Journal articles: 'Thoracic column'

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Schulman, H. M., V. I. Danilov, L. P. Djudin, R. V. Sarymsakov, G. V. Savkin, T. A. Bikmullin, and A. H. Solomatina. "Clinical and surgical parallels of compression forms of vertebral column osteochondrosis." Neurology Bulletin XXX, no. 1-2 (March 15, 1998): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb80691.

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Clinical characteristics and operational findings of 466 patients are presented, all the patients having been operated for osteochondrosis of vertebral column. Compression of contens of vertebral column at cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels was met correspondingly in 23, 3 and 440 patients. Clinical lesion picture in patients , operated at cervical an thoracic levels of vertebral column was manifested by coarse root and conductive disorders in the form of tetra- and paraparesis, and at lumbar level - by anti-pain postures of vertebral column, by lumbar and ischialgic syndrome, by resistant disorders of sensitivity of root type. Analysis of obtained data allowed to come to result, that decompression surgical intervention, though avoiding the causes of pressure of vertebral columns contents, does not correct enough statical and dynamical incompetence of injured part of vertebral column.

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Simpson, Lauren N., Betsy D. Hughes, Isaac O. Karikari, Ankit I. Mehta, Tiffany R. Hodges, Thomas J. Cummings, and Carlos A. Bagley. "Catecholamine-Secreting Paraganglioma of the Thoracic Spinal Column." Neurosurgery 70, no. 4 (July 20, 2011): E1049—E1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31822e5aae.

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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Paragangliomas are rare tumors of neuroendocrine origin that arise from paraganglionic tissue of the extrachromaffin cell system. These lesions may be seen at various sites along the neuraxis. Primary thoracic paragangliomas have rarely been reported in the literature, with secretory thoracic lesions being exceedingly rare as only 3 previous cases have been cited. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old woman presented with episodes of hypertension, palpitations, and diaphoresis. Workup revealed positive urine catecholamines and a thoracic spine mass extending into the thoracic apex. Preoperative α-blockade with phenoxybenzamine was used followed by posterior decompression and tumor resection. Arthrodesis from C5 to T4 was subsequently performed, and the patient received postoperative radiation. CONCLUSION: Two years postoperatively, the patient has continued to have regression of her symptoms. We report a rare case of a catecholamine-secreting primary thoracic paraganglioma in a 49-year-old woman. These tumors should be treated carefully by the neurosurgeon with preoperative assistance from endocrinology for α-blockade, followed by gross total resection and postoperative radiation if residual tumor remains.

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Dhem, A., E. Passelecq, and E. Peten. "Cartilage Calcification in the Human Thoracic Column." Cells Tissues Organs 129, no. 3 (1987): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146405.

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Mii, Kimihiko, Satoru Shimizu, Chihiko Tanaka, Kuniaki Matsumori, Kazuko Hasegawa, and Yoshikazu Mizoi. "Thoracic flexion myelopathy." Journal of Neurosurgery 82, no. 6 (June 1995): 1059–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.82.6.1059.

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✓ A case of thoracic flexion myelopathy is reported in a 36-year-old man. The patient had a history of gradually progressing transverse thoracic myelopathy. Conventional myelography in the neutral position failed to reveal cord compression; however, a severe block of the dye column was evident on studies in the flexed position. Excellent recovery from this condition was obtained with posterolateral fusion of the thoracic spine in the neutral position.

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Holder, N., J. D. Clarke, and D. Tonge. "Pathfinding by dorsal column axons in the spinal cord of the frog tadpole." Development 99, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.99.4.577.

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Sensory fibres from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) enter the spinal cord and run within a clearly defined ipsilateral pathway, the dorsal column, which lies in the dorsal funiculus. We have examined the characteristics of this pathway as a defined substrate for dorsal column axons in Rana temporaria tadpoles by rotating the thoracic spinal cord through 180 degrees from dorsal to ventral. Using HRP as a neuronal tracer we establish that many dorsal column axons from the hindlimb locate the ipsilateral or contralateral dorsal column pathway in the rotated cord. Other axons locate and grow caudally down the contralateral dorsal column returning to the lumbar region. Axons of the dorsal column never take an inappropriate pathway except at the transection sites where they negotiate abnormal routes to reach the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal columns in normally positioned or rotated cord. The results demonstrate that the dorsal columns act as highly specific pathways for axons from DRG neurones but the axons' interactions with the pathway do not control the craniocaudal or left-right options for growth.

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Slijepčević, Maja, Frietson Galis, Jan W. Arntzen, and Ana Ivanović. "Homeotic transformations and number changes in the vertebral column ofTriturusnewts." PeerJ 3 (November 10, 2015): e1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1397.

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We explored intraspecific variation in vertebral formulae, more specifically the variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae and frequencies of transitional sacral vertebrae inTriturusnewts (Caudata: Salamandridae). Within salamandrid salamanders this monophyletic group shows the highest disparity in the number of thoracic vertebrae and considerable intraspecific variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae.Triturusspecies also differ in their ecological preferences, from predominantly terrestrial to largely aquatic. Following Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s and Darwin’s rule which states that structures with a large number of serially homologous repetitive elements are more variable than structures with smaller numbers, we hypothesized that the variation in vertebral formulae increases in more elongated species with a larger number of thoracic vertebrae. We furthermore hypothesized that the frequency of transitional vertebrae will be correlated with the variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae within the species. We also investigated potential effects of species hybridization on the vertebral formula. The proportion of individuals with a number of thoracic vertebrae different from the modal number and the range of variation in number of vertebrae significantly increased in species with a larger number of thoracic vertebrae. Contrary to our expectation, the frequencies of transitional vertebrae were not correlated with frequencies of change in the complete vertebrae number. The frequency of transitional sacral vertebra in hybrids did not significantly differ from that of the parental species. Such a pattern could be a result of selection pressure against transitional vertebrae and/or a bias towards the development of full vertebrae numbers. Although our data indicate relaxed selection for vertebral count changes in more elongated, aquatic species, more data on different selective pressures in species with different numbers of vertebrae in the two contrasting, terrestrial and aquatic environments are needed to test for causality.

