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1
Lyon, Peter. "The Third World without superpowers. Second series: The Group of 77, vol. 12." International Affairs 68, no. 1 (January 1992): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620472.
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LeoGrande, William M. "From Havana to Miami: U.S. Cuba Policy as a Two-Level Game." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40, no. 1 (1998): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166301.
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For thirty years, Cuba was a focal point of the Cold War. Before the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s close ideological and military partnership with the communist superpower posed a challenge to U.S. foreign policy, especially in the Third World (see, e.g., Domínguez 1989). With the end of the Cold War, Cuba retrenched, ending its aid programs for foreign revolutionaries and regimes. Without the Soviet Union’s sponsorship, Cuba could no longer afford the luxury of a global foreign policy exporting revolution. Instead, its diplomats focused on reorienting Cuba’s international economic relations toward Latin America and Europe, building friendly relations with former adversaries.
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Ikenberry, G. John. "Liberalism and empire: logics of order in the American unipolar age." Review of International Studies 30, no. 4 (September 29, 2004): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210504006254.
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The United States dominates the world as no state has. It emerged from the Cold War the world's only superpower, and no geopolitical or ideological contenders are in sight. Europe is drawn inward and Japan is stagnant. A half-century after their occupation, the United States still provides security and garrisons troops in Japan and Germany – the world's second and third largest economies. US military bases and carrier battle groups ring the world. Russia is in a quasi-formal security partnership with the United States, and China has accommodated itself to US dominance, at least for the moment. For the first time in the modern era, the world's most powerful state can operate on the global stage without the counterbalancing constraints of other great powers. We have entered the American unipolar age.
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Morone, Antonio M. "Idrīs’ Libya and the Role of Islam: International Confrontation and Social Transformation." Oriente Moderno 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340141.
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The formation of the Libyan state had an atypical chronology and history. It was not until the 1940s that the construction of the state and the formation of the Libyan nation took place, during the death throes of Italian colonial rule. The arrival of Idrīs on the throne was a compromise: although on the one hand it was the return to a pre-colonial and pre-modern political leadership, on the other this leadership lay within a modern institutional framework, derived from European constitutionalism. In the process of renewal of the tradition linked to the figure of Idrīs, the leader of the al-Sanūsiyyah, the Islam has been inestimably important. At the point of independence, the task was to transform Libya from an artifice of colonialism into a shared political and cultural reality; it was Islam, much more than Arabism, that was identified as the lowest common denominator. The twenty years of rule by Idrīs, from his appointment as Amīr of an autonomous Cyrenaica on 1 July 1949 to the revolution of 1 September 1969, can be summarized as a continual attempt at the opening-up and controlled reform of a strongly conservative political system, which, in view of a rapidly changing society, sought to move from a fragmented political perspective to a truly national one, without any conclusive success. Internal instability became increasingly related to external interference, not just by former colonial countries or the superpowers but also by other Arab countries such as Egypt, who were the purveyors of a project of militant nationalism: Libya became a zone of political and ideological conflict between the West and the Third World.
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Thomas, Caroline. "The superpowers and the Third World." Review of International Studies 13, no. 03 (July 1987): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113634.
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Wohlforth, William. "Superpowers, Interventions and the Third World." Cold War History 6, no. 3 (August 2006): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682740600795535.
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Mazrui, Ali A. "A Third World Perspective." Ethics & International Affairs 1 (March 1987): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1987.tb00511.x.
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At odds in 1987 were the philosophies of a United States grounded in political liberalism and a Soviet Union grounded in economic redistribution. While these principles may have defined these two nations' domestic policies and official international stances, Mazrui argues that the United States did little to propagate liberalism and the Soviet Union did little to encourage economic redistribution. Moreover, his critique seeks to reveal that each superpower's actions ultimately supported the other's philosophy. From this twist of intent and effect, Mazrui turns to the proclivity toward violence that the United States and the Soviet Union displayed in international affairs. Consequently, he calls into question the ethical justification of the means by which the superpowers repeatedly failed to accomplish their intended ends.
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Kick, Edward, and David Kiefer. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORLD SYSTEM ON WAR IN THE THIRD WORLD." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 7, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013037.
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The authors suggest that there has been a militarisation of the Third World since the Second World War. This militarisation and consequent hostilities are a representation of the power structure of the present world system. While there may be a reduction in the direct hostilities between the superpowers this is made up for and played out in regional conflicts between Third World nations. Such conflicts are provisioned by military supplies from the west.
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Sukhija, Madhuri. "India and China at the Crossroads: The Imperatives of Reworking India’s Strategy." ENSEMBLE 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a001.
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Any discussion on India- China relations is incomplete without mentioning that today the center of gravity of the whole world is slowly shifting to Asia. Besides, one-third of the world's population lives in countries, bordering the Indian Ocean. The security environment is uncertain and great power transitions are taking place. India and China both are aspiring powers in Asia, however, with a certain degree of asymmetries in their power and strength. In the eighties, both the economies were of the same size but today the Chinese economy is way ahead and most global supply chains run through it. China is the world's manufacturing superpower and with its technological expertise, its military expansionist ways, and its distinct footprint in India's neighborhood, both land and maritime, all make it a serious force to contend with. Over time, the relations between the two neighbors have been a cause of grave concern. The interests of both India and China intersect. They have expanding geopolitical horizons and earnestly strive for 'strategic space' in the same region. The present essay reflects upon the relations between India and China that have been oscillating from cooperation to competition and from confrontation to conflict. Further, an attempt is made to focus on the challenges that are galore and the potentiality of reworking India's China strategy.
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Redaktionen. "Mette Skak The Interventions of the Superpowers in the Third World." Politica 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v21i1.69066.
