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Academic literature on the topic 'Third World without superpowers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Third World without superpowers"

1

Lyon, Peter. "The Third World without superpowers. Second series: The Group of 77, vol. 12." International Affairs 68, no. 1 (January 1992): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620472.

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LeoGrande, William M. "From Havana to Miami: U.S. Cuba Policy as a Two-Level Game." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40, no. 1 (1998): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166301.

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For thirty years, Cuba was a focal point of the Cold War. Before the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s close ideological and military partnership with the communist superpower posed a challenge to U.S. foreign policy, especially in the Third World (see, e.g., Domínguez 1989). With the end of the Cold War, Cuba retrenched, ending its aid programs for foreign revolutionaries and regimes. Without the Soviet Union’s sponsorship, Cuba could no longer afford the luxury of a global foreign policy exporting revolution. Instead, its diplomats focused on reorienting Cuba’s international economic relations toward Latin America and Europe, building friendly relations with former adversaries.

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Ikenberry, G. John. "Liberalism and empire: logics of order in the American unipolar age." Review of International Studies 30, no. 4 (September 29, 2004): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210504006254.

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The United States dominates the world as no state has. It emerged from the Cold War the world's only superpower, and no geopolitical or ideological contenders are in sight. Europe is drawn inward and Japan is stagnant. A half-century after their occupation, the United States still provides security and garrisons troops in Japan and Germany – the world's second and third largest economies. US military bases and carrier battle groups ring the world. Russia is in a quasi-formal security partnership with the United States, and China has accommodated itself to US dominance, at least for the moment. For the first time in the modern era, the world's most powerful state can operate on the global stage without the counterbalancing constraints of other great powers. We have entered the American unipolar age.

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Morone, Antonio M. "Idrīs’ Libya and the Role of Islam: International Confrontation and Social Transformation." Oriente Moderno 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340141.

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The formation of the Libyan state had an atypical chronology and history. It was not until the 1940s that the construction of the state and the formation of the Libyan nation took place, during the death throes of Italian colonial rule. The arrival of Idrīs on the throne was a compromise: although on the one hand it was the return to a pre-colonial and pre-modern political leadership, on the other this leadership lay within a modern institutional framework, derived from European constitutionalism. In the process of renewal of the tradition linked to the figure of Idrīs, the leader of the al-Sanūsiyyah, the Islam has been inestimably important. At the point of independence, the task was to transform Libya from an artifice of colonialism into a shared political and cultural reality; it was Islam, much more than Arabism, that was identified as the lowest common denominator. The twenty years of rule by Idrīs, from his appointment as Amīr of an autonomous Cyrenaica on 1 July 1949 to the revolution of 1 September 1969, can be summarized as a continual attempt at the opening-up and controlled reform of a strongly conservative political system, which, in view of a rapidly changing society, sought to move from a fragmented political perspective to a truly national one, without any conclusive success. Internal instability became increasingly related to external interference, not just by former colonial countries or the superpowers but also by other Arab countries such as Egypt, who were the purveyors of a project of militant nationalism: Libya became a zone of political and ideological conflict between the West and the Third World.

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Thomas, Caroline. "The superpowers and the Third World." Review of International Studies 13, no. 03 (July 1987): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113634.

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Wohlforth, William. "Superpowers, Interventions and the Third World." Cold War History 6, no. 3 (August 2006): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682740600795535.

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Mazrui, Ali A. "A Third World Perspective." Ethics & International Affairs 1 (March 1987): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1987.tb00511.x.

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At odds in 1987 were the philosophies of a United States grounded in political liberalism and a Soviet Union grounded in economic redistribution. While these principles may have defined these two nations' domestic policies and official international stances, Mazrui argues that the United States did little to propagate liberalism and the Soviet Union did little to encourage economic redistribution. Moreover, his critique seeks to reveal that each superpower's actions ultimately supported the other's philosophy. From this twist of intent and effect, Mazrui turns to the proclivity toward violence that the United States and the Soviet Union displayed in international affairs. Consequently, he calls into question the ethical justification of the means by which the superpowers repeatedly failed to accomplish their intended ends.

