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Journal articles on the topic 'Thoracic sympathetic block'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Plancarte-Sánchez, Ricardo, Jorge Guajardo-Rosas, and Rocio Guillen-Nuñez. "Sympathetic block: Thoracic and lumbar." Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 9, no. 2 (2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.trap.2005.05.008.

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2

Stanton-Hicks, Michael. "Thoracic sympathetic block: A new approach." Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 5, no. 3 (2001): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/trap.2001.25279.

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3

Freise, H., R. Radke, S. Lauer, et al. "Thoracic epidural anesthesia induces thoracic and abdominal sympathetic block." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 23, Supplement 37 (2006): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200606001-00429.

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4

Kim, EungDon, MiSun Roh, SooHyang Kim, and DaeHyun Jo. "Continuous Thoracic Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Patients with Spinal Cord Stimulation Implantation." Pain Research and Management 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5461989.

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The sympathetic block is widely used for treating neuropathic pain such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, single sympathetic block often provides only short-term effect. Moreover, frequent procedures for sympathetic block may increase the risk of complications. The use of epidural route may be limited by concern of infection in case of previous implantation of the spinal cord stimulation (SCS). In contrast, a continuous sympathetic block can be administered without such concerns. The continuous thoracic sympathetic block (TSGB) has been used to treat the ischemic disease and o

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5

Freise, Hendrik, Andreas Meissner, Stefan Lauer, et al. "Thoracic Epidural Analgesia with Low Concentration of Bupivacaine Induces Thoracic and Lumbar Sympathetic Block." Anesthesiology 109, no. 6 (2008): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31818db16c.

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Background Clinical benefits of thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) are partly ascribed to thoracic sympathetic block. However, data regarding sympathetic activity during TEA are scarce and contradictory. This prospective, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the segmental propagation of sympathetic block after low-concentration, high-volume TEA using digital thermography. Methods Twenty-four patients were included in the study. Thoracic epidural catheters were placed at a median insertion level of T8-T9. Patients were accommodated for 20 min to the room temperature of 23 degrees +/- 0.3 de

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6

Hogan, Quinn H., Thomas A. Stekiel, Anna Stadnicka, Zeljko J. Bosnjak, and John P. Kampine. "Region of Epidural Blockade Determines Sympathetic and Mesenteric Capacitance Effects in Rabbits." Anesthesiology 83, no. 3 (1995): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199509000-00020.

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Background The mechanisms producing hemodynamic changes during epidural anesthesia are incompletely understood. The role of capacitance changes in the splanchnic venous bed can be clarified by comparing blocks of differing segmental distributions. Specifically, we speculated that blocks that include the innervation to the mesenteric circulation alter hemodynamics, sympathetic activity, and venous capacitance to a greater extent than blocks without blockade of sympathetic nerves to this critical vascular bed. Methods Rabbits were studied during alpha-chloralose anesthesia and mechanical ventila

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7

Benseñor, Fábio Ely Martins, Joaquim Edson Vieira, and José Otávio Costa Auler Júnior. "Thoracic sympathetic block reduces respiratory system compliance." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 125, no. 1 (2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802007000100003.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) following thoracic surgery presents known analgesic and respiratory benefits. However, intraoperative thoracic sympathetic block may trigger airway hyperreactivity. This study weighed up these beneficial and undesirable effects on intraoperative respiratory mechanics. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized, double-blind clinical study at a tertiary public hospital. METHODS: Nineteen patients scheduled for partial lung resection were distributed using a random number table into groups receiving active TEA (15 ml 0.5% bupivacaine, n = 9) or place

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8

Kim, Chan. "Successful Treatment of Digital Ulcers in a Scleroderma Patient with Continuous Bilateral Thoracic Sympathetic Block." Pain Physician 1;11, no. 1;1 (2008): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/91.

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Background: Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) associated with connective tissue disease (secondary RP) may be difficult to manage with conservative therapy. A combination of sympathetically mediated vasospasm and vaso-occlusion has been implicated as the etiology of digital ischemic phenomenon. Thoracic sympathetic outflow blocking has been performed with various techniques. However, there have been some limitations in all treatment options. Objective: We report on a patient with medically refractory digital ulceration and gangrene caused by scleroderma who was successfully treated with a continuous i

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9

Allen, Frederick, Brian Weaver, and Adam Burkey. "Bilateral thoracic sympathetic block for refractory polymorphic tachycardia." Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie 58, no. 12 (2011): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12630-011-9588-1.