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Buzan, Barry. "The Inaugural Kenneth N. Waltz Annual Lecture A World Order Without Superpowers." International Relations 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117810396999.
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Vieira, Victor Carneiro Corrêa. "From Third World Theory to Belt and Road Initiative: International Aid as a Chinese Foreign Policy Tool." Contexto Internacional 41, no. 3 (December 2019): 529–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019410300003.
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Abstract In 1946, Mao Zedong began to elaborate his theory of the Third World from the perception that there would be an ‘intermediate zone’ of countries between the two superpowers. From there, he concluded that Africa, Latin America, and Asia, except for Japan, would compose the revolutionary forces capable of defeating imperialism, colonialism, and hegemonism. The start of international aid from the People’s Republic of China to developing countries dates back to the period immediately after the Bandung Conference of 1955, extending to the present. Through a bibliographical and documentary analysis, the article starts with the following research question: What role did domestic and international factors play in China’s foreign aid drivers over the years? To answer the question, the evolution of Chinese international assistance was studied from Mao to the Belt and Road Initiative, which is the complete expression of the country’s ‘quaternity’ model of co-operation, combining aid, trade, investment, and technical assistance.
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Aiginger, Karl. "What Role for Europe in the New World Order? A Third Player Empowered by Green Productivity." Research in Economics and Management 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): p56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v6n1p56.
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Europe may emerge from the recent crisis stronger than before, as a player with a more sustainable democratic model than China and fewer political divides than the US. What reports tend to neglect is that Europe is currently the largest economic region, leading in exports, foreign direct investment, and most indicators on Sustainable Development. A reason for this downplaying is that Europe is seen as continent consisting of individual small and big countries and not as a political or economic whole. The paper takes an alternative position and carves out conditions for closing divides, to make existing European strengths more visible and extend the quality lead. The Recovery and Resilience Facility as well as the Multiannual Financial Framework must be used for reforms and coherence. A rebounding Europe requires a double strategy of fostering innovation while redirecting productivity towards energy and resource saving, away from its current priority on labour efficiency. This would empower Europe to be a quality player in a multipolar world in which there are no longer only two superpowers, China and the US, competing for attention.
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Alden, Chris, and Mark Simpson. "Mozambique: a Delicate Peace." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 1 (March 1993): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00011836.
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Thepace of conflict-resolution in the Third World has been nothing short of astounding since 1990. A whole array of low-intensity wars have been terminated. Some, such as in Nicaragua and El Salvador, had occupied pride of place in the reinvigorated test of wills between Moscow and Washington during the 1980s. Others, as in Kampuchea, were fuelled by the parallel rivalry between Moscow and Beijing, which both fed off and had an impact on the key dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union. A few, such as the ‘bush war’ in Namibia and the fighting in the Western Sahara, never became serious testing-grounds for the superpowers.
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Vaky, Viron P. "Political Change in Latin America: A Foreign Policy Dilemma for the United States." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 2 (1986): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165770.
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In 1968 Henry Kissinger wrote: “A mature conception of our interests in the world … would deal with two fundamental questions: What is it in our interest to prevent? What should we seek to accomplish?” (Kissinger, 1974: 92) Whatever its general relevance, that passage is an apt description of the lens through which American policymakers have contemplated the phenomenon of political change in the Third World. Those are the first questions they tend to ask.The rationale for this particular concept of foreign policy tasks has its roots (1) in the complexities of an increasingly interdependent world in which world politics have become truly global for the first time in human history, and (2) in the deep antagonisms embedded in the US/Soviet relationship. Because nuclear realities .have placed a cap on the way in which the two superpowers confront and contend with one another, conflict between them tends to get pushed to the periphery and to take place in indirect ways.
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David, Steven R. "Explaining Third World Alignment." World Politics 43, no. 2 (January 1991): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010472.
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Many argue that balance of power theory is as applicable to the Third World as it is to other states. Without substantial modification, however, balance of power theory cannot explain Third World alignments, because it ignores key characteristics of Third World states that determine alignment. The author develops a theory, “omnibalancing,” that is relevant to the Third World and that repairs these defects. Rather than balance of power's emphasis on states seeking to resist threats from other states, omnibalancing explains Third World alignments as a consequence of leaders seeking to counter internal and external threats to their rule. The superiority of omnibalancing over balance of power in making Third World alignments understandable is related to the Third World in general and to the alignment decisions of two key Third World states in particular. The author concludes by discussing why an understanding of the Third World, including Third World alignment, is central to the study of international relations.
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Maiguashca, Bice. "Governance and resistance in world politics." Review of International Studies 29, S1 (December 2003): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210503005989.
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For several decades after International Relations (IR) became a fully-fledged field of study at British and American universities, it worked with a relatively simple conceptualisation of ‘politics’ as such. In the international context, ‘politics’ involved an ongoing struggle for power among sovereign states, with war the worst-case outcome of this struggle. Power itself was defined essentially in terms of military and economic ‘capabilities’. The fundamental structural condition of international anarchy meant that, in the absence of the kinds of constraints upon conflict that operate within states, only such crude mechanisms as a balance of power, or fragile institutions such as diplomacy or international law, served to impose some degree of order upon the system as a whole. While the Cold War brought an additional, ideological dimension to this struggle for power, in other respects it also simplified it by making it bipolar. Hence although much more was seen to be at stake in this contest than, for example, the nineteenth-century struggle for power in Europe, which gave the Cold War confrontation a zero-sum quality, the nature of the political processes at work was conceptualised in relatively straightforward terms. The ‘high politics’ of the global strategic contest between the superpowers not only transcended the ‘low politics’ of issues such as trade, they subsumed and gave a particular shape to numerous lesser conflicts in the Third World, which were frequently characterised as Cold War ‘proxies’.
