Journal articles: 'Threat (Psychology) Cognitive psychology'

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Berjot, S., C. Roland-Levy, and N. Girault-Lidvan. "Cognitive Appraisals of Stereotype Threat." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (April 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.07.21.pr0.108.2.585-598.

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Using the cognitive appraisal conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress, the goal was to assess how victims of stereotype threat respond to this situation in terms of primary appraisals (threat/challenge) and to investigate whether those appraisals may mediate the relation between stereotype threat and performance. Results show that, while participants from North Africa living in France did appraise the situation more as a threat and less as a challenge, only challenge appraisal mediated between stereotype threat and performance.

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Rouel, Melissa, Richard J. Stevenson, and Evelyn Smith. "Examination of Responses Involved in Contamination Aversion Based on Threat Type." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 2 (February 2018): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.83.

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There is evidence that different types of contaminants produce different responses and have different motivations for avoidance. Contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) are motivated by disgust avoidance, whereas contaminants indirectly associated with disease (indirect contaminants) and contaminants associated with harmful substances (harm contaminants) are motivated by harm avoidance and threat estimations. This study aims to confirm this distinction between contaminant types and examine the role of cognitive load, awareness and time on processing these threats. One hundred and four participants completed three chain of contagion tasks with direct, indirect, and harm contaminants. Cognitive load, awareness of contamination and time were manipulated during the tasks. Consistent with previous findings, direct contaminants produced stronger disgust responses, while harm and indirect contaminants produced stronger threat estimations. Increasing cognitive load did not impact processing of any type of contaminant. There was evidence that a time delay reduced the spread of contagion for all contaminants. This highlights the importance of time in altering the perception of contamination threat. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

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McNally, Richard J., Christopher D. Hornig, Emily C. Hoffman, and Edmund M. Han. "Anxiety sensitivity and cognitive biases for threat." Behavior Therapy 30, no. 1 (1999): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80045-8.

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Stein, Janice Gross. "Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat." Political Psychology 9, no. 2 (June 1988): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3790955.

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Krahe, Barbara. "Cognitive Coping With the Threat of Rape: Vigilance and Cognitive Avoidance." Journal of Personality 73, no. 3 (June 2005): 609–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00323.x.

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Murphy, Mary C., Claude M. Steele, and James J. Gross. "Signaling Threat." Psychological Science 18, no. 10 (October 2007): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x.

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This study examined the cues hypothesis, which holds that situational cues, such as a setting's features and organization, can make potential targets vulnerable to social identity threat. Objective and subjective measures of identity threat were collected from male and female math, science, and engineering (MSE) majors who watched an MSE conference video depicting either an unbalanced ratio of men to women or a balanced ratio. Women who viewed the unbalanced video exhibited more cognitive and physiological vigilance, and reported a lower sense of belonging and less desire to participate in the conference, than did women who viewed the gender-balanced video. Men were unaffected by this situational cue. The implications for understanding vulnerability to social identity threat, particularly among women in MSE settings, are discussed.

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Riskind, John H., and Nathan L. Williams. "Cognitive Case Conceptualization and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Implications of the Looming Vulnerability Model." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, no. 4 (January 1999): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.4.295.

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This article describes an approach to cognitive case conceptualization and treatment that is based on the “looming vulnerability” model of anxiety. The model assumes that much of what produces anxiety for people in everyday life, as well as in cases of pathological anxiety, is “looming” from their point of reference, or changing dynamically and step-by-step in time to become increasingly risky. That is, they have a “sense of looming vulnerability” to threat—perceptions of threat as moving toward an endpoint or rapidly rising in risk. Anxious individuals manifest biases in their primary cognitive appraisals (a painful sense that perceived threats are rapidly approaching, changing, or escalating in risk), and in consequence, feel “pressed” to urgently cope with or neutralize the looming threat. The net result of their sense of urgency is that they often select maladaptive, rigid coping strategies (e.g., avoidance and escape) and underestimate their personal efficacy to effectively deal with the oncoming dynamic threats (i.e., biased secondary appraisal). We suggest that anxiety is often based on dynamic, story-like scripts, called progressive threat scripts. The present article identifies several ways that cognitive therapists can conceptualize, identify, and modify features of patients’ mental simulations of present or developing threat (i.e., distance, motion, speed, and perspective). The article also addresses several features of anxious patients’ response to threat that are relevant to cognitive case conceptualization and treatment (i.e., generating alternative simulations, time structuring, proactive coping, and the enhancement of dynamic personal efficacy for dealing with rapidly rising risk).

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van Niekerk, Jan K., André T. Möller, and Charl Nortje. "Self-Schemas in Social Phobia and Panic Disorder." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3 (June 1999): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.843.

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A modified Stroop color-naming task was used to investigate whether social phobia and panic disorder are associated with a hypervigilance to social and physical threat-related cues, respectively, as predicted by Beck's cognitive theory of anxiety disorders. Color-naming latencies of 13 individuals with social phobia and 15 with panic disorder for words representing social and physical threats, respectively, were compared to matched neutral control words. The results did not support the hypothesis that the self-schemas of individuals with panic disorder are hypersensitive to information association with physical threat and that persons with social phobia are overly concerned with social threat.

