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Journal articles on the topic 'Three dimensional body scanning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Fenster, Aaron, Grace Parraga, and Jeff Bax. "Three-dimensional ultrasound scanning." Interface Focus 1, no. 4 (June 2011): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0019.

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The past two decades have witnessed developments of new imaging techniques that provide three-dimensional images about the interior of the human body in a manner never before available. Ultrasound (US) imaging is an important cost-effective technique used routinely in the management of a number of diseases. However, two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy, using conventional two-dimensional US, limits our ability to quantify and visualize the anatomy and guide therapy, because multiple two-dimensional images must be integrated mentally. This practice is inefficient, and may lead to variability and incorrect diagnoses. Investigators and companies have addressed these limitations by developing three-dimensional US techniques. Thus, in this paper, we review the various techniques that are in current use in three-dimensional US imaging systems, with a particular emphasis placed on the geometric accuracy of the generation of three-dimensional images. The principles involved in three-dimensional US imaging are then illustrated with a diagnostic and an interventional application: (i) three-dimensional carotid US imaging for quantification and monitoring of carotid atherosclerosis and (ii) three-dimensional US-guided prostate biopsy.

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2

Xu, Bugao. "Three-dimensional body scanning system for apparel mass customization." Optical Engineering 41, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1478700.

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3

WELLS, J. C. K., I. DOUROS, N. J. FULLER, M. ELIA, and L. DEKKER. "Assessment of Body Volume Using Three-Dimensional Photonic Scanning." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 904, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06460.x.

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4

Yue, Haosong, Yue Yu, Weihai Chen, and Xingming Wu. "Accurate three dimensional body scanning system based on structured light." Optics Express 26, no. 22 (October 19, 2018): 28544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.028544.

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5

Chiu, Chaochang, Kuang-Hung Hsu, Pei-Lun Hsu, Chi-I. Hsu, Po-Chi Lee, Wen-Ko Chiou, Thu-Hua Liu, Yi-Chou Chuang, and Chorng-Jer Hwang. "Mining Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Body Surface Scanning Data for Hypertension Detection." IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 11, no. 3 (May 2007): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/titb.2006.884362.

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6

Schloesser, R. L., M. Lauff, H. Buxmann, K. Veit, D. Fischer, and A. Allendorf. "Three-Dimensional Body Scanning: A New Method to Estimate Body Surface Area in Neonates." Neonatology 100, no. 3 (2011): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000327516.

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7

Pandis, Petros, and Anthony MJ Bull. "A low-cost three-dimensional laser surface scanning approach for defining body segment parameters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, no. 11 (August 17, 2017): 1064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917727031.

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Body segment parameters are used in many different applications in ergonomics as well as in dynamic modelling of the musculoskeletal system. Body segment parameters can be defined using different methods, including techniques that involve time-consuming manual measurements of the human body, used in conjunction with models or equations. In this study, a scanning technique for measuring subject-specific body segment parameters in an easy, fast, accurate and low-cost way was developed and validated. The scanner can obtain the body segment parameters in a single scanning operation, which takes between 8 and 10 s. The results obtained with the system show a standard deviation of 2.5% in volumetric measurements of the upper limb of a mannequin and 3.1% difference between scanning volume and actual volume. Finally, the maximum mean error for the moment of inertia by scanning a standard-sized homogeneous object was 2.2%. This study shows that a low-cost system can provide quick and accurate subject-specific body segment parameter estimates.

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8

Stewart, Arthur D. "Kinanthropometry and body composition: A natural home for three-dimensional photonic scanning." Journal of Sports Sciences 28, no. 5 (March 2010): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640411003661304.

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9

WU, Defeng. "Novel Approach to Calibrate Main Body of a Three-dimensional Scanning Robotic System." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 47, no. 17 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2011.17.009.

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10

Mah, Tannie, and Guowen Song. "An investigation of the assessment of fabric drape using three-dimensional body scanning." Journal of the Textile Institute 101, no. 4 (March 15, 2010): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000802417122.

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11

Feng, Ming-Ming, Li Liu, Hui Zou, Xiao-Hui Zheng, and Xiao-Chen Li. "Research on Ease of Protective Clothing Based on Three-dimensional Human Body Scanning." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00303.

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12

Haniu, Hiroyuki, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Shinichi Hirata, and Yoshihiro Obata. "Transitional Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Vortices Issued from an Axisymmetric Body. Three-dimensional flow visualization with ligh-sheet scanning method." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 60, no. 572 (1994): 1125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.60.1125.

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13

Li, Xiao Jie, and Bao Zhen Ge. "Correction of World Coordinate Error in the Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning System of Human Body." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1016.