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Kick, Edward, and David Kiefer. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORLD SYSTEM ON WAR IN THE THIRD WORLD." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 7, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013037.

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The authors suggest that there has been a militarisation of the Third World since the Second World War. This militarisation and consequent hostilities are a representation of the power structure of the present world system. While there may be a reduction in the direct hostilities between the superpowers this is made up for and played out in regional conflicts between Third World nations. Such conflicts are provisioned by military supplies from the west.

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Sukhija, Madhuri. "India and China at the Crossroads: The Imperatives of Reworking India’s Strategy." ENSEMBLE 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a001.

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Any discussion on India- China relations is incomplete without mentioning that today the center of gravity of the whole world is slowly shifting to Asia. Besides, one-third of the world's population lives in countries, bordering the Indian Ocean. The security environment is uncertain and great power transitions are taking place. India and China both are aspiring powers in Asia, however, with a certain degree of asymmetries in their power and strength. In the eighties, both the economies were of the same size but today the Chinese economy is way ahead and most global supply chains run through it. China is the world's manufacturing superpower and with its technological expertise, its military expansionist ways, and its distinct footprint in India's neighborhood, both land and maritime, all make it a serious force to contend with. Over time, the relations between the two neighbors have been a cause of grave concern. The interests of both India and China intersect. They have expanding geopolitical horizons and earnestly strive for 'strategic space' in the same region. The present essay reflects upon the relations between India and China that have been oscillating from cooperation to competition and from confrontation to conflict. Further, an attempt is made to focus on the challenges that are galore and the potentiality of reworking India's China strategy.

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Redaktionen. "Mette Skak The Interventions of the Superpowers in the Third World." Politica 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v21i1.69066.

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Books on the topic "Third World without superpowers"

1

Center, White Burkett Miller, ed. The superpowers and the Third World: Turkish-American relations and Cyprus. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988.

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2

Greg, Locke, ed. Touched by fire: Doctors Without Borders in a Third World crisis. Toronto: M&S, 1998.

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3

W, Müller Joachim, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1993.

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4

Third World Without Superpowers Volume 1. Oceana Publications Inc, 1988.

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Odette, Jankowitsch, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1988.

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Odette, Jankowitsch, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana, 1986.

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Odette, Jankowitsch, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1993.

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The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1993.

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Odette, Jankowitsch, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana, 1986.

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Odette, Jankowitsch, and Sauvant Karl P. 1944-, eds. The Third World without superpowers: The collected documents of the non-aligned countries. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Third World without superpowers"

1

Shaw, Timothy M. "Conditionalities without End: Hegemony, Neo-Liberalism and the Demise of Sovereignty in the South." In Perspectives on Third-World Sovereignty, 102–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24937-4_7.

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Linder, Wolf, and Sean Mueller. "Switzerland in Europe and the World." In Swiss Democracy, 265–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3_7.

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AbstractThe final chapter looks at Switzerland in Europe and the world. The first section discusses the reasons why Switzerland is not a member of the EU. The second and third sections analyse the reasons and political consequences of Switzerland’s selective participation without membership and try to answer the question whether or not ‘bilateralism’ is a sustainable strategy for the Swiss preference: utmost economic integration and least political loss of national autonomy. The final section addresses the growing interest in the institutions of Swiss democracy from abroad, be it regarding decentralisation, direct democracy or political power-sharing. Instead of wanting to export democracy, the chapter proposes the ‘dialogue model’ as a discourse between equals. Through this approach, others can draw from the ‘Swiss experience’ as a base for autochthonal developments of their institutions. And the Swiss can be inspired, in turn.