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Manuel, G. Calvo, and M. Dolores Castillo. "Mood congruent Bias in Interpretation of Ambiguity Strategic Processes and Temporary Activation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 50, no. 1 (February 1997): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755684.

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Three experiments investigated the tendency of high-anxiety individuals to interpret ambiguous information in a threatening fashion. Priming ambiguous sentences (concerned with ego-threat, physical-threat, or non-threat events) were presented, followed by a disambiguating sentence in which a target word either confirmed or disconfirmed the consequence implied by the priming context. The sentences were presented word-by-word at a predetermined pace. Subjects read the sentences and pronounced the target word (naming task), which appeared either 500 msec or 1,250 msec after the onset of the last word (pre-target word) in the priming context. Results indicated that high-anxiety subjects named target words confirming threats faster than low-anxiety subjects, relative to non-threat words. Furthermore, this interpretative bias is: (a) strategic, rather than automatic, as it occurred with a 1,250-msec SOA, but not with a 500-msec SOA; (b) temporary, as it was found under evaluative stress conditions increasing state anxiety, but not with non-stress; and (c) specific to ego-threats, as it happened with ambiguous information concerning self-esteem and social evaluation, rather than with physical-threat-related information.

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Tipples, Jason, Andrew W. Young, Philip Quinlan, Paul Broks, and Andrew W. Ellis. "Searching for threat." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (August 2002): 1007–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000659.

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In a series of experiments, a visual search task was used to test the idea that biologically relevant threatening stimuli might be recognized very quickly or capture visuo-spatial attention. In Experiment 1, there was evidence for both faster detection and faster search rates for threatening animals than for plants. However, examination of the basis of this effect in Experiment 2 showed that it was not due to threat per se, as detection and search rate advantages were found for pleasant rather than threatening animals compared to plants. In Experiment 3, participants searched for the plants and pleasant and threatening animals used in Experiments 1 and 2, among a fixed heterogeneous selection of non-target items. There was no search rate or detection advantage for threatening animals compared to pleasant animals or plants. The same targets and non-targets as those used in Experiment 3 were also used in Experiment 4. In Experiment 4, participants searched for targets that were presented either close to or distant from an initial fixation point. There was no evidence for a “threat” detection advantage either close to or distant from the cross. Finally, an experiment was conducted in which target categories (fruit, flowers, and animals) were not pre-specified prior to each trial block. There were no differences in reaction times to detect pleasant animals, threatening animals, or fruit. We conclude that the visual search paradigm does not readily reveal any biases that might exist for threatening stimuli in the general population.

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Van Zuuren, Florence J., and Peter Muris. "Coping under experimental threat: Observable and cognitive correlates of dispositional monitoring and blunting." European Journal of Personality 7, no. 4 (October 1993): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070405.

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In order to investigate the relation between dispositional coping style and actual coping behaviour under threat, 53 undergraduate psychology students anticipated a mild stressor (bloody slides) in Part I of the experiment. Observable behaviour turned out to be unrelated to dispositional monitoring and blunting as measured by the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS; Miller, 1987) and the Threatening Medical Situations Inventory (TMSI; van Zuuren and Hanewald, 1993). However, when cognitions were also taken into account, some significant correlations emerged with the MBSS as well as with the TMSI. In Part II (N = 40), intrusive thinking after exposure to the experimental stressor was related to dispositional coping style. High monitors, as compared with low monitors (moderate monitors excluded) were found to elaborate the stressful experience in a more diffuse and extended way.

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Coifman, Karin G., Danielle J. Halachoff, and K. Maria Nylocks. "Mitigating Risk? Set-Shifting Ability in High Threat Sensitive Individuals Predicts Approach Behavior During Simulated Peer-Rejection." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 7 (September 2018): 481–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.7.481.

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In this investigation we explored how two dimensions underlying current models of psychopathology, threat sensitivity and executive cognitive processing, may come together to influence downstream responses to social threat. Specifically, we investigated how set-shifting ability influences responses to simulated peer-rejection in high threat sensitive individuals (n = 66) selected from a larger sample. Our findings suggest the possibility of risk-reducing benefits imparted from higher set-shifting and executive resources. In particular, we saw evidence of greater approach-related behavior, including higher intensity positive emotional expressions and a relative increase in the proportion of parasympathetic activity, with higher set-shifting. Our findings join a small but growing body of research examining how risks elevated by threat sensitivity may be mitigated by executive cognitive processing.

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Flower, Laura, Katherine Newman-Taylor, and Lusia Stopa. "Cognitive Control Processes in Paranoia: The Impact of Threat Induction on Strategic Cognition and Self-Focused Attention." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, no. 1 (October 29, 2013): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000891.

