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Journal articles on the topic 'Thorium-229'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Boden, Sven, Koen Vints, Simone Cagno, Dominic Maertens, Karen Van Hecke, and Thomas Cardinaels. "Thorium-229 quantified in historical Thorium-228 capsules." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 120 (February 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.11.012.

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2

Hogle, Susan, Rose Ann Boll, Karen Murphy, et al. "Reactor production of Thorium-229." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 114 (August 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.05.002.

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3

Essex, Richard M., Jaqueline L. Mann, Ross W. Williams, et al. "A new thorium-229 reference material." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 134 (April 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.07.050.

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4

Pimon, Martin, Andreas Grüneis, Peter Mohn, and Thorsten Schumm. "Ab-Initio Study of Calcium Fluoride Doped with Heavy Isotopes." Crystals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081128.

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Precision laser spectroscopy of the 229-thorium nuclear isomer transition in a solid-state environment would represent a significant milestone in the field of metrology, opening the door to the realization of a nuclear clock. Working toward this goal, experimental methods require knowledge of various properties of a large band-gap material, such as calcium fluoride doped with specific isotopes of the heavy elements thorium, actinium, cerium, neptunium, and uranium. By accurately determining the atomic structure of potential charge compensation schemes by using a generalized gradient approximat

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5

Pimon, Martin, Johannes Gugler, Peter Mohn, Georgy Kazakov, Norbert Mauser, and Thorsten Schumm. "DFT calculation of 229thorium-doped magnesium fluoride for nuclear laser spectroscopy." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 32, no. 25 (2020): 9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab7c90.

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Abstract The <sup>229</sup>thorium nucleus has an extremely low-energy isomeric state that could be manipulated with light in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range. Recent measurements based on internal conversion electrons place the isomer energy at 8.28(17) eV (Seiferle B <em>et al</em> 2019), within the transmission window of large-band-gap materials, such as fluoride single crystals. Doping <sup>229</sup>Th into VUV-transparent materials realizes a spectroscopy target with a high nuclei density and might form the basis of a solid-state nuclear clock. This paper presents a

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6

Starckx, Senne. "Excitation of thorium-229 brings a working nuclear clock closer." Physics World 37, no. 6 (2024): 6i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/37/06/06.

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7

Yamaguchi, A., Y. Shigekawa, H. Haba, M. Wada, and H. Katori. "Trapping of triply charged thorium-229 for a nuclear clock." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2889, no. 1 (2024): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2889/1/012041.

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Abstract We developed an ion trap system for triply charged thorium-229 (229Th3+). We used uranium-233 as the ion source, which supplied 229Th3+ ions in the nuclear ground state and low-lying isomeric state (229mTh3+) at 8.3 eV. Our ion trap system allows the laser spectroscopy of 229mTh3+ toward the nuclear clock.

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8

Beeks, Kjeld, Tomas Sikorsky, Thorsten Schumm, Johannes Thielking, Maxim V. Okhapkin, and Ekkehard Peik. "The thorium-229 low-energy isomer and the nuclear clock." Nature Reviews Physics 3, no. 4 (2021): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42254-021-00286-6.

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9

Kraemer, Sandro, and Piet Van Duppen. "Toward a Thorium-229 Isomer–Based Nuclear Clock: Recent Progress." Nuclear Physics News 35, no. 2 (2025): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2025.2483617.

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10

Borisyuk, P. V., O. S. Vasilyev, A. V. Krasavin, Yu Yu Lebedinskii, and V. I. Troyan. "Preparation technique of thorium films by electrochemical deposition for nuclear optical frequency standard based on thorium-229." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 73, no. 3 (2014): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-014-3533-z.

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11

Romanenko, V. I., Ye G. Udovitskaya, L. P. Yatsenko, A. V. Romanenko, A. N. Litvinov, and G. A. Kazakov. "Direct Two-Photon Excitation of Isomeric Transition in Thorium-229 Nucleus." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 57, no. 10 (2021): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe57.11.1119.

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A possibility of the two-photon excitation of an isomeric state in a nucleus of thorium-229 has been discussed. The fluorescence intensity of the excitation is demonstrated to be identical for the irradiation of nuclei with either monochromatic light or polychromatic radiation consisting of a sequence of short lightpulses of the same intensity. The two-photon excitation of Th3+ ion in an electromagnetic trap with a focused laser beam with a wavelength of about 320 nm and power of 100 mW can lead to the absorption saturation, at which the fluorescence emission with the frequency of the transiti

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12

Benny, Paul, Thomas Dyke, and Christina Peshoff. "Current developments in the production of actinium-225 from thorium-229." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 114-115 (November 2022): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(22)02174-6.

