebab classifications. Results. The frequency of the recorded post extraction sensory disturbance was 2.25%, most frequently when teeth were in the mesioangular position. Concerning Tanaka and al. classification, the incidence of injuries was inversely proportional to the increase of distance between roots and mandibular canal with the statistical significance in cases where mandibular canal overlaps more than a half of the root of the tooth (p = 0.001). Considering the radiological signs recommended by Rood and Shehab, a higher frequency of the inferior alveolar nerve injury was recorded when illumination in the area of the root tips was present and when the loss of linear overshadowing characterized by the ?roof? and the ?bottom? of the mandibular canal were observed, or diversion of the canal and root deflection, but without a statistical significance. Conclusion. The superposition of the mandibular canal with the lower third molar roots at the panoramic radiographies may increase a possibility of the inferior alveolar nerve injury. The angulations of the impacted lower third molar as well as the vicinity of the tips of its roots to the content of the mandibular canal, do not significantly affect the frequency of the nerve injury.

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Ahmad, IbrahimAli, ManalMahmoud Azzeh, AbdalwahabM A. Zwiri, Mohd AshrafShakib Abu Haija, and MahaMethqal Diab. "Root and root canal morphology of third molars in a Jordanian subpopulation." Saudi Endodontic Journal 6, no. 3 (2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1658-5984.189350.

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Khawaja, Naveen, Suneel Kumar Punjabi, and Munir Ahmed Banglani. "ROOT CANAL MORPHOLOGY;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 04 (April 6, 2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.04.1451.

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Morphological features of mandibular 3rd molar are always unpredictable, andshow a discrepancy by way of different individual. Nevertheless, restorative, prosthetic andorthodontic concerns of these mandibular third molars require root canal treatment in turn topreserve functional elements in the jaw. The variation in the root canal anatomy presents clinicalchallenges and difficulties for clinician to undertake endodontic therapy. Therefore it’s veryessential for practitioners must have adequate knowledge of the internal morphology of rootcanal system, use all techniques, equipments is mandatory to treat the entire root canal system.Study Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Department: Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro. Period: February 2014 to March2016. Methodology: Overall 200 patients of mandibular 3rd molar (fully erupted in the jaw)were enrolled with indicative irreversible pulpitis, Were endodontically treated by conventionalmethod using stainless steel hand files, contra-angle small head hand peace by postgraduatetrainee. After opening of access cavity, every canal was positioned radiographically by the handfiles placed within the canals. Results: Among 200 patients of mandibular third molars wereevaluated by conventionally endodontic treatment, Out of 200 patients were found to havea practical errors in the 65 cases and rest of the 135 cases were treated without any errors.Number of canal configuration has found in lower 3rd molar teeth, one canal contained in4(2.0%) teeth, two canals in 33(16.5%) teeth, three canals in 160(80%) teeth and four in 3(1.5%)teeth. Conclusion: Mandibular third molars showed huge anatomic irregularity. Numberof canals has provided by this study to the practitioner with an understanding of the clinicalrecommended for lowers third molars.

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Štikonas, A. "THE ROOT CONDITION FOR THE THIRD ORDER POLYNOMIALS." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 4, no. 1 (December 15, 1999): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.1999.9637121.

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This paper deals with a root condition for polynomial of the second and third order. We prove the root criterion for such polynomial with complex coefficients and find regions for the root condition in the special coefficients’ phase space.

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Oliveira, Maria Antonieta Veloso Carvalho, Jady Karine Borelli, Kellen Cristina Mendes Azevedo, Luís Henrique Araújo Raposo, Lúcio Borges de Araújo, and Nayara Rodrigues Nascimento Oliveira Tavares. "Analysis of the presence of filling material in oval root canals using computed microtomography after endodontic retreatment performed by different techniques." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 16 (December 15, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v16i0.8651185.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of filling material in oval root canals after endodontic retreatment performed by different techniques, considering the area (mm2), location and root third using computed microtomography (µ-CT). Methods: Thirty human lower central incisor underwent biomechanical preparation, root filling and filling removal using two techniques (n=15): MN- manual retreatment technique (Gates Glidden burs and stainless steel manual files); and RT- rotary retreatment technique (ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Retreatment Systems). Cross-sectional images of the teeth were made using µ-CT to identify the presence of remaining filling in all root thirds of the canal walls. The remaining material detected in 150 µ-CT sections was identified and its area quantified (mm2) for each root third individually. Results: Data analysis showed no difference in the remaining area of filling material (p=0.8611) for the both techniques. Higher frequency of remaining material was verified in the lingual wall of the root canals. Regardless of the retreatment technique, the apical third showed lager areas of remaining filling material. More areas of remaining material were detected in the cervical third of the RT group, whereas for the MN group, most areas were observed in the middle and apical thirds. Conclusion: According to our results, no significant differences were verified between the efficiency of the rotary and manual techniques for removing filling material due to the interferences caused by the root canal anatomy.