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This paper studies three-dimensional laser scanning system of human body, and make adjustments according to the world coordinate error correction based on the point cloud obtained. This paper also analyzed the cause and characteristics of three-dimensional laser scanning system’s world coordinates error, and established the world coordinate correction model on the condition that vertical column coordinate error is not included in the calibration plane and the error is minimum relative to other highly cross-section. With a standard rectangular timber as the scan objects, correction factor is fitted and the effectiveness of this method is proved through experiments in which point cloud’s world coordinate error is significantly reduced.

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14

Chiu, Chuang-Yuan, Michael Thelwell, Terry Senior, Simon Choppin, John Hart, and Jon Wheat. "Comparison of depth cameras for three-dimensional reconstruction in medicine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 9 (June 28, 2019): 938–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919859922.

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KinectFusion is a typical three-dimensional reconstruction technique which enables generation of individual three-dimensional human models from consumer depth cameras for understanding body shapes. The aim of this study was to compare three-dimensional reconstruction results obtained using KinectFusion from data collected with two different types of depth camera (time-of-flight and stereoscopic cameras) and compare these results with those of a commercial three-dimensional scanning system to determine which type of depth camera gives improved reconstruction. Torso mannequins and machined aluminium cylinders were used as the test objects for this study. Two depth cameras, Microsoft Kinect V2 and Intel Realsense D435, were selected as the representatives of time-of-flight and stereoscopic cameras, respectively, to capture scan data for the reconstruction of three-dimensional point clouds by KinectFusion techniques. The results showed that both time-of-flight and stereoscopic cameras, using the developed rotating camera rig, provided repeatable body scanning data with minimal operator-induced error. However, the time-of-flight camera generated more accurate three-dimensional point clouds than the stereoscopic sensor. Thus, this suggests that applications requiring the generation of accurate three-dimensional human models by KinectFusion techniques should consider using a time-of-flight camera, such as the Microsoft Kinect V2, as the image capturing sensor.

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15

Jones, P. R. M., A. J. Baker, C. J. Hardy, and A. P. Mowat. "Measurement of body surface area in children with liver disease by a novel three-dimensional body scanning device." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 68, no. 6 (November 1994): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00599522.

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16

Zhang, Jun, KyoungOk Kim, and Masayuki Takatera. "Three-dimensional garment-size change modeled considering vertical proportions." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2015-0115.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a size-changing method with three-dimensional (3D) garment modeling for various body sizes considering vertical body proportions in addition to horizontal dimensions, while preserving the silhouette and ease of the original garment. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional dimensions and shapes of one dress form (the standard body) and jacket bodice were obtained by 3D scanning. The authors calculated horizontal multiplication factors of the relationship between the standard body and jacket bodice, and vertical body proportions. A target dress form was deformed using multiplication factors and vertical body proportions to construct a garment model that fitted the dress form. The method was verified using three different dress forms. The bodices of the jackets were compared with those obtained without adjusting vertical proportions. Findings Employing the proposed method, jacket bodices were made and fitted on target bodies while preserving the original shape. Jackets bodices made without considering vertical proportions had many wrinkles and deformed shape and poor fit around the bust line owing to the different vertical proportions. The vertical proportion is thus an important factor in the 3D garment modeling of garments of different size fitted on a body. Research limitations/implications The proposed method is a new size-changing or grading method for a bodice that preserves the original silhouette. Originality/value The proposed modeling method allows the construction of jacket bodice models and jackets of different size considering vertical body proportions. The method is applicable when making individually tailored garments or ready-to-wear garments for different targets.

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17

Chen, Xiao Hong. "Turning and Milling Machining Center Spindle Box of Three Dimensional Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1870.

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the car milling machining center spindle box mainly by the spindle and the spindle on relevant parts, body, encoder related parts and some standard composition, the application of UG unique based on characteristics of the parts and components modeling function, the use of tensile, rotating, tendons, lofting and scanning, array characteristics and drilling easily design components of the three-dimensional entity.

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18

Lee, Miyeon, Dong Il Yoo, and Sungmin Kim. "Development of low cost three-dimensional body scanner using depth perception camera." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2017-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a relatively inexpensive and easily movable three-dimensional (3D) body scanner. Design/methodology/approach Multiple depth perception cameras and a turntable were used to form the hardware and a client-server computer network was used to control the hardware. Findings A portable and inexpensive yet quite accurate body scanner system has been developed. Research limitations/implications The turntable mechanism and semi-automatic model alignment caused some error. Practical implications This scanner is expected to facilitate the acquisition of 3D human body or garment data easily for various research projects. Social implications Many researchers might have an easy access to 3D data of large object such as body or whole garment. Originality/value Inexpensive yet expandable scanning system has been developed using readily available components.