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13

Gusev, Yu I., Yu N. Novikov, A. V. Popov, and V. I. Tikhonov. "Studying the decay of thorium-229 isomer by means of conversion spectroscopy." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 80, no. 8 (2016): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873816080189.

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14

van Cleve, Shelley, Rose Boll, Paul Benny, Thomas Dyke, Jay Kehn, and Kayla Phillips. "Thorium-229 Generator Production of Actinium-225 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 50, no. 4 (2019): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2019.11.042.

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15

van Cleve, Shelley, Rose Boll, Paul Benny, Thomas Dyke, Jay Kehn, and Kayla Phillips. "Thorium-229 Generator Production of Actinium-225 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 50, no. 1 (2019): S11—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2019.03.037.

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16

Perron, Randy, Denise Gendron, Chris Byrne, Harshil Naik, and Svetlana Selivanova. "Operation of a thorium-229/actinium-225 generator at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 126-127 (November 2023): 108739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108739.

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17

Borisyuk, P. V., O. S. Vasilyev, Y. Y. Lebedinskii, et al. "Thorium silicate compound as a solid-state target for production of isomeric thorium-229 nuclei by electron beam irradiation." AIP Advances 6, no. 9 (2016): 095304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4962661.

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18

Iwahashi, Daiki, Yuto Sasaki, Tomoatsu Shinohara, and Naoyuki Takaki. "Semi-Permanent Mass Production of Ac-225 for Cancer Therapy by the (3n,x) Reaction in Pressurized Water Reactor." Processes 12, no. 1 (2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12010083.

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Alpha particle-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are in high demand for use in targeted alpha therapy. Ac-225 is currently produced using Th-229, but its annual production remains low, approximately 63 GBq. Previously, we produced a large amount of Ac-225 via the (n,2n) reaction in fast reactors; however, it required repetitive irradiation. In this work, we investigated a method to produce Th-229 via the (3n,x) reaction through long-term irradiation using neutrons from Pressurized Water Reactors. As target nuclides, Ra-226, which is commonly used for Ac-225 production, and Th-230, which is not wid

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19

Borisyuk, Petr V., Oleg S. Vasilyev, Andrey V. Krasavin, Yury Yu Lebedinskii, Victor I. Troyan, and Eugene V. Tkalya. "Band structure and decay channels of thorium-229 low-lying isomeric state for ensemble of thorium atoms adsorbed on calcium fluoride." physica status solidi (c) 12, no. 12 (2015): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201510095.

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20

Apostolidis, C., M. Betti, R. Carlos-Márquez, et al. "Production of carrier free actinium-225/bismuth-213 from thorium-229 for alpha-immunotherapy." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 44, S1 (2001): S806—S808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.25804401283.

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21

Borisyuk, P. V., E. V. Chubunova, Y. Y. Lebedinskii, O. S. Vasilyev, and V. P. Yakovlev. "ThSi10O22 Compound as Target for Production of Isomeric Thorium-229 Nuclei at Electron Beam Irradiation." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 83, no. 9 (2020): 1313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778820090021.

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22

Borisyuk, P. V., O. S. Vasilyev, and Yu Yu Lebedinskii. "Local electrochemical deposition of thorium-229 targets and excitation of isomeric state by electron beam." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1686 (December 2020): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1686/1/012065.

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23

Thirolf, P. G., B. Seiferle, and L. von der Wense. "The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 52, no. 20 (2019): 203001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8.

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24

Scharl, Kevin, Shiqian Ding, Georg Holthoff, et al. "Setup for the Ionic Lifetime Measurement of the 229mTh3+ Nuclear Clock Isomer." Atoms 11, no. 7 (2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11070108.