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Limbhore, Mayur Vilas, Viren S. Patil, Shandilya Ramanojam, Vrushika Mahajan, Pallavi Rathi, and Kisna Tadas. "ACCIDENTAL DISPLACEMENT OF MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR ROOT INTO THE SUBMANDIBULAR SPACE: A CASE REPORT." Era's Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 1 (June 2019): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2019.118.

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Yamaoka, M., K. Furusawa, H. Hayama, and T. Kura. "Relationship of third molar development and root angulation." Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 28, no. 2 (February 2001): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00641.x.

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Naidu, Guntipalli M., Chaitanya Ram Kandregula, and Srikanth Koya. "Bilateral Radix Endomolaris (Third Root): A Rare Endoexperience." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 4, no. 3 (September 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2229411220130304.

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Dawoodbhoy, Irfan I. "Spontaneous third-molar eruption: What about root morphology?" American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 130, no. 1 (July 2006): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.05.017.

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Tanomaru-Filho, Mário, Roberta Bosso, Arnaldo Sant'anna-Júnior, Fábio Luiz Camargo Villela Berbert, and Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru. "Effectiveness of gutta-percha and Resilon in filling lateral root canals using thermomechanical technique." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 42, no. 1 (February 2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1807-25772013000100007.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gutta-percha and Resilon in filling lateral root canals in cervical, middle, and apical third using a thermomechanical technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Root canals of artificial teeth were prepared using a standard preparation. The lateral canals were fabricated using a 0.3-mm-diameter bur at 3 parts of each root. By using Tagger's hybrid technique with a McSpadden thermomechanical compactor, the root canal was filled using the following filling materials: Dentsply gutta-percha, Endopoint gutta-percha, and Resilon cones. The root canal fillings were evaluated using digitized radiographs and the Image Tool software. The percentage of filled area of each lateral canal was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests at a 5% significance level. RESULT: Resilon showed better effectiveness as a filling material. When the three thirds were compared, Resilon was more effective in the apical third than in the cervical third (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Resilon is an effective filling material for lateral root canals using a thermomechanical technique.

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Ravi kumar, Pabbati, Mandava Jyothi, Kantheti Sirisha, Khushboo Racca, and Chalasani Uma. "Autotransplantation of Mandibular Third Molar: A Case Report." Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/629180.

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Autogenous transplantation is a feasible, fast, and economical option for the treatment of nonsalvageable teeth when a suitable donor tooth is available. This paper presents successful autotransplantation of a mature mandibular left third molar (38) without anatomical variances is used to replace a mandibular left second molar (37). The mandibular second molar was nonrestorable due to extensive root caries and resorption of distal root. After extraction of mandibular second and third molars, root canal therapy was done for the third molar extraorally, and the tooth was reimplanted into the extracted socket of second molar site. After one year, clinical and radiographic examination revealed satisfactory outcome with no signs or symptoms suggestive of pathology. In selected cases, autogenous tooth transplantation, even after complete root formation of the donor tooth, may be considered as a practical treatment alternative to conventional prosthetic rehabilitation or implant treatment.

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Kraft, John M., and W. Boge. "Root Characteristics in Pea in Relation to Compaction and Fusarium Root Rot." Plant Disease 85, no. 9 (September 2001): 936–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.936.

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Differences in pea root length, root surface area, and diameter were rapidly determined using the WinRhizo computer program. Repeatable differences were measured both in the laboratory and in the field. Large-rooted lines, as measured in the laboratory, also were the largest-rooted lines in the field. Large-rooted lines produced more roots and had more root surface area when exposed to a 1.6 g cm-3 bulk density compacted layer with the presence of the Fusarium root rot pathogen (Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi). Also, large-rooted lines regenerated more roots when one-third or two-thirds of the root system was removed or when one cotyledon was removed from 5-day-old plants. Large-rooted pea lines should have an advantage in growing under adverse conditions of compaction and the presence of Fusarium root rot.

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CHÁVEZ-ANDRADE, Gisselle Moraima, Juliane Maria GUERREIRO-TANOMARU, Lucas Martinati MIANO, Renato de Toledo LEONARDO, and Mario TANOMARU-FILHO. "Radiographic evaluation of root canal cleaning, main and laterals, using different methods of final irrigation." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 43, no. 5 (October 2014): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/rou.2014.053.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using intermittent or continuous flushing and conventional manual irrigation (CMI) on the cleaning of main and simulated lateral root canals.MATERIAL AND METHOD: The root canals of 24 artificial teeth were prepared and simulated lateral canals were made in the medium and apical thirds of the root. The specimens were divided into three groups: G1- CMI, G2- PUI 1 (intermittent flushing) and G3- PUI 2 (continuous flushing). Root canals were filled with contrast solution and the roots were radiographed pre- and post-irrigation. The digital images were transferred to Image Tool 3.0 software and the areas of root canal completely filled with contrast, and after irrigation with contrast remnant, were measured to obtain percentage data. Statistical analysis between groups was performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests.RESULT: In the apical third, G2 and G3 (PUI) groups showed higher percentage of cleaning than G1 (CMI) (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Passive ultrasonic irrigation using intermittent flushing promoted a higher cleaning of simulated lateral canals than conventional manual irrigation in the apical third. There were no differences between groups in the main root canal and the middle third.