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Heuser, Beatrice. "European defence before and after the ‘Turn of the Tide’." Review of International Studies 19, no. 4 (October 1993): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118297.
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The last fifty years were bloody and dismal for many war-torn regions of the world. The end of the Second World War ushered in a new era of local and ‘limited’ wars throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. Hardly a day went by without a war, civil or international, claiming its victims somewhere on our planet. Yet Europe experienced a ‘Long Peace’ (J. L. Gaddis). The direct confrontation of the superpowers, the Soviet and US tanks on either side of the inner German border, immunized Europe from the plague of war. In the great wrestling match between East and West, Europe was the prime prize, and too much was at stake for all sides to allow any wars, even minor wars, to erupt anywhere on this continent.1
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Pazzanita, Anthony G. "The Conflict Resolution Process in Angola." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 1 (March 1991): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00020759.
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Of the dozens of conflicts in the Third World which have occurred in the post-war era, few have been of greater duration and bloodshed or have attracted the attention of as many outside actors, including the superpowers, as Angola. It has only been since the mid-1980s that the conflict began moving towards eventual settlement, with the prospects for peace often seeming to depend largely on the attitudes of Cuba, South Africa, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Further affecting the overall environment was the state of East–West relations, the internal situation in Angola, and South Africa's occupation of Namibia. A short historical background will serve as prelude to an extensive examination of the dynamics which fuelled the war in Angola for such a long period of time.
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Brueggemann, Walter. "The Third World of Evangelical Imagination." Horizons in Biblical Theology 8, no. 2 (1986): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187122086x00096.
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AbstractThe faithful practice of ministry in the church is rooted in the abiding claims of the Gospel. But that faithful practice is also in part shaped by and responsive to the particular social setting of the church. In these comments, I want to reflect on the practice of ministry which is increasingly squeezed between a greedy secularism through which we become brutalized, and reactive religious fearfulness that provides alternative grounds for the same brutalization. (I add as a footnote that a kind of uncommitted religious sensitivity without serious cost does not help us either, but that is not a part of this present discussion.) What is at issue in this squeeze play between greedy secularism and religious fearfulness is the integrity of ministry itself.
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Bulow, Jeremy, and Kenneth Rogoff. "Cleaning up Third World Debt Without Getting Taken to the Cleaners." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.1.31.
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Should taxpayers of wealthy countries finance a leveraged buyout of third world debt? The case for establishing an international debt discount facility rests on the belief that the overhang of foreign commercial bank debt is stifling growth in the Highly Indebted Countries, and that coordination problems among private sector banks are blocking efficiency-enhancing debt reduction schemes. Thus there is scope for a multilateral government agency to step in, buy up the debts, and pass on the efficiency gains to struggling debtors. Our contention is that a debt discount facility would in fact be a black hole for aid funds, and would yield only minimal efficiency benefits. Our assessment of the debt crisis suggests a very different approach. Development aid should be divorced from debt negotiations and instead should be tied to countries' performance in areas such as environmental policy, drug interdiction, and population control. Future aid allocations should not be disguised as loan guarantees, and the massive bond obligations of existing multilateral lenders ought to be placed on the books. Finally, we recommend reversing a number of legal and regulatory changes made in the 1970s that served to encourage the loans in the first place.
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Stebbins, Anne. "Jack Thomas, Our Third Baby, Enters the World!" Journal of Perinatal Education 23, no. 2 (2014): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.23.2.62.
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Without the confidence and support of the medical team, this mother’s first birth was difficult and unsatisfying. She was able to give birth naturally, in the care of a midwife, with her second baby. With confidence in her ability to give birth and the wisdom that comes with experience, she is able to give birth naturally with her third baby in spite of being induced.
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Brownell, A. J. J., A. C. De Jager, and C. F. M. Madlala. "Applying First-World Psychological Models and Techniques in a Third-World Context." School Psychology International 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014303438700800105.
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Aspects of the indigenous healing system in contemporary South African society Anthropological research in recent years has clearly shown that health service programmes of technologically advanced societies cannot simply be transplanted to developing societies without taking specific cultural factors into account (Loudon, 1976; Kleinman, 1980; Jansen, 1982). The extensive practice of traditional healing in South Africa has long been established and appears to be gaining momentum (Holdstock, 1979). The different needs of First- and Third-world peoples within South Africa, as manifested in the existence of cultural-specific mental health care and educational systems, are indeed compelling reasons for examining the situation.
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Robock, A., L. Oman, G. L. Stenchikov, O. B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco. "Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 8 (April 19, 2007): 2003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2003-2007.
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Abstract. We use a modern climate model and new estimates of smoke generated by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the response of the climate system to a regional nuclear war between emerging third world nuclear powers using 100 Hiroshima-size bombs (less than 0.03% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal) on cities in the subtropics. We find significant cooling and reductions of precipitation lasting years, which would impact the global food supply. The climate changes are large and long-lasting because the fuel loadings in modern cities are quite high and the subtropical solar insolation heats the resulting smoke cloud and lofts it into the high stratosphere, where removal mechanisms are slow. While the climate changes are less dramatic than found in previous "nuclear winter" simulations of a massive nuclear exchange between the superpowers, because less smoke is emitted, the changes are more long-lasting because the older models did not adequately represent the stratospheric plume rise.
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Robock, A., L. Oman, G. L. Stenchikov, O. B. Toon, C. Bardeen, and R. P. Turco. "Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 22, 2006): 11817–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-11817-2006.