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Background:Current clinical models emphasize certain cognitive processes in the maintenance of distressing paranoia. While a number of these processes have been examined in detail, the role of strategic cognition and self-focused attention remain under-researched.Aims:This study examined the deployment of cognitive strategies and self-focused attention in people with non-clinical paranoia.Method:An experimental design was used to examine the impact of a threat activation task on these processes, in participants with high and low non-clinical paranoia. Twenty-eight people were recruited to each group, and completed measures of anxiety, paranoid cognition, strategic cognition and self-focused attention.Results:The threat activation task was effective in increasing anxiety in people with high and low non-clinical paranoia. The high paranoia group experienced more paranoid cognitions following threat activation. This group also reported greater use of thought suppression, punishment and worry, and less use of social control strategies when under threat. No differences were found between the groups on measures of self-focused attention.Conclusions:This study shows that the threat activation task increased anxiety in people with high non-clinical paranoia, leading to increased paranoid thinking. The use of strategic cognition following threat activation varied dependent on level of non-clinical paranoia. If these differences are replicated in clinical groups, the strategies may be implicated in the maintenance of distressing psychosis, and may therefore be a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.

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Nestler, Steffen, and Boris Egloff. "Interactive Effect of Dispositional Cognitive Avoidance, Magnitude of Threat, and Response Efficacy on the Persuasive Impact of Threat Communications." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 2 (January 2012): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000077.

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This internet study investigated the effect of individual differences in cognitive avoidance on the persuasive impact of threat communications. A total of 289 participants completed a measure of dispositional cognitive avoidance and read either a high- or a low-threat communication that provided either an effective response to reduce the threat or not. We found that cognitive avoidance did not moderate the effect of magnitude of threat when response efficacy was low. By contrast, cognitive avoidance was relevant when efficacy was high: After a high-threat message, low cognitive avoiders reported more favorable attitudes toward and intentions to adopt the action recommendation than high cognitive avoiders. Further analyses showed that severity perceptions mediate this effect of avoidance on attitudes and intentions. Individual differences in cognitive avoidance are thus an important moderator of the effectiveness of threat communications.

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Beilock, Sian L., and Allen R. McConnell. "Stereotype Threat and Sport: Can Athletic Performance Be Threatened?" Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 2004): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.4.597.

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Stereotype threat occurs when knowledge of a negative stereotype about a social group leads to less-than-optimal performance by members of that group. Although the stereotype threat phenomenon has been extensively studied in academic and cognitively-based tasks, it has received little attention in sport. This article reviews the existent literature on stereotype threat and discusses its implications for sports performance. The causal mechanisms of stereotype threat in sport are examined, followed by a discussion of why the cognitive processes thought to govern negative stereotype-induced performance decrements in academic and cognitively based tasks (e.g., GRE or SAT tests) may not unequivocally extend to sport skills. Finally, factors that should moderate the impact of stereotype threat in sport are outlined. Because stereotype threat has important consequences for athletics (e.g., impairing athletic performance, maintaining the underrepresentation of minority athletes in certain sports), it is a phenomenon that deserves greater attention in sport and exercise psychology research.

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Mashuri, Ali, Lusy Asa Akhrani, and Esti Zaduqisti. "You are the real terrorist and we are just your puppet: Using individual and group factors to explain Indonesian muslims’ attributions of causes of terrorism." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 12, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 68–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i1.1001.

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The current study investigates the role of individual and intergroup factors in predicting Muslims’ tendency to attribute domestic terrorism in Indonesia to an external cause (i.e., The West) or an internal cause (i.e., radical Islamist groups). The results (N = 308) showed that intergroup factors of symbolic threat and realistic threat directly increased the external attribution and conversely decreased the internal attribution. Within the context of the current research, symbolic threat refers to Muslims’ perception that the norms and values of the West undermine Islamic identity. Realistic threat denotes Muslims’ perception that the economy and technology of the West undermine Islamic power. The individual factor of Islamic fundamentalism, which has to do with Muslims’ belief in the literal interpretation of and strict guidelines to Islamic doctrines, indirectly predicted both external attribution and internal attribution of terrorism as hypothesized, via the extent to which Muslims perceived the West as posing a symbolic threat, but not a realistic threat to Islamic existence. Uncertainty avoidance, a cultural dimension that describes the extent to which people view clear instructions as a pivotal source of concern to deal with societal problems, also significantly increased perceived symbolic threat and realistic threat, and this cultural dimension mediated the effect of Islamic fundamentalism on each of the intergroup threats. Finally, we found that the level of Islamic fundamentalism was dependent upon cognitive response, but not emotional response to mortality salience. The cognitive response to mortality salience denotes what Muslims are thinking about in coping with their own death whereas the emotional response denotes what Muslims are feeling about such issue. In particular, we found the cognitive response, but not the emotional response to mortality salience significantly gave rise to Muslims’ Islamic fundamentalism. These findings shed light on the importance of combining individual factors and group factors in explicating the dynamics of Muslims’ tendency to make attributions of causes of domestic terrorism. We discuss theoretical implications and study limitations, as well as practical actions policy makers could conduct to deal with Muslims’ Islamic fundamentalism and reduce the extent to which this particular group perceives the West as threatening their existence.