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Rawtiya, Manjusha, Pavithra Somasundaram, Shefali Wadhwani, Swapna Munuga, Manish Agarwal, and Priyank Sethi. "Retrospective study of root canal configurations of maxillary third molars in Central India population using cone beam computed tomography Part- I." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 01 (January 2016): 097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.175690.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of maxillary third molars in Central India population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 116 maxillary third molars were observed, and data regarding the number of roots, the number of canals, and Vertucci's Classification in each root was statistically evaluated. Results: Majority of Maxillary third molars had three roots (55.2%) and three canals (37.9%). Most MB root (43.8%), DB root (87.5%), and palatal root (100%) of maxillary third molars had Vertucci Type I. Mesiobuccal root of three-rooted maxillary third molars had Vertucci Type I (43.8%) and Type IV (40.6%) configuration. Overall prevalence of C-shaped canals in maxillary third molars was 3.4%. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of three-rooted maxillary molars with three canals.

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Razumova, Svetlana, Anzhela Brago, Ammar Howijieh, Haydar Barakat, Ashot Manvelyan, and Yuliya Kozlova. "An In Vitro Evaluation Study of the Geometric Changes of Root Canal Preparation and the Quality of Endodontic Treatment." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8883704.

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Introduction. The geometry of root canals differs in different parts, especially in the apical region, and it is affected by different preparation techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the geometric changes of root canal preparation by general dentists regardless of the endodontic instrumentation systems and to study the quality of endodontic treatment by evaluating the untouched areas after mechanical preparation and the smear layer removal. Materials and Methods. 100 extracted maxillary canines were collected for the in vitro study from 10 dentists, and the dentists were asked to treat the teeth endodontically. The teeth then were separated and examined under an optical microscope to evaluate the root canal final diameter and the untouched areas. Then, the teeth were examined under a scanned electronic microscope to evaluate the smear layer in coronal, middle, and third parts of the canal. Statistical significance was set as P<0.05. Results. The mean diameter of the root canal after instrumentation in the coronal and middle thirds was 2.50 ± 1.12 and 1.75 ± 1.24 mm, respectively, and the untouched area percentage observed in the apical thirds was 71%. For smear layer removal, it was better in the coronal and middle thirds than in the apical (P<0.05). Conclusion. The changes in the diameter of the root canal, the percentage of untouched areas after mechanical preparation, and the percentage of smear layer were observed in a higher percent in the apical third than in the coronal and middle thirds, and this raises the question of changing the technique of processing the root canal, especially in the apical third.

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Stone, Bruce F. "CERVICAL THIRD ACCESS - ITS PLACE IN ROOT CANAL PREPARATION." Australian Endodontic Newsletter 8, no. 3 (February 11, 2010): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.1983.tb00408.x.

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SANTOS, Klaus Souza, Mário Alfredo Silveira MIRANZI, Benito André Silveira MIRANZI, Sílvia França SANTOS, and Almir José Silveira MIRANZI. "Horizontal root fracture in the apical third: case report." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 64, no. 4 (December 2016): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-8637201600030000161560.

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ABSTRACT This article presents a clinical case of horizontal root fracture, in an adult patient, male, in the apical third, due to the practice of sports, which, along with other factors, has led to pulp necrosis. Initially, the patient sought emergency care, and then he underwent treatment by endodontics, using calcium hydroxide between sessions. After a monitoring period, root canal obturation was performed and the tooth is clinically and radiographically stable 2 years after the trauma. In this case, monitoring is long-lasting, divided into 12-month periods for 10 years, with clinical and radiographic evaluation. Dental fracture in children and teenagers from 10 to 14 years is very common, especially during the practice of sports and recreation activities. It is expected that young male individuals have greater propensity to damage their teeth than young female individuals. Maxillary central incisor is the tooth most commonly involved, and it often evolves to pulp necrosis after trauma.

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Stroganov, Yu G. "Izergin-Korepin Determinant at a Third Root of Unity." Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 146, no. 1 (January 2006): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11232-006-0006-8.

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Trakinienė, Giedrė, Irena Andriuškevičiūtė, Loreta Šalomskienė, Arūnas Vasiliauskas, Tomas Trakinis, and Antanas Šidlauskas. "Genetic and environmental influences on third molar root mineralization." Archives of Oral Biology 98 (February 2019): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.026.

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Kačergius, A., and D. Radaitienė. "Greenhouse test for the resistance to root and stem rot of Hypericum perforatum L. accessions." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10547-pps.

