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Réthoré, Julien, Jean-Philippe Tinnes, Stéphane Roux, Jean-Yves Buffière, and François Hild. "Extended three-dimensional digital image correlation (X3D-DIC)." Comptes Rendus Mécanique 336, no. 8 (2008): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2008.06.006.
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Zhang, Chuang, Cong Liu, and Zhihong Xu. "High-Accuracy Three-Dimensional Deformation Measurement System Based on Fringe Projection and Speckle Correlation." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020680.
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Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) and digital image correlation (DIC) are widely applied in three-dimensional (3D) measurements. The combination of DIC and FPP can effectively overcome their respective shortcomings. However, the speckle on the surface of an object seriously affects the quality and modulation of fringe images captured by cameras, which will lead to non-negligible errors in the measurement results. In this paper, we propose a fringe image extraction method based on deep learning technology, which transforms speckle-embedded fringe images into speckle-free fringe images. The principle of the proposed method, 3D coordinate calculation, and deformation measurements are introduced. Compared with the traditional 3D-DIC method, the experimental results show that this method is effective and precise.
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Atkinson, Devan, and Thorsten Hermann Becker. "Stereo Digital Image Correlation in MATLAB." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114904.
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Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has found widespread use in measuring full-field displacements and deformations experienced by a body from images captured of it. Stereo-DIC has received significantly more attention than two-dimensional (2D) DIC since it can account for out-of-plane displacements. Although many aspects of Stereo-DIC that are shared in common with 2D DIC are well documented, there is a lack of resources that cover the theory of Stereo-DIC. Furthermore, publications which do detail aspects of the theory do not detail its implementation in practice. This literature gap makes it difficult for newcomers to the field of DIC to gain a deep understanding of the Stereo-DIC process, although this knowledge is necessary to contribute to the development of the field by either furthering its capabilities or adapting it for novel applications. This gap in literature acts as a barrier thereby limiting the development rate of Stereo-DIC. This paper attempts to address this by presenting the theory of a subset-based Stereo-DIC framework that is predominantly consistent with the current state-of-the-art. The framework is implemented in practice as a 202 line MATLAB code. Validation of the framework shows that it performs on par with well-established Stereo-DIC algorithms, indicating it is sufficiently reliable for practical use. Although the framework is designed to serve as an educational resource, its modularity and validation make it attractive as a means to further the capabilities of DIC.
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Shao, Xinxing, Jingye Qu, and Wenwu Chen. "Single-Camera Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation with Enhanced Accuracy Based on Four-View Imaging." Materials 16, no. 7 (2023): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072726.
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Owing to the advantages of cost-effectiveness, compactness, and the avoidance of complicated camera synchronization, single-camera three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC) techniques have gained increasing attention for deformation measurement of materials and structures. In the traditional single-camera 3D-DIC system, the left and right view images can be recorded by a single camera using diffraction grating, a bi-prism, or a set of planar mirrors. To further improve the measurement accuracy of single-camera 3D-DIC, this paper introduces a single-camera four-view imaging technique by installing a pyramidal prism in front of the camera. The 3D reconstruction of the measured points before and after deformation is realized with eight governing equations induced by four views, and the strong geometric constraints of four views can help to improve the measurement accuracy. A static experiment, a rigid body translation experiment, and a four-point bending experiment show that the proposed single-camera 3D-DIC method can achieve higher measurement accuracy than the dual-view single-camera 3D-DIC techniques and that the single-camera 3D-DIC method has advantages in reducing both random error and systematic error.
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Shadmehri, Farjad, and Suong Van Hoa. "Digital Image Correlation Applications in Composite Automated Manufacturing, Inspection, and Testing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132719.
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Since its advent in the 1970s, digital image correlation (DIC) applications have been rapidly growing in different engineering fields including composite material testing and analysis. DIC combined with a stereo camera system offers full-field measurements of three-dimensional shapes, deformations (i.e., in-plane and out-of-plane deformations), and surface strains, which are of most interest in many structural testing applications. DIC systems have been used in many conventional structural testing applications in composite structures. However, DIC applications in automated composite manufacturing and inspection are scarce. There are challenges in inspection of a composite ply during automated manufacturing of composites and in measuring transient strain during in-situ manufacturing of thermoplastic composites. This article presents methodologies using DIC techniques to address these challenges. First, a few case studies where DIC was used in composite structural testing are presented, followed by development of new applications for DIC in composite manufacturing and inspection.
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Barišić, Ivana, Tihomir Dokšanović, and Matija Zvonarić. "Pavement Structure Characteristics and Behaviour Analysis with Digital Image Correlation." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2023): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010664.
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Digital image correlation (DIC) is a method of point displacement measurement by an optical system. If two cameras are used for capturing the same point displacement, three-dimensional data are obtained using the 3D-DIC method. The areas of application of this method in pavement construction are diverse, but it is mainly used for displacement monitoring during standard tests of the failure of specimens due to load application. Furthermore, DIC technology was used only for testing particular material characteristics and assuming their influence on the overall pavement system. Within this research, DIC was applied in two areas: defining material mechanical characteristics and analyses of pavement structure behaviour under cyclic loading. The scope of this research was to gain more insights into DIC’s potential application within pavement behaviour analyses, specifically on cement-bound granular material (CBGM) characterisation. Results from this study confirm the suitability of 3D-DIC technology for pavement material characterisation. Furthermore, it is shown that certain trends of material behaviour defined on the simple material level of each independent pavement layer will significantly differ when it is placed in the system, and this kind of complex analysis is possible by using 3D-DIC technology.
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Liao, Yi-Hong, Manzhu Xu, and Song Zhang. "Digital image correlation assisted absolute phase unwrapping." Optics Express 30, no. 18 (2022): 33022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.470704.
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This paper presents an absolute phase unwrapping method for high-speed three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. This method uses three phase-shifted patterns and one binary random pattern on a single-camera, single-projector structured light system. We calculate the wrapped phase from phase-shifted images and determine the coarse correspondence through the digital image correlation (DIC) between the captured binary random pattern of the object and the pre-captured binary random pattern of a flat surface. We then developed a computational framework to determine fringe order number pixel by pixel using the coarse correspondence information. Since only one additional pattern is used, the proposed method can be used for high-speed 3D shape measurement. Experimental results successfully demonstrated that the proposed method can achieve high-speed and high-quality measurement of complex scenes.
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Peng, Mingkai, Yi-Chieh Ho, Wei-Chung Wang, Ying Hei Chui, and Meng Gong. "Measurement of wood shrinkage in jack pine using three dimensional digital image correlation (DIC)." Holzforschung 66, no. 5 (2012): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2011-0124.