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Abstract. We use a modern climate model and new estimates of smoke generated by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the response of the climate system to a regional nuclear war between emerging third world nuclear powers using 100 Hiroshima-size bombs (less than 0.03% of the explosive yield of the current global nuclear arsenal) on cities in the subtropics. We find significant cooling and reductions of precipitation lasting years, which would impact the global food supply. The climate changes are large and long-lasting because the fuel loadings in modern cities are quite high and the subtropical solar insolation heats the resulting smoke cloud and lofts it into the high stratosphere, where removal mechanisms are slow. While the climate changes are less dramatic than found in previous "nuclear winter'' simulations of a massive nuclear exchange between the superpowers, because less smoke is emitted, the changes are more long-lasting because the older models did not adequately represent the stratospheric plume rise.
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Van De Poel, Jan. "Solidarity without Borders? The Flemish Third World Solidarity Movement and Transnational Coalitions." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 89, no. 3 (2011): 1381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2011.8362.
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Lakishyk, Dmytro. "Features of US Geostrategy in the Third World (50’s – First Half of the 60’s of the XX Сentury)." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.1.
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The main tendency of the postwar world order was the absence of direct military conflicts between major powers and the division of the world into two military-political blocs.These entities brought together countries that differed in ideology and socio-economic structure. In the context of this conflicting confrontation, third world countries have become the arena of mediated rivalry. The confrontation took place in order to increase the area of influence in developing countries by engaging them in some form of socio-economic and political system. The most striking similarity can be seen in the development of the divided nations of Korea, China, Vietnam, in the Indo-Pakistan conflict. In the event of such contradictions, it is possible not to claim the conflict between superpowers and third world countries, but about the involvement or intervention of major powers in internal or interstate conflicts. During the second half of the 1940s – early 1960s, the main task of US administrations was to create a «power ring» around the Soviet control area, to maintain its functioning and further strengthening it. Initially, its line ran in Europe, then in East Asia, and later expanded to the Middle East, with adequate security in the form of US military bases and military-political blocs. By pursuing a policy of containment and extending its line throughout the periphery of Eurasia, the United States was increasingly confronted with the effects of the collapse of the colonial empires and forced, in one form or another, to fill the vacuum of emerging power. At the same time, geopolitical considerations played a major role in this process. The first attempt at an integrated response to the needs of underdeveloped countries was President G. Truman’s Point Four programm, which provided them with technical assistance. In the 1950s, US geostrategic priorities changed: Europe retained its importance, but more attention was paid to Southeast Asia and the Middle East. During this period, the strengthening of US positions in the Gulf region – the most important strategic point in terms of both oil resources and geographical location – began.
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Kumar, Prem, and K. K. Sharma. "Development and the Environment—A Third World Perspective." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64464-6.
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Sustainable economic development and the environment are the two sides of a coin. The World Bank as the largest financier of the Third World development must seek not only a decent return on its investment, but it must also ensure that development projects are appropriate and in the best interests of developing countries. To achieve these goals, the Third World must be allowed to make its own decisions on development issues. This requires the substantial dilution of the World Bank's power and an enhanced role for the Third World technical manpower to act as catalysts for development and technology transfer. Sustainable economic development will remain as a theoretical concept unless this orientation is brought about in the World Bank. Without changes, the World Bank has the potential of becoming the largest agent of environmental degradation in the world.
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Hazhar Ramadhan Ahmed, Shabanb, and Othman Mohammed. "Literary Parody of Russian Communism Harmonizing to George Orwell's Two Novels "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty Four"." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 3, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v3i2.554.
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This Paper concerns within one of the foremost critical viewpoints in literature, where the metaphorical and mocking centrality of ‘Animal Farm’ and ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four' by George Orwell is highlighted, Through 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' Orwell by implication assaults Russian communism, Orwell combines political reason with a creative one to voice his critical conviction. Orwell utilized parody to grant more impact and understanding of his two books. Parody in Literature constitutes one of the viable literary strategies writers utilize in their stories to assault an individual, a thought, or behaviour that they think awful or silly. An essayist in parody employments an anecdotal character, which stands for genuine individuals to uncover and condemn their debasement, the analyst takes after the descriptive-analytic strategy. Animal Farm is ostensibly an animal story, but deep down it is a moral story, a parody around the Russian Revolution of 1917 with wrong qualities of course battle.
To a few degrees, Nineteen Eighty-Four moreover centres on the concepts of the free venture and person flexibility, which don't really exist. There as it were remains a world of scorn. Segregation, and fear as superpowers. Eurasia and East Asia are two superpowers and Oceania, the third one, is continuously at war with one of them. By using political parody within the two books, the writer makes a consul and curiously air that influences progressing the plot in arrange to provide a clear understanding and improving its structure. In arrange to connect the investigate questions and the discoveries, a nitty-gritty clarification on the concept of the parody has been displayed as a curiously literary method; something else, peruses would not discover a relationship between the two works. At long last, Orwell actually succeeds in encoding his knead within the shape of a parody and hence peruses associated with him.
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GRIGORIEV, Oleg V. "THE RUSSIAN NATIONAL SECURITY THROUGH THE PRISM OF “WEST EAST” DICHOTOMY." Historical and social-educational ideas 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-15-23.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of problematic issues of ensuring the Russian national security. The view is expressed that historically emerging challenges and threats came to a different, qualitatively new level, which became a serious factor threatening the national security of the Russian Federation.Methods. The individual issues of national security, which for Russia were actualized at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, were largely due to the change in the geopolitical picture of the world, and in particular the transition from bipolar to a multipolar world system.Results. The causes of military-political conflicts of the post-war period, which were reduced to the political-ideological and geopolitical rivalry of superpowers and their allies in separate regions of the world, as well as the desire to extend their influence to individual countries or their groups, were determined. At the same time, military force became a special tool of politics. The brief description of the threat of international terrorism, which is united under the flags of various religious-political formations, is in fact represented by the Third World War, acquiring the form of a structurally organized phenomenon aimed at escalating the confrontation between the West and the East. The norms and principles of international law, as well as the responsibility of the world community, the United Nations for the prevention, localization and cessation of conflicts through peacemaking, are considered.Conclusions. It is concluded that it is necessary to stop the division of countries into blocs and to join efforts to make adequate political and legal decisions that ensure a “balance of interests”.