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Komala B. "ROLE OF RELATIVE POSITION OF COLUMN OF CERVICAL AND UPPER THORACIC VERTEBRAE IN WEIGHT TRANSMISSION." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 2.2 (May 31, 2016): 2308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.202.

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Singh, Harshpal, Scott Y. Rahimi, David J. Yeh, and David Floyd. "History of posterior thoracic instrumentation." Neurosurgical Focus 16, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.12.

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The term “backbone” appears in many expressions used in modern day society. In any scenario, it has one central meaning: stability. Best defined as a foundation that is able to sustain multiple stressors without adversely affecting integrity, the commonly and appropriately termed backbone of humans is the spinal column. As the central focus of stability in our species, the spine is subject to a great degree of trauma and mechanical forces. A variety of methods have been developed throughout history in the treatment of spinal column injury. Initial treatment involved the use of simple traction devices for the reduction of spinal fractures; these have evolved to include the current insertion of spinal instrumentation. The authors review the historical treatment and development of posterior instrumentation for thoracic spinal injury.

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Robert Grand, Jean-Guillaume, and Stéphane Claude Bureau. "Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Pneumothorax Induced by Migration of a K-Wire to the Chest." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5648.

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A 2 yr old female English setter dog was admitted for acute dyspnea. The dog underwent treatment of a T9T10 thoracic vertebral fracture subluxation at the authors' institution 15 mo earlier. Upon admission, a chest X-ray revealed a pneumothorax and a metallic foreign body in the left hemithorax. An emergency video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was successfully performed to remove a 4.6-mm long Kirschner wire that migrated from the thoracic vertebral column to the thoracic cavity. The operating time was 27 min. The dog made an uneventful recovery and was discharged on the third day after surgery. Pneumothorax should be considered in patients that develop acute dyspnea and have a history of wire fixation in the thoracic vertebral column. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment of this condition.

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Otts, Charlotte. "Morphology and movement of the presacral vertebral column in Phenacodus vortmani and Phenacodus primaevus." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007887.

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Phenacodus vortmani and P. primaevus, members of the mammalian radiation (Tiffanian - Bridgerian) in western North America, were digitigrade five-toed ungulates who were good runners compared to their contemporaries. P. vortmani was smaller and more slender (presacral vertebral column = 463 mm) while P. primaevus was larger and more robust (presacral vertebral column = 814 mm).The presacral vertebral column in these phenacodontids consists of 7 cervical, 15 thoracic, and 6 lumbar vertebrae, with the sectional length proportions being very similar in P. vortmani and P. primaevus.Morphologies and relationships of the vertebral structure in the cervical section allow both dorsoventral and mediolateral movements in both animals. Structures in the cranial thoracic section allow some mediolateral movement but restrict dorsoventral motion, adding stability and allowing forward transfer of momentum generated in the hind limb and caudal vertebral column. Structures in the caudal thoracic and especially the lumbar sections allow greater dorsoventral movements which enabled both phenacodontids to increase stride length beyond that accomplished by the limbs alone. In the smaller P. primaevus. the orientation of the zygapophyses emphasizes dorsoventral movements and restricts mediolateral movements compared to that in P. vortmani. providing the larger animal with greater efficiency in the flexion and extension of the posterior vertebral column during running.

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Amini, Amin, Ronald I. Apfelbaum, and Meic H. Schmidt. "Chylorrhea: a rare complication of thoracoscopic discectomy of the thoracolumbar junction." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, no. 6 (June 2007): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2007.6.6.8.

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✓The thoracic duct along with the cisterna chyli is a major lymphatic pathway near the anterior thoracolumbar spine. Despite the fragile nature of the lymphatic system and its proximity to the spinal column, chylorrhea is rarely encountered by spine surgeons. The authors present a unique case of chylorrhea associated with a left thoracoscopic, trans-diaphragmatic discectomy and fusion for a T12–L1 herniated disc. The anomalous location of the thoracic duct at the left lateral vertebral column contributes to this unusual complication.

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Hu, Jia-rui, Jing Li, Guo-hua Lv, You-wen Deng, and Ming-xiang Zou. "Extraventricular neurocytoma mimicking bone tumor in thoracic spinal column." Spine Journal 15, no. 12 (December 2015): e65-e66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.464.

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Zyromski, Nicholas J., and Mary Anne Purtill. "Large Caliber Bullet Trapped in the Thoracic Spinal Column." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 60, no. 2 (February 2006): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000203589.30573.fb.

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Elgafy, Hossein, and Carlo Bellabarba. "Three-Column Ligamentous Extension Injury of the Thoracic Spine." Spine 32, no. 25 (December 2007): E785—E788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e31815b60fd.

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Charles, Yann Philippe, Sébastien Schuller, Gergi Sfeir, and Jean-Paul Steib. "Vertebral column resection for thoracic hyperkyphosis in Pott’s disease." European Spine Journal 23, no. 3 (February 19, 2014): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3225-y.