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10

Hong, Ji Hee, Seung Won Yi, and Ji Seob Kim. "Incidence of inadvertent intercostal or epidural spread during thoracic sympathetic ganglion block." Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 15, no. 4 (2020): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17085/apm.20052.

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Background: Sympathetic blocks (SBs) have been used widely to relieve the symptoms of sympathetically maintained pain (SMP). The thoracic sympathetic ganglion is not separated from somatic nerves by muscles and connective tissue. The upper thoracic ganglion runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral column in close proximity to the adjacent epidural region. This anatomical difference leads to frequent epidural and intercostal spread in cases of thoracic SBs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of inadvertent intercostal and epidural injections during thoracic SBs.

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11

Komatsuzaki, Makoto, Toshifumi Takasusuki, and Shigeki Yamaguchi. "Impact of thoracic epidural sympathetic block on cardiac repolarization." Local and Regional Anesthesia Volume 11 (October 2018): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/lra.s182402.

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12

Neumayer, Christoph. "Effect of Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathetic Block on Plantar Hyperhidrosis." Archives of Surgery 140, no. 7 (2005): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.140.7.676.

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13

Lin, T. S., and M. C. Chou. "Needlescopic thoracic sympathetic block by clipping for craniofacial hyperhidrosis." Surgical Endoscopy 16, no. 7 (2002): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-001-8231-6.

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14

Ohseto, Kiyoshige. "Contrast radiography and effects of thoracic sympathetic ganglion block." Journal of Anesthesia 5, no. 2 (1991): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0054010050132.

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15

Gialafos, E., S. Gerakoulis, A. Grigoriou, et al. "Intermittent Atrioventricular Block following Fingolimod Initiation." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/191305.

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A 47-year-old female patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) developed symptomatic intermittent 2nd degree atrioventricular block (AVB) of five-hour duration, five hours after the first two doses of fingolimod, that resolved completely. Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) revealed increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic tone, while modified Ewing tests were suggestive of impaired cardiac sympathetic function. We hypothesize that expression of this particular arrhythmia might be related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction due to demyelinating le

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16

Wink, Jeroen, Paul Steendijk, Roula Tsonaka, et al. "Biventricular function in exercise during autonomic (thoracic epidural) block." European Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (2021): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04631-6.

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Abstract Background Blockade of cardiac sympathetic fibers by thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) was previously shown to reduce right and left ventricular systolic function and effective pulmonary arterial elastance. At conditions of constant paced heart rate, cardiac output and systemic hemodynamics were unchanged. In this study, we further investigated the effect of cardiac sympathicolysis during physical stress and increased oxygen demand. Methods In a cross-over design, 12 patients scheduled to undergo thoracic surgery performed dynamic ergometric exercise tests with and without TEA. Hemod

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17

Lee, Pyung-Bok. "Sympathetic Block as a New Treatment for Lymphedema." July 2015 18;4, no. 4;18 (2015): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2015/18/365.

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Background: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) not only has physical implications, but also affects the quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Despite numerous studies of various therapies, the optimal treatment for BCRL is unknown. Objective: In this study, we investigated the efficacy of sympathetic blockade (thoracic sympathetic ganglion block, [TSGB]) in treating BCRL. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral center/teaching hospital. Methods: TSGB was performed in 35 patients under fluoroscopic guidance. First, arm circumference and Lymphedema and Breast Can

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18

Gungor, Semih, and Jasmit Brar. "Epidural approach to paravertebral thoracic sympathetic block as an alternative to stellate ganglion block." Medicine 97, no. 28 (2018): e11492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000011492.

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19

Little, Alex G. "Effect of Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathetic Block on Plantar Hyperhidrosis—Invited Critique." Archives of Surgery 140, no. 7 (2005): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.140.7.680.

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20

Kim, Won Ho, Chul Joong Lee, Tae Hyeong Kim, Byung Seop Shin, and Woo Seog Sim. "The optimal oblique angle of fluoroscope for thoracic sympathetic ganglion block." Clinical Autonomic Research 21, no. 2 (2010): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-010-0093-3.