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Frost, Randy O., and Patricia A. Marten. "Perfectionism and evaluative threat." Cognitive Therapy and Research 14, no. 6 (December 1990): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01173364.

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Musa, C. Z., and J. P. Lépine. "Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research." European Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2000): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00210-8.

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SummaryCognitive theories of social phobia have largely been inspired by the information-processing models of anxiety. They propose that cognitive biases can, at least partially, explain the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. A specific bias, conceived as a tendency to preferentially process socially-threatening information, has been proposed. This bias is thought to intervene in cognitive processes such as attention, memory and interpretation. Research paradigms adopted from experimental cognitive psychology and social psychology have been used to investigate these hypotheses. The existence of a bias in the allocation of attentional resources and the interpretation of information seems to be confirmed. A memory bias in terms of better retrieval for threat-relevant information appears to depend on specific encoding activities.

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Johnson, Sharon, and Anthony Naidoo. "Can evolutionary insights into the brain’s response to threat suggest different group interventions for perceived stress and burnout of teachers in high-risk schools?" South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 3 (January 6, 2017): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316675588.

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Evolutionary brain responses to threat suggested three psychoeducational group interventions for perceived stress and burnout reduction. The interventions were based on trauma release exercises for primal brain response, transpersonal psychology for paleomammalian emotional brain functions, and transactional analysis for neomammalian cognitive brain insights. In total, 43 teachers in high-risk schools on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa, participated in one of the three different interventions, which were conducted in group sessions for 15 hr over 10 weeks. Twenty teachers were part of the control group. This pilot study, with a before-after control research design, utilised the Perceived Stress Scale for perception of stress and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory for personal, work, and learner burnout. Multivariate comparison of trauma release exercises, transpersonal psychology, and transactional analysis intervention groups with the control group yielded significant effects for interventions within and between groups. The findings suggested that evolutionary insights into the brain’s response to threat can provide a basis from which to design stress and burnout interventions.

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Tan, Shyuan Ching, and Sarah J. Barber. "Confucian Values as a Buffer Against Age-Based Stereotype Threat for Chinese Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 3 (May 16, 2018): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby049.

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Abstract Objectives Research has shown that stereotype threat can impair older adults’ memory in Western cultures. We tested whether this also occurs for older adults from the East Asian Chinese culture. We also tested whether an intervention that highlighted Confucian principles would protect Chinese older adults from stereotype threat’s detrimental effects. Method Culturally-Chinese older adults residing in the United States completed a memory test either under age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline or not. Prior to this, some participants were also reminded of Confucian traditions of filial piety and were assured these values had been transmitted to the younger generation. Results Stereotype threat impaired Chinese older adults’ memory performance. However, our intervention was effective in eliminating this deficit. When the Chinese participants were reminded of the Confucian principle of filial piety they did not exhibit stereotype threat effects. Discussion Confirming that younger adults have an obligation to respect their elders can eliminate the social-evaluative pressure of stereotype threat for Chinese older adults. These findings are noteworthy since population aging is happening at an unprecedented pace in East Asia. Although our results suggest that stereotype threat can adversely affect older adults’ cognitive performance in these societies, we also identify a culturally-based intervention to alleviate this impairment.

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Proulx, Travis, and Steven J. Heine. "Connections From Kafka." Psychological Science 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 1125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02414.x.

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In the current studies, we tested the prediction that learning of novel patterns of association would be enhanced in response to unrelated meaning threats. This prediction derives from the meaning-maintenance model, which hypothesizes that meaning-maintenance efforts may recruit patterns of association unrelated to the original meaning threat. Compared with participants in control conditions, participants exposed to either of two unrelated meaning threats (i.e., reading an absurd short story by Franz Kafka or arguing against one's own self-unity) demonstrated both a heightened motivation to perceive the presence of patterns within letter strings and enhanced learning of a novel pattern actually embedded within letter strings (artificial-grammar learning task). These results suggest that the cognitive mechanisms responsible for implicitly learning patterns are enhanced by the presence of a meaning threat.

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Clasen, Mathias, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, and John A. Johnson. "Horror, personality, and threat simulation: A survey on the psychology of scary media." Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 3 (July 2020): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000152.

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Bengtsson, Hans. "Children’s cognitive appraisal of others’ distressful and positive experiences." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 5 (September 2003): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000073.

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The study presents a theoretical model for understanding how children’s cognitive processing of empathy-provoking information is linked to vicariously aroused feelings, and to prosocial and aggressive behaviour. Predictions from the model were tested in a cross-sectional sample of second-, fourth-, and sixth-graders ( N = 175) and in a large sample of fourth-graders ( N = 124). Two significant forms of information processing bias were identified: (a) one that enhances the awareness of potential threats towards the self or others, and (b) one that reduces the emotional significance of the stimuli subjected to processing. Children high in empathy and prosocial behaviour tended to experience moderate levels of threat and to modulate the emotional significance of empathy-provoking stimuli through cognitive restructuring. Aggressive children tended to use dismissive operations and typically experienced either very low or very high levels of threat. The oldest children differed from the youngest by using more multiple perspective taking and cognitive restructuring.