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19

Suresha, B., T. Jayaraju, P. R. Sadananda Rao, Mohammed Ismail, and Kunigal N. Shivakumar. "Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.99.

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Fiber reinforced polymer composites are generally known to possess high strength and attractive wear resistance in dry sliding conditions. The behaviour of such composites performing in abrasive wear situations needs a proper understanding. Hence, in the present work of the three-body abrasive wear behaviour of two dimensional stitched carbon fabric, E-glass woven fabric and three dimensional E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites was investigated. Three-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT) under different abrading distances at two loads, wherein the wear volume loss were found to increase and that of specific wear rate decrease. The results indicate that the type of fabric in vinyl ester have a significant influence on wear under varied abrading distance/loads. Further, it was found that carbon fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite exhibited lower wear rate compared to E-glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites. The worn surface features, as examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM), show higher levels of broken glass fiber in two dimensional glass woven fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite compared to carbon fabric and three dimensional glass fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites.

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20

WU, Defeng. "Optimal Measurement Configuration Calibration Method for Main Body of a Three-dimensional Surface Scanning Robot." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 49, no. 17 (2013): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2013.17.130.

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21

Wells, J. C. K., A. Ruto, and P. Treleaven. "Whole-body three-dimensional photonic scanning: a new technique for obesity research and clinical practice." International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 2 (October 9, 2007): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803727.

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22

Xu, B., and Y. Huang. "Three-dimensional Technology for Apparel Mass Customization: Part I: Body Scanning with Rotary Laser Stripes." Journal of the Textile Institute 94, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000308630595.

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23

Wells, Jonathan C. K., Supiya Charoensiriwath, and Philip Treleaven. "Reproduction, aging, and body shape by three-dimensional photonic scanning in Thai men and women." American Journal of Human Biology 23, no. 3 (March 8, 2011): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.21151.

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24

Chiu, Chuang-Yuan, David L. Pease, and Ross H. Sanders. "Effect of different standing poses on whole body volume acquisition by three-dimensional photonic scanning." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 10, no. 6 (September 1, 2016): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0252.

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25

Santos, L. P., K. K. Ong, F. Day, J. C. K. Wells, A. Matijasevich, I. S. Santos, C. G. Victora, and A. J. D. Barros. "Body shape and size in 6-year old children: assessment by three-dimensional photonic scanning." International Journal of Obesity 40, no. 6 (February 16, 2016): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.30.

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26

Lu, Yehu, Guowen Song, and Jun Li. "A novel approach for fit analysis of thermal protective clothing using three-dimensional body scanning." Applied Ergonomics 45, no. 6 (November 2014): 1439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.007.

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27

Lux, R., Y. Li, A. Lu, and W. Shi. "Detailed three-dimensional analysis of structural features of Myxococcus xanthus fruiting bodies using confocal laser scanning microscopy." Biofilms 1, no. 4 (October 2004): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050505001559.

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Myxococcus xanthus is a motile soil bacterium with complex social behaviors. Upon starvation, a developmental program is initiated that results in cellular aggregation and fruiting body formation. This process requires the exopolysaccharide (EPS) component of the extracellular matrix. With prolonged starvation, a part of the cells within a fruiting body die, while the other cells differentiate into spores. Extensive genetic and biochemical information has been generated that elucidates this interesting developmental process. Little is known, however, about the detailed three-dimensional structural features of native fruiting bodies or the EPS and distribution of live/dead cells (spores) within these structures. In this study, changes in the three-dimensional architecture of fruiting bodies and the distribution of the extracellular matrix within the fruiting bodies during the developmental process were investigated using a gfp-expressing M. xanthus strain and carbohydrate-specific lectins or monoclonal antibodies in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The extracellular matrix was found to form a scaffold within the fruiting body structure. Furthermore, using a bacterial viability staining assay, the distribution of live/dead cells within fruiting bodies was examined at different times. The majority of live cells were found to localize at the outer layer of a mature fruiting body, with dead cells underneath.

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28

SHITARA, KAYO, YOHEI TAKAI, MEGUMI OHTA, TAKU WAKAHARA, HIROAKI KANEHISA, TETSUO FUKUNAGA, and YASUO KAWAKAMI. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUATION FOR PREDICTING BODY SURFACE AREA BASED ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC IMAGE SCANNING." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 58, no. 4 (2009): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.58.463.

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29

Ren, Jiaxing, Tamar Segal-Peretz, Chun Zhou, Gordon S. W. Craig, and Paul F. Nealey. "Three-dimensional superlattice engineering with block copolymer epitaxy." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaaz0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0002.

