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Journal articles on the topic "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article"
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Qaiser, D. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Research Publications; Necessity of Maintaining Scientific Integrity." International Annals of Science 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.10.1.1-6.
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Since the COVID-19 outbreak began in China, scientists and health professionals have rushed to understand and mitigate the threat, however, its root cause, spreading characteristic, effective way to control as well as therapeutical approaches are still a mystery and matter of scientific debate. In an effort to fight against this disease scientists also rushed for a global collaborative approach by sharing their findings so that others can use known information. In view of such emergency scientific journals took steps to expedite the peer review process for coronavirus-related manuscripts which poses another challenge of scientific integrity. Community attention on integrity brought another concern where many authors argue against the idea of peer-review exception which compromises high standard for quality in the name of crisis situations. In the space of eight months, the research community’s response to COVID-19 gives rise to a large volume of paper submission which required rigorous reviewing and of course huge amount of time however, it’s also time which demands fastest publication of the latest finding. To balance in scientific integrity of scholarly journal as well as crisis demand to expedite dissemination of known knowledge, AIJR took a unique approach for COVID-19 related manuscript submission to Int. Ann. Sci. only through AIJR preprints invitation. In this approach author shall post COVID-19 related articles to AIJR Preprints and if it seems suitable for further peer-reviewing, author will get invited to submit to Int. Ann Sci. otherwise author will be advised to improve the article with an updated version. In this way the latest finding can get disseminated immediately as a preprint and after submission to the journal it can undergo standard reviewing process to maintain the scientific integrity. Although invitation through preprints serves both purpose of fastest dissemination and the journal can maintain scientific integrity, preprint may have its own risk for sharing non-reviewed version which may include dishonest findings. The only way to make preprints a great place for accelerated publishing and minimize associated risk of sharing non-reviewed findings is that the authors, readers, and most importantly media reporters act in a vigilant manner by following the sharing responsibility and guidelines adhering to the highest ethical standards.
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Tchamo, M. E., A. Prista, and C. G. Leandro. "Low birth weight, very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight in African children aged between 0 and 5 years old: a systematic review." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 4 (April 13, 2016): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174416000131.
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Low birth weight (LBW<2500), very low birth weight (VLBW<1500), extremely low birth weight (ELBW<1500) infants are at high risk for growth failure that result in delayed development. Africa is a continent that presents high rates of children born with LBW, VLBW and ELBW particularly sub-Saharan Africa. To review the existing literature that explores the repercussions of LBW, VLBW and ELBW on growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality in African children aged 0–5 years old. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles using Academic Search Complete in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus and Scholar Google. Quantitatives studies that investigated the association between LBW, VLBW, ELBW with growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality, published between 2008 and 2015 were included. African studies with humans were eligible for inclusion. From the total of 2205 articles, 12 articles were identified as relevant and were subsequently reviewed in full version. Significant associations were found between LBW, VLBW and ELBW with growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality. Surviving VLBW and ELBW showed increased risk of death, growth retardation and delayed neurodevelopment. Post-neonatal interventions need to be carried out in order to minimize the short-term effects of VLBW and ELBW.
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Thirumaran, K., Haejin Jang, Zahra Pourabedin, and Jacob Wood. "The Role of Social Media in the Luxury Tourism Business: A Research Review and Trajectory Assessment." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031216.
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The luxury tourism industry immediately conjures up thoughts of exclusivity, with access to it confined to a small and elite group of travelers often located within their own social bubble. Our systematic literature review seeks to understand how tourism scholarship has addressed the issue of luxury travel based on social media pronouncements and the areas of concentration in which earlier studies have been conducted. Literature was sourced using the following key terms “luxury tourism”, “elite travel”, “social media”, and “sustainability” in various combinations using the OneSearch online platform, the Proquest Database, and Google Scholar. Only peer-reviewed journals were used for the critical analysis. Three main thematic areas were identified and reviewed: (1) the role of social media in luxury tourism; (2) the behavioral attributes of luxury travelers’ when using social media; and (3) the methodologies employed in the extant literature, given the limitations of accessing specific data for the luxury tourism market. The selected period for the journals and articles reviewed was the last ten years, from March 2010 to March 2020. NVivo version 12 was used to decipher the themes and focus areas as well as quantify the significance of social media to luxury tourism. Drawing from these literature review outcomes, the study explores future research areas and issues that require new theoretical and methodological frameworks to further our understanding of the intersection between social media and the luxury tourism business.