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Goldstein, Joshua S., and John R. Freeman. "U.S.-Soviet-Chinese Relations: Routine, Reciprocity, or Rational Expectations?" American Political Science Review 85, no. 1 (March 1991): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962876.
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International relations theorists disagree about whether great power behaviors reflect bureaucratic routine or reciprocity. Recently, some have suggested that these behaviors result from great powers' rational expectations rather than from simple routine or reciprocity. The debate is flawed in several respects. The quasi-experimental studies of great power behavior suffer from specification and measurement errors. Furthermore, most studies of great power behavior focus exclusively on the superpowers, without adequately appreciating China's role in world politics. We present an improved analysis that recognizes the potential effects of Chinese behavior and ameliorates the methodological flaws in existing work. The results indicate that the behaviors of the United States, the Soviet Union, and China are a relatively stable mix of bureaucratic routine and reciprocity. The results also indicate complex, asymmetrical connections among U.S.-Soviet, U.S.-Chinese, and Soviet-Chinese relations, consistent with the notion of a strategic triangle.
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Arifin, Ridwan, and Muhamad Adji Rahardian Utama. "Future Impact of the ASEAN-Russia Law Declaration to the International Terrorism: Can We Combat Terrorist Without War?" Russian Law Journal 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-2-4-27.
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Terrorism is defined as coordinated attacks aimed at arousing feelings of terror against a group of people. In contrast to war, acts of terrorism are not subject to the rules of war such as the time of execution that is always sudden and the target of casualties that are random and often are civilians. Terrorism is increasingly becoming a scourge for modern civilization. The nature of the actions, actors, strategic goals, motivations, expected and achieved results, Terrorism targets and methods are now increasingly widespread and varied. So it is increasingly clear that terror is not a form of ordinary destructive violence, but it is a crime against human peace and security. In order to prevent and combat Terrorism, since long before the occurrence of events classified as a form of Terrorism occurred in the world, international and regional communities and various countries have attempted criminal policies accompanied by systematic and comprehensive criminalization of categorized acts as Terrorism. Under the provisions of the 12 convention includes the main protocol rules adopted by the United Nations. These international agreements principally regulate norms including the responsibility of the state in addressing the problem of terrorism with all countries including the ASEAN region and the Russian Federation declaring to fight terrorism. Russia itself as one of the two world superpowers which is seen as having a strong military is considered strategic for ASEAN to establish cooperation in the field of security and defense in the fight against terrorism. Through collaboration agreement and ratification of terrorism regulations in their respective countries, both the ASEAN region and the Russian Federation are expected to prevent further terrorism in their respective regions.
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Mesároš, Marián, and Imrich Dufinec. "Migration and immigration representing an unwanted ally of terrorism." VUZF Review 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.2.04.
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Migration and immigration as phenomena of the 21st century have a clear connection with terrorism, namely not only as its result, but also its reason. The main reason is represented by a doctrine of the world superpowers in their effort in gaining capital and looking for crude oil, and is also a result of the colonial past of the majority of the European countries. The individual world religions are experiencing breaking the armistice resulting in armed conflicts and illegitimate interfering of the world powers even without the UNO authorization to do so. Though the United Nations Organisation has a noble mission, its activities do not correspond with the content of the mission. Even the embargo imposed on the Russian federation cannot force anybody to think Russia is interested in solving the problem and does so only in favour of its interests. As has already been stated above the USA has its own interests and maybe also the feeling of guilt as the majority of the so-called Islamic state, just like opponents of the regimes in Lybia, Syria and Egypt, had to undergo training programmes and were armed by American specialists who asked for their Judas services a lot of money. Research tools used to write this article was analysis, analysis, synthesis of available information, reports, scientific articles on the subject and subsequent deduction to identify conclusions.
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Pierce, Brendan, and James D. Sidman. "S107 – Management of Noma in Third World Mission Trips." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.280.
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Objectives We describe the experiences of the volunteer physicians treating Noma patients in two West African nations. Included is an extensive literature review describing preoperative methods, the pathogenesis of lesions, symptoms of the disease, and surgical repair techniques. Finally, we discuss consequences of the disease, specifically severe trismus secondary to temporomandibular joint ankylosis causing complications related to the delivery of anesthesia. Methods Description of 4 Noma patients treated in Liberia or Ghana at distinct stages. 1) Treatment of malnutrition and correction of electrolyte disturbances; 2) Treatment of underlying infections with antibiotics and debridement of lesions; 3) Surgical repair of necrotic areas and closure of the open wounds with appropriate anesthetic management; 4) Observation following surgical repair. Results We discuss in detail 4 illustrative patients who were encountered at varying stages of treatment. We describe extensive reconstruction under local anesthesia and other treatment options available to teams with resources such as micro-surgical techniques and the use of single-stage reconstruction. Fiberoptic intubation techniques were unavailable, and thus intubation was not attempted on patients with ankylosis. Conclusions Noma continues to grotesquely disfigure the poor malnourished children of Africa at an incidence of 4 per 1000, a 10-fold greater incidence than cleft lip. Untreated, Noma has a mortality rate up to 80%, with proper treatment that can be lowered to 10%. We demonstrate that remarkable results can still be accomplished without intubation with only local anesthesia. We acknowledge these limitations but illustrate the benefit is overwhelming to these patients.
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Jamison, David J. "Masks without Meaning: Notes on the Processes of Production, Consumption, and Exchange in the Context of First World-Third World Tourism." Journal of Macromarketing 19, no. 1 (June 1999): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146799191002.