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For the realization of an optical nuclear clock, the first isomeric excited state of thorium-229 (229mTh) is currently the only candidate due to its exceptionally low-lying excitation energy (8.338±0.024 eV). Such a nuclear clock holds promise not only to be a very precise metrological device but also to extend the knowledge of fundamental physics studies, such as dark matter research or variations in fundamental constants. Considerable progress was achieved in recent years in characterizing 229mTh from its first direct identification in 2016 to the only recent observation of the long-sought-a

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25

RUDDY, F., A. DULLOO, J. SEIDEL, and B. PETROVI. "Separation of the alpha-emitting radioisotopes actinium-225 and bismuth-213 from thorium-229 using alpha recoil methods." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 213 (January 2004): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)01580-5.

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26

Yudin, V. I., A. V. Taichenachev, O. N. Prudnikov, et al. "Optical Clock Based on Two-Photon Spectroscopy of the Nuclear Transition in a 229Th Ion in a Monochromatic Field." JETP Letters 121, no. 5 (2025): 345–53. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0021364025600090.

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The possibility of two-photon laser spectroscopy of the nuclear clock transition (148.38 nm) in the 229Th isotope has been investigated using an intense monochromatic laser field at twice the wavelength (296.76 nm). Our estimates show that due to the electron bridge process in the doubly ionized ion 229Th2+ the sufficient intensity of a continuous laser field is about 10–100 kW/cm2, which is within the reach of modern laser systems. This unique possibility is an result of the presence in the electronic spectrum of the ion 229Th2+ of an exceptionally close intermediate (for the two-photon trans

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27

Keekan, Kishor Kumar, and Jayesh C. Jalondhara. "Aspergillus niger PSSG8 Mediated Bioleaching of Monazite for the Recovery of Rare Earth and other Metal Constituents." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.238.

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Aspergillus nigerPSSG8 is assisted bioleaching of monazite to recover the constituent metals were investigated. Bioleaching was carried out using Bromfield (BM1/10P & BM-P) and sucrose media (SM1/10P & SM-P) with different levels of Phosphate under rotary and stationary conditions. The growth of theA. nigerPSSG8 significantly reduced the media pH to acidic. However, the media pH changed later in rotary shake flasks and were stable in roux bottles. A similar trend was observed for ORP. ORP increased as leaching progressed, but in rotary shake flasks ORP started decreasing after 15 days

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28

Aynyas, M., S. P. Sanyal, and P. K. Jha. "Structural Phase Transition and Elastic Properties of Thorium Pnictides at High Pressure." physica status solidi (b) 229, no. 3 (2002): 1459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200202)229:3<1459::aid-pssb1459>3.0.co;2-j.

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29

Li, Zi, Lin Li, Xia Hua, and Xin Tong. "Loading and identifying various charged thorium ions in a linear ion trap with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer." Journal of Applied Physics 135, no. 14 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0202805.

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Various charged thorium ions such as singly charged, doubly charged, and triply charged thorium ions trapped in the ion trap can be used to excite the Th-229 first nuclear excited state via the electronic bridge process. We present an integration of a linear ion trap with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to investigate trapped Th-232 ions. Various charged thorium ions are produced by laser ablation and dynamically loaded into the ion trap. After sufficient collisional cooling, thorium ions are extracted along one of the radial directions for time-of-flight mass spectrometry by rapidly quench

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30

Li, Lin, Zi Li, Chen Wang, Wen-Ting Gan, Xia Hua, and Xin Tong. "Scheme for the excitation of thorium-229 nuclei based on electronic bridge excitation." Nuclear Science and Techniques 34, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01169-4.

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AbstractThorium-229 possesses the lowest first nuclear excited state, with an energy of approximately 8 eV. The extremely narrow linewidth of the first nuclear excited state, with an uncertainty of 53 THz, prevents direct laser excitation and realization of the nuclear clock. We present a proposal using the Coulomb crystal of a linear chain formed by $$^{229}$$ 229 Th$$^{3+}$$ 3 + ions, where the nuclei of $$^{229}$$ 229 Th$$^{3+}$$ 3 + ions in the ion trap are excited by the electronic bridge (EB) process. The 7$$P_{1/2}$$ P 1 / 2 state of the thorium-229 nuclear ground state is chosen for EB

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31

Thirolf, Peter, Benedict Seiferle, Lars. v.d. Wense, I. Amersdorfer, D. Moritz, and Johannes Weitenberg. "Phase Transition in the 'Thorium-Isomer-Story'." September 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.51.561.