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21

Boezaart, Andre P., Cameron R. Smith, Svetlana Chembrovich, et al. "Visceral versus somatic pain: an educational review of anatomy and clinical implications." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 46, no. 7 (2021): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-102084.

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Somatic and visceral nociceptive signals travel via different pathways to reach the spinal cord. Additionally, signals regulating visceral blood flow and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) motility travel via efferent sympathetic nerves. To offer optimal pain relief and increase GIT motility and blood flow, we should interfere with all these pathways. These include the afferent nerves that travel with the sympathetic trunks, the somatic fibers that innervate the abdominal wall and part of the parietal peritoneum, and the sympathetic efferent fibers. All somatic and visceral afferent neural and sympa

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22

SHIOTANI, MASAHIRO. "Nerve block. Pursuit of safe and exact nerve block technique. Pneumoscopic thoracic sympathetic nerve blockade." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 18, no. 7 (1998): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.18.648.

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23

Murray, P. A., R. F. Lodato, and J. R. Michael. "Neural antagonists modulate pulmonary vascular pressure-flow plots in conscious dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (1986): 1900–1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1900.

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Multipoint pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were constructed in conscious dogs during normoxia by graded constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava to reduce Q. P/Q plots were generated with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) intact and following total autonomic ganglionic block, cholinergic block, and sympathetic alpha- and beta-adrenergic block alone and in combination. With the ANS intact, the relationship between the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient [pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP)--pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)] and Q was linear with an extrapol

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24

Freise, Hendrik, S??ren Anthonsen, Lars G. Fischer, Hugo K. Van Aken, and Andreas W. Sielenk??mper. "Continuous Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Induces Segmental Sympathetic Block in the Awake Rat." Anesthesia & Analgesia 100, no. 1 (2005): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000140253.65577.1c.

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25

PETERS, JÜRGEN, LUKAS KOUSOULIS, and JOACHIM O. ARNDT. "EFFECTS OF SEGMENTAL THORACIC EXTRADURAL ANALGESIA ON SYMPATHETIC BLOCK IN CONSCIOUS DOGS." British Journal of Anaesthesia 63, no. 4 (1989): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/63.4.470.

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26

Elias, Mazin. "The anterior approach for thoracic sympathetic ganglion block using a curved needle." Pain Clinic 12, no. 1 (2000): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856900750228051.

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27

Freise, H., S. Anthonsen, L. Fischer, et al. "Continuous thoracic epidural anesthesia induces segmental sympathetic block in the awake rat." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 21, Supplement 32 (2004): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200406002-00395.

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28

Neumayer, Christoph, Johannes Zacherl, Gregor Holak, Raimund Jakesz, and Georg Bischof. "Experience with limited endoscopic thoracic sympathetic block for hyperhidrosis and facial blushing." Clinical Autonomic Research 13 (December 1, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-003-1113-3.

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29

Pape, Andreas, Christian F. Weber, Mohammed Laout, et al. "Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia with Ropivacaine Does Not Compromise the Tolerance of Acute Normovolemic Anemia in Pigs." Anesthesiology 121, no. 4 (2014): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000340.

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Abstract Background: The initial treatment of an acute blood loss with acellular fluids leads to the dilution of the red cell mass remaining in the vasculature, that is, to acute normovolemic anemia. Whether the compensation and, thus, the tolerance of acute anemia, are affected by sympathetic block induced by thoracic epidural anesthesia has not yet been investigated. Methods: Eighteen anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were instrumented with thoracic epidural catheters and randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection of either 5-ml ropivacaine 0.2% (n = 9) aiming for a Th5–T

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30

TOTOKI, TADAHIDE. "Nerve block. Pursuit of safe and exact nerve block technique. Pneumoscopic thoracic sympathetic nerve blockade method." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 18, no. 7 (1998): 650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.18.650.

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31

Peterson, W. P., G. A. Trempy, K. Nishiwaki, D. P. Nyhan, and P. A. Murray. "Neurohumoral regulation of the pulmonary circulation during circulatory hypotension in conscious dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 4 (1993): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1675.