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Turino, Fabiana, Jonathan Filippon, Francis Sodré, and Carlos Eduardo Siqueira. "Reinventing Privatization: A Political Economic Analysis of the Social Health Organizations in Brazil." International Journal of Health Services 51, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731420961286.
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The Brazilian state apparatus was reformed throughout the 1990s, influenced by New Public Management (NPM). NPM was embodied in the health care sector by the creation of Social Health Organizations ( Organizações Sociais de Saúde or OSS), private non-profit entities to provide welfare services. We performed a systematic review of the literature outlining the origins and role of OSS in Brazil. Our selected articles (peer-reviewed) cover the origins/performance of OSS and their services provision between 1998 and 2018, in English or Portuguese. Databases used were Lilacs, Bireme, Medline, Pubmed, and SciELO. We identified 4,732 articles applying a pre-defined set of descriptors, from which we selected 49 for analysis. The main findings reveal that NPM is the central theme of most articles about OSS in Brazil (n = 26). There is evidence corroborating our hypothesis that transferring management of public health care services to private non-profit organizations is a softer version of privatization as, although financing is kept public, the rationale and ethos of OSS services institutionally and operationally mimic the private sector. The practical consequence is that attainment of health care in Brazil ends up being neither fully commodified (based on ability to pay) nor fulfilled as a citizen’s right following its national constitution.
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Matvieieva, Y., I. Myroshnychenko, S. Kolosok, and R. Kotyuk. "GEOSPATIAL, FINANCIAL, HUMAN, AND TEMPORAL FACTORS IN THE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRIDS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-9.
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Balanced development of smart grids is becoming an increasingly important issue for the energy sector's successful operation. This article provides a bibliographic review of publications in the study of renewable energy and smart grids' deployment parameters. A sample of works for 2009-2020 from the Scopus® database, which contains bibliographic information about scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals, books, and conferences, was selected for analysis. The authors identified three clusters of research areas using VOSviewer (version 1.6.15) in the context of the impact of geospatial parameters on smart grids' development. The first cluster consists of the financial, human, and temporal components of the geospatial factor of smart grid deployment. The authors found the largest number of links in the first cluster in terms of "costs" (a total of 29 links with an average impact of 9). The second cluster coincides with concepts related to geospatial information systems (GIS), digital storage, information systems, and cartographic information use. Research on renewable energy also belongs to the second cluster of publications. And the third cluster highlights all the concepts of smart grids by their technical types and in the context of optimization. The third cluster focuses on the ideas with the strongest link power. The results of the analysis of the Scopus® database allowed to determine the level and dynamics of scientific interest in the geospatial factors of the development of smart grids over the past 10 years. It is established that research in the field of geospatial factors of smart grid development is carried out by different countries, but the most active analysis of the impact of geospatial parameters on the development of smart grids in the following countries: USA, Canada and China. Based on the use of the Scopus® database, the article identified institutions and organizations that fund the study of geospatial factors and smart grids and made a significant contribution to the development of this topic.
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Pérez-Ordás, Raquel, Alberto Nuviala, Alberto Grao-Cruces, and Antonio Fernández-Martínez. "Implementing Service-Learning Programs in Physical Education; Teacher Education as Teaching and Learning Models for All the Agents Involved: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020669.