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Ma, Xiangyang, Binbin Wang, Yuyue Chen, Su Ge, Xiaobao Zou, Shuang Zhang, and Hong Xia. "Outcome of Thoracic Column Antedisplacement and Fusion in Treatment of Thoracic Myelopathy Caused by Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Case Series Study." Operative Neurosurgery 21, no. 3 (June 7, 2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opab193.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Up to date, surgical outcome of multilevel thoracic ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (T-OPLL) with high canal occupation ratio is less satisfactory. OBJECTIVE To explore the result of thoracic column antedisplacement and fusion (TCAF) in treatment of multilevel T-OPLL with high canal occupation ratio. METHODS A total of 5 patients who underwent TCAF procedure for T-OPLL were retrospectively reviewed. Parameters including extent of OPLL, thickness of the maximal OPLL (max-OPLL), maximal canal occupying ratio (max-COR) of OPLL, effective canal diameter (ECD) at the max-OPLL level, antedisplacement distance of thoracic columns, ASIA grades, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, and complications were collected and analyzed at preoperation and the last follow-up. RESULTS All patients (5 F, mean age 61.0 yr, mean follow-up 18.0 months) underwent TCAF successfully and no spinal cord injury or cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred. The mean extent of OPLL was 2.8 vertebral bodies. The mean preoperative thickness of the max-OPLL was 5.9 mm. The average antedisplacement distance of thoracic columns was 5.6 mm. The mean ECD was improved from 6.5 mm to 10.9 mm, and the max-COR was improved from 50.7% to 7.1% at last follow-up. Two patients showed improvement in ASIA grades and JOA scores were significantly improved from 5.6 points to 10.4 points at final follow-up. The overall therapeutic results of 1 patient were classified into good and 4 into fair at last follow-up. CONCLUSION TCAF may be a safe and effective procedure in treatment of multilevel T-OPLL with high canal occupation ratio.

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Lazaro, Bruno C. R., Fatih Ersay Deniz, Leonardo B. C. Brasiliense, Phillip M. Reyes, Anna G. U. Sawa, Nicholas Theodore, Volker K. H. Sonntag, and Neil R. Crawford. "Biomechanics of thoracic short versus long fixation after 3-column injury." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 14, no. 2 (February 2011): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.10.spine09785.

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Object Posterior screw-rod fixation for thoracic spine trauma usually involves fusion across long segments. Biomechanical data on screw-based short-segment fixation for thoracic fusion are lacking. The authors compared the effects of spanning short and long segments in the thoracic spine. Methods Seven human spine segments (5 segments from T-2 to T-8; 2 segments from T-3 to T-9) were prepared. Pure-moment loading of 6 Nm was applied to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while 3D motion was measured optoelectronically. Normal specimens were tested, and then a wedge fracture was created on the middle vertebra after cutting the posterior ligaments. Five conditions of instrumentation were tested, as follows: Step A, 4-level fixation plus cross-link; Step B, 2-level fixation; Step C, 2-level fixation plus cross-link; Step D, 2-level fixation plus screws at fracture site (index); and Step E, 2-level fixation plus index screws plus cross-link. Results Long-segment fixation restricted 2-level range of motion (ROM) during extension and lateral bending significantly better than the most rigid short-segment construct. Adding index screws in short-segment constructs significantly reduced ROM during flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation (p < 0.03). A cross-link reduced axial rotation ROM (p = 0.001), not affecting other loading directions (p > 0.4). Conclusions Thoracic short-segment fixation provides significantly less stability than long-segment fixation for the injury studied. Adding a cross-link to short fixation improved stability only during axial rotation. Adding a screw at the fracture site improved short-segment stability by an average of 25%.

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Martín-Pedrosa, José Miguel, Vicente Gutiérrez, José Antonio González-Fajardo, and Carlos Vaquero. "Endovascular treatment of thoracic aorta injury after spinal column surgery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 55, no. 6 (June 2012): 1782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.02.051.

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Salehani, Arsalaan A., Griffin R. Baum, Brian M. Howard, Christopher M. Holland, and Faiz U. Ahmad. "Floating Thoracic Spine After Double, Noncontiguous Three-Column Spinal Fractures." World Neurosurgery 91 (July 2016): 670.e7–670.e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.082.

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ONEIL, J., V. GARDNER, and G. ARMSTRONG. "Treatment of Tumors of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Column." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 227 (February 1988): 103???112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198802000-00014.

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Neuman, Stephanie A., Jason S. Eldrige, and Bryan C. Hoelzer. "Atypical Facial Pain Treated With Upper Thoracic Dorsal Column Stimulation." Clinical Journal of Pain 27, no. 6 (2011): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e31820d276d.

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Buckler, Richard A., David A. Chad, Thomas W. Smith, and Robin I. Davidson. "Sciatica: An Early Manifestation of Thoracic Vertebral Osteochondroma." Neurosurgery 21, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198707000-00023.

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Abstract We describe a 36-year-old woman with a thoracic vertebral osteochondroma who presented with radicular leg pain. This benign tumor is uncommon in the vertebral column, and radicular pain is an unusual manifestation of a thoracic spinal lesion. Myelography and computed tomography aided in diagnosis; surgical resection resulted in an excellent clinical response. (Neurosurgery 21: 98-100, 1987)

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Waitt, Taylor, Vamsi Reddy, Dayton Grogan, Pearce Lane, Joseph Kilianski, John DeVine, and Alexander Post. "A case of dual three-column thoracic spinal fractures following traumatic injury." Surgical Neurology International 11 (June 13, 2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_189_2020.

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Background: Thoracic spine fracture-dislocations due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) rarely involve double- level, noncontiguous lesions. Case Description: A 19-year-old male following an MVA was paraplegic; he exhibited full motor/sensory loss below the T4 level (i.e., ASIA scale Grade A). The chest X-ray, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography studies confirmed T3–T5 and T11–12 fractures, warranting T3–L3 thoracolumbar decompression and fusion. Despite surgical intervention, the patient’s neurological status remained unchanged. Conclusion: This case illustrates the rare presentation of noncontiguous, posttraumatic thoracic spinal lesions requiring simultaneous decompression/fixation.

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Neary, Casey P., William W. Bush, Deena M. Tiches, Amy C. Durham, and Patrick R. Gavin. "Synovial Myxoma in the Vertebral Column of a Dog: MRI Description and Surgical Removal." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 50, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5992.