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Root and stem rot caused by soil-borne agent Fusarium avenaceum is a major disease of wild Hypericum perforatum accessions in the field collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) of the Institute of Botany in Lithuania. These wild accessions of H. perforatum are growing as an initial material for breeding. In 1998–2001 the monitoring of epidemiological situation of field collection of H. perforatum showed differences among accessions considering the resistance to root rot. High intensity of root rot was observed in the third–fourth years of cultivation. The most damaged plants (> 50%) were among the accessions 219, 379, 381, and cv. Zolotodolinskaja. Fungi of the Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, and Verticillium genera were associated with H. perforatum roots together with the rot agent Fusarium avenaceum. Seven accessions from Lithuania and cv. Zolotodolinskaja of H. perforatum were tested for the resistance to root rot under greenhouse conditions. Two accessions (219, 381) were highly susceptible to the disease, another two (218, 383) were less susceptible, others were free of the symptoms of root rot. Accessions and single plants, survived after artificial infection, have been selected for further investigations.

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Jaworska, Małgorzata, and Anna Kierklo. "Use of microcomputed tomography for the evaluation of canal filling quality depending on the part of root canal." Journal of Stomatology 69, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/00114553.1230584.

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Introduction. High-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) is an emerging technology with several applications to endodontics. Aim of the study: To analyse in detail root canal fillings in the apical third, in the middle and coronal thirds in in vitro conditions with the use of microCT. Material and methods. Eighty single roots were prepared with the “step-back” technique or with a Pro File system using the “crown-down” technique. Each main group was divided into two subgroups and obturated with either cold lateral (CL) condensation or thermoplastic (Th) compaction with System B and Obtura II. The distribution of voids (number and volume) was assessed by means of microCT. Results. In the apical third of the root canal, in total over three times more external voids (e-voids) (598) with a greater volume than internal voids (i-voids) (167) were found. In the middle third the numbers of i-voids (664) and e-voids (651) were similar. The mean volume of i-voids was higher among root canals filled using CL condensation as compared to Th compaction (p=0.001). The greatest number of i-voids (3872) and e-voids (1888) were found in the coronal third. The mean volume of i-voids was higher among root canals filled using CL condensation as compared to those filled by means of Th compaction (p=0.001). Conclusions. Irrespective of the obturation methods, the most hermetically filled part of the root canal was the apical third while the coronal third was the least hermetically filled part. E-voids with a greater volume predominated in the apical part, while numerous small i-voids were detected closer to the crown.

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Drukteinis, Saulius, Goda Bilvinaite, Paulius Tusas, Hagay Shemesh, and Vytaute Peciuliene. "Porosity Distribution in Single Cone Root Canal Fillings Performed by Operators with Different Clinical Experience: A microCT Assessment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122569.

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The objective of this study was to assess the porosity distribution of BioRoot RCS/single gutta-percha point root-canal fillings performed by a general dental practitioner and endodontist. Fourteen plastic models of maxillary premolars with two roots were selected and shaped with HyFlex EDM instruments to a size 40/0.04 taper and randomly divided into two experimental groups. A total of 14 canals in each group were obturated by two different operators with one HyFlex EDM size 40 gutta-percha point and BioRoot RCS sealer. The specimens were scanned with a high-resolution micro-computed tomography scanner, and the porosity of the fillings at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canals was qualified and quantified. The differences between groups and root-canal thirds were compared using Mann–Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests with the significance level set at p < 0.05. The highest number of pores was observed in the apical third of root-canal fillings in both groups; however, the porosity distribution between the two groups was not significantly different in the apical and middle thirds (p > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were determined only in the coronal third (p < 0.05). The predominance of open pores was detected in all root-canal thirds and groups, with no significant differences in the number of open pores between the coronal and middle thirds (p > 0.05).

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Drukteinis, Saulius, Goda Bilvinaite, Paulius Tusas, Hagay Shemesh, and Vytaute Peciuliene. "Microcomputed Tomographic Assessment of the Single Cone Root Canal Fillings Performed by Undergraduate Student, Postgraduate Student and Specialist Endodontist." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051080.

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The present study evaluated the obturation quality of root canals filled with BioRoot RCS sealer and single gutta-percha point by undergraduate student (US), postgraduate student (PS) and endodontist (ED). Twenty-one plastic models of upper premolars were enlarged with HyFlex EDM instruments to a size 40/0.04 taper and randomly divided into three groups (7 teeth/14 canals per group): US, PS and ED. After the obturation of root canals with BioRoot RCS and one HyFlex EDM size 40 gutta-percha point, plastic models were scanned using micro-computed tomography scanner (µCT) SkyScan 1272 at isotropic resolution of 10 µm. The porosity distribution was evaluated separately for the apical, middle and coronal thirds. The Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests with the significance level set at 5% were used for data analysis. The µCT evaluation revealed open pores being the dominant type of porosity in all experimental groups and root canal thirds, with the highest percentage of pores in the apical third of root canal fillings. The quality and homogeneity of single cone root canals fillings remained similar between the groups in the apical and middle thirds (p > 0.05). Significant differences were observed only in the coronal third (p < 0.05).