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Service-learning (SL) is the subject of a growing number of studies and is becoming increasingly popular in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the implementation of SL programs with PETE students. The databases used were Web of Science, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and SCOPUS. Articles were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; (b) covers the use of SL programs with PETE students; (c) relates to physical education or physical activity programs; (d) availability of a full-text version in English and/or Spanish. Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. Two types of findings were observed: firstly, findings relating to the study characteristics and objectives and, secondly, recommendations for improvement of this type of intervention. The objectives of the different studies focused on (a) the impact of the SL methodology on PETE students’ professional, social, and personal skills; (b) its impact on the community; (c) analysis of the effectiveness and quality of the programs. All but two studies analyzed the impact of SL on PETE, while only four analyzed community participants and only three analyzed the quality of the SL program. Recommendations for improving SL programs used with PETE students included: all stakeholders, e.g., students and community participants, should be studied and coordinated; the quality of the programs should be assessed, as studying the effectiveness of SL programs could help to attain the objectives of both students and the community; mixed methods should be used; and intervention implementation periods should be extended to provide more objective, controlled measurements.
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Allen, Leila, Polly-Anna Ashford, Ella Beeson, Sarah Byford, Jessica Chow, Tim Dalgleish, Andrea Danese, et al. "DECRYPT trial: study protocol for a phase II randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth exposed to multiple traumatic stressors." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e047600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047600.
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BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a distressing and disabling condition that affects significant numbers of children and adolescents. Youth exposed to multiple traumas (eg, abuse, domestic violence) are at particular risk of developing PTSD. Cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD), derived from adult work, is a theoretically informed, disorder-specific form of trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy. While efficacious for child and adolescent single-event trauma samples, its effectiveness in routine settings with more complex, multiple trauma-exposed youth has not been established. The Delivery of Cognitive Therapy for Young People after Trauma randomised controlled trial (RCT) examines the effectiveness of CT-PTSD for treating PTSD following multiple trauma exposure in children and young people in comparison with treatment as usual (TAU).Methods/designThis protocol describes a two-arm, patient-level, single blind, superiority RCT comparing CT-PTSD (n=60) with TAU (n=60) in children and young people aged 8–17 years with a diagnosis of PTSD following multiple trauma exposure. The primary outcome is PTSD severity assessed using the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (8-item version) at post-treatment (ie, approximately 5 months post-randomisation). Secondary outcomes include structured interview assessment for PTSD, complex PTSD symptoms, depression and anxiety, overall functioning and parent-rated mental health. Mid-treatment and 11-month and 29-month post-randomisation assessments will also be completed. Process–outcome evaluation will consider which mechanisms underpin or moderate recovery. Qualitative interviews with the young people, their families and their therapists will be undertaken. Cost-effectiveness of CT-PTSD relative to TAU will be also be assessed.Ethics and disseminationThis trial protocol has been approved by a UK Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee (East of England–Cambridge South, 16/EE/0233). Findings will be disseminated broadly via peer-reviewed empirical journal articles, conference presentations and clinical workshops.Trial registrationISRCTN12077707. Registered 24 October 2016 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12077707). Trial recruitment commenced on 1 February 2017. It is anticipated that recruitment will continue until June 2021, with 11-month assessments being concluded in May 2022.
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Chemane, Nomzamo Charity Thobekile, Verusia Chetty, and Saul Cobbing. "Mapping Evidence on Community-Based Clinical Education Models for Undergraduate Physiotherapy Students: Protocol for a Scoping Review." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): e19039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19039.