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A 12 yr old castrated male mixed-breed dog presented with a 2 wk history of progressive tetraparesis. Neurologic deficits included a short-strided choppy gait in the thoracic limbs and a long-strided proprioceptive ataxia in the pelvic limbs. Withdrawal reflexes were decreased bilaterally in the thoracic limbs. Signs were consistent with a myelopathy of the caudal cervical/cranial thoracic spinal cord (i.e., the sixth cervical [C] vertebra to the second thoracic [T] vertebra). A mass associated with the C6–C7 articular facet on the left side was identified on MRI of the cervical spinal cord. The lesion was hyperintense to spinal cord parenchyma on T2-weighted images, hypointense on T1-weighted images, and there was strong homogenous contrast enhancement. Significant spinal cord compression was associated with the lesion. The mass was removed through a C6–C7 dorsal laminectomy and facetectomy. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a synovial myxoma of the articular facet. A postoperative MRI showed complete surgical resection. Albeit rare, synovial myxomas should be included in the list of differential diagnoses for neoplasms affecting the vertebral columns in dogs.

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Ringel, Florian, Michael Stoffel, Carsten Stüer, Silke Totzek, and Bernhard Meyer. "Endoscopy-assisted Approaches for Anterior Column Reconstruction after Pedicle Screw Fixation of Acute Traumatic Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures." Operative Neurosurgery 62, suppl_5 (May 1, 2008): ONS445—ONS453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000326033.69961.c1.

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Abstract Objective: Surgical treatment of thoracic and lumbar vertebral body fractures combines instrumentation to stabilize the fracture and an anterior reconstruction to promote fusion of the fractured spine. The aim of the present study was to show that minimally invasive thoracoscopic or endoscopy-assisted approaches to the thoracic and lumbar spine are feasible for anterior column reconstruction. Methods: This prospective, single-center study included 83 consecutive patients harboring 100 acute thoracic and lumbar vertebral fractures. Patients' neurological status; preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up radiographic data; and surgical data were obtained. Results: Fractures ranged from T5 to L5. All fractures underwent posterior pedicle screw fixation followed by a thoracoscopic or endoscopy-assisted anterior approach for anterior column reconstruction to promote fusion. Ventral graft position was correct in 45 patients and acceptable in 37 patients; one patient required a surgical repositioning. Initial correction of kyphosis was 9 degrees; during follow-up (23 ± 11 mo), the mean loss of correction was 6 degrees. In 84 minimally invasive approaches, five conversions to an open approach were necessary. Complications included one case of L1 nerve root injury, two cases of transient neurological worsening, one case of posterior wound infection, and one case of pleural empyema. Conclusion: The minimally invasive endoscopic approach for anterior column reconstruction is a feasible strategy in the treatment of unstable thoracic and lumbar fractures. Fracture type and the material of the anterior graft can affect long-term maintenance of correction.

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Tomilov, A. B., and N. L. Kuznetsova. "Guided correction of posttraumatic deformities of the vertebral column." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2143.

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Aim. To improve the results of treatment of patients with post-traumatic deformity of the vertebral column. Methods. Analyzed were the results of treatment of 400 patients with fractures of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Lesions of types A2, A3 and B according to the classification of the Association of osteosynthesis were seen in 70% of cases, lesions of type C - in 30%. The external transpedicular «Crab» construction was used in 100 patients. An internal transpedicular construction of the Scientific Research Institute «Syntez» was used in 300 cases. Transpedicular spondylosynthesis with intraoperative correction of the deformity with an original repositioning device was performed in all patients. Explosion fractures with the destruction of the vertebral body and stenosis of the spinal canal demanded the implementation of decompressive-stabilizing interventions in 25% of the cases. Conducted were clinical and radiological (spondylography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) studies. Results. Proposed was a technique of guided correction of posttraumatic deformities of the vertebral column. Unstable fractures and dislocation-fractures, lesions of intervertebral discs in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the vertebral column, inveterate lesions, posttraumatic deformities of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the vertebral column served as indications for using guided correction. Kyphotic deformity at the level of the damaged segment was corrected in 98% of observed cases with hypercorrection in the range of 2°. The vertical size of the vertebral body was restored up to 100% in the early posttraumatic period and up to 82.3% in the remote posttraumatic period. Subluxation was corrected in 86.9%, while dislocation of the fractured vertebra was corrected in 96.7% of cases. Conclusion. The proposed method of correction of posttraumatic deformities of the vertebral column makes it possible to provide similar treatment results of patients operated both with using the external fixation device of the vertebral column «Crab» and using the submersible transpedicular construction of the Scientific Research Institute «Syntez».

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Nourbakhsh, Ali, Prashant Chittiboina, Prasad Vannemreddy, Anil Nanda, and Bharat Guthikonda. "Feasibility of thoracic nerve root preservation in posterior transpedicular vertebrectomy with anterior column cage insertion: a cadaveric study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 13, no. 5 (November 2010): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.5.spine09717.

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Object Transpedicular thoracic vertebrectomy (TTV) is a safe alternative to the more standard transthoracic approach. A TTV is most commonly used to address vertebral body fractures due to tumor or trauma. Transpedicular reconstruction of the anterior column with cage/bone traditionally requires unilateral thoracic nerve root sacrifice. In a cadaveric model, the authors evaluated the feasibility of transpedicular anterior column reconstruction without nerve root sacrifice. If feasible, this may be a reasonable approach that could be extended to the lumbar spine where nerve root sacrifice is not an option. Methods A TTV was performed in 8 fixed cadaveric specimens. In each specimen, an alternate vertebra (either odd or even) was removed so that single-level reconstruction could be evaluated. The vertebrectomy included facetectomy, adjacent discectomies, and laminectomy; however, the nerve roots were preserved. The authors then evaluated the feasibility of inserting a titanium mesh cage (Medtronic Sofamor Danek) without neural sacrifice. Results Transpedicular anterior cage reconstruction could be safely performed at all levels of the thoracic spine without nerve root sacrifice. The internerve root space varied from 18 mm at T2–3 to 27 mm at T11–12; thus, the size of the cage that was used also varied with level. Conclusions Cage reconstruction of the anterior column could be safely performed via the transpedicular approach without nerve root sacrifice in this cadaveric study. Removal of the proximal part of the rib in addition to a standard laminectomy with transpedicular vertebrectomy provided an excellent corridor for anterior cage reconstruction at all levels of the thoracic spine without nerve root sacrifice.