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Costa, Bruna M., Alexsandra S. Iwamoto, Regina M. Puppin-Rontani, and Fernanda M. Pascon. "Comparative Analysis of Root Dentin Morphology and Structure of Human Versus Bovine Primary Teeth." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 3 (May 8, 2015): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000434.

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AbstractThis study evaluated the structural and morphological differences between human and bovine primary root canals. Primary human maxillary central incisors (H) (n=9) and primary bovine incisors (B) (n=9) were selected. The roots were sectioned in the vestibular-lingual direction, planed and delimited in cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Tubule density (number of tubules per mm2) and diameter were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (1,000 and 5,000×) using Image J 1.47 software. Data were submitted to two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). The highest tubule density was observed for B (28.527±1.717 mm2) compared with H (15.931±0.170 mm2) (p<0.01). Regarding root thirds, the cervical third presented a greater tubule density (26.417±11.654 mm2) than the apical third (17.999±5.873 mm2). The diameter of the dentin tubules was not different for cervical (3.50±0.08 µm), middle (3.45±0.30 µm) and apical thirds (3.42±0.33 µm) and substrate (H—3.29±0.14 µm; B—3.63±0.06 µm). It could be concluded that: (1) the radicular dentin structure of human and bovine primary teeth and root thirds differ in terms of the tubule density; (2) the radicular dentin morphology of human and bovine primary teeth and root thirds are similar in terms of the diameter of the dentin tubules.

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Vaswani, Sneha Dhruvkumar, Sathish Abraham, Harshal Balasaheb Najan, and Rohini Ramesh Karad. "Conservative Management of the Horizontal Root Fracture in the Middle Third using Fiber Post as an Intraradicular Splint." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. C (September 4, 2020): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4865.

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BACKGROUND: Root fractures are uncommon injuries in permanent teeth and account for only 0.5–7% of dental trauma. It occurs more frequently in fully erupted permanent teeth, in which the completely formed root with closed apices is solidly supported in the bone and periodontium. This may lead to complex consequences due to the combined damage to the pulp, dentine, cementum, bone, and periodontium. They are transverse to oblique in direction and result from a horizontal impact. Their incidence is more in the middle third of the root than at the cervical and apical thirds. CASE REPORT: This paper describes a case of complicated horizontal root fracture at the middle third of the maxillary right central incisor. After receiving an endodontic treatment, the fractured root fragments of the maxillary right central incisors were united with the help of a glass fibre post. Eventually, the incisor was restored with a zirconia crown. CONCLUSION: Follow-up after a year revealed a well-stabilized assembly of the root fragments and the post.

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Alkahtany, Sarah M., and Ebtissam M. Al-Madi. "Dentinal Microcrack Formation after Root Canal Instrumentation by XP-Endo Shaper and ProTaper Universal: A Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (April 8, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4030194.

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Aim. To evaluate dentinal microcrack formation on root canals instrumented, continuously in the body temperature, with XP-endo shaper (XPES) and ProTaper Universal (PTU), by means of microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. Methodology. Nineteen mesial roots with two separate canals (Vertucci Type IV) of extracted mandibular molars were used in this study. The root canals (N = 38) were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 19): all MB canals were instrumented with XPES. Group 2 (n = 19): all ML canals were instrumented with PTU. All roots were scanned with micro-CT before and after instrumentation. Two precalibrated examiners evaluated the cross-sectional images of each sample with DataViewer program. The dentinal microcracks (complete and incomplete) were counted in each third of the root for the preinstrumentation and the postinstrumentation images. Wilcoxin signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of P<0.05. Results. The number of microcracks increased significantly (P<0.05) after instrumentation with XPES in the middle and cervical thirds. The number of microcracks increased significantly (P<0.05) after instrumentation with PTU in the cervical third only. There was no significant difference between the groups in the cervical and apical thirds. In the middle third, the XPES induced more incomplete microcracks than PTU (P<0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, there was no significant difference in the dentinal microcrack formation between XPES and PTU in the apical and cervical thirds of the root. However, XPES instrumentation induced more incomplete microcracks than PTU in the middle third of human roots.

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Miller, Brandon M., and William R. Graves. "Root Pruning and Auxin Alter Root Morphology of Hickories." HortScience 54, no. 9 (September 2019): 1517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14026-19.