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Three-dimensional (3D) structures at the nanometer length scale play a crucial role in modern devices, but their fabrication using traditional top-down approaches is complex and expensive. Analogous to atomic lattices, block copolymers (BCPs) spontaneously form a rich variety of 3D nanostructures and have the potential to substantially simplify 3D nanofabrication. Here, we show that the 3D superlattice formed by BCP micelles can be controlled by lithographically defined 2D templates matching a crystallographic plane in the 3D superlattice. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography, we demonstrate precise control over the lattice symmetry and orientation. Excellent ordering and substrate registration can be achieved, propagating through 284-nanometer-thick films. BCP epitaxy also showed exceptional lattice tunability, with a continuous Bain transformation from a body-centered cubic to a face-centered cubic lattice. Lattice stability was mediated by molecular packing frustration, and surface-induced lattice reconstruction was observed, leading to the formation of a unique honeycomb lattice.

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Teixeira, S., S. M. Oliveira, M. P. Ferraz, and F. J. Monteiro. "Three Dimensional Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.947.

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Calcium phosphate ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes since they are biocompatible and bioactive. Having a chemical composition close to natural bone, calcium phosphate ceramics are promising bone substitute materials in orthopaedics, maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are the most commonly used calcium phosphates, because their calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios are close to that of natural bone and they are relatively stable in physiological environment. HA is a major constituent of bone materials and is resorbed after a long time of residence in the body. In this work, highly porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds were produced by polymer replication method and their properties evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and micro computerized tomography ()-CT).

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31

Ahrendt, Dustin, and Arturo Romero Karam. "Development of a computer-aided engineering–supported process for the manufacturing of customized orthopaedic devices by three-dimensional printing onto textile surfaces." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502091762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020917627.

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Today, additive manufacturing, also called three-dimensional printing, is used for producing prototypes as well as other products for various industrial sectors. Although this technology is already well established in the automotive, aviation and space travel, building, dental and medical sectors, its integration in the textile and ready-made industry is still in progress. At present, there is a lack of specific application scenarios for the combination of three-dimensional printing and textile materials, apart from fashion and shoe design. Hence, this article presents a digital computer-aided engineering–supported process to manufacture customized orthopaedic devices by three-dimensional printing directly onto a textile fabric. State-of-the-art fabrication methods for orthoses are typically labour intensive. The combination of three-dimensional scanning, computer-aided design modelling and three-dimensional printing onto textile materials open up new possibilities for producing custom-made products. After three-dimensional scanning of a patient’s individual body shape, the surface is prepared for constructing the textile pattern cuts by reverse engineering. The transformation of the designed three-dimensional patterns into two-dimensional is software supported. Additional positioning lines in accordance with specific body measurements are transferred onto the two-dimensional pattern cuts, which are then used as the basis for the design of the three-dimensional printed functional elements. Subsequently, the design is saved in STL (Standard Triangulation/Tessellation Language) file format, prepared by slicing and directly printed onto textile pattern cuts by means of fused deposition modelling. The last manufacturing step involves the assembly of the textile fabric. The proposed process is demonstrated by an example application scenario, thus proving its potential for industrial use in the textile and ready-made industry.

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32

Hong, S., and Y. H. Jo. "A STUDY ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING REPLICATION FOR USABILITY OF ARTIFACTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-309-2021.

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Abstract. In the field of cultural heritage, replication has been performed for preservation, exhibition, and education purposes. In particular, due to advancement in computer technology, replication which combines the three-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing has widely performed. These technologies have been able to ensure morphological similarity as well as to avoid damaging artifacts in a contactless manner. In this study, a design mock-up for producing replacements was made for the purpose of preserving original forms, usability, and mass production for ritual utensils used in ancestral memorial rites annually. 3D precision scanner was used to obtain external information of ritual utensils and shape information of pattern parts. The measurements on height, width, and thickness of the body, and two handles and three feet showed fine shape differences, respectively. Therefore, representative models were selected and reconstructed. In addition, the upper and lower parts of the body, handles, and feet were separately manufactured for mass production by using sand casting. A model manufactured during the reverse design like above was completed by considering average shrinkage (4%) for the casting of copper-tin alloys. A model was completed and 3D-printed with a material extrusion technique, and a design mock-up for replication was created. In this study, a 3D printing technology was applied to ritual utensils and presented a replication methodology applicable to used artifacts. For this purpose, a model suitable for the replication method was produced based on the data obtained by 3D scanning of ritual utensils. A design mock-up, which is 3D-printed with a material extrusion technique, has enhanced design completeness by performing continuous design and dimensional inspection.

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33

Zhang, Xin, Indiresha Ramachandra, Zhongming Liu, Basharat Muneer, Steven M. Pogwizd, and Bin He. "Noninvasive three-dimensional electrocardiographic imaging of ventricular activation sequence." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 6 (December 2005): H2724—H2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00639.2005.