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Karaaslan, Onder, H. Gokhan Demirkiran, Ozlem Silistreli, Erhan Sonmez, Yagmur Kaan Bedir, Melih Can, Gorkem Caliskan, Cem Aslan, Meltem Ayhan Oral, and Yuksel Kankaya. "The Effect of Reduction Mammaplasty on the Vertebral Column: A Radiologic Study." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/701391.

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Some studies emphasized that anatomic mechanisms of vertebral aberrations could be associated with large breasts. The effect of mammaplasty operation on the vertebral column and body posture seems to be beneficial; in this trial, it was planned to investigate the objective radiologic effect of reduction mammaplasty on the posture of the vertebral column in a group of patients operated due to the large breasts. Thirty-four white women with large breasts were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to their breast cup sizes. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral and thoracic spine were taken at baseline preoperatively, and the same radiographic images were taken in an average of 12 months later than the reduction mammaplasty operation. All were evaluated and compared for thoracic kyphosis angle and lumbar lordosis angle both preoperatively and postoperatively. The mean thoracic kyphosis angle was 40,53 preoperatively and 39,38 postoperatively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative measurements in all groups (P>0,05). The mean lumbar lordosis angle was 54,71 preoperatively and 53,18 postoperatively. Regarding the preoperative and postoperative measurements of lumbar lordosis angles, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (P>0,05). Although breast size may be an important factor that affects body posture, reduction mammaplasty operations have little or no radiologic effect on the vertebral column.

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Jawad, Laith A., Abbas J. Al-Faisal, and Mustafa Al-Mukhtar. "A Case Of Vertebral Coalescence In Luciobarbus Xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Obtained From The Lower Reaches Of Mesopotamia." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 57, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2015-0006.

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Abstract A severe coalescence involving 11 thoracic and 11 caudal vertebrae was noticed in the posterior part of the thoracic and anterior part of the caudal regions of the vertebral column of the abnormal specimen of Luciobarbus xanthopterus collected from Al-Huwaza Marsh, Maisan Province, South of Iraq. Also, other minor anomalies were noticed in the specimen in question. Probably, genetic and epigenetic causes may be implicated in this anomaly.

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Shenoy, Kartik, Dylan T. Lowe, Amos Z. Dai, Michael L. Smith, and Themistocles S. Protopsaltis. "Upper Thoracic Vertebral Column Resection for Progressive Cervical Deformity - Honorable Mention." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 26, no. 17 (September 2018): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-18-00411.

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Kojima, Masahiro, Atsushi Seichi, Kenichi Yamamuro, Hirokazu Inoue, Atsushi Kimura, and Yuichi Hoshino. "Intraosseous schwannoma originating from the posterior column of the thoracic spine." European Spine Journal 20, S2 (May 22, 2010): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1456-0.

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Ward, Carol V., Thierra K. Nalley, Fred Spoor, Paul Tafforeau, and Zeresenay Alemseged. "Thoracic vertebral count and thoracolumbar transition in Australopithecus afarensis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 6000–6004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702229114.

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The evolution of the human pattern of axial segmentation has been the focus of considerable discussion in paleoanthropology. Although several complete lumbar vertebral columns are known for early hominins, to date, no complete cervical or thoracic series has been recovered. Several partial skeletons have revealed that the thoracolumbar transition in early hominins differed from that of most extant apes and humans. Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, and Homo erectus all had zygapophyseal facets that shift from thoracic-like to lumbar-like at the penultimate rib-bearing level, rather than the ultimate rib-bearing level, as in most humans and extant African apes. What has not been clear is whether Australopithecus had 12 thoracic vertebrae as in most humans, or 13 as in most African apes, and where the position of the thoracolumbar transitional element was. The discovery, preparation, and synchrotron scanning of the Australopithecus afarensis partial skeleton DIK-1-1, from Dikika, Ethiopia, provides the only known complete hominin cervical and thoracic vertebral column before 60,000 years ago. DIK-1-1 is the only known Australopithecus skeleton to preserve all seven cervical vertebrae and provides evidence for 12 thoracic vertebrae with a transition in facet morphology at the 11th thoracic level. The location of this transition, one segment cranial to the ultimate rib-bearing vertebra, also occurs in all other early hominins and is higher than in most humans or extant apes. At 3.3 million years ago, the DIK-1-1 skeleton is the earliest example of this distinctive and unusual pattern of axial segmentation.

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Andalib, Ali, Hossein Akbari Aghdam, and Emran Ahmadi. "Different Traumatic Spinal Column Fractures and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Epidemiologic Study." Journal of Research in Orthopedic Science 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jrosj.7.2.628.1.

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Background: Trauma and traumatic injuries are the most common causes of disabilities among the young population in developing countries. Besides morbidity and mortality, traumatic injuries can significantly decrease the quality of life and life expectancy of the victims. Objectives: Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) is an acute, traumatic lesion of the spinal cord. It usually produces economic problems that can emotionally and psychologically affect the patients. This study aims to evaluate spinal column fractures and TSCI in Iran. Methods: In this study, we evaluated all of the cases diagnosed with TSCIs between 2012 and 2018. A total of 1014 patients were included in our study. Prevalence of spinal column fractures was evaluated and the percentage of each type of fractures was extracted. The need for surgery and the percentage of TSCI were also evaluated. Results: The most common cause of trauma was vehicle and road accidents (83.4%) followed by falling (12.7%). A total of 21 patients (2.1%) died due to injuries. The incidence of TSCI among patients with traumatic spinal column fractures were 62 cases (6.1%). Also, 67.7% of patients with TSCI underwent surgery. Furthermore, we found that the lumbar area received the highest incidence of TSCI (38.3% of all TSCIs) followed by thoracic spine fractures (27.4% of all TSCIs). Also thoracic and cervical spine fractures were mostly associated with mortality compared with other sites of spine fractures (47.6% and 38.1% of all mortalities, respectively). Conclusion: In our study, most cases (83.4%) were injured by road accidents which indicates the low safety of vehicles and roads in Iran. Epidemiological features of spinal column injuries and TSCI vary among different societies due to different causes. So far, this study is the first one to evaluate different spine fractures and TSCI and other associated factors in the Iranian population.The results indicate a high incidence of thoracic and lumbar fractures and a higher mortality rate in thoracic and cervical fractures.