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Abstract Dimensional stability is one of the most important properties of lumber. Shrinkage is especially critical in this regard. In this study, longitudinal, radial and tangential shrinkages in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) have been found to be 0.4, 3.3 and 5.7%, respectively, by means of three dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC). Full field shrinkage data were extracted from two types of specimen. It was demonstrated that the 3D DIC method is a suitable method of providing localized shrinkage values. The shrinkages in the three anatomical dimensions exhibit different variation patterns from pith to bark. Detailed shrinkage measurements provided data for a better understanding and modeling of shrinkage within a tree stem, which could be useful for lumber distortion simulation.
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Khoo, Sze-Wei, Saravanan Karuppanan, and Ching-Seong Tan. "A Review of Surface Deformation and Strain Measurement Using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation." Metrology and Measurement Systems 23, no. 3 (2016): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2016-0028.
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Abstract Among the full-field optical measurement methods, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is one of the techniques which has been given particular attention. Technically, the DIC technique refers to a non-contact strain measurement method that mathematically compares the grey intensity changes of the images captured at two different states: before and after deformation. The measurement can be performed by numerically calculating the displacement of speckles which are deposited on the top of object’s surface. In this paper, the Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) is presented and its fundamental concepts are discussed. Next, the development of the 2D-DIC algorithms in the past 33 years is reviewed systematically. The improvement of 2DDIC algorithms is presented with respect to two distinct aspects: their computation efficiency and measurement accuracy. Furthermore, analysis of the 2D-DIC accuracy is included, followed by a review of the DIC applications for two-dimensional measurements.
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Felipe-Sesé, Luis, Ángel Molina-Viedma, Elías López-Alba, and Francisco Díaz. "RGB Colour Encoding Improvement for Three-Dimensional Shapes and Displacement Measurement Using the Integration of Fringe Projection and Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093130.
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Three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) has become the most popular full-field optical technique for measuring 3D shapes and displacements in experimental mechanics. The integration of fringe projection (FP) and two-dimensional digital image correlation (FP + DIC) has been recently established as an intelligent low-cost alternative to 3D-DIC, overcoming the drawbacks of a stereoscopic system. Its experimentation is based on the colour encoding of the characterized fringe and speckle patterns required for FP and DIC implementation, respectively. In the present work, innovations in experimentation using FP + DIC for more accurate results are presented. Specifically, they are based on the improvement of the colour pattern encoding. To achieve this, in this work, a multisensor camera and/or laser structural illumination were employed. Both alternatives are analysed and evaluated. Results show that improvements both in three-dimensional and in-plane displacement are obtained with the proposed alternatives. Nonetheless, multisensor high-speed cameras are uncommon, and laser structural illumination is established as an important improvement when low uncertainty is required for 2D-displacement measurement. Hence, the uncertainty has been demonstrated to be reduced by up to 50% compared with results obtained in previous experimental approaches of FP + DIC.
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Shih, Ming Hsiang, Wen Pei Sung, and Darius Bacinskas. "Development of Digital Imagine Correlation (DIC) Method for Three-Dimensional Rugged Surface of Construction Material." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5907.
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Digital Image Correlation, DIC method is developed a low-cost digital image correlation coefficient method based on advanced digital cameras and high-speed computers. Traditionally, two or more cameras are widely applied for conducting 3-D monitoring. There are numerous parameters need to be accurately calibrated. Therefore, the results of 3-D accuracy are worse than that of 2-D accuracy. The feasibility of a single camera to collect image to analyze the three-dimensional rugged surface of material is proposed in this study. A three-dimensional facial mask-like human makeup test and plaster cast are used to test. The test results reveal that the coordinate error between these two photos of the three-dimensional facial mask-like human makeup test is only 0.002mm and the absolute displacement, rotate on z-axis, strain on z-axis and von Mises strain of analysis results are extremely close to the real surface plaster cast.
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Gupta, Sachin, Venkitanarayanan Parameswaran, Michael A. Sutton, and Arun Shukla. "Study of dynamic underwater implosion mechanics using digital image correlation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2172 (2014): 20140576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0576.
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The physical processes associated with the implosion of cylindrical tubes in a hydrostatic underwater environment were investigated using high-speed three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC). This study emphasizes visualization and understanding of the real-time deformation of the implodable volume and the associated fluid–structure interaction phenomena. Aluminium 6061-T6 cylindrical tubes were used as the implodable volumes. Dynamic tourmaline pressure transducers were placed at selected locations to capture the pressure history generated during each implosion event. A series of small-scale calibration experiments were first performed to establish the applicability of 3D DIC for measuring the deformation of submerged objects. The results of these experiments indicated that the effects of refraction due to water and the optical windows can be accounted for by evaluation of the camera's intrinsic and extrinsic parameters using a submerged calibration grid when the surface normal of the optical windows is collinear with the camera's optical axis. Each pressure history was synchronized with its respective high-speed DIC measurements. DIC results showed that the highest rate of increase in contact area correlates to the largest pressure spike during the implosion process. The results also indicated that, for a given diameter, longer implodable volumes generated higher pressure spikes.
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Mousa, Mohammed Abbas, Mustafasanie M. Yussof, Lateef N. Assi, and SeyedAli Ghahari. "A Pre-Process Enhanced Digital Image Correlation Approach for Smart Structure Monitoring." Infrastructures 7, no. 10 (2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7100141.
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This research provides a practical guideline for Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data variations minimization in structural engineering through simple image processing techniques. The main objective of this research is to investigate the Pixel Averaging (P.A.) effect on the differential strain Diff(εx) variations. Three concrete arches were tested with three-point bending using the DIC technique for strain measurements. The measured strains are obtained through two virtual horizontal extensometers in the middle of each arch. The Diff(εx) was selected to avoid other 2D-DIC issues, such as the sample-camera out-of-plane movement. Three image cases, namely, one, ten, and twenty averaged images, were used for DIC analysis of each arch. The conditions of each image case are assessed by computing the Diff(εx) variance and the linear least square criterion (R2) between the two extensometers. The second objective is to examine the speckles’ dilation effects on the speckle pattern density and surface component quality utilizing the Image Erode (I.E.) technique. The (P.A.) technique provided consistent differential strain Diff(εx) values with a variance reduction of up to (90%) when averaged images were used. The (R2) has considerably increased (from 0.46, 0.66, 0.91 to 0.90, 0.96, 0.99), respectively, for the three samples. Moreover, the (I.E.) technique provided qualitatively denser speckles with a highly consistent DIC surface component.