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Imaging the myocardial activation sequence is critical for improved diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It is desirable to reveal the underlying cardiac electrical activity throughout the three-dimensional (3-D) myocardium (rather than just the endocardial or epicardial surface) from noninvasive body surface potential measurements. A new 3-D electrocardiographic imaging technique (3-DEIT) based on the boundary element method (BEM) and multiobjective nonlinear optimization has been applied to reconstruct the cardiac activation sequences from body surface potential maps. Ultrafast computerized tomography scanning was performed for subsequent construction of the torso and heart models. Experimental studies were then conducted, during left and right ventricular pacing, in which noninvasive assessment of ventricular activation sequence by means of 3-DEIT was performed simultaneously with 3-D intracardiac mapping (up to 200 intramural sites) using specially designed plunge-needle electrodes in closed-chest rabbits. Estimated activation sequences from 3-DEIT were in good agreement with those constructed from simultaneously recorded intracardiac electrograms in the same animals. Averaged over 100 paced beats (from a total of 10 pacing sites), total activation times were comparable (53.3 ± 8.1 vs. 49.8 ± 5.2 ms), the localization error of site of initiation of activation was 5.73 ± 1.77 mm, and the relative error between the estimated and measured activation sequences was 0.32 ± 0.06. The present experimental results demonstrate that the 3-D paced ventricular activation sequence can be reconstructed by using noninvasive multisite body surface electrocardiographic measurements and imaging of heart-torso geometry. This new 3-D electrocardiographic imaging modality has the potential to guide catheter-based ablative interventions for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.

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34

Deng, Chengfa, Chang Xu, Qi Xie, and Qiang Peng. "Safety Evaluation of Hyperbolic Arch Aqueduct Using Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Finite Element Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014301001.

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The safety evaluation of the aqueduct in many years of operation is often performed to determine the structural operational behaviour so as to provide a scientific basis for further reinforcement or reconstruction. The missing of the original design data due to the long construction period provides great challenging in the structural safety evaluation of the aqueduct. Taking a hyperbolic arch aqueduct in China as an example, we first rebuilt the aqueduct model using the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud from the three-dimensional laser scanning technology. Coupled with the on-site safety inspection, the 3D finite element analysis was then performed to learn the stress performance of the aqueduct body and its supporting structures, so as to achieve the purpose of safety evaluation of aqueduct structure in a whole.

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35

Su, Chad-Ton, Chien-Hsin Yang, Kuang-Hung Hsu, and Wen-Ko Chiu. "Data mining for the diagnosis of type II diabetes from three-dimensional body surface anthropometrical scanning data." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 51, no. 6-7 (March 2006): 1075–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2005.08.034.

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36

Balaşa, Mihai-Constantin, Ştefan Cuculici, Cosmin Panţu, Simona Mihai, Alexis-Daniel Negrea, Mihai-Octavian Zdrafcu, Dorin-Dacian Leţ, Viviana Filip, and Ştefan Cristea. "Using 3D Scanning Techniques in Orthopedic Systems Modeling." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 15, no. 13 (October 1, 2017): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2017-0016.

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AbstractDesigning orthopedic implants with a long lifespan is essential for improving patients’ quality of life. It is necessary to develop new products with a high degree of personalization for the human body. Physicians and engineers analyzed the geometry and behavior of healthy joints’ motion under specific load conditions as well as the behavior over time and lifetime of orthopedic implants fitted to patients to improve their quality. The paper presents the way in which three-dimensional modeling techniques using specialized software (Catia, SolidWorks) can be combined with reverse engineering techniques (3D scanning) to optimize the design of orthopedic implants. The design of an implant consists of its three-dimensional modeling, as well as simulation of its integration into the human body, in order to analyze its behavior during motion. Therefore, it is necessary not only to 3D model the parts that make up the implant itself, but also to 3D model the bone to which the implant will be fitted. The paper highlights the complementarity of the classic modeling techniques with the reverse engineering techniques, which is necessary because the design of the parts that make up the implant itself can be achieved by specialized software modeling techniques, while the bones, having complex geometries, are better suited to 3D Modeling by scanning.

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37

Osorio-Echeverri, Juan Sebastián, Diana Alexandra Orrego-Metaute, Juan Pablo Murillo-Escobar, and Lynda Tamayo-Arango. "Three-dimensional Cat Virtual Anatomy: Development of an Interactive Virtual Anatomical Software." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 02 (May 23, 2019): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683964.