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Stone-Mediatore, Shari. "Chandra Mohanty and the Revaluing of “Experience”." Hypatia 13, no. 2 (1998): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01229.x.
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Joan Scott's poststructuralist critique of experience demonstrates the dangers of empiricist narratives of experience but leaves feminists without a meaningful way to engage nonempiricist, experience-oriented texts, texts that constitute many women's primary means of taking control over their own representation. Using Chandra Mohanty's analysis of the role of writing in Third World feminisms, I articulate a concept of experience that incorporates poststructuralist insights while enabling a more responsible reading of Third World women's narratives.
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Khare, Stuti. "Hermeneutical Trajectories from the Third World: Aijaz Ahmad on Edward Said." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i4.10984.
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Aijaz Ahmad has made serious critical interventions in Marxist and Postcolonialist readings of literature and culture. His book, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (1992) has made significant contribution to the postcolonial critical debates. It is a collection of critical articles with deliberations on postcolonial theory from different perspectives. In this book, one article on Edward Said discusses Said’s contribution to postcolonial discourse in the paradigm of Western influence on Eastern cultural narratives. Ahmad argues that Said’s critical writings on orientalism suffer from inconsistencies, overgeneralizations and selective applications. These methodological aberrations, Ahmad asserts, have shaped the trajectories of Said’s critical oeuvre. He criticizes Said for adopting western theoretical models for the cultural analysis and interpretations which are deeply immersed in the capitalist power structures. Ahmad accuses him of appropriating the western knowledge-structures for theorizing the Orient. His analysis of Said goes beyond the limits of critical debates as he questions Said’s vocation and space. He, in effect, considers Said an inauthentic critical voice. According to Ahmad, Said’s successful career in the West has rendered him incapable of a genuine engagement with the Orient. In this paper, I have attempted a critical re-reading of Ahmad’s arguments to suggest that Ahmad’s criticism of Said is intentionally provocative, seeking attention without engaging with Said’s theoretical perspectives in a comprehensive manner.
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Jones, Raymond M., Roger Kashlak, and Audra M. Jones. "Knowledge flows and economic development through microenterprise collaboration in third-sector communities." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-07-01-2004-b005.
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“The U.N. once dealt only with governments. By now we know that peace and prosperity cannot be achieved without partnership involving governments, international organizations, the business community and civil society. In todayʼs world we depend on each other.” Kofi Annan, UN Secretary (1999).
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Chuprii, Leonid, and Kan Den Sik. "Features of Solving Regional Conflicts in the Context of Current Challenges: Experience of Ukraine, Syria and Countries of the Korean Peninsula." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 671–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-41.
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Today the global community more often faces new, unconventional forms of war and conflicts, which have become an integral part of international relations of the present time. In many parts of the world, the intergovernmental rivalry increases on regional and local levels, which predetermines the threat of emerging of a significant amount of violent conflicts, majority of which escalate in the armed opposition. This issue is especially acute for Ukraine, countries of the Korean Peninsula, Syria and others. Historical events certify that in the areas, where geopolitical interests of the large states clash, the peace and safety cannot be guaranteed. Such countries as Ukraine, Syria, North and South Korea suffer because interests of superpowers have clashed. The history of the development of the world system has shown that the reallocation of spheres of influence is inevitable, which is why small and weak states and especially those which are in conflict areas, such as Korea, Ukraine, Syria, should find a way to guarantee sovereignty and territorial integrity. For example, after the Korean War, South Korea has concluded an inter-allied treaty wıth the USA and today only limited contingent of the USA is located in territory of South Korea and negotiations on deployment of anti-missile complexes of the SAAD system are in progress. Moreover, South Korea is known to give today much attention to strengthening defensive capacity of the country. After the end of the war, North Korea has taken a different path and without regard to inter-allied agreements with the USSR and China took a course for expanding missile and nuclear weapons. Today, superpowers do not carry responsibility for weak countries’ security. This is proved by the challenges Ukraine experiences. It is known that Ukraine has voluntarily given up nuclear armament, as stated in the Budapest Memorandum, with the USA, Great Britain and Russia acting as guarantors. Yet, Russia has started aggression against Ukraine, annexed Crimea and continue to carry out military operations in Donbas. However, certain positive trends should also be noted. On April 27, 2018, a historic meeting between leaders of the DPRK and South Korea took place, which resulted into signing of the Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula. Heads of the two states have agreed to sign by the end of the year a peace treaty that will put an end to the war between the countries. The author expresses hope that the progress in relations between the two countries will continue and they eventually become a united state. Keywords: regional conflicts, hybrid war, conflict areas, denuclearization, Korean Peninsula, Ukraine, Syria.
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Debska, Marzena, Adam Kolesnik, Beata Rebizant, Agnieszka Sekowska, Agnieszka Grzyb, Katarzyna Chaberek, Jacek Witwicki, Romuald Debski, and Joanna Dangel. "Fetal Cardiac Interventions—Polish Experience from “Zero” to the Third World Largest Program." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 2888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092888.
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This article presents the technical aspects of the Polish fetal cardiac interventions (FCI) program, including preparation of the team and modifications in the technique of the procedure that aim to increase its safety for the mother and the fetus. Over 9 years, 128 FCI in 113 fetuses have been performed: 94 balloon aortic valvuloplasties (fBAV), 14 balloon atrioseptoplasties (fBAS) with stent (BAS+), 5 balloon atrioseptoplasties without stent placement (BAS−), and 15 fetal pulmonary valvuloplasties (fBPS). The technical success rate ranged from 80% (BAS−) to 89% (fBAV), while the procedure-related death rate (defined as death within 72 hours following the procedure) ranged from 7% (fBAV and fBPV) to 20% (BAS). There were 98 live births after all FCI (3 pregnancies continue). Median gestational age at delivery was 39 weeks in our center and 38 weeks in other centers.