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Sun, Cong, Haibo Liu, Yang Shang, Shengyi Chen, and Qifeng Yu. "Scheimpflug Camera-Based Stereo-Digital Image Correlation for Full-Field 3D Deformation Measurement." Journal of Sensors 2019 (December 17, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5391827.
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To further extend the scope of stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) to more challenging environments, a novel Scheimpflug camera-based stereo-DIC is developed for full-field 3D deformation measurement, wherein the Scheimpflug condition, consisting of tilting the sensor plane with respect to the lens plane for the sake of larger depth of field (DOF) of the camera, is employed. The geometric imaging model of the Scheimpflug camera is described, on the basis of which a robust and effective stepwise calibration strategy is performed to calculate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the stereo Scheimpflug rig. With the aid of a specially tailored stereo triangulation method and well-developed subset-based DIC algorithms, the three-dimensional shape and displacement of the specimen can be retrieved. Finally, practical experiments, including rigid motion tests and three-point bending tests, demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
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Sun, Wei, Jie Zhao, Xin Li, Zhongda Xu, and Zhenning Chen. "Study on the Compressive Properties of an Elastomeric Porous Cylinder Using 360° Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation System." Materials 16, no. 12 (2023): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124301.
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To study the compressive properties of an elastomeric porous cylinder, a 360° 3D digital image correlation (DIC) system is proposed. This compact vibration isolation table system captures different segments of the object from four different angles and fields of view, enabling a comprehensive measurement of the full surface of the object. To increase the stitching quality, a coarse–fine coordinate matching method is presented. First, a three-dimensional rigid body calibration auxiliary block is employed to track motion trajectory, which enables preliminary matching of four 3D DIC sub-systems. Subsequently, scattered speckle information characteristics guide fine matching. The accuracy of the 360° 3D DIC system is verified through a three-dimensional shape measurement conducted on a cylindrical shell, and the maximum relative error of the shell’s diameter is 0.52%. A thorough investigation of the 3D compressive displacements and strains exerted on the full surface of an elastomeric porous cylinder are investigated. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed 360° measuring system on calculating images with voids and indicate a negative Poisson’s ratio of periodically cylindrical porous structures.
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Saburi, Tei, Toshiaki Takahashi, Shiro Kubota, and Yuji Ogata. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Mortar Block under Blast Loading Using Digital Image Correlation." Materials Science Forum 910 (January 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.910.161.
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The dynamic strain distribution behavior of a mortar block blasting was experimentally investigated. A small-scale blasting experiment using a mortar block with well-defined property was conducted and the dynamic strain distribution on the mortal block surface was analyzed using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method to establish the effective method for investigating the relationship between blast design and fracture mechanism. The block was blasted by simultaneous detonation of Composition C4 explosive charges with an electric detonator in two boreholes. The behavior of the block surface was observed by two high-speed cameras for three-dimensional DIC analysis and it was also measured by a strain-gauge for comparison. The three-dimensional displacements of the free surface of the block were obtained and dynamic strain distributions were computed. A point strain profile extracted from the analyzed strain distribution data was compared with a directly observed strain profile by the strain gauge.
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Homma, Kenji, Paul R. Braunwart, and Patrick L. Clavette. "Assessment of digital image correlation vibrometry in the presence of thermal flow disturbance." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (2021): 3861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2543.
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Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an image-based method for measuring displacement and/or stain on the surface of a structure. When coupled with a stereo pair of highspeed cameras, DIC can also capture three-dimensional dynamic deformation of a structure under vibratory loading. However, high frequency and small amplitude displacement typically associated with structural vibrations mean that extra care is required during measurement and data processing. It becomes more challenging when thermal disturbances are present in the optical path, for example from a heated air flow, which introduces extraneous noise due to disturbances in the refractive index. In the present study, a simple composite plate was vibrated under a shaker excitation and stereo DIC measurements were performed. The obtained vibratory displacement results were compared against accelerometers and a laser Doppler vibrometer. Heated air flow was introduced in front of the plate to observe the effects of thermal disturbances on the DIC measurements. Although the contributions from the thermal disturbances were clearly visible in the DIC displacement data, it was shown that the vibratory deflections of the structure could still be extracted by post processing of the DIC data.
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Dan, Xizuo, Junrui Li, Qihan Zhao, Fangyuan Sun, Yonghong Wang, and Lianxiang Yang. "A Cross-Dichroic-Prism-Based Multi-Perspective Digital Image Correlation System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040673.
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A robust three-perspective digital image correlation (DIC) system based on a cross dichroic prism and single three charge-coupled device (3CCD) color cameras is proposed in this study. Images from three different perspectives are captured by a 3CCD camera using the cross dichroic prism and two planar mirrors. These images are then separated by different CCD channels to perform correlation calculation with an existing multi-camera DIC algorithm. The proposed system is considerably more compact than the conventional multi-camera DIC system. In addition, the proposed system has no loss of spatial resolution compared with the traditional single-camera DIC system. The principle and experimental setup of the proposed system is described in detail, and a series of tests is performed to validate the system. Experimental results show that the proposed system performs well in displacement, morphology, and strain measurement.
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Mendrok, Krzysztof, Ángel J. Molina-Viedma, Elias López-Alba, Francisco A. Díaz Garrido, and Lukasz Pieczonka. "Force Identification Based on Response Signals Captured with High-Speed Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020799.
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Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems allow three types of diagnostic tasks to be performed, namely damage identification, loads monitoring, and damage prognosis. Only if all three tasks are correctly fulfilled can the useful remaining life of a structure be estimated credibly. This paper deals with the second task and aimed to extend state-of-the-art in load identification, by demonstrating that it is feasible to achieve it through the analysis of response signals captured with high-speed three-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (HS 3D-DIC). The efficacy of the proposed procedure is demonstrated experimentally on a frame structure under broadband vibration excitation. Full-field vibration displacement signals are captured with the use of two high-speed cameras and processed with 3D-DIC. Loads are identified with two different algorithms based on inverting the Frequency Response Function (FRF) matrix and modal filtration (MF). The paper discusses both methods providing their theoretical background and experimental performance.
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Pan, Bing, Hui Min Xie, Tao Hua, Wei Ning Wang, and Yan Fang. "Displacement Smoothing and Strain Estimation Using Savitaky-Golay Filters in Digital Image Correlation." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.135.
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Recently, many research works were concentrated on how to improve the accuracy of displacement fields in digital image correlation (DIC). However, the original displacement fields calculated at discrete locations using DIC are unavoidably contaminated by noises. If the strain fields are directly computed by differentiating the original displacement fields, the noises will be amplified even at a higher level and the resulting strain fields are untrustworthy. To acquire reliably estimation of strain fields, in this paper, Savitaky-Golay (SG) filters are introduced to obtain smoothed displacement fields and reasonable strain estimation. The principle of two-dimensional SG filters is described in detail first. Then images of uniaxial tensile and three-point bending experiments were used to verify the proposed approach. The resulting smoothed displacement fields and strain fields clearly show that the proposed method is simple and effective.