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Background Three-dimensional (3D) virtual models are novel tools to teach veterinary anatomy. Objective The aim of the present study was to create a 3D cat image software and a library of cross-sectional images. Methods Modeling of the 3D cat organs and structures was done with Autodesk Maya, version 2017 (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, California, USA) and ZBrush, version 4R7 (Pixologic, Los Angeles, CA, USA) software. In order to obtain the images for the library, three cadavers of adult cats were used, with the following techniques: 1) scanning by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3-mm intervals, 2) scanning by computed tomography (CT) at 2-mm intervals, and 3) photographing of 178 transverse cuts at 2.5-mm intervals from the frozen cadavers. Out of all the images, thirty images of each technique were selected. An interactive software was developed with the modeled 3D cat and the selected images using Unity, version 5.4 (Unity Technologies, San Francisco, CA, USA). Results A virtual 3D cat model was obtained with 418 labeled structures of the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and integumentary systems. The virtual interface enables the manipulation of the 3D cat in all views and the visualization of the selected images in a chosen localization along the body of the cat. The library of images allows comparison among CT, MRI and photographs of transverse cuts. Conclusions The software interface facilitates the access to the content for the user. Sectional images of the cat and of its body structures can be easily understood. This new 3D software of cat anatomy is another tool that can be used in teaching veterinary anatomy.

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Ge, Yong Mei, Cheng Yun Ning, Guo Xin Tan, Hua De Zheng, and Dan Li. "Study on Surface Characterization and Properties of Three Dimensional Nano-Porous Titanium Film." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.146.

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A Type of Three-Dimensional Nano-Porous Film on Titanium Was Successfully Prepared by Alkali Treatment. the Microstructure, Contact Angle and Surface Energy of the Film Were Investigated Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Contact Angle Meter. the Biomineralization of the Nano-Porous Titanium Was Studied in Vitro by Soaking in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). the Experiment Results Demonstrated that Bone-Like Apatite Could Be Induced on Nano-Porous Titanium Surface, and the Apatite Crystals on Nano-Porous Titanium Surface Were Superior in Number and Higher in Crystallinity to that on Titanium Chemically Polished.

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Lin, Jen-Der, Wen-Ko Chiou, Hsiao-Fen Weng, Ying-Huang Tsai, and Thu-Hua Liu. "Comparison of three-dimensional anthropometric body surface scanning to waist–hip ratio and body mass index in correlation with metabolic risk factors." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 55, no. 8 (August 2002): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00433-x.

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Retrouvey, Helene, Justin Chan, and Shahriar Shahrokhi. "Comparison of two-dimensional methods versus three-dimensional scanning systems in the assessment of total body surface area estimation in burn patients." Burns 44, no. 1 (February 2018): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2017.07.003.

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Lu, Lu, Kit-Lun Yick, Sun Pui Ng, Joanne Yip, and Chi Yung Tse. "Evaluation of body geometry and symmetry for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with 3D body scanning system." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 21, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-11-2016-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the three-dimensional (3D) geometry and symmetry of the torso for spinal deformity and the use of orthotic bracewear by using non-invasive 3D body scanning technology. Design/methodology/approach In pursuing greater accuracy of body anthropometric measurements to improve the fit and design of apparel, 3D body scanning technology and image analysis provide many more advantages over the traditional manual methods that use contact measurements. To measure the changes in the torso geometry and profile symmetry of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, five individuals are recruited to undergo body scanning both with and without wearing a rigid brace during a period of six months. The cross-sectional areas and profiles of the reconstructed 3D torso models are examined to evaluate the level of body symmetry. Findings Significant changes in the cross-sectional profile are found amongst four of the patients over the different visits for measurements (p < 0.05), which are consistent with the X-rays results. The 3D body scanning system can reliably evaluate changes in the body geometry of patients with scoliosis. Nevertheless, improvements in the symmetry of the torso are found to be somewhat inconsistent among the patients and across different visits. Originality/value This pilot study demonstrates a practical and safe means to measure and analyse the torso geometry and symmetry so as to allow for more frequent evaluations, which would result in effective and optimal treatment of spinal deformation.

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Ting, Ming-Kuo, Pei-Ju Liao, I.-Wen Wu, Shuo-Wei Chen, Ning-I. Yang, Tzu-Yu Lin, and Kuang-Hung Hsu. "Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Occurrence Using Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Body Surface Scanning Measurements: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (July 8, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6742384.