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We investigated the effects of circulatory hypotension (HYPO) on the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship in chronically instrumented conscious dogs and the role of five neurohumoral mechanisms in either mediating or modulating the response to this stimulus. HYPO was induced by acute (approximately 15-min) inflation of a hydraulic occluder implanted around the thoracic inferior vena cava, which decreased systemic arterial pressure to approximately 55 mmHg. HYPO resulted in active pulmonary vasoconstriction (53–66%; P < 0.01) in intact conscious dogs. Sympathetic alpha 1-adreno

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32

Dondelinger, R. F., and J. C. Kurdziel. "Percutaneous Phenol Block of the Upper Thoracic Sympathetic Chain with Computed Tomography Guidance." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 5 (1987): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518702800503.

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Twenty-one percutaneous neurolyses of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain were performed in 12 patients with CT guidance by a single injection of 1 to 3 ml of phenol at the level of Th3. Results were assessed after a follow-up period varying from 4 to 33 months. Three patients with hyperhidrosis had immediate and complete disappearance of symptoms, but only one patient remained dry. In 7/14 procedures done for Raynaud's disease symptoms disappeared or diminished. These long term results are competitive with surgery. Three transitory Horner syndromes and one pneumothorax occurred.

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33

Nyhan, D. P., P. W. Clougherty, and P. A. Murray. "AVP-induced pulmonary vasodilation during specific V1 receptor block in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 3 (1987): H493—H499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.3.h493.

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Our objectives were 1) to determine whether exogenously administered arginine vasopressin (AVP) can exert a vasoactive influence on the pulmonary circulation of conscious dogs during specific vasopressinergic-1 (V1) receptor block, and 2) to assess the extent to which the pulmonary vascular response to AVP during V1 receptor block is mediated by either sympathetic beta-adrenergic or cholinergic receptor activation or by cyclooxygenase pathway activation. Multipoint pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were constructed during normoxia in conscious dogs by stepwise constriction

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34

Dondelinger, R. F., and J. C. Kurdziel. "Percutaneous Phenol Block of the Upper Thoracic Sympathetic Chain with Computed Tomography Guidance." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 5 (1987): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841858709177392.

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35

Biebl, Matthias O., Gustav Fraedrich, Peter Larcher, Helmut Biedermann, Matthias O. Biebl, and Wilfried Biebl. "Amelioration of Specific Phobias After Thoracic Sympathetic Block in Patients With Localized Hyperhidrosis." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 83, no. 4 (2007): 1578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.09.062.

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36

Tran, De Q., Daniela Bravo, Prangmalee Leurcharusmee, and Joseph M. Neal. "Transversus Abdominis Plane Block." Anesthesiology 131, no. 5 (2019): 1166–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002842.

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Abstract In this narrative review article, the authors discuss the anatomy, nomenclature, history, approaches (posterior vs. lateral vs. subcostal), techniques, pharmacology, indications, and complications of transversus abdominis plane blocks, as well as possible alternative truncal blocks. Despite the scarcity of evidence and contradictory findings, certain clinical suggestions can nonetheless be made. Overall transversus abdominis plane blocks appear most beneficial in the setting of open appendectomy (posterior or lateral approach). Lateral transversus abdominis plane blocks are not sugges

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37

Yang, Jong Yeun, Chan Kim, Kyung Ream Han, Hye Won Cho, and Eun Jin Kim. "Dorsal Percutaneous Thoracic Sympathetic Ganglion Block with Alcohol for the Treatment of Palmar Hyperhidrosis." Korean Journal of Pain 18, no. 2 (2005): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2005.18.2.171.

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38

Sun, Guifang, Fengqi Liu, and Chunhong Xiu. "High thoracic sympathetic block improves coronary microcirculation disturbance in rats with chronic heart failure." Microvascular Research 122 (March 2019): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2018.11.013.

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39

Ramajoli, Felice, and Donatella De Amici. "Is There a Bilateral Block of the Thoracic Sympathetic Chain After Unilateral Intrapleural Analgesia?" Anesthesia & Analgesia 87, no. 2 (1998): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199808000-00023.

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40

Ramajoli, Felice, and Donatella De Amici. "Is There a Bilateral Block of the Thoracic Sympathetic Chain After Unilateral Intrapleural Analgesia?" Anesthesia & Analgesia 87, no. 2 (1998): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199808000-00023.