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Qi, Cong, and Ai-guo Pi. "An experimental calculation method for stress intensity factors of three-dimensional surface cracks." Journal of Mechanics 40 (2024): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jom/ufae058.
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ABSTRACT Stress intensity factors (SIFs) are important parameters for evaluating structural reliability. This work combines CT in situ uniaxial compression experiment to study the main crack propagation trajectories of the reactive powder concrete (RPC) specimens. The three-dimensional (3D) displacement fields of RPC specimens with 3D surface cracks were analyzed using a 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) method. The 3D-DIC method was used to calculate the 3D surface crack SIFs of RPC specimens at different inclination angles, and the influence of crack inclination angles on SIFs was analyzed. The study found that the distribution pattern of SIFs calculated by the 3D-DIC method is consistent with the results obtained by the numerical method.
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Sun, Wei, Zhongda Xu, Xin Li, Zhenning Chen, and Xinqiao Tang. "Three-Dimensional Shape and Deformation Measurements Based on Fringe Projection Profilometry and Fluorescent Digital Image Correlation via a 3 Charge Coupled Device Camera." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 6663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156663.
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We propose a novel hybrid FPP-DIC technique to measure an object’s shape and deformation in 3D simultaneously by using a single 3CCD color camera, which captures the blue fringe patterns and red fluorescent speckles within the same image. Firstly, red fluorescent speckles were painted on the surface of the specimen. Subsequently, 12 computer-generated blue fringe patterns with a black background were projected onto the surface of the specimen using a DLP projector. Finally, both the reference and deformed images with three different frequencies and four shifted phases were captured using a 3CCD camera. This technique employed a three-chip configuration in which red–green–blue chips were discretely integrated in the 3CCD color camera sensor, rendering independent capture of RGB information possible. Measurement of out-of-plane displacement was carried out through the implementation of Fringe Projection Profilometry (FPP), whereas the in-plane displacement was evaluated using a 2D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method by leveraging a telecentric-lens-based optical system. In comparison to the traditional FPP-DIC hybrid methodology, the present approach showed a lower incidence of crosstalk between the fringe patterns and speckle patterns while also offering a corrective for the coupling of the in-plane displacement and out-of-plane displacement. Experimental results for the in-plane cantilever beam and out-of-plane disk comparisons with the traditional 3D-DIC method indicated that the maximum discrepancy obtained between FPP-DIC and 3D-DIC was 0.7 μm and 0.034 mm with different magnifications, respectively, validating the effectiveness and precision of the novel proposed FPP-DIC method.
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Frankovský, Peter, Ingrid Delyová, Peter Sivák, Jozef Bocko, Jozef Živčák, and Michal Kicko. "Modal Analysis Using Digital Image Correlation Technique." Materials 15, no. 16 (2022): 5658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165658.
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The present paper discusses a new approach for the experimental determination of modal parameters (resonant frequencies, modal shapes and damping coefficients) based on measured displacement values, using the non-contact optical method of digital image correlation (DIC). The output is a newly developed application module that, based on a three-dimensional displacement matrix from the experimental measurement results, can construct a frequency response function (FRF) for the purpose of experimental and operational modal analysis. From this frequency response function, the modal parameters of interest are able to be determined. The application module has been designed for practical use in Scilab 6.1.0, and its code interfaces directly with the ISTRA4D high-speed camera software. The module was built on measurements of a steel plate excited by an impact hammer to simulate experimental modal analysis. Verification of the correctness of the computational algorithm or the obtained modal parameters of the excited sheet metal plate was performed by simulation in the numerical software Abaqus, whose modal shapes and resonant frequencies showed high agreement with the results of the newly developed application.
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Tewari, Kavita, Rohit Gwalani, Preet Jain, Rishabh Sajin, Srishti Sharma, and Atharva Godse. "Deformation Analysis in Aluminium Magnesium Alloy Using Digital Image Correlation." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 04 (2022): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14i04.16.
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Image processing is extensively used to examine surface deformations. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) detects two-dimensional subpixel displacements in two images to analyze deformations in geomechanical structures. In this study, the analysis is done on an aluminium-magnesium alloy. An optical microscope is used to capture the image, which is then processed and utilized to anticipate material deformation. To acquire findings of strain points on the material, the Ncorr application in the MATLAB environment is employed. . Strain graphs on the Exx, Exy, and Eyy axes, as well as U-displacement and V- displacement graphs, are generated to detect the deformation.
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Lin, Yuankun, Pinbo Huang, Zihao Ni, Shengli Xie, Yulei Bai, and Bo Dong. "Full-Field Vibration Measurements by Using High-Speed Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 4257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074257.
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This work developed a method that uses a single monochrome high-speed camera without sacrificing the spatial resolution to measure both in-plane and out-of-plane full-field vibrations. By using the high-speed camera and a two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) algorithm, the method first extracts the out-of-plane displacement field from the measured virtual in-plane strains. Then it retrieves the in-plane displacement field after eliminating the out-of-plane motion-induced virtual component. For validation, in-plane and out-of-plane translation tests and single-frequency vibration experiments were carried out. The measurement results show good agreement with the reference values, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed high-speed 2D-DIC (HS-2D-DIC). Further, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a rectangular cantilever panel were also measured successfully, exhibiting the method’s effectiveness in practical applications. Since the HS-2D-DIC requires only a single monochrome camera, no complex optical setup, and no complicated calibration process, the method can be developed as a competitive tool for full-field vibration characterizations.
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Meng, Xin, Andy Pullen, Xi Guo, Xiang Yun, and Leroy Gardner. "Applications of 3D scanning and digital image correlation in structural experiments." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (2023): 1674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2543.
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AbstractThe primary aim of the present study is to explore the use, advantages and potential of two advanced data acquisition techniques – 3D scanning and digital image correlation (DIC), in the testing of metallic structures. 3D scanning is a novel method for capturing the full outer geometry of an object. It is being increasingly used in experimental studies for the determination of dimensional parameters and the characterisation of local and global imperfections, examples of which are given and discussed. Digital image correlation (DIC) is a rapidly evolving technology for the full‐field measurement of the displacements and strains over a surface. A brief introduction to DIC and its workflow is firstly provided. Example applications of DIC in various scales of experiments, including material tests, structural element tests and full‐scale structural system tests, are subsequently discussed. These new‐generation data acquisition techniques enable structural researchers to gain a deeper insight into the behaviour of metallic structures in experimental research.