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Dvorak-Bertsch, Jeremy D., John J. Curtin, Tal J. Rubinstein, and Joseph P. Newman. "Anxiety Moderates the Interplay Between Cognitive and Affective Processing." Psychological Science 18, no. 8 (August 2007): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01963.x.

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Evidence suggests that focus of attention and cognitive load may each affect emotional processing and that individual differences in anxiety moderate such effects. We examined (a) fear-potentiated startle (FPS) under threat-focused (TF), low-load/alternative-set (LL/AS), and high-load/alternative-set (HL/AS) conditions and (b) the moderating effect of trait anxiety on FPS across these conditions. As predicted, redirecting attentional focus away from threat cues and increasing cognitive load reduced FPS. However, the moderating effects of anxiety were specific to the LL/AS condition. Whereas FPS was comparable for high-anxiety and low-anxiety subjects in the TF and HL/AS conditions, FPS was significantly greater for high-anxiety than for low-anxiety subjects in the LL/AS condition. These results suggest that affective processing requires attentional resources and that exaggerated threat processing in anxious individuals relates to direction of attention rather than emotional reactivity per se.

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Henry, J. D., C. Thompson, T. Ruffman, F. Leslie, A. Withall, P. Sachdev, and H. Brodaty. "Threat Perception in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Dementia." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 64B, no. 5 (August 11, 2009): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp064.

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Smith, Daniel M., and Sarah E. Martiny. "Stereotype Threat in Sport: Recommendations for Applied Practice and Research." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0134.

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Stereotype-threat theory holds that activation of a negative stereotype has a harmful effect on performance in cognitive and motor domains. This paper provides a literature review of stereotype-threat research in the motor domain followed by recommendations for sport psychology practitioners. The review discusses the most widespread stereotypes that exist in sport, the effects of stereotype activation on performance in different sports, and mechanisms that explain why stereotype threat decreases performance. Recommendations for practitioners include individual- and organizational-level approaches, with the former subdivided into interventions aimed at prevention or coping.

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van Roekel, Eeske, Thao Ha, Ron H. J. Scholte, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, and Maaike Verhagen. "Loneliness in the Daily Lives of Young Adults: Testing A Socio–Cognitive Model." European Journal of Personality 30, no. 1 (January 2016): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2028.

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A socio–cognitive model of loneliness states that lonely people are characterized by two characteristics, hypersensitivity to social threat and hyposensitivity to social reward. However, these characteristics have not yet been examined in the daily lives of young adults. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to examine these two characteristics in young adults and whether relationship status, living situation, and type of company moderated the relationship between sensitivity to threat and reward and feelings of loneliness. The Experience Sampling Method was used, and data were collected among 219 first–year college students (M age = 19.60, 91% female). Participants filled out questionnaires on their smartphone at five random time points per day, on 11 consecutive days. Multilevel analyses showed support for hypersensitivity to social threat, in that students high in loneliness were more negatively affected by negative perceptions of company. Results for hyposensitivity to social reward were in the opposite direction; students high in loneliness were more positively affected by positive perceptions of company than students low in loneliness. These relations were not moderated by relationship status or living situation. Our findings may indicate that loneliness serves as a motivational state that increases susceptibility to the environment in order to restore social relationships. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Schulkin, Jay. "Pragmatism and the Cognitive and Neural Sciences." Psychological Reports 78, no. 2 (April 1996): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.499.

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Two prominent intellectual disciplines dominate the discipline of psychology, the cognitive and neural sciences. Separate departments for both are now commonplace at major universities across America. I suggest, however, that the discipline of psychology asks key questions about experience, mind, or central states not found in other disciplines. Psychology is embodied in both the cognitive and neural sciences, and an important common thread is the Jamesian-Deweyian emphasis on experience. The Jamesian-Deweyian tradition emphasized the sense of experience in problem-solving and functional adaptations. The pragmatists' sense of experience is the way by which one engages the world, is inherently cognitive, and orchestrated by central states of the brain. Any attempt within the neural and cognitive sciences to capture human experience will need to resurrect this tradition.

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Vanden Bogaerde, Anouk, Joris Pieters, and Rudi De Raedt. "The Nature of Threat: Enhanced Recall of Internal Threat Words in Fear of Flying." Cognitive Therapy and Research 36, no. 4 (December 5, 2010): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9346-7.

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Swan, Thomas, and Jamin Halberstadt. "The Fitness Relevance of Counterintuitive Agents." Journal of Cognition and Culture 20, no. 3-4 (August 26, 2020): 188–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340081.