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A reputation for coarse root systems with dominant taproots, and for slow shoot development among seedlings, limits use of hickory species (Carya Nutt.) that could increase diversity in managed landscapes. We examined effects of root pruning and application of auxin on root and shoot development of seedlings of several species of hickory. Our hypothesis was that pruning the radicle shortly after seed germination and subsequent treatment with auxin would increase root branching without curtailing development of the shoot. Germinated seeds of Carya aquatica (F. Michx.) Nutt., Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, Carya laciniosa (F. Michx.) Loudon, Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. were treated by removing two-thirds of the length of the radicle with and without immediate application of 3000 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) via Hormex rooting powder #3 to the remaining one-third of radicle. Neither treatment altered stem height, stem caliper, or root dry weight. After 75 days, root-pruned seedlings of Carya ovata without auxin had 42% fewer fibrous first-order lateral roots than did unpruned controls. Root pruning plus auxin led to a 79% increase in the number of fibrous first-order lateral roots of C. laciniosa and an ≈50% increase in the shoot dry weight of C. aquatica. Both root pruning and root pruning plus auxin evoked formation of taproot branches for all species. Because species differed in responses of root and shoot systems to root pruning with and without auxin, the practice should be implemented cautiously based on the species.

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MICHELON, Carina, Marina FRIGHETTO, Pauline Mastella LANG, Mariana De Carlo BELLO, Rafael PILLAR, Geraldo Fagundes SERPA, and Carlos Alexandre Souza BIER. "Efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation in removing root filling material during endodontic retreatment." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 45, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.02814.

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Abstract Introduction The aim of endodontic retreatment is to remove the previous root filling materials completely to allow for the subsequent steps of cleaning, canal shaping and filling replacement. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in the removal of residual root filling material after removing the bulk of the root filling with nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Material and method Eighteen mesial isthmus-containing roots of human mandibular molars were prepared and filled. The root canal filling was removed with the ProTaper Retreatment system and K-files. The specimens were randomized into 2 groups (n = 9), both irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. In the conventional group, an irrigation syringe was used. In the PUI group, the PUI technique was used. The roots were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated under stereomicroscopy. Student’s t test was used to compare groups and the general linear model was used to compare the apical, cervical, and middle root thirds within each group, in regard to the percentages of remaining residual filling material. Result There was no statistically significant intergroup difference, irrespective of which root third was evaluated (P > 0.05). In the PUI group, the apical third showed a significantly higher percentage of residual filling material, in comparison with the cervical (P = 0.038) and middle (P = 0.029) thirds. Conclusion The PUI technique was not more effective than the conventional irrigation technique in removing residual root filling material during endodontic retreatment in root canals with a complex anatomy.

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Karhade, Ishani, and Meenal N. Gulve. "Management of Horizontal Root Fracture in the Middle Third via Intraradicular Splinting Using a Fiber Post." Case Reports in Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9684035.

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Radicular fractures in permanent teeth are uncommon injuries and account for only 0.5–7% of dental traumas. These fractures commonly result from a horizontal impact and are transverse to oblique in direction. Their incidence is more in the middle third of the root than at the apical and cervical thirds. This paper describes a case of complicated crown fracture of maxillary incisors along with horizontal root fracture at the middle third of maxillary right central and lateral incisor. The fractured root fragments of the upper right central and lateral incisor were united with the help of a glass fiber post after receiving an endodontic treatment. The other two incisors were treated endodontically followed by post endodontic restorations. Eventually the four incisors were restored with porcelain fused to metal crowns. A one-year follow-up revealed a well stabilized assembly of the root fragments and the post.

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Talash, R. V. "PECULIARITIES OF DETERMINING INDIVIDUAL AND SEXUAL VARIABILITY OF THIRD MOLARS IN PEOPLE OF THE FIRST PERIOD OF MATURITY." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 19, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.19.4.69.

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The article presents a theoretical synthesis and a new solution of the scientific problem, which consists in determining the sexual and individual polymorphism of third molars through the age aspect. The review of the relevant literature, the results obtained by analysing orthopantograms of people at the first period of adulthood, and studying randomly selected third molars removed for various clinical reasons (more than 140 samples) are presented. It has been shown that erupted third molars considerably vary in size and shape that is due to different combinations of configurational relationship between the crown and root parts. This depends on the location of opposing teeth in the dentition and sex as well, but does not correlate with age. Moreover, the entire range of individual and sexual variability of the third molars is limited by two extreme forms: very large teeth with long divided roots or with a quadratubercular crown, which are not significantly different from typical molars, and very small analogues with one fused root section, the crowns of which resemble small permanent teeth. Between these forms all other are distributed and most numerous types we called as intermediate. The data analyzed indicate that the individual variability of the size of the teeth in length depends entirely on the length of their root sections. It has been established that, relative to the crown-root index, there are three forms distinguished among the third molars: long-root; medium root and short root. At the same time, long-root forms are found mainly among male teeth, mid-root forms are more characteristic of female wisdom teeth, and short-root forms of third molars do not show a sex difference. The results obtained demonstrate that the orthopantogram of the dentofacial system in humans (aged 22 to 35 years) reliably reveals an inverse relationship between the longitudinal size and the term of eruption of the third molars. The systematic approach used in the work made it possible to bring the varied polymorphism of the third molars into a certain order, highlighting the most indicative features for their classification.