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Background Community-based clinical training has been advocated as an excellent approach to transformation in clinical education. Clinical education for undergraduate physiotherapy students is a hands-on practical experience that aims to provide a student with the skills necessary to enable them to be fit to practice independently. However, in many countries, including South Africa, this training has been conducted only in large urban academic hospitals. Such hospitals are not a true reflection of the environment that these students will most likely be facing as practicing health care professionals. Objective The objective of this scoping review is to map out existing evidence on community-based clinical education models for undergraduate physiotherapy students globally. Methods A systematic scoping review will be based on the 2005 Arksey and O’Malley framework. Studies involving students and stakeholders in clinical education will be included. This review will not be limited by time of publication. An electronic search of relevant literature, including peer-reviewed primary studies and grey literature, will be conducted from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. The search strategy will include keywords such as “education,” “physiotherapy,” “undergraduate,” “community-based,” “training,” “decentralized,” and “distributed.” Boolean logic will be used for each search string. Two independent reviewers will conduct screening of titles, abstracts, and full text before extracting articles. A predesigned data-charting table will supplement the extraction of data. Version 12 NVIVO software will aide in the thematic analysis of data. Results Data collection will commence after publication of this protocol, and the results are expected to be obtained in the following 5 months. Conclusions The evidence obtained from the extracted data is expected to assist in the development of a model of community-based clinical education for undergraduate physiotherapy students in South Africa, and serve as a basis for future research. The discussion of this evidence will be guided by the research question utilizing a critical narrative approach to explore emerging themes. The enablers and barriers identified from the reviewed studies can guide the development of a community-based clinical education model. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/19039
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Muellenbach, Joanne Marie. "The Role of Reading Classic Fiction in Book Groups for People with Dementia is Better Understood through Use of a Qualitative Feasibility Study." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 13, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29417.
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A Review of:
Rimkeit, B.S. and Claridge, G. (2017). Peer reviewed: literary Alzheimer’s, a qualitative feasibility study of dementia-friendly book groups. New Zealand Library & Information Management Journal, 56(2), 14-22. https://figshare.com/articles/Literary_Alzheimer_s_A_qualitative_feasibility_study_of_dementia-friendly_book_groups/5715052/1
Abstract
Objective – To explore how people living with dementia experience reading classic fiction in book groups and what benefits this intervention provides.
Design – Qualitative feasibility study.
Setting – Day centre within a care home in the North Island of New Zealand.
Subjects – Eight participants with a medical diagnosis of dementia – four community dwellers who attend day centers, and four residents of a secure dementia unit in a care home.
Methods – Investigators used surveys, focus groups, and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), for ideographic analysis of the data.
Main results – Following analysis of the focus book group data, three superordinate, with related subordinate, themes were found: 1) the participant as a lively reader. The participants shared childhood memories of reading and when they became adults, how they encouraged reading within the household and with their own children. Subordinate themes included: recall, liveliness of discussion, and interest in reading and book clubs; 2) the participant as guardian of the voice of Dickens. Participants believed that, when the language is simplified, the beauty and rich imagery of Dickens is lost. Subordinate themes included: oversimplifying “loses the voice of Dickens”, familiarity, and continued play on words; and 3) the participant as a discerning book reviewer. The participants offered a number of ‘dementia-friendly’ suggestions, including the use of memory aids and simplifying text. Subordinate themes were expressed as four recommendations: use cast of characters; illustrations pick up the energy of the story, but balance quantity with risk of being childish; the physical quality of the text and paper; and chunk quantity of text while keeping the style of the original author. The choice of using classic fiction that was already well known was validated by the participants, who had some preconceptions about Ebenezer Scrooge, and described him by using epithets such as mean, an old bastard, and ugly. The participants found the investigators’ adapted version to be oversimplified, as short excerpts of the original Dickens seemed to evoke emotional and aesthetic responses of appreciation. Therefore, when creating adaptations, it is important to preserve the beauty of the original writing as much as possible.
Conclusion – This qualitative feasibility study has provided a better understanding of how people living with dementia experience classic fiction in shared book groups. For individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, language skills may be well-preserved until later in the disease course. For example, the focus group participants demonstrated an appreciation and command of language, as well as enthusiasm and excitement in the sharing of the original Dickens with others. They suggested the use of memory aids, such as including a cast of characters, and repeating the referent newly on each page. Participants also suggested that the adapted version be shortened, to use a large font, and to include plenty of pictures. The choice of using classic fiction was validated by the participants, as they found these tales comforting and familiar, particularly when they included such colorful characters as Ebenezer Scrooge. Finally, people living with dementia should be encouraged to enjoy books for the same reason other adults love to read – primarily for the creative process. Classic fiction may be adapted to enhance readability, but the adaptation must be done in a thoughtful manner. While memory deficits occur in Alzheimer’s disease, an appreciation of complex language may be preserved until the later disease stages.