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Given the drastic progress achieved during recent years in our knowledge on the decay and nuclear properties of the thorium isomer 229mTh, the focus of research on this potential nuclear clock transition will turn in the near future from the nuclear physics driven ‘search and characterization phase’ towards a laser physics driven ‘consolidation and realization phase’. This prepares the path towards the ultimate goal of the realization of a nuclear frequency standard, the ‘nuclear clock’. This article briefly summarizes our present knowledge, focusing on rece

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32

Tkalya, Eugene, Peter Borisyuk, Mariya Domashenko, and Yurii Lebedinskij. "Proposal for a Nuclear Light Source." Chinese Physics C, November 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ac9f0a.

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Abstract The paper considers a principal possibility of creating a nuclear light source of the vacuum ultra violet (VUV) range based on the $^{229}$Th nucleus. This nuclear light source can help to solve two main problems --- excitation of the low-lying $^{229m}$Th isomer and precision measurement of the nuclear isomeric transition energy. The Thorium nuclear light source is based on the nuclei implanted in a thin dielectric film with a large bandgap. While passing an electric current through the sample, the $^{229}$Th nuclei are excited to the low energy isomeric state $3/2^+(8.19\pm0.12$~eV)

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33

Thirolf, Peter. "Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer." Physics 17 (April 29, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physics.17.71.

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34

Thirolf, Peter G., Sandro Kraemer, Daniel Moritz, and Kevin Scharl. "The thorium isomer $$^{229m}$$Th: review of status and perspectives after more than 50 years of research." European Physical Journal Special Topics, January 31, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01098-2.

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AbstractToday’s most precise timekeeping is based on optical atomic clocks. However, those could potentially be outperformed by a nuclear clock, based on a nuclear transition instead of an atomic shell transition. Such a nuclear clock promises intriguing applications in applied as well as fundamental physics, ranging from geodesy and seismology to the investigation of possible time variations of fundamental constants and the search for dark matter. Only one nuclear state is known so far that could drive a nuclear clock: the “Thorium Isomer” $$^{229m}$$ 229 m Th, i.e., the isomeric first excite

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35

Nickerson, Brenden, Martin Pimon, Pavlo Bilous, et al. "Nuclear Excitation of the 229 Th Isomer via Defect States in Doped Crystals." Physical Review letters 125 (July 13, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.032501.

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When Th nuclei are doped in CaF2 crystals, a set of electronic defect states appear in the crystal band gap which would otherwise provide complete transparency to vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. The coupling of these defect states to the 8 eV 229mTh nuclear isomer in the CaF2 crystal is investigated theoretically. We show that although previously viewed as a nuisance, the defect states provide a starting point for nuclear excitation via electronic bridge mechanisms involving stimulated emission or absorption using an optical laser. The rates of these processes

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36

Higgins, Jacob S., Tian Ooi, Jack F. Doyle, et al. "Temperature Sensitivity of a Thorium-229 Solid-State Nuclear Clock." Physical Review Letters 134, no. 11 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.134.113801.

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37

Kjeld, Beeks. "Growth and characterization of thorium doped calcium fluoride single crystals." November 21, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7341378.

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Data produced while characterizing the growth, VUV transmission and Cherenkov emission of thorium doped calcium fluoride single crystals. Where needed python scripts are provided that run the used analysis of the data.

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38

Seres, Joszef, Enikoe Seres, C. Serrat, and Thorsten Schumm. "High harmonic generation in AlN due to out-of-surface electron orbitals." January 10, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4441972.

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High harmonic generation in solids is commonly considered as a bulk process. However, there is a controversy whether the experimentally observed effects can in their entirety be described by a pure bulk model. Our results based on beam propagation and spectral characteristics provide a clear signature of the importance of surface effects on the origin of the harmonic generation in solids. Computations performed with a time-dependent density-functional approach corroborate the experimental measurements.

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39

Beloy, K. "Trap-Induced ac Zeeman Shift of the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Frequency." Physical Review Letters 130, no. 10 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.130.103201.

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40

Takatori, Sayuri, Martin Pimon, Stephan Pollitt, et al. "Characterization of the thorium-229 defect structure in CaF₂ crystals." New Journal of Physics, April 17, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/adce22.