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Abstract Cognitive scientists have attributed the ubiquity of religious narratives partly to the favored recall of minimally counterintuitive (MCI) concepts within those narratives. Yet, this memory bias is inconsistent, sometimes absent, and without a functional rationale. Here, we asked if MCI concepts are more fitness relevant than intuitive concepts, and if fitness relevance can explain the existence and variability of the observed memory bias. In three studies, participants rated the potential threat and potential opportunity (i.e., fitness relevance) afforded by agents with abilities that violated folk psychology, physics, or biology (i.e., MCI abilities). As in previous work, agents with MCI abilities were recalled better than those with intuitive abilities. Additionally, agents with MCI abilities were perceived as greater threats, and as providing greater opportunities, than agents with intuitive abilities, but this perceived fitness relevance only mediated the memory bias when MCI abilities were used to accomplish disproportionally consequential outcomes. Minimally counterintuitive abilities that violated folk psychology were rated more intuitive and more of an opportunity than violations of folk physics or biology, while folk physics violations were recalled best. Explanations for these effects and their relevance to the cognitive science of religion are discussed.

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Sood, Monica, and Katherine Newman-Taylor. "Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Impact of Attachment Imagery on Paranoia and Anxiety." Cognitive Therapy and Research 44, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 1150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10127-y.

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Abstract Background Paranoia, in both clinical and non-clinical groups, is characterised by unfounded interpersonal threat beliefs. Secure attachment imagery attenuates paranoia, but little is known about the mechanisms of change. Cognitive fusion describes the extent to which we can ‘step back’ from compelling beliefs, to observe these as mental events, and is implicated in psychopathology cross-diagnostically. Aims This study extends previous research demonstrating the impact of attachment imagery on paranoia and anxiety to determine whether cognitive fusion mediates these relationships. Method We utilised a randomized experimental design and recruited an analogue sample with high levels of non-clinical paranoia to test the impact of imagery and the role of cognitive fusion. Results Secure attachment imagery resulted in reduced paranoia and anxiety compared to threat/insecure imagery. Cognitive fusion mediated the relationships between imagery and paranoia, and imagery and anxiety. Conclusions Secure attachment imagery is effective in reducing paranoia and anxiety and operates via cognitive fusion. In clinical practice, these interventions should seek to facilitate the ability to ‘step back’ from compelling threat beliefs, in order to be most beneficial.

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Dennis-Tiwary, Tracy A., Amy Krain Roy, Samantha Denefrio, and Sarah Myruski. "Heterogeneity of the Anxiety-Related Attention Bias: A Review and Working Model for Future Research." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 879–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619838474.

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Anxiety-related attention bias (AB) has been studied for several decades as a clinically relevant output of the dynamic and complex threat-detection and -response system. Despite research enthusiasm for the construct of AB, current theories and measurement approaches cannot adequately account for the growing body of mixed, contradictory, and null findings. Drawing on clinical, neuroscience, and animal models, we argue that the apparent complexity and contradictions in the empirical literature can be attributed to the field’s failure to clearly conceptualize AB heterogeneity and the dearth of studies on AB that consider additional cognitive mechanisms in anxiety, particularly disruptions in threat-safety discrimination and cognitive control. We review existing research and propose a working model of AB heterogeneity, positing that AB may be best conceptualized as multiple subtypes of dysregulated processing of, and attention to, threat anchored in individual differences in threat-safety discrimination and cognitive control. We review evidence for this working model and discuss how it can be used to advance knowledge of AB mechanisms and inform personalized prevention and intervention approaches.

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Yang, Qing, and Yufang Zhao. "The effect of perspective taking on negative cognitive responses induced by intergroup threat." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 6 (July 1, 2013): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.6.901.

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In two related studies, we explored the influence of perspective taking on the moderation of negative cognitive responses induced by intergroup threat. In Study 1 we recruited undergraduate students at Southwest University who came from rural areas in China. Participants were randomly assigned to either a threat condition group or a control group. We presented to all participants a policy advantageous to urban students and measured their level of opposition. Participants in the threat condition were more opposed to the policy than were the participants in the control condition. In Study 2 we manipulated perspective taking and again measured the level of opposition of a group of students from rural areas to a policy advantageous to urban students. Participants in the perspective-taking condition were less opposed to the policy than were those in the control condition. In summary, perspective taking positively influenced the moderation of negative cognitive responses induced by intergroup threat.

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Muris, Peter, and Muriel van Doorn. "“Danger is Lurking Everywhere, Even in Parts of a Jigsaw Puzzle”: Anxiety-related Threat Perception Abnormalities in Children: Their Assessment with Projective Material." Behaviour Change 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.3.151.24835.

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AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between anxiety and depression, on the one hand, and reduced evidence for danger (RED) bias and other threat perception abnormalities, on the other hand. A nonclinical sample of school children (N = 138) completed a brief measure of childhood anxiety and depression symptoms and were then exposed to a series of pictures taken from projective tests. Results showed that (a) anxiety was accompanied by RED bias and other threat perception abnormalities, (b) depression was less convincingly associated with such cognitive distortions, and (c) anxiety-related threat perception abnormalities were not merely the result of a stronger tendency to give affirmative responses. The role of threat perception abnormalities in the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety as well as the clinical implications of these cognitive phenomena are briefly discussed.