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Chen, Dingding, Sangjae Yoon, Kazuo Arakawa, and Masakazu Uchino. "Laminate Thickness Evolution during the Resin Infusion Step of Vartm." Advanced Composites Letters 23, no. 6 (2014): 096369351402300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351402300601.
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The entire infusion step in a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) testing system. The results showed that a stack of fibre reinforcements initially shrank and then expanded as the resin filled the cavities before closing the inlet. The full-field thickness change distribution calculated from 3D DIC revealed zones that were unsaturated, partly saturated, and fully saturated with resin.
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KOZU, Hayao, and Ryo INOUE. "Measurement of three-dimensional surface deformation of ceramic materials by digital image correlation (DIC) method." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2020.28 (2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2020.28.308.
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Christensen, Christian Overgaard, Jacob Wittrup Schmidt, Philip Skov Halding, Medha Kapoor, and Per Goltermann. "Digital Image Correlation for Evaluation of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Slabs." Infrastructures 6, no. 7 (2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6070099.
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In proof-loading of concrete slab bridges, advanced monitoring methods are required for identification of stop criteria. In this study, Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D DIC) is investigated as one of the governing measurement methods for crack detection and evaluation. The investigations are deemed to provide valuable information about DIC capabilities under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the capabilities in relation to stop criterion verifications. Three Overturned T-beam (OT) Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs are used for the assessment. Of these, two are in situ strips (0.55 × 3.6 × 9.0 m) cut from a full-scale OT-slab bridge with a span of 9 m and one is a downscaled slab tested under laboratory conditions (0.37 × 1.7 × 8.4 m). The 2D DIC results includes full-field plots, investigation of the time of crack detection and monitoring of crack widths. Grey-level transformation was used for the in situ tests to ensure sufficient readability and results comparable to the laboratory test. Crack initiation for the laboratory test (with speckle pattern) and in situ tests (plain concrete surface) were detected at intervals of approximately 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm and 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm, respectively. Consequently, the paper evaluates a more qualitative approach to DIC test results, where crack indications and crack detection can be used as a stop criterion. It was furthermore identified that crack initiation was reached at high load levels, implying the importance of a target load.
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Seo, Seunghwan, Younghun Ko, and Moonkyung Chung. "Evaluation of Field Applicability of High-Speed 3D Digital Image Correlation for Shock Vibration Measurement in Underground Mining." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (2022): 3133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133133.
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When combined with high-speed photography technology, the digital image correlation (DIC) method provides an excellent photographic image processing capability that can be used to convert the evolving full-field surface properties of structures to sets of two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate values. In this study, the applicability of the DIC method and high-speed cameras in underground mining was investigated by measuring the displacement and vibration of rock pillars caused by blasting. This technique is used extensively in engineering and is increasingly being applied to new fields. As a result of comparing the DIC results for blast vibration with the measured values of the contact sensor through field tests, the maximum displacement and vibration speed were found to be 86% and 93% accurate, respectively. In addition, the obtained values appeared similar to those predicted through numerical analysis. Field test results indicate that both methods yielded similar results. Therefore, it is concluded that it is feasible to use the DIC and high-speed camera to measure ground displacements and vibrations from blasting in underground mining. In addition, the system conditions required for blast vibration measurement were considered by comparing the accuracy with the existing measurement methods.
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Dong, Bo, Fancang Zeng, and Bing Pan. "A Simple and Practical Single-Camera Stereo-Digital Image Correlation Using a Color Camera and X-Cube Prism." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214726.
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A simple and practical full-frame single-camera stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) technique for three-dimensional (3D) shape, displacement, and deformation measurements is proposed. The technique uses a compact X-cube prism-based color separation device and a color camera to capture images of blue and red colors from different optical paths, and then extracts the surface 3D shape and deformation information of a test sample by processing the captured two sub-channel color images using regular stereo-DIC algorithm. Compared with the existing full-frame single-camera stereo-DICs, the proposed one eliminates the need for a beam splitter and two bandpass filters to capture images, and offers more simple, compact, and easy-to-use optical arrangement. This novel single-camera stereo-DIC technique was validated by a series of baseline experiments involving 3D surface reconstructions, translation tests, and full-field deformation measurements, which provide a new flexible and practical avenue for measuring surface 3D shape and deformation, particularly in microscopic and high-speed applications.
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Hu, Hao, Boxing Qian, Yongqing Zhang, and Wenpan Li. "Digital Image Correlation with a Prism Camera and Its Application in Complex Deformation Measurement." Sensors 23, no. 12 (2023): 5531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125531.
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Given the low accuracy of the traditional digital image correlation (DIC) method in complex deformation measurement, a color DIC method is proposed using a prism camera. Compared to the Bayer camera, the Prism camera can capture color images with three channels of real information. In this paper, a prism camera is used to collect color images. Relying on the rich information of three channels, the classic gray image matching algorithm is improved based on the color speckle image. Considering the change of light intensity of three channels before and after deformation, the matching algorithm merging subsets on three channels of a color image is deduced, including integer-pixel matching, sub-pixel matching, and initial value estimation of light intensity. The advantage of this method in measuring nonlinear deformation is verified by numerical simulation. Finally, it is applied to the cylinder compression experiment. This method can also be combined with stereo vision to measure complex shapes by projecting color speckle patterns.
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Adorna, Marcel, Stefan Brodner, Jan Falta, Petr Zlámal, and Tomáš Fíla. "EVALUATION OF HOPKINSON BAR EXPERIMENTS USING MULTIPLE DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION SOFTWARE TOOLS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 25 (December 6, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.25.0001.
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Three different tools for Digital Image Correlation (DIC) were used for evaluation of dynamic experiments performed using custom Open Hopkinson Pressure Bar (OHPB) apparatus. High strain-rate measurements were performed on specimens of advanced cellular materials with predefined structure and negative Poisson’s ratio. Low impedance polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bars instrumented with foil strain-gauges were used for dynamic loading of the specimens. Experiments were observed using a pair of high-speed cameras for imaging of loading process in sufficient quality. Custom developed evaluation DIC tool implemented in Matlab, open-source Matlab tool (NCorr) and commercial DIC software (ISTRA 4D) were all used for evaluation of image sequences recorded by high-speed cameras. Comparison of results obtained using all three different DIC tools and results of complementary strain-gauge measurement are shown in this paper. Verification of reliability of custom made DIC software tool is presented.
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Zhang, Dehai, Yanqin Li, Guizhong Xie, Duanqin Zhang, Shen Wu, and Jianxiu Liu. "Digital image correlation method for measuring deformations of vinyl chloride-coated metal multilayer sheets." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 05 (2019): 1950050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500507.