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Bauman, Zygmunt. "Migration and identities in the globalized world." Philosophy & Social Criticism 37, no. 4 (May 2011): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453710396809.
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The assumption that human socializing instincts are restricted to the community of birth and upbringing was long accepted without question. But today’s modern states have passed from the nation-building stage into that of multicultural belonging, and fluidity of membership allied to perpetual population shifts is the norm. This article traces changing patterns of global migration: first, territoriality plus rooted identity plus ‘gardening’; second, emigration to supposedly ‘empty’ lands; third, interlocked diasporas. How may we now live with and in the right to difference? Identity formation is never fixed, never final, veering between the pole of freedom and that of security. It is an intertwining of continuity and discontinuity that may now hold society together.
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Jackson, Robert H. "Quasi-states, dual regimes, and neoclassical theory: International jurisprudence and the Third World." International Organization 41, no. 4 (1987): 519–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027594.
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Decolonization in parts of the Third World and particularly Africa has resulted in the emergence of numerous “quasi-states,” which are independent largely by international courtesy. They exist by virtue of an external right of self-determination— negative sovereignty—without yet demonstrating much internal capacity for effective and civil government—positive sovereignty. They therefore disclose a new dual international civil regime in which two standards of statehood now coexist: the traditional empirical standard of the North and a new juridical standard of the South. The biases in the constitutive rules of the sovereignty game today and for the first time in modern international history arguably favor the weak. If international theory is to account for this novel situation it must acknowledge the possibility that morality and legality can, in certain circumstances, be independent of power in international relations. This suggests that contemporary international theory must accommodate not only Machiavellian realism and the sociological discourse of power but also Grotian rationalism and the jurisprudential idiom of law.
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Kim, Young, Mackenzie C. Morris, and Ryan E. Earnest. "Surgical management of post-traumatic transvaginal herniation of small intestine in a third-world country." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 5 (May 2019): e228330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228330.
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We present a case of a 26-year-old woman with a small bowel herniating from her vagina following traumatic injury from a road traffic accident. The patient was taken immediately to operating theatre for repair of her uterine defect and small bowel resection. The patient required eventual return to theatre for subtotal hysterectomy and recovered well after her surgeries. She was discharged home without any further complications and in good condition.
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Afanasyeva, Irina. "CONTAMPORARY GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT’S FACTORS." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 6(19) (November 30, 2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.6(19).2019.7-14.
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At the turn of the third Millennium, significant changes have affected the global world. The contemporary world economy, the world order, international organizational and economic relations are all involved in the intensive process of global development. There is no country in the world that is able to form and implement foreign economic policy without taking into account the behavior of other participants within the world economic system. Scientific and practical analysis of the subject area of the existing research has predetermined the key objective of this article – to determine the factors of contemporary global development.
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Chokor, B. A. "Research Policy and Review 22. Environment—Behaviour—Design Research: An Agenda for the Third World." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 4 (April 1988): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200425.
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Interdisciplinary research into people and environmental settings in the Third World is only beginning to develop, but without an appropriate focus. An agenda of study and major issues that should inform research are outlined in this paper. It is demonstrated that fruitfulness of research in the Third World lies in the identification of culturally relevant form and unit of space of study, as well as of the contexts in which various environmental appraisals are to be made. Both issues are identified and described. It is advocated that appropriate environmental research associations be formed, on regional and international levels, to coordinate and stimulate further research relevant to national environmental design policy.
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Armstrong, Charles K. "The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945–1950." Journal of Asian Studies 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096136.
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By definition, the cold war was understood on both sides of the conflict to be a global struggle that stopped short of direct military engagement between the superpowers (the U.S. and the USSR). In Europe, the putative center ofthat struggle, the geopolitical battle lines were fixed after the early 1950s, or they at least could not be altered by normal military means without provoking World War III—which would result in mutual annihilation. Therefore, each side hoped to make gains over the other by using more subtle, political, and often clandestine methods, winning the “hearts and minds” of people in the other bloc (as well as maintaining potentially wayward support in one's own bloc), hoping to subvert the other side from within. The cold war was an enormous campaign of propaganda and psychological warfare on both sides. A vast range of cultural resources, from propaganda posters and radio broadcasts to sophisticated literary magazines, jazz bands, ballet troupes, and symphony orchestras, were weapons in what has recently come to be called the “Cultural Cold War” (Saunders 1999). Studies of the cultural cold war have proliferated since the late 1990s, most of which focus on U.S. cultural policy and are concerned with the European “theater” of this conflict (Hixson 1997; Fehrenbach and Poiger 2000; Poiger 2000; Berghahn 2001).