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Ferry, Rachel A., and Brady D. Nelson. "Differential impact of threat type on defensive motivation and attention during the NPU-threat task." Motivation and Emotion 44, no. 5 (June 3, 2020): 670–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-020-09835-5.

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Wang, Guan, Yuting Liu, and Yuan Fang. "Comparison of attentional resource allocation to threat and selfrelevant information: An event-related potentials study." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9946.

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Although previous researchers have shown that attention is preferentially allocated during situations involving both threat and selfrelevant information, it is unclear which information type requires more cognitive resources. We compared the automatic processing of threat and self-relevant stimuli using the no-report oddball paradigm. Participants looked at images on a computer screen that displayed fighting with opponents or interacting with friends or customers. The body action of the person depicted was performed either toward the viewing participant or toward other people. Participants watched without making an explicit response, and event-related potentials were measured with electroencephalography. We found that threat (vs. selfrelevant) information elicited a larger P300 amplitude, and for nonthreatening events the P300 amplitude was larger for self-relevant than other-relevant stimuli. These results indicate that threat (vs. selfrelevant) information demands more cognitive resources, possibly because people prioritize survival.

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Kroes, Marijn C. W., Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Mathew Hakimi, Sofie Oosterwaal, Michael R. Meager, and Elizabeth A. Phelps. "Patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions are capable of discriminatory threat learning but appear impaired in cognitive regulation of subjective fear." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (May 23, 2019): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz039.

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Abstract Humans are able to cognitively regulate emotions by changing their thoughts. Neuroimaging studies show correlations between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity and cognitive regulation of emotions. Here our objective was to investigate whether dlPFC damage is associated with impaired cognitive regulation of emotion. We therefore tested the ability of patients with dlPFC lesions (N = 6) and matched control participants (N = 19) to utilize a laboratory version of cognitive regulation training (CRT) to regulate subjective fear and autonomic threat responses following Pavlovian threat conditioning. We found that patients with dlPFC lesions were able to acquire conditioned threat but seemed impaired in their ability to utilize CRT to cognitively regulate subjective fear to a threatening stimulus. Despite inclusion of a limited number of lesion patients, our results suggest that the dlPFC is important for the cognitive regulation of subjective fear.

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Delgado, Ana R., and Gerardo Prieto. "Stereotype threat as validity threat: The anxiety–sex–threat interaction." Intelligence 36, no. 6 (November 2008): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2008.01.008.

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Wirtz, Philip W., Cynthia A. Rohrbeck, and Katherine M. Burns. "Anxiety effects on disaster precautionary behaviors: A multi-path cognitive model." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 10 (July 27, 2017): 1401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317720277.

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Previous studies have revealed a negative relationship between anxiety and health-promoting behavior. This study identified three cognitive pathways through which anxiety operates on preparedness behaviors for terrorist attacks. Preparedness was regressed on trait anxiety, perceived threat, and self-efficacy based on data from 306 adults. Mediating paths through perceived threat (positive) and self-efficacy (negative) and an independent negative path were identified. Results suggest that the anxiety/precautionary behavior relationship is more complex than previously thought, involving multiple pathways of competing directionality. Interventions to improve disaster preparedness and thus reduce disaster-related morbidity/mortality would benefit by capitalizing on this multidimensionality.

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Mulheron, Leanne, and Mairwen K. Jones. "The Role of Disgust and Threat in Contamination-Related Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder." Behaviour Change 38, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2021.1.

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AbstractTheoretical models suggest that the emotion disgust or threat overestimates are important in the aetiology and maintenance of contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder. In the current study, both threat and disgust were manipulated and 115 non-clinical participants (mean age 20.46 years, 94 females) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: high-disgust/low-threat (n = 29), high-disgust/high-threat (n = 29), low-disgust/low-threat (n = 27), and low-disgust/high-threat (n = 30). Participants completed a hierarchical Behavioural Avoidance Task (BAT). Those in the high-threat and high-disgust conditions completed less BAT steps and showed more latency to begin each step than those in the low-threat and low-disgust conditions. A significant interaction effect was observed for the high-disgust/high-threat condition as significantly more task avoidance was found. However, handwashing duration was not significantly different between the high and low-disgust conditions or the high and low-threat conditions. The overall low mean washing duration of 30 s possibly due to the testing conditions and/or the ethnic heterogeneity of the sample may account for these results. There were also no significant differences in the level of anxiety for participants in the high-threat compared with the low-threat conditions. It is possible that anxiety remained relatively low across conditions as a result of the graduated BAT. Future research and theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

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Cantelon, Julie A., Grace E. Giles, Marianna D. Eddy, Zachary Haga, Caroline R. Mahoney, Holly A. Taylor, and F. Caroline Davis. "Exerting cognitive control under threat: Interactive effects of physical and emotional stress." Emotion 19, no. 7 (October 2019): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000509.