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A three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC) method is presented for measuring the deformations of vinyl chloride-coated metal (VCM) multilayer sheets and their composites. The calculations and the principle of strain and deformation measurements using the DIC method are described. A VCM multilayer sheet consists of a substrate [steel plate cold commercial (SPCC) and steel plate cold elongation (SPCE)] and a clad (a VCM film). The corresponding deformations of VCM deep-drawing multilayer sheets (SPCE as a substrate and a VCM film as a clad), VCM nondeep-drawing multilayer sheets (SPCC as a substrate and a VCM film as a clad), nondeep-drawing substrates (SPCC), deep-drawing substrates (SPCE) and clads (VCM films) were captured along the x- and y-directions in uniaxial tension experiments and using the DIC method. The maximal measured strains along the x-direction for the VCM deep-drawing multilayer sheets, VCM nondeep-drawing multilayer sheets, nondeep-drawing substrates, deep-drawing substrates and clads were, respectively, 637.835%, 132.210%, 31.688.632%, 107.102%, and 118.937%. The maximal measured strains along the [Formula: see text]-direction were 739.028%, −11.174%, −9.678%, −13.273% and 12.120%, respectively. These data show that the mechanical properties of VCM multilayer sheets are better than those of their substrates and clads. The effectiveness and accuracy of the presented DIC method for VCM multilayer sheet measurements were confirmed in a series of experiments.
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Shi, H. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT METHOD OF FLATNESS OF LARGE DEPLOYABLE FLAT SAR." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-1/W1-2023 (December 5, 2023): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-1-w1-2023-875-2023.
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Abstract. In order to improve the detection and surveillance capability of space-based SAR, large-size spaceborne SAR antenna is needed, and the scale will reach the order of 100 meters. Antenna deformation induced by space thermal radiation, deployment error and other factors seriously affects the performance of SAR. it is necessary to measure the shape of the antenna in real time and with high precision through a three-dimensional measurement system in orbit. A three-dimensional measurement method combining laser ranging and digital image correlation (DIC) is proposed in this paper. The selection of target and camera in this measurement method is deeply analyzed, and the results show that the corner reflector target and Scheimpflug camera are suitable for this three-dimensional measurement method. For the irregular image of the target, this paper improves the traditional sub-pixel center location algorithm based on DIC algorithm, and the detection accuracy of the new geometric center location algorithm is less than 0.1 pixel. Finally, a three-dimensional integration algorithm integrating one-dimensional information from laser ranging and two-dimensional information from image detection is proposed, and the measurement accuracy of this method is verified by experiments to be less than 0.2 mm.
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El-Awady, Khalid A., Steven Lavenstein, and Jaafar A. El-Awady. "Three-dimensional surface displacement tracking for in-situ experiments: An alternative to digital image correlation (DIC)." Scripta Materialia 224 (February 2023): 115120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115120.
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Hlebová, Stanislava, Ľubomír Ambriško, and Ladislav Pešek. "Strain Measurement in Local Volume by Non-Contact Videoextensometric Technique on Ultra High Strength Steels." Key Engineering Materials 586 (September 2013): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.586.129.
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The paper presents the results of strain measurement using two methods: videoextensometry (ME46) and digital image correlation (DIC)-ARAMIS. ME46 - allows measuring and monitoring the major and minor strain on a planar surface of a loaded object [1]. Experimental equipment uses a CCD camera for monitoring the process. The software calculates the displacements of contrast dots and subsequently the strain components are obtained. Another method for non-contact measurements is DIC technique; the measurements are done using three-dimensional image correlation system. The system uses two digital high-speed cameras providing a synchronized stereo view of the specimen where speckles are arranged on the surface. The results show the complete strain field during the tests, including details of the strain field when necking develops prior to the failure [2]. Experimental results obtained on ultra high strength automotive steels DP 1000 and 1400M grades during static tensile test are presented in the paper. The outputs of both are deformation maps. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are compared.
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Korkisch, Marco, and Markus G. R. Sause. "Microscopic Measurement of Strain Fields with Digital Image Correlation and Comparison to Finite Element Modelling." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.575.
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Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has become more and more important in the field of material characterization and research, especially for strongly anisotropic fiber reinforced materials. Its big advantage over the conventional methods like strain gauges or point based video-extensometers is the full field strain and displacement measurement and the ability to analyze three-dimensional displacements. Although theoretically, the concept of the DIC as a pure image-based method allows it to work on every imaginable scale, its main field of application is in the range, where the region of interest (ROI) has a size between 10 −2 m to 10 −1 m. In this case, imaging is accomplished with the use of high-resolution black and white digital cameras. This work is focused on a smaller scale with ROI sizes between 10 −4 m to 10 −3 m, where a digital microscope is used to create the images. The innovative idea behind this work is using the natural surface structure of a polished carbon fiber reinforced Polyamide-6 sample, produced by automated fiber placement, as a statistical pattern instead of the usual speckle pattern applied to the area to be investigated. This way the stress and strain distributionin different regions of the investigated sample area can be evaluated and displayed, while the sample is exposed to an increasing mechanical load in form of a three-point bending test. The resulting strain and displacement fields are compared to finite element modeling of the ROI. To provide an accurate model, the image of the sample is first segmented into fiber, matrix and voids using “Trainable Weka Segmentation” and the resulting phases mapped with the corresponding material properties. To compute the resulting strains in the sample, the measured displacements from the DIC on the edges of the ROI were used as boundary conditions for the simulation. Simulation and experimental results clearly point out the inhomogeneity of the strain field in these samples. Due to the presence of fiber rovings and the presence of voids, local strain values exceed the global average by up to 4 %.
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SANTOS, A. H. A., R. L. S. PITANGUEIRA, G. O. RIBEIRO, and R. B. CALDAS. "Study of size effect using digital image correlation." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 8, no. 3 (2015): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952015000300005.
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Size effect is an important issue in concrete structures bearing in mind that it can influence many aspects of analysis such as strength, brittleness and structural ductility, fracture toughness and fracture energy, among others. Further this, ever more new methods are being developed to evaluate displacement fields in structures. In this paper an experimental evaluation of the size effect is performed applying Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique to measure displacements on the surface of beams. Three point bending tests were performed on three different size concrete beams with a notch at the midspan. The results allow a better understanding of the size effect and demonstrate the efficiency of Digital Image Correlation to obtain measures of displacements.
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Stoilov, G., V. Kavardzhikov, and D. Pashkouleva. "A Comparative Study of Random Patterns for Digital Image Correlation." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 42, no. 2 (2012): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10254-012-0008-x.