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Lin, Huamao Mark, Keith L. Davis, James A. Kaye, Katarina Luptakova, Saurabh Nagar, and Brian Seal. "Real-World Treatment Patterns in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Evidence from a Cohort Review in the United Kingdom." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5947.5947.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Despite advancements in induction and maintenance therapies leading to improved response rates and overall survival (OS), virtually all patients with multiple myeloma (MM) eventually relapse. Improvement in outcomes in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) remains an area of unmet need, yet there is a shortage of data describing typical treatment patterns in these patients in real-world practice settings. Such data may help inform future health technology assessments and other regulatory evaluations of current and new therapies in RRMM. To help address this information gap, we analyzed retrospective data from a cohort of RRMM patients in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: A retrospective medical record review was conducted in a cohort (n = 216) of patients with RRMM in the UK. Patients were selected (based on randomly generated first letter of last name) from the caseloads of 41 hematology/oncology providers across the UK. Specific inclusion criteria were: ≥18 years of age at initial MM diagnosis; first determined to have RRMM between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011, where RRMM was defined by (1) receipt of a first-line (induction) treatment regimen of chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplant (SCT) and with or without post-induction/SCT maintenance therapy and (2) disease progression while on or at any time after completion of first-line therapy. Patients were retrospectively assessed on second- and third-line treatment regimens received, treatment duration, and reasons for treatment discontinuation from date of first relapse or progression (study index date). All analyses were descriptive and exploratory in nature. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample are presented in Table 1. Mean (SD) age at study index (first relapse, or RRMM diagnosis) was 65.6 (8.7) years, with approximately half of patients (53%) having advanced age (≥65 years). The study sample was 62.5% male and more than two-thirds of patients (69%) were still alive at the time of the medical record review. Among the 216 patients studied, 208 (97%) received ≥1 additional line of systemic chemotherapy after first relapse (Table 2); 94 patients (43%) received ≥2 additional lines of therapy (i.e., at least second- and third-line therapy) during the observation period. The most common second-line regimen was bortezomib + dexamethasone with or without other agents (66% of second-line initiators), followed by lenalidomide + dexamethasone with or without other agents (20%). Median duration of second-line treatment was 6 cycles over a median of 5.4 months. Among the 98% of patients who discontinued second-line treatment, a majority (62%) stopped therapy due to reaching complete response with no additional benefit expected; 33 patients (16%) discontinued second-line treatment due to disease progression and 8% discontinued due to toxicities. Lenalidomide + dexamethasone with or without other agents was the predominant third-line regimen (67% of third-line initiators); bortezomib + dexamethasone with or without other agents was the next most common third-line regimen (14%). Among the 94 patients receiving third-line treatment, median duration was 6 cycles over a median of 5.7 months. The leading reason for third-line discontinuation was disease progression (48%); 30% of patients discontinued because they reached complete response with no anticipated additional benefit, and 20% discontinued because of loss or lack of response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In the RRMM cohort reviewed here, bortezomib-containing regimens were the predominant second-line therapy and lenalidomide + dexamethasone was the most common third-line regimen. The most common reasons for discontinuation of RRMM treatments were disease progression and physician-judged achievement of complete response with no additional benefit expected. While the most common reason for therapy discontinuation in second-line treatment was reaching complete response with no additional benefit expected, in third-line therapy it was disease progression. With growing evidence in the RRMM literature that treatment to progression may be superior to a fixed duration of therapy, as well as evidence of premature discontinuation being associated with inferior outcomes, the relatively short second-line duration reported here (<6 months) further highlights a potential unmet need in this disease area. Disclosures Lin: Takeda: Employment. Davis:Takeda: Research Funding. Kaye:Takeda: Research Funding. Luptakova:Takeda Oncology: Employment. Nagar:Takeda: Research Funding. Seal:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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Fish, J. P., and M. Klein. "The Use of Reconnaissance Hydrographic Surveys for Establishment of Essential Navigation Bathymetric Data in the Third World Countries." Canadian Surveyor 39, no. 2 (June 1985): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1985-0018.
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Many third world countries do not have the resources to conduct classic hydrographic surveys, either due to the length of the coastline or the level of available funds. In the past, this has resulted in an arbitrary choice of navigational channel areas to be surveyed. In order to more effectively utilize the limited resources available in third world countries, the use of a large footprint side scan sonar to provide reconnaissance type information to the surveyor is advocated so that the surveyor may “triage” the large areas to be surveyed and survey only areas which offer the highest return for the application of resources. The use of the large footprint side scan sonar to augment the traditional narrow beam echo sounder trace permits the use of wider spaced lines without undue risk of missing significant bottom obstructions. With increasing commerce to Third World countries, accurate bathymetry becomes increasingly significant. The utilization of selected systems such as the side scan sonar can permit the Third World hydrographer to maximize utilization of available resources to obtain this data. A complete discussion of the methodology involved with the utilization of side scan sonar, as well as the employment of the equipment, is discussed in this paper.
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Schlusser, Lauren. "The Third World War: A Look at the Implications of Climate Change on Global, National Security." Pitt Political Review 12, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ppr.2017.86.
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President Donald Trump ran to be president of the United States on a platform rife with statements denouncing the credibility of anthropogenic — man-made — climate change. In a separate, but equally important, vein, President Trump also expressed a commitment to ensure the security of US citizens both domestically and abroad. Today, however, it’s difficult to address national security effectively without simultaneously addressing global climate change. The two issues are intimately interwoven, and ignoring one issue will compromise the success of solving the other.
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Tyagi, Mr Sachin. "Third Eye for Blind." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37119.
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People with visual impairments often depend on outside help that can be provided by the following agencies Humans, well-trained dogs, or special electronic devices are used as decision support systems. Principal The problem for blind people is how to navigate where they want to go. Those people need Help from other people with good eyesight. As described by the World Health Organization, 10% of people with visual impairment have There is no functional vision to help them move safely without assistance. This article is Designed to help blind people overcome visual defects through the use of other senses, such as sound and Touch. The system uses the Atmega328 microcontroller, which is a high performance 8-bit AVR RISC microcontroller. To detect the distance, the system uses HCSR04, an ultrasonic range Finder distance sensor module. The sensor module is designed to use sensors to measure distance The SONAR or RADAR principle uses ultrasound to determine the distance of an object. This The system also includes a buzzer that generates an alarm sound and a motor that generates vibration. Sign. The system uses audio and vibration signals to notify users of upcoming obstacles. What The distance between the glove and the obstacle, the frequency of the audio signals and vibration is reduced Increase. Therefore, the system helps to simplify the navigation process for those who need it. The system provides a Low-cost, reliable, portable, energy-efficient and powerful navigation solutions Response time is short.