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Background. An accurate and comprehensive anthropometric measure for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not yet been depicted. Methods. A total of 8450 nondiabetic participants were recruited during 2000–2010 in Taiwan. The cohort was followed up to the end of 2013, over an average of 8.87 years. At recruitment, participants completed a questionnaire related to basic demographics, lifestyle variables, personal disease history, and family disease history. 3D body surface scanning was used to obtain 35 anatomical measurements. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to conduct multivariable analyses. Results. A total of 2068 T2DM cases at an incidence rate of 27.59 × 10−3 (year−1) were identified during the follow-up period. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) demonstrated that neck circumference (NC) (HR = 1.048; 95% CI = 1.033–1.064), waist width (WW) (HR = 1.061; 95% CI = 1.040–1.081), and left thigh circumference (TC) (HR = 0.984; 95% CI = 0.972–0.995) were significant predictors of the occurrence of T2DM. While dividing body measurement into median high/low groups, an increased risk of T2DM was observed among participants with a larger NC and smaller TC (HR = 1.375; 95% CI = 1.180–1.601) and a larger WW and smaller TC (HR = 1.278; 95% CI = 1.085–1.505) relative to other participants. Conclusions. This study suggests that as well as using traditional waist and TC measurements, NC can be used as an indicator to provide an early prediction of developing T2DM, while providing clues for future mechanistic investigations of T2DM.

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Olivares, Josefina, Jack Wang, Wen Yu, Vicente Pereg, Richard Weil, Betty Kovacs, Dympna Gallagher, and F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer. "Comparisons of Body Volumes and Dimensions Using Three-Dimensional Photonic Scanning in Adult Hispanic-Americans and Caucasian-Americans." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 1, no. 6 (November 2007): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680700100619.

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Zhao, Liang, Chang-Hua Li, Fa-Ning Dang, Chu-Jun Li, and Zhong-Xing Duan. "Concrete CT Image Quick Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Research." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 10 (March 16, 2017): 1757005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417570051.

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The research of the mechanical properties of concrete, a kind of heterogeneous composite material, was previously established on basis of the mathematical model of random aggregate, which is used to study and analyze the mesoscopic damage mechanism of concrete. Although the shape and distribution of aggregate in the model built by this method are closer to the real structure of concrete, there is still a big difference between them and the real concrete specimen. In order to solve the problem of large amount of redundant computation in the CT reconstruction of full size cube space, a fast reconstruction method based on ray-casting algorithm is proposed. First, a method integrating the new bounding box technology with the plane intersection algorithm clusters were adopted to cut the body data and ray-casting effectively, and then, the polygon scanning and conversion was utilized to reduce the number of cast rays, finally, the adaptive sampling method was used to avoid repeatedly sampling same voxel so that the reconstruction efficiency of whole algorithm and the feasibility of numerical calculation can be enhanced. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can greatly improve the 3D rendering speed of concrete CT without affecting the image quality. It provides a more effective and reliable approach for correctly analyzing the mesoscopic damage mechanism and mechanical characteristics of concrete.

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Paśko, Sławomir, Małgorzata Dzierzęcka, Halina Purzyc, Anna Charuta, Karolina Barszcz, Bartłomiej Jan Bartyzel, and Marcin Komosa. "The Osteometry of Equine Third Phalanx by the Use of Three-Dimensional Scanning: New Measurement Possibilities." Scanning 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1378947.

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This study consisted in analyzing the asymmetry between bilateral third phalanges (coffin bones) in cold-blood horses based on the angle range of the plantar margin of the bone. The study employed a scanner projecting a hybrid set of images, consisting of sinusoidal stripes preceded by a Gray code sequence. As it turned out, three-dimensional scanning can be used to effectively determine the angle range for a selected portion of the studied bone. This provides broad possibilities for osteometric studies, as it enables the determination of angle distribution in a given fragment. The results obtained indicate a weak correlation between age and bilateral third-phalanx asymmetry in terms of the angle range of the plantar margins and no correlation between body weight and the asymmetry described.

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Sato, Kiminori, and Minoru Hirano. "Fine Three-Dimensional Structure of Pericytes in the Vocal Fold Mucosa." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 6 (June 1997): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600609.

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An investigation was carried out to determine the fine three-dimensional structure of pericytes in excised human vocal fold mucosa, by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation. The results are summarized as follows. 1) There were many pericytes around the true capillaries, arterial capillaries, and venous capillaries in the vocal fold mucosa. 2) Newborns had pericytes around the capillaries in the vocal fold mucosa. 3) The pericytes had bulged fusiform or polygonal cell bodies and branching processes. The branching processes consisted of long and relatively thick longitudinal ones and short circumferential ones. 4) The cell body and processes of the pericytes encircled the capillaries, and the tips of the processes formed intercellular tight junctions with endothelial cells and made a firm connection with them. 5) The pericytes had many cytoplasmic filaments. 6) The pericytes in the vocal fold mucosa appeared to support and protect capillary walls in the vibrating tissue.

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Gleadall-Siddall, Damien Oliver, Richard Lincoln Turpin, Caroline Clare Douglas, Lee Ingle, and Andrew Thomas Garrett. "Test–retest repeatability of the NX-16: a three-dimensional (3D) body scanner in a male cohort." Sport Sciences for Health 16, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00611-8.