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Ahsan, Md Kamrul, Najmus Sakeb, Naznin Zaman, and Syeda Nur E Jannat. "Management of traumatic spinal column injury: A tertiary hospital experience." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 8, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v8i2.28929.

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Background: Trauma is the leading cause of disability in the first four decades of life and third most common cause of death. Spinal trauma poses considerable threats to survival and quality of life.Objective: Aims of this study is to assess the demographics, mode of trauma, hospital stay, complications, neurological improvement and mortality.Methods: Retrospective Cross sectional analysis of the records of spinal injury patients admitted in the Spine Unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital from October 2003 to December 2013 was carried out. The demographics, mode of trauma, involved vertebral level, co-morbid factors; neurological status and its improvement by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Score, duration of hospital stay and complications during hospital stay was assessed. Results were analyzed by SPSS.Results: Out of 1288 patients admitted, 192(14.90%) patients(range, 8-72 years) sustained spinal injuries and most (63.02%)of them were young (range, 21-40 years). Male to female ratio was 5:1. Cervical spine was most commonly ( 44.66%) affected followed by lumbar (35 .41 % ), thoracic (13 .54% ), thoraco-lumbar (06.25%) and Cervico-thoracic (03.13%) region. Fracture through intervertebral disc was most common in cervical spine. Among the common causes were road traffic accidents (44.47%), fall from height (29.69%), heavy weight bearing (14.58%) and assault with gunshot (07.29%). Paraparesis was most frequent (51.05%) clinical presentation followed by quadriparesis (45.83%). Significant number of patients (83.33%) required operative treatment (p<0.05) and 09.89% were managed conservatively. Mortality rate (03.64%) was insignificant (p>0.05%) and 03.12% patient refused to take treatment. Of these patients, 77.01 % had shown neurological improvement of at least one grade according to ASIA Score.Conclusion: Wide varieties of patients are encountered and managed varying from conservative to surgery. Carefully selected treatment provides the utmost outcome and reduces mortality.

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Barnett, Gene H., Russell W. Hardy, John R. Little, Janet W. Bay, and George W. Sypert. "Thoracic spinal canal stenosis." Journal of Neurosurgery 66, no. 3 (March 1987): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.3.0338.

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✓ Hypertrophy of the posterior spinal elements leading to compromise of the spinal canal and its neural elements is a well-recognized pathological entity affecting the lumbar or cervical spine. Such stenosis of the thoracic spine in the absence of a generalized rheumatological, metabolic, or orthopedic disorder, or a history of trauma is generally considered to be rare. Over a 2-year period the authors have treated six cases of thoracic myelopathy associated with thoracic canal stenosis. In four patients the deficits developed gradually and painlessly. The three older patients had a clinical profile characterized by complaints of pseudoclaudication, spastic lower limbs, and evidence of posterior column dysfunction. Two patients were younger adults with low thoracic myelopathy associated with local back pain after minor trauma. Both patients also had congenital narrowing of the thoracic spinal canal. Oil and metrizamide contrast myelography in the prone position were of limited value in diagnosing this condition; in fact, myelography may be misleading and result in erroneous diagnosis of thoracic disc protrusion, when the principal problem is dorsal and lateral compression from hypertrophied facets. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography sector scanning were more useful in the diagnosis of this disorder than was myelography. Thoracic canal stenosis may be more common than is currently recognized and account for a portion of the failures in anterior and lateral decompression of thoracic disc herniations.

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Yoganandan, N., and F. A. Pintar. "Biomechanics of Human Thoracic Ribs." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834288.

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Considerable advances have been made to determine the failure biomechanical properties of the human thoracic spinal column and its components. Except for a few fundamental studies, there is a paucity of such data for the costovertebral elements. The present study was designed to determine the biomechanics of the human thoracic spine ribs from a large population. Seventh and eighth ribs bilaterally were tested from 30 human cadavers using the principles of three-point bending techniques to failure. Biomechanical test parameters included the cross-sectional area (core, marrow, and total), moment of inertia, failure load, deflection, and the Young’s elastic modulus. The strength-related results indicated no specific bias with respect to anatomical level and hemisphere (right or left), although the geometry-related variables demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the seventh and the eighth ribs. This study offers basic biomechanical information on the ultimate failure and geometric characteristics of the human thoracic spine ribs.

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Deen, H. Gordon, Richard S. Zimmerman, and Louis A. Lanza. "Vascular pedicle rib graft in anterior transthoracic fusion procedures." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 90, no. 1 (January 1999): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.1999.90.1.0155.

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✓ A method is described in which anterior fusion of the thoracic vertebral column is performed using a rib strut graft maintained on its vascular pedicle. This straightforward technique is useful in selected patients undergoing anterior thoracic fusion procedures and can be used in conjunction with other anterior spinal implants. By maintaining bone graft blood supply, this technique promotes an optimum fusion environment, which may enhance the speed of graft incorporation and the ultimate strength of the construct.

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McCormick, William E., Steven F. Will, and Edward C. Benzel. "Surgery for thoracic disc disease. Complication avoidance: overview and management." Neurosurgical Focus 9, no. 4 (October 2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2000.9.4.13.

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The operative approach for discectomy in the treatment of thoracic disc disease has changed from standard laminectomy to a variety of dorsolateral and ventral approaches. The procedure-related complications have been reported in numerous clinical studies over the last seven decades: death, neurological deterioration, postoperative vertebral column instability, incomplete disc resection, cerebrospinal fluid leak and fistula, infection, misdiagnosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and intercostal neuralgia. The authors conducted a Medline search to identify series reporting clinical data related to thoracic discectomy. They analyzed the morbidity and mortality resulting from the various surgical approaches for thoracic disc disease, with special attention to the avoidance and management of surgery-related complications.