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Deudney, Daniel. "Superpower Restraints, Planetary Security, and Earth Identity." In Dark Skies, 225–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903343.003.0007.

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A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?

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"Preface to the Third Edition." In Change the World Without Taking Power, xii—xv. Pluto Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdmwxv4.5.

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"Globalization on Trial: Rethinking Asian Exceptionalism vis-à-vis the Third World." In Development Without Freedom, 29–46. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315257983-8.

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"15. The End of Empire? Third World Decolonization and Canadian History." In Within and Without the Nation, 341–64. University of Toronto Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442666498-018.

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"Never Again a Mexico Without Us: Indigenous Peoples and the 21st Century." In Ethnicity and Governance in the Third World, 189–218. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315186092-17.

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Olcott, Jocelyn. "“Betty Friedan versus the Third World”." In International Women's Year. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195327687.003.0008.

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This chapter centers on US feminists’ objections to the fact that a man, Mexican Attorney General Pedro Ojeda Paullada, presided over the IWY intergovernmental conference. Those more familiar with UN protocols pointed to the common practice of having the head of the host country’s delegation preside over thematic conferences, and many participants from around the world applauded the idea that men also should be concerned about women’s status. Those objecting to Ojeda Paullada’s presidency coalesced into the self-styled Feminist Caucus. The episode raised issues about which strands of feminism enjoyed legitimacy in different contexts and whether women needed separate spaces to deliberate without involvement by men.

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"The Development of German Children’s Literature on the Subject of the Third Reich and World War II." In A Past Without Shadow, 26–45. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203334553-12.

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"Touched by Fire: Doctors without Borders in a Third World Crisis." In On Violence, 547–54. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822390169-072.

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Conference papers on the topic "Third World without superpowers"

1

Artigue, G., A. Johannet, V. Borrell, and S. Pistre. "Flash floods forecasting without rainfalls forecasts by recurrent neural networks. Case study on the Mialet basin (Southern France)." In 2011 Third World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nabic.2011.6089612.

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Wohlgemuth, Alex, Sandip Mazumder, and Dale Andreatta. "Computational Heat Transfer Analysis and Design of Third-World Cookstoves." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88013.

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In many developing countries, natural gas, wood, or biomass fired cookstoves find prolific usage. These cookstoves are constructed without paying much too attention to their thermal efficiency. In this study, a computational heat transfer analysis of a generic third-world cookstove is conducted with the goal to understand the effect of various operating conditions and geometric parameters on the overall heat transfer characteristics and thermal efficiency. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, including turbulence and heat transfer by all three modes, was first created. The model was first validated against experimental data, also collected as part of this study. Unknown parameters in the model were calibrated to better match experimental observations. It is generally believed that placing a skirt around the stove and cook-pot enhances thermal efficiency. The model was explored to study the effects several skirt-related parameters. These include the vertical position of the skirt, the width of the gap between the skirt and the cook-pot, and the thermal conductivity of the skirt (insulating vs. conducting material). It was found that the skirt must either be made out of an insulating material or insulated on the outer surface for it to provide maximum benefits. It was also found that it must be placed at an optimum distance away from the cook-pot for maximum thermal efficiency.

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3

Matthews, Allan, and Adrian Leyland. "The Future of Plasma-Based Surface Engineering Techniques in Tribology (Keynote)." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64180.