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Kohardinata, Cliff, Noorlailie Soewarno, and Bambang Tjahjadi. "ERRATUM: INDONESIAN PEER TO PEER LENDING (P2P) AT ENTRANT’S DISRUPTIVE TRAJECTORY." Business: Theory and Practice 22, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.14272.
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The article “Indonesian Peer to Peer Lending (P2P) at entrant’s disruptive trajectory” by Cliff Kohardinata, Noorlailie Soewarno, Bambang Tjahjadi, published on 17 February 2020 in the research journal Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 104−114, https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11171, contained a following error on 104 p.: The affiliations were mixed. They should read: Cliff KOHARDINATA 1, Noorlailie SOEWARNO 2, Bambang TJAHJADI 3 1, 2, 3 Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 1 Faculty of Management and Business, Universitas Ciputra, Surabaya, Indonesia Corrected version of the article is available online. The publisher apologises for this error.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article"
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Fischer, Manfred M., and Martin Reismann. "A methodology for neural spatial interaction modeling." Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5491/1/NeuralSpaital.pdf.
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This paper attempts to develop a mathematically rigid and unified framework for
neural spatial interaction modeling. Families of classical neural network models, but
also less classical ones such as product unit neural network ones are considered for the
cases of unconstrained and singly constrained spatial interaction flows. Current
practice appears to suffer from least squares and normality assumptions that ignore the
true integer nature of the flows and approximate a discrete-valued process by an
almost certainly misrepresentative continuous distribution. To overcome this deficiency
we suggest a more suitable estimation approach, maximum likelihood estimation under
more realistic distributional assumptions of Poisson processes, and utilize a global
search procedure, called Alopex, to solve the maximum likelihood estimation problem.
To identify the transition from underfitting to overfitting we split the data into training,
internal validation and test sets. The bootstrapping pairs approach with replacement is
adopted to combine the purity of data splitting with the power of a resampling
procedure to overcome the generally neglected issue of fixed data splitting and the
problem of scarce data. In addition, the approach has power to provide a better
statistical picture of the prediction variability, Finally, a benchmark comparison
against the classical gravity models illustrates the superiority of both, the
unconstrained and the origin constrained neural network model versions in terms of
generalization performance measured by Kullback and Leibler's information criterion.
Book chapters on the topic "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article"
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Acharya, Bhanu Bhakta. "A Systematic Literature Review on Immigrants' Motivation for ICT Adoption and Use." In Technology Adoption and Social Issues, 1572–89. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5201-7.ch074.
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Several studies demonstrate that immigrants use computers and the Internet more than non-immigrants or earlier immigrants. What motivates immigrants to use information and communication technology (ICT)? What are the factors that influence immigrants' ICT behaviors? For this study, the author chose 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2015 to study immigrants' motivations for ICT adoption and use. The following article will discuss two motives for immigrants' ICT use, as well as identify seven factors influencing adoption, non-adoption, use, and non-use.
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Robinson, Marin S., Fredricka L. Stoller, Molly Constanza-Robinson, and James K. Jones. "Overview of the Journal Article." In Write Like a Chemist. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367423.003.0008.
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This chapter introduces the journal article module. The chapter describes some of the defining characteristics of a journal article while emphasizing concise writing and organization. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Recognize the importance ■ of concise writing ■ Identify the broad organizational structure of journal articles ■ Explain what is meant by targeted reading and keywords As you move through the chapter, you will begin to plan your own journal- quality paper. The Writing on Your Own tasks throughout the chapter will guide you in this process: 2A Get started 2B Select your topic 2C Conduct a literature search 2D Find additional resources 2E Decide on the broad organization of your paper Module 1 focuses entirely on writing a journal-quality paper, a paper suitable for submission to a refereed chemistry journal. Refereed journals include only articles that have made it through a rigorous peer-review process. In this process, a submitted manuscript is critically reviewed by two or more anonymous reviewers. The reviewers are asked to judge both the scientific merit and writing quality of the manuscript. Authors are often required to revise their work before it can be accepted for publication. The entire review process can take six months or longer. An account of the review process typically appears in the published article, for example, Received for review March 9, 2008. Revised manuscript received August 3, 2008. Accepted August 5, 2008. Once published, the journal article becomes part of the primary literature of chemistry. The primary literature is a permanent and public record of all scientific works, many of which are refereed journal articles.