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Christiansen, Peter A., Shengbin Huang, Justin S. Smith, Mark E. Shaffrey, Juan S. Uribe, and Chun-Po Yen. "Mini-open lateral retropleural/retroperitoneal approaches for thoracic and thoracolumbar junction anterior column pathologies." Neurosurgical Focus 49, no. 3 (September 2020): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.6.focus20360.

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OBJECTIVEAdvancements in less invasive lateral retropleural/retroperitoneal approaches aim to address the limitation of posterolateral approaches and avoid complications associated with anterior open thoracotomy or thoracoabdominal approaches.METHODSConsecutive patients treated with a mini-open lateral approach for thoracic or thoracolumbar anterior column pathologies were analyzed in a retrospective case series including clinical and radiographic outcomes. Special attention is given to operative techniques and surgical nuances.RESULTSEleven patients underwent a mini-open lateral retropleural or combined retropleural/retroperitoneal approach for thoracic or thoracolumbar junction lesions. Surgical indications included chronic fracture/deformity (n = 5), acute fracture (n = 2), neoplasm (n = 2), and osteomyelitis (n = 2). The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 7.2 days (range 2–19 days). All patients ultimately had successful decompression and reconstruction with a mean follow-up of 16.7 months (range 6–29 months). Axial back pain assessed by the visual analog scale improved from a mean score of 8.2 to 2.2. Complications included 1 patient with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and 1 with pneumonia. One patient developed increased leg weakness, which subsequently improved. One patient undergoing corpectomy with only lateral plate fixation developed cage subsidence requiring posterior stabilization.CONCLUSIONSMini-open lateral retropleural and retroperitoneal corpectomies can safely achieve anterior column reconstruction and spinal deformity correction for various thoracic and thoracolumbar vertebral pathologies.

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Klineberg, Eric, Frank Schwab, Christopher Ames, Richard Hostin, Shay Bess, Justin S. Smith, Munish C. Gupta, et al. "Acute Reciprocal Changes Distant from the Site of Spinal Osteotomies Affect Global Postoperative Alignment." Advances in Orthopedics 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/415946.

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Introduction. Three-column vertebral resections are frequently applied to correct sagittal malalignment; their effects on distant unfused levels need to be understood.Methods. 134 consecutive adult PSO patients were included (29 thoracic, 105 lumbar). Radiographic analysis included pre- and postoperative regional curvatures and pelvic parameters, with paired independentt-tests to evaluate changes.Results. A thoracic osteotomy with limited fusion leads to a correction of the kyphosis and to a spontaneous decrease of the unfused lumbar lordosis (−8°). When the fusion was extended, the lumbar lordosis increased (+8°). A lumbar osteotomy with limited fusion leads to a correction of the lumbar lordosis and to a spontaneous increase of the unfused thoracic kyphosis (+13°). When the fusion was extended, the thoracic kyphosis increased by 6°.Conclusion. Data from this study suggest that lumbar and thoracic resection leads to reciprocal changes in unfused segments and requires consideration beyond focal corrections.

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Borges, Naida C., Viviane S. Cruz, Nadine B. Fares, Júlio R. Cardoso, and Nathália Bragato. "Morphological evaluation of the thoracic, lumbar and sacral column of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 4 (April 2017): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400016.

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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe the number of thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae in tridactyla through radiographic examinations associated with gross anatomy determination. For this purpose, 12 adult specimens of M. tridactyla were analyzed, assigned to the Screening Center of Wild Animals (CETAS), IBAMA-GO, and approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (Process CEUA-UFG nr 018/2014). In the radiographic examinations the following numbers of thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) vertebrae were observed: 16Tx2L (n=7), 15Tx2L (n=3), and 15Tx3L (n=2). In contrast, the numbers of vertebrae identified by anatomical dissection were as follows: 16Tx2L (n=4), 15Tx2L (n=3), and 15Tx3L (n=5). This difference occurred in cases of lumbarization of thoracic vertebrae, as seen in three specimens, and was explained by changes in regional innervations identified by anatomical dissection and the presence of floating ribs (right unilateral=1, left unilateral=1 and bilateral=1), which were not identified by radiographic exams. Regarding the sacral vertebrae there was no variation depending on the methods used, which allowed the identification of 4 (n=1) or 5 (n=11) vertebrae. Thus, we concluded that there is variation in the number of thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, in addition to lumbarization, which must be considered based on the presence of floating ribs, in this species.

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Ito, Manabu, Kuniyoshi Abumi, Yoshihisa Kotani, Masahiko Takahata, Hideki Sudo, Yoshihiro Hojo, and Akio Minami. "Simultaneous double-rod rotation technique in posterior instrumentation surgery for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 3 (March 2010): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.9.spine09377.

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The authors present a new posterior correction technique consisting of simultaneous double-rod rotation using 2 contoured rods and polyaxial pedicle screws with or without Nesplon tapes. The purpose of this study is to introduce the basic principles and surgical procedures of this new posterior surgery for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Through gradual rotation of the concave-side rod by 2 rod holders, the convex-side rod simultaneously rotates with the the concave-side rod. This procedure does not involve any force pushing down the spinal column around the apex. Since this procedure consists of upward pushing and lateral translation of the spinal column with simultaneous double-rod rotation maneuvers, it is simple and can obtain thoracic kyphosis as well as favorable scoliosis correction. This technique is applicable not only to a thoracic single curve but also to double major curves in cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

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Bedu, A. S., M. Manassero, V. Viateau, G. Niebauer, P. Moissonnier, and R. Vallefuoco. "Computed tomographic study of the optimal safe implantation corridors in feline thoraco-lumbar vertebrae." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 26, no. 05 (2013): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-12-10-0127.