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Over the past twenty years or so, there have been major steps forward both in the understanding of tribological mechanisms and in the development of new coating and treatment techniques to better “engineer” surfaces to achieve reductions in wear and friction. Particularly in the coatings tribology field, improved techniques and theories which enable us to study and understand the mechanisms occurring at the “nano”, “micro” and “macro” scale have allowed considerable progress to be made in (for example) understanding contact mechanisms and the influence of “third bodies” [1–5]. Over the same period, we have seen the emergence of the discipline which we now call “Surface Engineering”, by which, ideally, a bulk material (the ‘substrate’) and a coating are combined in a way that provides a cost-effective performance enhancement of which neither would be capable without the presence of the other. It is probably fair to say that the emergence and recognition of Surface Engineering as a field in its own right has been driven largely by the availability of “plasma”-based coating and treatment processes, which can provide surface properties which were previously unachievable. In particular, plasma-assisted (PA) physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques, allowing wear-resistant ceramic thin films such as titanium nitride (TiN) to be deposited on a wide range of industrial tooling, gave a step-change in industrial productivity and manufactured product quality, and caught the attention of engineers due to the remarkable cost savings and performance improvements obtained. Subsequently, so-called 2nd- and 3rd-generation ceramic coatings (with multilayered or nanocomposite structures) have recently been developed [6–9], to further extend tool performance — the objective typically being to increase coating hardness further, or extend hardness capabilities to higher temperatures.

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Mo¨ller, Bjo¨rn Fredriksson, Mitsuru Obana, Mohsen Assadi, and Athanasios Mitakakis. "Optimisation of HAT-Cycles – With and Without CO2 Capture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53734.

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In a world where distributed power generation and deregulation of energy markets are on everyone’s agenda, the need for highly efficient power plants with short lead times is greater than ever. Although at present combined cycles provide a solution, development of ever more advanced machines to increase efficiency and lower the environmental impact has led to high maintenance costs and a decrease in availability. The Humid Air Turbine (HAT) represents a different approach, suitable for distributed power generation in the medium power range. The HAT cycle, and other wet gas turbine cycles, which have been extensively studied during the last ten years, show as high an efficiency as that of combined cycles, but at a lower specific cost and, with inherently low emissions of NOx. Despite all research done no full-scale plant has been built as yet. CO2 capture is another concept widely studied in recent years. In the present study three HAT cycle configurations are investigated, two of them connected to a post-combustion CO2-capture plant. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimisation of the plants was performed using genetic algorithms (GA), a robust optimisation technique based on Darwinian evolution theories. The three configurations studied were 1) a standard inter-cooled HAT cycle, referred to as the reference cycle, 2) the reference cycle together with an integrated CO2-capture plant taking the energy needed for the CO2 separation from the exhaust heat of the turbine, and 3) the reference cycle together with a CO2 capture plant, in which the energy is supplied by a separate bio-fuelled boiler. This third configuration enables all fossil-based CO2 to be separated. All power cycles were modelled using IPSEpro, a heat- and mass-balance software, employing advanced component models developed by the authors. It has an interface for optimisation and the possibility of employing user-defined objective functions. The impact of CO2 taxation was studied to determine showing which configuration is the most economical at the current fuel-price and tax-level.

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Schenewerk, William Ernest. "Fuel-Cell and Electrolysis By-Product D2O Improves Third Way to Mitigate CO2." In ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nuclrf2015-49061.

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Rapid atomic power deployment may be possible without using fast breeder reactors or making undue demands on uranium resource. Using by-product D2O and thorium-U233 in CANDU and RBMK piles may circumvent need for either fast breeder reactors or seawater uranium. Atmospheric CO2 is presently increasing 2.25%/a (2.25 percent per year) in proportion to 2.25%/a exponential fossil fuel consumption increase. Roughly 1/3 anthropologic CO2 is removed by various CO2 sinks. CO2 removal is modeled as being proportional to 50-year-earlier CO2 amount above 280 ppm-C. Water electrolysis produces roughly 0.1 kg-D20/kWa. Material balance assumes each electrolysis stage increases D2O bottoms concentration times 3. Except for first electrolysis stage, all water from hydrogen consumption is returned to electrolysis. D2O enrichment from water electrolysis is augmented by using the resulting Hydrogen and Oxygen in fuel cells. Condensate from hydrogen consumption returns to the appropriate electrolysis stage. Fuel cell condensate originally from reformed natural gas may augment second-stage feed. Previously, recycling only hydrogen from combustion back to upper electrolysis stages allowed a 5%/a atomic power expansion. Using fuel-cells to augment upper-stage electrolysis enrichment increases atomic power expansion from 5%/a to 6%/a. Implementation of this process should start by 2020 to minimize peak atmospheric CO2 concentration to 850 ppm-C. Atomic power expansion is 6%/a, giving 45000 GW by 2100. World primary energy increases at the historic rate of 2.25%/a, exceeding 4000 EJ-thermal/a by 2100. J-electric ∼ 3J-thermal. CO2 maximum is roughly 850 ppm-C around year 2100. CO2 declines back below 350 ppm-C by 2250 if the 50-year-delay seawater sink remains effective. The 15-year global temperature rise hiatus is apparently caused by convective heat transfer into seawater. Presumably convective CO2 transfer into seawater also occurs by the same mechanism. Each decade rapid atomic power expansion is delayed results in a 100 ppm increase in maximum atmospheric CO2 concentration. 50 TW dispatchable CSP (concentrated solar power), including 2 TWa storage, costs 1600 trillion USD and covers two Australias.