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Abstract Recent advancements in laser excitation of the low-energy thorium-229 (229Th) nuclear isomeric state in calcium fluoride (CaF2) single crystals render this system a promising candidate for a solid-state nuclear clock. Nonetheless, the precise experimental determination of the microscopic ion configuration surrounding the doped 229Th and its electronic charge state remains a critical challenge. Such characterization is essential for accurately controlling the clock transition and evaluating the performance of this solid-state nuclear clock system. In this study, we use x-ray absorption

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41

Fedkevych, M., M. Biasotti, M. De Gerone, et al. "An Examination of Thermal Coupling of an Ir/Au TES for TORIO-229 Experiment." Journal of Low Temperature Physics, November 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02901-x.

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AbstractThe TORIO-229 experiment aims for a direct model-independent determination of the transition energy of $$^\mathrm {229m}$$ 229 m Th produced in $$^\mathrm {233}$$ 233 U alpha decay. This knowledge will be of interest for the development of a scientific clock exploiting the thorium isomeric state, which would be able to significantly surpass the precision of the presently best clocks. As a detector for the isomeric transition, it is planned to use an array of fast transition-edge sensors (TESs) which demonstrated to be feasible in our previous work where the Ir/Au TES prototype demonstr

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42

Gusev, Yu I., F. F. Karpeshin, Yu N. Novikov, and A. V. Popov. "Study of the Decay of the Thorium-229 Isomer. Looking for an Electron Bridge." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, December 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062873823704841.

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43

Hiraki, Takahiro, Koichi Okai, Michael Bartokos, et al. "Controlling 229Th isomeric state population in a VUV transparent crystal." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49631-0.

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AbstractThe radioisotope thorium-229 (229Th) is renowned for its extraordinarily low-energy, long-lived nuclear first-excited state. This isomeric state can be excited by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lasers and 229Th has been proposed as a reference transition for ultra-precise nuclear clocks. To assess the feasibility and performance of the nuclear clock concept, time-controlled excitation and depopulation of the 229Th isomer are imperative. Here we report the population of the 229Th isomeric state through resonant X-ray pumping and detection of the radiative decay in a VUV transparent 229Th-dope

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44

Zimák, Jiří. "ANALÝZA LABORATORNÍCH HODNOT RADIOAKTIVITY HORNIN NA MAPOVÉM LISTU 15-11 ZLATÉ HORY." Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku 23, no. 1-2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/gvms2016-1-2-125.

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Natural radioactive elements (potassium, uranium and thorium) abundances were measured in 769 samples of metamorphic and igneous rocks and pre-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from all geological units on the map sheet 15-11 Zlaté Hory, using a laboratory gamma-ray spectrometer. Metamorphic rocks belong to two geological units of the Silesicum: to the Vrbno Group (a volcanosedimentary complex composed mainly of phyllites, quartzites, amphibolites, greenschists, acid to intermediate metavolcanites and their metatuff s) and the Desná Group (metagranites and blastomylonites). Unmetamorphosed pre-Cenozo

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45

Beeks, Kjeld, Tomas Sikorsky, Veronika Rosecker, et al. "Growth and characterization of thorium-doped calcium fluoride single crystals." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31045-5.

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AbstractWe have grown $$^{232}$$ 232 Th:CaF$$_2$$ 2 and $$^{229}$$ 229 Th:CaF$$_2$$ 2 single crystals for investigations on the VUV laser-accessible first nuclear excited state of $$^{229}$$ 229 Th, with the aim of building a solid-state nuclear clock. To reach high doping concentrations despite the extreme scarcity (and radioactivity) of $$^{229}$$ 229 Th, we have scaled down the crystal volume by a factor 100 compared to established commercial or scientific growth processes. We use the vertical gradient freeze method on 3.2 mm diameter seed single crystals with a 2 mm drilled pocket, filled

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46

Thielking, Johannes, Ke Zhang, Johannes Tiedau, et al. "Vacuum-ultraviolet laser source for spectroscopy of trapped thorium ions." New Journal of Physics, August 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aced1b.

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Abstract A tunable vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser source based on four-wave frequency mixing in xenon is presented. Using seed radiation from two continuous-wave lasers, the system allows for precise control of the VUV frequency and is developed for the resonant laser excitation of the Th-229 nucleus to its low-energy isomeric state. The system is prepared to operate in a wide scanning range from 148\,nm to 155\,nm. The source produces pulses of 6-10\,ns duration with up to 40\,$\mu$J energy and is coupled via a vacuum beamline to a linear radiofrequency ion trap. In a first implementation of

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