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Kar, Prem P., Sandhya A. Khasnis, and Krisnamurthy H. Kidiyoor. "Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy using Four Novel Nickel–titanium Rotary Instruments: An in vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 12 (2017): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2189.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the study was to compare the cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of two multifile rotary systems (MTwo and Silk) and two single-file rotary systems (F6 Skytaper and NeoNiTi). Materials and methods Eighty mesial canals of mandibular first molars were cleaned and shaped using four nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments to size # 25 and 3% NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Samples were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 20) according to instrumentation: Group I, Mtwo; group II, Silk; group III, F6 Skytaper; group IV, NeoNiTi. Samples were split longitudinally and examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for debris and smear layer removal in coronal, middle, and apical thirds of each root canal. Results F6 skytaper and Mtwo groups showed significantly higher debris removal than Silk and NeoNiTi groups in apical third of root canal as well as when compared with NeoNiTi group in middle third. F6 Skytaper group showed significantly higher debris and smear layer removal than Silk group in coronal third. There was statistically significant difference among all thirds of root canal in terms of debris removal in Silk and NeoNiTi groups. There was statistically significant difference among all thirds of root canal in F6 Skytaper and NeoNiTi groups in terms of smear layer removal. Conclusion F6 Skytaper single-file rotary instrumentation showed the maximum cleaning efficacy followed by Mtwo multifile rotary instrumentation in all thirds of root canal. Clinical significance F6 Skytaper rotary instrument is most efficient followed by Mtwo rotary instrument among all rotary instruments. How to cite this article Kar PP, Khasnis SA, Kidiyoor KH. Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy using Four Novel Nickel-titanium Rotary Instruments: An in vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1135-1143.

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Bıçakçı, A. Altuğ, Oral Sökücü, Hasan Babacan, and H. Hüseyin Köşger. "Mesial Migration Effect on Root Morphology of Mandibular Third Molars." Angle Orthodontist 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021006-53r.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between forward mandibular third molar migration and root curvature of the mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: The study is comprised of 64 patients who had a history of unilateral mandibular first molar extraction before 16 years of age with no other missing teeth or prosthetic restorations in the mandible. The extraction space was fully or partly closed. The mean remaining space was 1.1 ± 0.41 mm. The root angles for the mesial and distal roots of the mandibular third molars were measured on the panoramic radiographs by calculating the differences between the angle formed by the long axis drawn perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the crown of mandibular third molar and the central line of the lower one ninth of the root through the root apex. The differences between the extracted and nonextracted sides for mesial and distal roots were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results: Both mesial and distal roots were approximately 8° more vertical on the extraction sides than on the nonextraction sides. The differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Mesial tooth migration of mandibular third molars reduces the amount of root curvature developing on this tooth.

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Umashankar, KV, NB Radhika, and TS Satisha TS. "Third Root (Radix Entomolaris) In Permanent Mandibular First Molars in Pediatric Patients – An Endodontic Challenge." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 5, no. 1 (January 2011): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-5-1-49.

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ABSTRACT The study of root and root canal anatomy of molars in children is important for pediatric practice successfull. Normally the permanent mandibular first molar has two roots, one mesial and the other distal. Rarely an additional third root is seen, which is found distolingually and called as Radix Entomolaris. This extra root is typically smaller than the distobuccal root and is usually curved, requiring special attention when root canal treatment is being considered for such a tooth. The aim of the present paper is to present two cases of permanent mandibular first molars with an additional third root.

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Cabanillas, Cristina, Manuel Monterde, Antonio Pallarés, Susana Aranda, and Raquel Montes. "Assessment Using AutoCAD Software of the Preparation of Dentin Walls in Root Canals Produced by 4 Different Endodontic Instrument Systems." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/517203.

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Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of four instrument systems for preparing oval root canals: manual instrumentation (Step-Back technique), ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and Wave One.Material and Methods. For the purpose of this assessment, 60 teeth extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, specifically canines and premolars with full coronal and root anatomy, were used and 15 samples were assigned to each group. The section of the canals was compared before and after instrumenting and the section of untouched canal wall was measured using AutoCAD software. The data was analysed by means of Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results. In the apical third, 100% of the canals were prepared with all the systems. In the middle third, apvalue of 0.5989 in the Kruskal-Wallis test was obtained, which indicates no significant difference between the groups. At the coronal third level, the results obtained revealed that Wave One had a significantly lower mean average than the rest (p<0.05).Conclusions. There are no differences between the various root canal instrument systems in the apical and middle thirds. At the coronal third level, Wave One system showed performance significantly worse than the rest, among which there were no differences.

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Bjelovic, Ljiljana, Jelena Krunic, Nikola Stojanovic, Jelena Eric, and Tatjana Kanjevac. "Evaluation of permeability of root dentin after different irrigation protocols." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 9-10 (2018): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170731193b.