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Goel, Naman, Cyril van Schreven, Aris Filos-Ratsikas, and Boi Faltings. "Infochain: A Decentralized, Trustless and Transparent Oracle on Blockchain." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/635.

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Blockchain based systems allow various kinds of financial transactions to be executed in a decentralized manner. However, these systems often rely on a trusted third party (oracle) to get correct information about the real-world events, which trigger the financial transactions. In this paper, we identify two biggest challenges in building decentralized, trustless and transparent oracles. The first challenge is acquiring correct information about the real-world events without relying on a trusted information provider. We show how a peer-consistency incentive mechanism can be used to acquire truthful information from an untrusted and self-interested crowd, even when the crowd has outside incentives to provide wrong informations. The second is a system design and implementation challenge. For the first time, we show how to implement a trustless and transparent oracle in Ethereum. We discuss various non-trivial issues that arise in implementing peer-consistency mechanisms in Ethereum, suggest several optimizations to reduce gas cost and provide empirical analysis.

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Popova, Nelly. "CHALLENGES TO THE TAXATION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.233.

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Globalization and digitalization have led to the emergence of new business models based on the remote provision of services. Digital companies have access to consumers in countries all over the world without physical presence in these countries. As a result, their profits remain untaxed. There is an increasing awareness that the existing legislative provisions for corporate income taxation that date back to the 1920s need to be modernized. Currently, the possibilities for taxation of digital businesses are discussed in the context of the OECD and EU. However, progress is slow due to the different views and interests of the countries involved. Therefore, several countries have planned or already introduced digital taxes unilaterally. The purpose of the paper is to explore the specifics of digital taxes and to analyze the possibilities and challenges to their broader application. The paper is organized as follows: the first part outlines the most important digital business models; the second part dwells on the digital taxes that are implemented in several countries; the third part presents the projects for international coordination of these taxes; and the fourth part concludes.

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Ayello, Francois, Guanlan Liu, Yonghe Yang, and Ning Cui. "Probabilistic Digital Twins for Transmission Pipelines." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9240.

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Abstract Digitalization in the oil and gas industry has led to the formation of digital twins. Digital twins bring closer the physical and virtual world as data is transmitted seamlessly between real time sensors, databases and models. The strength of the digital twin concept is the interconnectivity of data and models. Any model can use any combination of inputs (e.g. operator owned data sets and sensors, third-party databases such as soil composition or weather data, results from other models such as flow assurance, threat modelling or risk modelling). Consequently, the result of one model may become the input of another. This strength is also a weakness, as uncertain (or missing data) will lead to a great source of uncertainty and may lead to wrong results. Worst case scenarios have been used to solve this issue without success. This paper presents a new concept: probabilistic digital twins for pipelines. Probabilistic digital twins do not lose uncertainty as results pass from one model to another, thus providing greater confidence in the final results. This publication reviews the probabilistic digital twin concept and demonstrates how it can be implemented using gas pipeline data from West Pipeline Company, CNPC.