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Abstract Purpose Whole-body three-dimensional scanning is a tool utilised for the collection of body girths, volume, and surface area measurements. Few studies have investigated the validity and repeatability of this technology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the test retest variability of the NX-16 body scanner (NX-16, TC2, Cary, North Carolina, USA). Methods Phase one involved the measurement of a mannequin on 300 occasions (30 scans over 10 sessions). In phase two, 13 apparently healthy male participants were recruited; each participant was scanned a total of four times (two scans over two sessions). Stature, body mass, and body fat % were obtained. Fourteen girth measurements were obtained (chest, underbust, stomach, waist, seat, hip, R/L bicep, R/L thigh, R/L mid-thigh, and R/L calf). Coefficient of variation was calculated for measurements obtained. Results Coefficient of variation for phase one ranged from 0.0% for the R calf, to 3.3% for the L thigh measurement. For phase two, values were higher, ranging from 0.5% for calf and chest to 4.6% for thigh measurements. Conclusions Test–retest variability of the measurements provided by the NX-16 body scanner varied according to body location. However, variability within measurements was low using a mannequin or human participant. The NX-16 body scanner (TC2, Cary, North Carolina, USA) may be a useful tool for tracking changes in body composition over time during large population studies.

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S. Ivshin, K., and . "Digital Approaches in Industrial Design." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.25037.

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In the present paper the digital approaches in industrial design have been developed and described, which reveals interdisciplinary connections for solving the problems of universal design, and searches for new forms of industrial products and investigates new types of industrial design of industrial products. The inversion modeling approach in stages resembles the traditional one, however, to create a surface model, the data obtained by scanning a man-made layout or prototype on a three-dimensional scanner are used. Shaping is based on the results of three-dimensional scanning, i.e. the source data is a point field or a polygonal model. Suitable for modeling a body approaching the final stage of production or for restyling the existing body shape. This approach is more laborious than the traditional one, due to the fact that you need to create a layout or have a ready prototype available, spend time on scanning, however, the maximum approximation of body parameters to a real object or layout is achieved. Criteria for choosing the inversion principle of modeling: according to TK, as a source for design data, a plasticine model, the form is not fractal, does not require changes in time and space, but is a complex closed shell.

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Lafever, Hayden A., Thomas M. Brinthaupt, Frederick S. Cottle, and Mary Beth Asbury. "Changes in Body Esteem After Viewing a 3D Full-Body Representation of Oneself." Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences 111, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14307/jfcs111.4.24.

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Three-dimensional (3D) body scanning is becoming an increasingly popular tool for research in the field of family and consumer sciences (FCS) because it quickly and accurately measures constructs that describe the human form. This study compared viewing a 3D body representation to viewing a two-dimensional (2D) representation and whether the effects of these assessments varied by gender. College-student participants (N = 164, 63 women, 101 men) were randomly assigned to one of two different body image groups, a 3D image and a somatomorphic (2D) assessment of body shape. Participants in both conditions completed a body-esteem pre-assessment, had their bodies scanned by a KX-16 body scanner, assessed the copy of their 3D or 2D body image, and then completed the body-esteem post-assessment. The 3D body scan group reported larger drops in body esteem than did the 2D group from pretest to posttest. More specifically, women in the 3D condition reported a larger drop in body esteem from pretest to posttest compared to what the men reported. The results suggest that using a 3D body scanner could have negative short-term effects on body esteem.

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Nan, Rong Li, Xin Sun, Bo Zhao Shu, Hang Wang, Shang Yu Yang, Cai Hong Lu, and Li Hong Han. "Threaded Failure Analysis for Three-Dimensional Horizontal Wells Casing." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1155.

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In view of the external thread fracture during casing running in a well in Xinjiang Oilfield, the failure reasons of thread fracture were analyzed by combining the theory with experiment, and the casing safe service window with harsh working conditions was given. The operation of the failed casing and determined the actual working conditions of the casing threaded joints during the running process were investigated in this paper. According to the theoretical method, the boundary conditions and load conditions of the fracture casing joint in service were determined. With the aid of full-scale physical simulation test device, as well as the above boundary conditions and load conditions, the same batch casing tensile bearing characteristics were determined. Through nondestructive testing, the metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy, spectral analysis and up-and-down test, the main controlling factors of casing thread fracture were determined. By the finite element analysis, the casing threads service state under axial tension and bending loads was established, the safety performance of threads under ideal working conditions was studied, and the fatigue mechanism of threads was revealed. Combined with the analysis results, the corresponding relationship between the casing tensile bearing characteristics and safety factor was given, which provides technical support for the safe service selection of casing body and thread under harsh conditions, saving cost and shortening the well construction period.

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