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SummaryObjective: To define the implantation corridors in feline thoraco-lumbar vertebrae (T10-L7) using computed tomography (CT) for optimal safe placement of the implants (screws/pins) in spinal column stabilization.Study design: Computed tomographic study.Materials and methods: Computed tomography images of feline spinal column (n = 10) were used to define the optimal safe implantation corridors (OSIC) in the transverse plane. The OSIC were defined as corridors allowing the greatest amount of bone purchase with safe margins for implantation of the bicortical implants. They were characterized by their insertion point, optimal angle (from the midsagital plane), maximum and minimum safe angles (from the same insertion points), length, and width.Results: The OSIC are located within the vertebral bodies. Insertion points were situated at the level of the vertebro-costal joint or the base of the transverse process of the vertebral body for thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, respectively. The mean optimal angle of the OSIC was 90.2° with a maximum deviation angle from optimal angle of 10° dorsally and 8.8° ventrally in thoracic vertebrae, and 90.5° with a maximum deviation angle from the optimal angle of 8.4° dorsally and 7.6° ventrally in lumbar vertebrae.Conclusion and clinical relevance: Corridors drilled in the vertebral body perpendicular to the midsagital plane (90°) or with a small angle (≤10°) of deviation from the optimal angle provide an optimal safe placement of bicortical implants. However, perpendicular implant placement may not always be feasible due to surrounding soft tissue structures.

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Piggott, Robert Pearse, Mark Curtin, Sudarshan Munigangaiah, Mutaz Jadaan, John Patrick McCabe, and Aiden Devitt. "Sternal metastasis - the forgotten column and its effect on thoracic spine stability." World Journal of Orthopedics 8, no. 6 (2017): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v8.i6.455.

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Dalle Ore, Cecilia L., Christopher P. Ames, Vedat Deviren, and Darryl Lau. "Outcomes Following Single-Stage Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Severe Thoracic Kyphosis." World Neurosurgery 119 (November 2018): e551-e559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.209.

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Chou, Dean, Darryl Lau, and Esha Roy. "Feasibility of the mini-open vertebral column resection for severe thoracic kyphosis." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 21, no. 5 (May 2014): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2013.10.001.

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Huang, Zi-fang, Liuyun Chen, Jing-fan Yang, Yao-long Deng, Wen-yuan Sui, and Jun-lin Yang. "Multimodality Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Severe Thoracic Deformity Posterior Vertebral Column Resection Correction." World Neurosurgery 127 (July 2019): e416-e426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.140.

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Smith, Justin S., Alfred T. Ogden, and Richard G. Fessler. "Minimally invasive posterior thoracic fusion." Neurosurgical Focus 25, no. 2 (August 2008): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc/2008/25/8/e9.

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Thoracic spine fusion may be indicated in the surgical treatment of a wide range of pathologies, including trauma, deformity, tumor, and infection. Conventional open procedures for surgical treatment of thoracic spine disease can be associated with significant approach-related morbidity, which has motivated the development of minimally invasive approaches. Thoracoscopy and, later, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were developed to address diseases of the thoracic cavity and subsequently adapted for thoracic spine surgery. Although video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery has been used to treat a variety of thoracic spine diseases, its relatively steep learning curve and high rate of pulmonary complications have limited its widespread use. These limitations have motivated the development of minimally invasive posterior approaches to address thoracic spine pathology without the added risk of morbidity involved in surgically entering the chest. Many of these advances are ongoing and represent the forefront of minimally invasive spine surgery. As these techniques are developed and applied, it will be important to assess their equivalence or superiority in comparison with standard open techniques using prospective trials. In this paper the authors focus on minimally invasive posterior thoracic procedures that include fusion, and provide a review of the current literature, a discussion of future pathways for development, and case examples. The topic is divided by pathology into sections including trauma, deformity, spinal column tumors, and osteomyelitis.

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Malik, S., P. Bordei, A. Rusali, and D. M. Iliescu. "The descending thoracic aorta morphological characteristics." ARS Medica Tomitana 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2016-0031.

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Abstract Our study was conducted by consulting angioCT sites made on a CT GE LightSpeed VCT64 Slice CT and a CT GE LightSpeed 16 Slice CT, following the path and relationships of the descending thoracic aorta against the vertebral column, outside diameters thereof at the thoracic vertebrae T4, T7, T12 and posterior intercostal arteries characteristics. The origin of of the descending thoracic aorta we found most commonly on the left flank of the lower edge of the vertebral body T4, but I have encountered cases where it had come above the lower edge of T4 on level of intervertebral disc T4-T5 or even at the upper edge of T5 vertebral body. At thoracic vertebra T4, on a total of 30 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 20.0 to 32.6 mm, values that correspond to male gender and to females diameter ranging from 25.5 to 27, 4 mm. At level of T7 thoracic vertebra, thoracic aorta present a diameter of 19.6 to 29.5 mm, values found in men, in women the diameter being from 21.9 to 25.2 mm. At thoracic vertebra T12, on a total of 27 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 17.6 to 27.7 mm, in males the diameter was from 17.6 to 27.7 mm and females diameter ranging from 21.1 to 25.2. The length of the descending thoracic aorta was from 18.40 to 19.41 cm.

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Mohammadianpanah, Mohammad, Simin Torabinejad, Mohammad Hadi Bagheri, Shapour Omidvari, Ahmad Mosalaei, and Niloofar Ahmadloo. "Primary epidural malignant hemangiopericytoma of thoracic spinal column causing cord compression: case report." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122, no. 5 (2004): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802004000500009.

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CONTEXT: Hemangiopericytoma is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm that rarely affects the spinal canal. Primary malignant hemangiopericytoma of the spinal column is extremely rare. CASE REPORT: We report on a case of primary epidural malignant hemangiopericytoma of the thoracic spinal column that invaded vertebral bone and caused spinal cord compression in a 21-year-old man. The patient presented with progressive back pain over a four-month period that progressed to paraparesis, bilateral leg paresthesia and urinary incontinence. The surgical intervention involved laminectomy and subtotal resection of the tumor, with posterior vertebral fixation. Postoperative involved-field radiotherapy was administered. A marked neurological improvement was subsequently observed. We describe the clinical, radiological, and histological features of this tumor and review the literature.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thoracic column'

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