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Introduction/Objective. This study was aimed at evaluating dentin permeability after irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and final rinse with chlorhexidine (CHX), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) + CHX, and new combination products: QMiX or MTAD. Methods. Roots of 60 maxillary incisors were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12) before instrumentation and irrigation with NaOCl according to the final irrigation regimen: CHX (2% CHX), EDTA + CHX (17% EDTA + 2% CHX), QMiX, MTAD, and control group (distilled water). After final irrigation, ten roots of each group were horizontally sectioned and dye penetration was evaluated in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Remaining samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey?s test. Results. Less dye penetration was found in CHX group compared with control as well as with QMiX and MTAD group in all thirds (p < 0.05). A significant difference between the control and EDTA + CHX, QMiX or MTAD group was observed only in the apical root third (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Dentin permeability was significantly reduced after final irrigation with CHX, but not after use of other final irrigation solutions, except in the apical third of the root canal.

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Yang, Ying-Ming, Bin Guo, Li-Yang Guo, Yan Yang, Xiao Hong, Hong-Ying Pan, Wen-Ling Zou, and Tao Hu. "CBCT-Aided Microscopic and Ultrasonic Treatment for Upper or Middle Thirds Calcified Root Canals." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4793146.

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Root canal calcification is considered a great challenge during root canal treatment. Although the application of ultrasonic instruments and dental operating microscope (DOM) has advantages, dealing with calcified root canals still suffers a great risk of failure because of limited information about the location, length, and direction of obliteration on periapical radiographs. In this work, a cone-beam computed tomography- (CBCT-) aided method aimed at solving complicated calcified root canals in which conventional approaches could not work was proposed. Thirteen teeth with sixteen calcified canals (12 calcified in the upper third, 4 calcified in the middle third), which cannot be negotiated with conventional methods, were treated with the aid of CBCT. The location of calcification and depth of instrumentation and operating direction were calculated and assessed in three dimensions with ultrasonic instruments under DOM. In all thirteen teeth, canals with upper and middle thirds calcification were treated successfully. Finally, a guideline was proposed to help achieve consistent apical patency in calcified canals.

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SIDOW, S., L. WEST, F. LIEWEHR, and R. LOUSHINE. "Root Canal Morphology of Human Maxillary and Mandibular Third Molars." Journal of Endodontics 26, no. 11 (November 2000): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200011000-00011.

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Subbiya, Arunajatesan, Wesly Sophreniaa, Ramachandran tamilselvi, and Newbegin Selvakumar Gold Pearlin Mary. "Radix: the third Root In Mandibular Molars―A Case Series." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.04379.1.

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Barros, Liliana Aparecida Pimenta, Bethânia Camargo Pinheiro, Rogério Albuquerque Azeredo, Alberto Consolaro, and Tiago Novaes Pinheiro. "Root apical third and canal morphology of teeth with hypercementosis." Dental Press Endodontics 3, no. 3 (September 12, 2013): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14436/endo033en(023-031)oar.

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Cheung, K. Y., and Y. Y. Leung. "Long-term analysis of root migration after third molar coronectomy." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 46 (March 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.02.374.

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FRÖNER, Izabel Cristina, Cristina Aparecida IMPERADOR, and Luiz Gustavo de SOUZA. "Evaluation of the anatomical alterations of lower molars mesial root’s apical third." Revista de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo 13, no. 2 (April 1999): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-06631999000200008.

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The anatomical apex of the mesial root of the lower molars presents a morphological complexity related to the number and shape of the root canals as well as of the apical foramen and isthmus presence. The knowledge of the complexity of the endodontic system of the molar root area is essencial to select more carefully the best instrumentation and obturation technique, to obtain a more successful endodontic therapy.

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Arif, Mohammad Rashid, M. Thoihidul Islam, and Arif Hasan Khan Robin. "Salinity Stress Alters Root Morphology and Root Hair Traits in Brassica napus." Plants 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8070192.

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Plant roots show morphological plasticity and play a substantial role in tolerance to various edaphic stresses. The aim of this study was to explore salinity-induced morphogenic responses of root traits and root hairs of two rapeseed varieties, BARI Sarisha-8 and Binasarisha-5, at the reproductive stage and perceive the effects on their reproductive growth. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic culture. Two treatments, 0 mM NaCl as control and 100 mM NaCl, were imposed 55 d after germination. Plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl for seven days displayed greater damage in the leaves, flowers, and siliquae compared to control. Length of root hairs on first-order and third-order lateral roots, density of root hairs on first-order lateral roots, and length of third-order lateral roots were significantly greater by 91%, 22%, 29%, and 48%, respectively, in the treated condition compared to the control. An increase in estimated root surface area by 20% under salt stress conditions indicated that the spontaneous responses of plants to uptake more water and nutrients allowed a plant to cope with stressful conditions. The results of this study suggest that any future stress breeding programs should consider plasticity of root traits intensively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Third root'

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