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41

Li, Dan, Wei Liu, Dan Ma, Fengxiang Yun, Shu Li, and Fengqi Liu. "An Effective Treatment for Heart Failure Caused by Valvular Heart Diseases: Thoracic Sympathetic Block." Journal of Investigative Surgery 31, no. 3 (2017): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2017.1284965.

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42

Lodato, R. F., J. R. Michael, and P. A. Murray. "Absence of neural modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in conscious dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 4 (1988): 1481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1481.

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Our objectives were 1) to quantify the magnitude of the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor (HPV) response in conscious dogs by utilizing pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots and 2) to assess the extent to which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulates the HPV response. Multipoint P/Q plots were constructed in conscious dogs during normoxia and during bilateral alveolar hypoxia by stepwise constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava to reduce Q. With the ANS intact, the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient (pulmonary arterial pressure-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)

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43

Cechetto, D. F., and S. J. Chen. "Hypothalamic and cortical sympathetic responses relay in the medulla of the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (1992): R544—R552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r544.

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Previously, investigations have indicated that the efferent pathway for sympathetic responses originating in the insular cortex (IC) must initially synapse in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The LHA projects to both the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and directly to the thoracic spinal cord. To determine the role of the VLM in mediating sympathetic responses from the IC and the LHA, in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats, renal nerve responses were recorded following electrical stimulation of these two forebrain sites before and after bilateral injection (300 nl) of cobalt (a synaptic blockin

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44

Thakrar, Jayesh. "Efficacy of T2-T3 Thoracic Sympathetic Block for Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 1." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 7, no. 2 (2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijmd.2013.07.02.art002.

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45

GOTTSCHALK, A., K. STEINRUCKE, M. CLAUSEN, T. STANDL, and H. BECK. "Incidence of side effects of thoracic sympathetic block in the therapy of chronic pain syndromes." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 29 (September 2004): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2004.07.126.

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46

Gottschalk, A., K. Steinrücke, M. Clausen, T. Standl, and H. Beck. "Incidence of side effects of thoracic sympathetic block in the therapy of chronic pain syndromes." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 29, Sup 2 (2004): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115550-200409002-00079.

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47

Lin, Torng-Sen, Ling-Chu Huang, Nai-Phon Wang, and Cheng-Chuan Chang. "Endoscopic thoracic sympathetic block by clipping for palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis in children and adolescents." Pediatric Surgery International 17, no. 7 (2001): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830100605.

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48

Hirose, Munetaka, Hiroto Imai, Misako Ohmori, et al. "Heart Rate Variability during Chemical Thoracic Sympathectomy." Anesthesiology 89, no. 3 (1998): 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199809000-00016.

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Background Chemical thoracic sympathectomy (CTS) resulted in profound bradycardia in a patient with severe post-therapeutic neuralgia. To clarify the cause of this bradycardia, the authors evaluated heart rate variability using a Poincaré plot, which is a scatter diagram of the current R-R interval plotted against the R-R interval immediately preceding it, in this patient and in others scheduled for CTS or mandibular block (MB). Methods Twenty-three patients were scheduled for CTS (n = 13, CTS group) and for MB (n = 10, MB group). Heart rate and the SD of the R-R interval variabilities spreadi

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49

Bang, Seunguk, Jaeho Choi, and Eung Don Kim. "A high thoracic erector spinae plane block used for sympathetic block in patients with upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 60 (March 2020): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.09.011.

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50

Bachoo, M., and C. Polosa. "Preganglionic axons from the third thoracic spinal segment fail to induce long-term potentiation in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, S1 (1992): S27—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-240.

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A stimulus train to preganglionic axons produces long-term potentiation (LTP) of population responses of sympathetic ganglion cells evoked by the same or by other converging axons. The present study shows that preganglionic axons emerging from the spinal cord in different thoracic rami, and converging onto a common pool of ganglion cells that innervate a single target, differ in their ability to induce LTP. In anesthetized cats under partial nicotinic block with hexamethonium, the nictitating-membrane (NM) contraction evoked by stimulation of the first (T1) and third (T3) thoracic white rami (

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