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Winter, Daniella, and Yoram Braw. "COVID-19: Impact of diagnosis threat and suggestibility on subjective cognitive complaints." International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 22, no. 1 (January 2022): 100253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100253.

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Buckner, Julia D., C. Nathan DeWall, Norman B. Schmidt, and Jon K. Maner. "A Tale of Two Threats: Social Anxiety and Attention to Social Threat as a Function of Social Exclusion and Non-Exclusion Threats." Cognitive Therapy and Research 34, no. 5 (May 29, 2009): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9254-x.

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Jacobs, Bruce A., and Michael Cherbonneau. "Nerve Management and Crime Accomplishment." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 5 (February 17, 2017): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427817693037.

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Objective: To examine the theoretical import of nerve management for offender decision-making and crime accomplishment. Methods: Data were culled from in-depth, semistructured interviews with 35 active auto thieves. Results: Nerve management is best considered an intervening exercise in the threat perception process that moderates the fear-offending relationship through its effect on nervousness. Offenders draw from both cognitive and presentational tactics to this end. Such tactics include self-medication, shunting, fatalism, smoothness, and lens widening. Conclusions: Since nervousness is both caused by sanction threats and produces conduct that potentially neutralizes those threats, nerve management is best considered an agentic response that modifies the perception of risk itself.

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Wenzel, Amy. "Schema Content for Threat in Social Phobia." Cognitive Therapy and Research 28, no. 6 (December 2004): 789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0666-3.

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Parren, Nora. "The (possible) Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs: An Exploration of the Existing Literature." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 5 (November 22, 2017): 396–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340015.

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Abstract Cross-culturally, misfortune is often attributed to witchcraft despite the high human and social costs of these beliefs. The evolved cognitive features that are often used to explain religion more broadly, in combination with threat perception and coalitional psychology, may help explain why these particular supernatural beliefs are so prevalent. Witches are minimally counter intuitive, agentic, and build upon intuitive understandings of ritual efficacy. Witchcraft beliefs may gain traction in threatening contexts and because they are threatening themselves, while simultaneously activating coalitional reasoning systems that make rejection of the idea costly. This article draws possible connections between these cognitive and environmental features with an eye toward future empirical examination.

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Hayes, Joseph, and J. Marcus Rafferty. "(Don't Fear) the Reefer: Cannabis Worldview Beliefs and the Management of Death-Related Existential Concerns Among High Frequency Cannabis Users." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 4 (April 2020): 315–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.4.315.

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Introduction: The current research employed a terror management framework to understand the cognitive effects of frequent drug use. The study focused specifically on cannabis users and tested the hypothesis that frequent cannabis use is associated with the development of cannabis-related worldview beliefs that take on an existential function for frequent users. Method: Participants (N = 226) answered questions about their cannabis use and completed a measure of cannabis worldview investment. Thereafter, they were randomly assigned to a cannabis worldview threat (vs. no threat) condition and completed measures of death-thought accessibility (DTA) and cannabis worldview defense. Results: A positive association between frequency of cannabis use and cannabis worldview investment was observed. Moreover, among high frequency cannabis users, those highly invested in the cannabis worldview evinced significantly more DTA following exposure to the worldview threat than no threat condition. Participants with high investment in the cannabis worldview also showed more derogation of the cannabis worldview threat (vs. no threat) essay-author. However, this relationship was not influenced by DTA or frequency of cannabis use. Discussion: A terror management perspective on drug use is discussed, including implications for understanding drug abuse, addiction, and treatment.

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Mogg, Karin, and Brendan P. Bradley. "Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 2018): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.001.

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Mogg, Karin, Allison M. Waters, and Brendan P. Bradley. "Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 4 (April 26, 2017): 698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617696359.

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Attention bias modification (ABM) aims to reduce anxiety by reducing attention bias (AB) to threat; however, effects on anxiety and AB are variable. This review examines 34 studies assessing effects of multisession-ABM on both anxiety and AB in high-anxious individuals. Methods include ABM-threat-avoidance (promoting attention-orienting away from threat), ABM-positive-search (promoting explicit, goal-directed attention-search for positive/nonthreat targets among negative/threat distractors), and comparison conditions (e.g., control-attention training combining threat-cue exposure and attention-task practice without AB-modification). Findings indicate anxiety reduction often occurs during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training; anxiety reduction is not consistently accompanied by AB reduction; anxious individuals often show no pretraining AB in orienting toward threat; and ABM-positive-search training appears promising in reducing anxiety. Methodological and theoretical issues are discussed concerning ABM paradigms, comparison conditions, and AB assessment. ABM methods combining explicit goal-directed attention-search for nonthreat/positive information and effortful threat-distractor inhibition (promoting top-down cognitive control during threat-cue exposure) warrant further evaluation.

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McNally, Richard J., and Edna B. Foa. "Cognition and agoraphobia: Bias in the interpretation of threat." Cognitive Therapy and Research 11, no. 5 (October 1987): 567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01183859.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Threat (Psychology) Cognitive psychology'

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