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Heikkinen, Hannu L. T., Matti Pennanen, Ilona Markkanen, and Päivi Tynjälä. "A Brief History of the Peer-Group Mentoring Model in Finland: Struggling for Space in a Contested Niche." In New Teachers in Nordic Countries - Ecologies of Mentoring and Induction, 107–28. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.105.ch5.
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The aim of this article is to introduce and reflect on the development of mentoring in Finland as implemented in the form of the Peer-Group Mentoring (PGM) model. Firstly, the main characteristics and principles of the PGM model are introduced, after which experiences from implementing the model are analysed based on a literature review. We examine the following research questions: (1) How have the mentoring practices of newly qualified teachers developed towards the PGM model within the educational ecosystem in Finland? (2) How has the PGM model found its relational space (‘ecological niche’) in this ecosystem? and (3) How has PGM been experienced by mentors and mentees in terms of professional learning and well-being? Theoretically, our examination is based on an ecosystemic view: we see mentoring as an integral element of teachers’ professional development, which, in turn, is an integral part of the education ecosystem. Our methodological approach is a systematic review of mentoring research in Finland over the period 2004–2019. The research material consists of policy documents, research reports, peer-reviewed articles and doctoral dissertations. Our research: (1) demonstrates how mentoring has evolved gradually from traditional one-to-one mentoring towards a reciprocal, collegial and dialogic approach; (2) shows how the PGM model has inhabited its niche in the ecosystem of education; and (3) presents how PGM has been experienced by mentors and mentees. The main challenge in applying the model is the lack of national agreement concerning the organisation of mentoring. Applying the concept of learning ecology, mentoring can be seen as struggling for a niche within initial teacher education and in-service training. Finding a sustainable solution for mentoring therefore requires developing the ecosystem as a whole and allowing growing space for mentoring as an integral part of the education ecosystem.
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Gross, Alan G., and Joseph E. Harmon. "Evaluation After Publication." In The Internet Revolution in the Sciences and Humanities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465926.003.0011.
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Just how much confidence should we place in published research findings, even if peer reviewed? What should we ignore, reject, modify, incorporate, pursue? To answer these questions, the sciences and the humanities must be continually in the business of keeping the record of knowledge straight at the edge, an enterprise the Internet can fruitfully enhance. Accordingly, this chapter looks at some Internet-based possibilities concerning this postpublication process: watchdog blogs in the sciences, blogs and discussion forums in the sciences and humanities, and book and article reviews in the humanities. For these activities, as for peer review, Habermas’s ideal speech situation provides a useful theoretical framework. The goal is the same: the achievement of rational consensus concerning the originality, significance, argumentative competence, and clarity of expression of the work in question. After reading Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales—after the sweeping “Prologue,” the dramatic “Pardoner’s Tale,” the raucous “Miller’s Tale,” the sermon that is the “Parson’s Tale”—readers come upon what may well be the world’s first “Retraction Notice”: . . . Now I pray to all who hear or read this little treatise, that if there is anything in it that they like, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all wisdom and goodness. And if there is anything that displeases them, I pray also that they attribute it to inadvertence rather than intent. I would have done better if I could. For the Bible says, “All that is written is written to support the teaching our faith” and that is what I wish to do. Therefore I beseech you meekly, for the mercy of God, that you pray for me that Christ have mercy on me and forgive my sins, especially my translations and works of worldly vanity, which I revoke in my retractions. . . . In acknowledging error, some editors of science journals lack the poet’s candor. One minced no words, responding to a request from the editors of the blog “Retraction Watch”—Adam Marcus and Ivan Oransky—for reasons that a paper was retracted with the following terse comment: “It’s none of your damn business.”