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A Comparative Study of Random Patterns for Digital Image CorrelationDigital Image Correlation (DIC) is a computer based image analysis technique utilizing random patterns, which finds applications in experimental mechanics of solids and structures. In this paper a comparative study of three simulated random patterns is done. One of them is generated according to a new algorithm, introduced by the authors. A criterion for quantitative evaluation of random patterns after the calculation of their autocorrelation functions is introduced. The patterns' deformations are simulated numerically and realized experimentally. The displacements are measured by using the DIC method. Tensile tests are performed after printing the generated random patterns on surfaces of standard iron sheet specimens. It is found that the new designed random pattern keeps relatively good quality until reaching 20% deformation.
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Liu, Xu, and Rongsheng Lu. "Testing System for the Mechanical Properties of Small-Scale Specimens Based on 3D Microscopic Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123530.
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The testing of the mechanical properties of materials on a small scale is difficult because of the small specimen size and the difficulty of measuring the full-field strain. To tackle this problem, a testing system for investigating the mechanical properties of small-scale specimens based on the three-dimensional (3D) microscopic digital image correlation (DIC) combined with a micro tensile machine is proposed. Firstly, the testing system is described in detail, including the design of the micro tensile machine and the 3D microscopic DIC method. Then, the effects of different shape functions on the matching accuracy obtained by the inverse compositional Gauss–Newton (IC-GN) algorithm are investigated and the numerical experiment results verify that the error due to under matched shape functions is far larger than that of overmatched shape functions. The reprojection error is shown to be smaller than before when employing the modified iteratively weighted radial alignment constraint method. Both displacement and uniaxial measurements were performed to demonstrate the 3D microscopic DIC method and the testing system built. The experimental results confirm that the testing system built can accurately measure the full-field strain and mechanical properties of small-scale specimens.
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Luan, LiKang, and Liam Crosbie. "A Three-Camera Digital Image Correlation System For Full-Field 3D Shape and Motion Measurement." Materials Evaluation 80, no. 11 (2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04293.
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A cluster-approach-based three-camera digital image correlation (DIC) system is introduced for full-field 3D shape and motion measurement. In this system, three cameras are employed to measure the same specimen area at different viewing angles. Data points within the region of interest can be evaluated by arbitrary camera pairs as a stereo DIC system so that data points with the smallest 3D residuum are selected and mapped into one common coordinate system. Two stationary shape measurements and one out-of-plane motion measurement were carried out with the three-camera DIC system. Test results were analyzed based on the same image series, projection calibration, and correlation parameters, but compared using different camera combinations (i.e., three-camera and two-camera data). Three-camera test results show not only an improved surface coverage due to the additional camera viewing angle for uneven specimen surfaces, but also a smaller and more homogenous distributed measurement uncertainty compared to the two-camera test results. The selection of data points with the smallest 3D residuum evaluated from any arbitrary camera pairs enables a better tolerance of the three-camera DIC system against various measurement error sources such as limited depth of field, lens distortion, and speckle pattern distortion due to tilted camera viewing angles.
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Kwak, Jae B., and Soonwan Chung. "Advanced utilization of 3D digital image correlation for thermal and impact reliabilities of electronics components." Microelectronics International 38, no. 1 (2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-08-2020-0052.
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Purpose This paper aims to present an adaptation of digital image correlation (DIC) to the electronics industry for reliability assessment of electronic packages. Two case studies are presented: one for warpage measurement of a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) package under different temperature conditions and the other for the measurement of transient displacements on the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB) assembly under free-fall drop conditions, which is for explaining the typical camera setup requirement and comparing among different boundary conditions by fastening methods of PCB. Design/methodology/approach DIC warpage measurements on a small device, such as a MEMS package, require a special speckle pattern. A new method for the creation of speckle patterns was developed using carbon coating and aluminum evaporative deposition. To measure the transient response on the surface of a PCB during a free-fall impact event, three-dimensional (3D) DIC was integrated with synchronized stereo-high speed cameras. This approach enables the measurement of full-field displacement on the PCB surface during a free-fall impact event, contrary to the localized information that is obtained by the conventional strain gage and accelerometer method. Findings The authors suggest the proposed patterning method to the small-sized microelectronics packages for DIC measurements. More generally, the idea is to have a thin layer of the dark or bright color of the background and then apply the white or black colored pattern, respectively, so that the surface has high contrast. Also, to achieve a proper size of speckles, this paper does not want to expose the measuring objects to high temperatures or pressures during the sample preparation stage. Of course, it seems a complicated process to use aluminum evaporator, carbon coater and electroformed mesh. However, the authors intend to share one of the solutions to achieve a proper pattern on such small-sized electronic packages. Originality/value 3D DIC technique can be successfully implemented for the measurement of micro-scale deformations in small packages (such as MEMS) and for the analysis of dynamic deformation of complex PCB.
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Ying, Jingwei, and Jin Guo. "Fracture Behaviour of Real Coarse Aggregate Distributed Concrete under Uniaxial Compressive Load Based on Cohesive Zone Model." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154314.
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Two-dimensional meso-scale finite element models with real aggregates are developed using images obtained by digital image processing to simulate crack propagation processes in concrete under uniaxial compression loading. The finite element model is regarded as a three-phase composite material composed of aggregate, mortar matrix and interface transition zone (ITZ). Cohesive elements with traction–separation laws are used to simulate complex nonlinear fracture. During the experiment, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to obtain the deformation and cracks of the specimens at different loading stages. The concept of strain ratio is proposed to describe the effectiveness of simulation. Results show that the numerical strain ratio curve and stress–strain curves are both in good agreement with experimental data. The consistency between the cracks obtained by simulation and those obtained by DIC shows the good performance of cohesive elements as well as the effectiveness of simulation. In summary, the model is able to provide accurate predictions of the whole fracture process in concrete under uniaxial compression loading.
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Ravindran, Suraj, Vatsa Gandhi, Akshay Joshi, and Guruswami Ravichandran. "Three-dimensional full-field velocity measurements in shock compression experiments using stereo digital image correlation." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (2023): 025107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131590.