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Constantin, Mihai. "Management of the "Syrian Refugee Crisis" - Repercussions on European Security. Impact/Measures Analysis." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/17.

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The Syrian crisis is the most complex crisis (political, social, humanitarian, security) in the world, since World War II. In regards to the 1951 „Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees”, states have an obligation to provide refugees with a form of primary protection, which is not intended to replace asylum, but rather to provide an intermediate and immediate protection measure. At European level, for asylum seekers and refugees, there are several programs (developed by international institutions such as "UN for refugees" and "UNHCR") for integration into the host country during the temporary stay and return to the country of origin, when there are safety conditions. If this solution is not viable, they can opt for relocation to a third country. Effective management of the crisis created by the refugees flow requires the adoption of a common political agenda for European states to eliminate inequalities between states and focus on building viable economic strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies or strategies designed to provide refugees with a sense of security in the host country and their social assimilation, without being forced to give up their cultural identities. This article aims to analyse the strategies of the European states involved in this phenomenon, applied in the "Syrian refugee crisis". At the moment, the biggest part of the effort of counter-terrorism is focused on the criminal justice system. This means focusing almost exclusively on those who already intend to commit a crime and not on prevention. The legal repercussions can further encourage radicalization, which can degenerate later.

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Malpartida Moya, John Erick. "Use of Risk and Engineering Assessments to Improve Safety in Class Location Changes: South American Case Study." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78302.

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In South America, there is not a unique standard that regulates the Design, Operation, Maintenance and Integrity Management of Pipelines. Most of the countries had developed their own regulations and standards based mainly on the ASME Standards. These standards (like ASME B31.8 and ASME B31.8S) are being developed and updated considering the experience of different operators, but the results not always consider the difficulties in terms of social and cultural aspects of construct and operate pipelines in South America. Expansion of existing residential and commercial areas, or the construction of new developments near these pipelines can change a Location Class 1 into a Class 2 or Class 3 location. This development is not always predictable, besides the efforts of the South American Pipelines Operators made to coordinate this expansions with the local authorities, the growth in these countries are not well planned and the Operators are forced to face the situation without anticipation and without a backup of the regulations. Then the operators are unexpectedly left with a pipeline that no longer meets the requirements of its design code. ASME B31.8 establishes alternatives to adequate this changes into the design code: reducing the maximum allowable operating pressure of a pipeline, pipeline replacement increasing the wall thickness or by re-routing it away from the population. Those alternatives have high costs and significant operational difficulties, especially when the social conditions are not favorable. Additionally, some of these options do not even effectively solve the problem. Lowering operating stress levels do not always address the higher risk levels or safety concerns caused by the change in class. Increasing wall thickness, can lower probability of failure for a pipeline but not for all the combinations of threats, which depend on site specific conditions. The Pipeline Integrity Management System shall address all the threats as it is specified in ASME B31.8S, ensuring human safety as its primary objective. Third Party Damage is an important threat which in most of the pipelines around the world has caused the larger number of incidents. To manage this threat, risk assessments have been employed successfully to determine risk based on land use zones, proximity to utilities, alignment markers, one call and dig notification, surveillance intervals, among other variables. Calculating the risk to a specific pipeline near to a population after the mitigation activities are implemented, it may be shown that this pipeline has no more risk than other pipelines operating entirely in accordance with the design codes. Risks must be maintained “as low as reasonably practicable”, using cost benefit analysis to achieve these criteria. The reduction of the risk is accomplished by implementing additional mitigation plans, allowing to effectively use maintenance resources in areas where they will have the highest impact on risk. This paper shows how risk and engineering assessments and their consequent mitigation plans may be used to justify the safe operation of a pipeline without changing its original operating pressure following a change of class designation, exemplified with a case study from South America.

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