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Shock compression plate impact experiments conventionally rely on point-wise velocimetry measurements based on laser-based interferometric techniques. This study presents an experimental methodology to measure the free surface full-field particle velocity in shock compression experiments using high-speed imaging and three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC). The experimental setup has a temporal resolution of 100 ns with a spatial resolution varying from 90 to 200 μm/pixel. Experiments were conducted under three different plate impact configurations to measure spatially resolved free surface velocity and validate the experimental technique. First, a normal impact experiment was conducted on polycarbonate to measure the macroscopic full-field normal free surface velocity. Second, an isentropic compression experiment on Y-cut quartz–tungsten carbide assembly is performed to measure the particle velocity for experiments involving ramp compression waves. To explore the capability of the technique in multiaxial loading conditions, a pressure shear plate impact experiment was conducted to measure both the normal and transverse free surface velocities under combined normal and shear loading. The velocities measured in the experiments using digital image correlation are validated against previous data obtained from laser interferometry. Numerical simulations were also performed using established material models to compare and validate the experimental velocity profiles for these different impact configurations. The novel ability of the employed experimental setup to measure full-field free surface velocities with high spatial resolutions in shock compression experiments is demonstrated for the first time in this work.
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Chai, Xing Hua, Xiao Ping Lou, and Nai Guang Lv. "Combination of Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry and Digital Image Correlation for 3-D Deformation Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 677 (March 2013): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.406.
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This paper refers to two whole-field , non-contact experimental techniques：Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The former can measure 3-D deformations in nanometric level. The latter can measure small displacement in micrometric level. DSPI needs a phase-shifting setup and rotating the whole device for 3-D deformation measurement. Two CCD cameras will be required recording speckle image simultaneously for 3-D measurement by DIC method. An optical system which is a combination of the two measurement method is proposed in this paper. Digital image correlation setup using one CCD camera for in-plane measurement and digital speckle pattern interferometric setup for out-plane measurement constitutes this measurement system. Three dimensions information of deformation can be recorded simultaneously by one 3-color CCD camera. This system can be used to measure deformation with a small out-plane component and a relatively larger in-plane component.
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Irwansyah, I., M. Dirhamsyah, E. Iswardy, T. Nanta Aulia, M. Alkindi, and S. N. Diah Fitriani. "Experimental Study of Strain Measurement using 2D Digital Image Correlation on Fixation Plate and Calcaneus Bone Fracture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2739, no. 1 (2024): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2739/1/012049.
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Abstract The plate and screw internal fixation technique is widely used for the treatment of fractured bones. Determining the mechanical behavior of bone plates under load conditions remains challenging, as it is anisotropic, non-linear, and inhomogeneous. Bone strain is frequently measured using strain gages, but they can only measure the strain at a single point. The optical method known as digital image correlation (DIC) provides the displacement and consequently the strain over the entire region of interest on the bone surface. The objective of this study was to investigate the strain changes in the surface of a calcaneus plate fixation during load compression using the digital image correlation method. In this study, a two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) and strain gauges-based experimental methodology for calculating calcaneal plate strains is presented. A 500 N static load was applied to a synthetic calcaneus that was both plate-covered and intact. A Sanders type II fractured calcaneus was stabilized with stainless steel (316L) plate. At the same locations on the calcaneus plate, displacement and strains were recorded. According to the results of the DIC method, the maximum strain values along the x, y, and shear directions were 0.008, 0.010, and 0.012 mm, respectively, while the measurement result for the strain gauge was 0.0015 mm. The experimental result had a slightly lower strain gauge than the DIC method’s output. The results of the experiment and the DIC were thought to be in good agreement.
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HUANG, JIANYONG, XIAOCHANG PAN, SHANSHAN LI, XIAOLING PENG, CHUNYANG XIONG, and JING FANG. "A DIGITAL VOLUME CORRELATION TECHNIQUE FOR 3-D DEFORMATION MEASUREMENTS OF SOFT GELS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 03, no. 02 (2011): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825111001019.
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This paper develops a set of digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithms to address 3-D deformation measurements of soft gels with the aid of laser-scanning confocal microscopy. As an extension of the well-developed digital image correlation (DIC) method, the present DVC approach adopts a three-dimensional zero-normalized cross-correlation criterion (3-D ZNCC) to perform volume correlation calculations. Based on a 3-D sum-table scheme and the fast Fourier transform technique, a fast algorithm is first proposed to accelerate the integer-voxel correlation computations. Subsequently, two kinds of sub-voxel registration algorithms, i.e., 3-D gradient-based algorithm and 3-D Newton–Raphson algorithm, are presented to obtain the sub-voxel displacement and strain fields of volume images before and after deformation. Both a series of computer-simulated digital volume images and an actual agarose gel sample randomly embedded with fluorescent particles are employed to verify the 3-D deformation measurement capability of the proposed DVC algorithms, which indicates that they are competent to acquire 3-D displacement and strain fields of soft gels.
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Lim, Seongjin, Changzoo Kim, Somaye Jafari, Joseph Park, Stephanie S. Garcia, and Joseph L. Demer. "Postmortem Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Modeling Demonstrate Posterior Scleral Deformations during Optic Nerve Adduction Tethering." Bioengineering 11, no. 5 (2024): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050452.
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Postmortem human eyes were subjected to optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate scleral surface deformations. We incrementally adducted 11 eyes (age 74.1 ± 9.3 years, standard deviation) from 26° to 32° under normal IOP, during imaging of the posterior globe, for analysis by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). In the same eyes, we performed uniaxial tensile testing in multiple regions of the sclera, ON, and ON sheath. Based on individual measurements, we analyzed eye-specific finite element models (FEMs) simulating adduction and IOP loading. Analysis of 3D-DIC showed that the nasal sclera up to 1 mm from the sheath border was significantly compressed during adduction. IOP elevation from 15 to 30 mmHg induced strains less than did adduction. Tensile testing demonstrated ON sheath stiffening above 3.4% strain, which was incorporated in FEMs of adduction tethering that was quantitatively consistent with changes in scleral deformation from 3D-DIC. Simulated IOP elevation to 30 mmHg did not induce scleral surface strains outside the ON sheath. ON tethering in incremental adduction from 26° to 32° compressed the nasal and stretched the temporal sclera adjacent to the ON sheath, more so than IOP elevation. The effect of ON tethering is influenced by strain stiffening of the ON sheath.
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Wang, Li Jie, Jing Jie Li, Yu Ming Qi, Xiao Hua Tan, San Peng Deng, and Qiu Li. "Application of 3D-DIC Method on Crack Forming Process of Concrete under Axial Compression." Key Engineering Materials 764 (February 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.764.21.
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Applying 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) method to observe and investigate on crack forming process of C45 cylinder concrete under axial compression. The three-dimensional displacement and strain of the exterior surface of C45 concrete during the failure process are obtained. Furthermore, the location and shape of the crack are predicted with the generation, variation and aggregation of the maximum strain equipotential line on the concrete surface. The results show that the applying of 3D-DIC method can accurately obtain the concrete strain distribution data, predict the crack development trend and provide an important basis for further study on the mechanism of damage and fracture characteristics of concrete structure.