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Journal articles on the topic 'Three-dimensional image in medicine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mankovich, Nicholas J., Douglas R. Robertson, and Andrew M. Cheeseman. "Three-dimensional image display in medicine." Journal of Digital Imaging 3, no. 2 (May 1990): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03170565.

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2

Wang, Jiang Wei. "An Improved Three-Dimensional Medical Image Segmentation Approach." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 1150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1150.

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This paper presents an three-dimensional medical image segmentation approach based on Live-Wire algorithm, through the virtual slices extraction to transform the direction of the segmentation from parallel direction into meridian direction, the amount of user interaction is independent of the number of the sequence of medicine images, improves the automation level of medicine images segmentation. This paper also improved the efficiency of traditional Live-Wire algorithm by four binary heap. Experiment shows that the approach can segmented the interest objects from the sequence of medical images rapidly and accurately, with less user interaction.

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Rigaut, Jean Paul, Jany Vassy, Gustavo Linares-Cruz, and Angela M. Downs. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE CYTOMETRY." Biology of the Cell 79, no. 3 (1993): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0248-4900(93)90238-a.

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4

Boag, A. H., L. A. Kennedy, and M. J. Miller. "Three-Dimensional Microscopic Image Reconstruction of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0562-tdmiro.

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Abstract Context.—Routine microscopy provides only a 2-dimensional view of the complex 3-dimensional structure that makes up human tissue. Three-dimensional microscopic image reconstruction has not been described previously for prostate cancer. Objectives.—To develop a simple method of computerized 3-dimensional image reconstruction and to demonstrate its applicability to the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Methods.—Serial sections were cut from archival paraffin-embedded prostate specimens, immunostained using antikeratin CAM5.2, and digitally imaged. Computer image–rendering software was used to produce 3-dimensional image reconstructions of prostate cancer of varying Gleason grades, normal prostate, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Results.—The rendering system proved easy to use and provided good-quality 3-dimensional images of most specimens. Normal prostate glands formed irregular fusiform structures branching off central tubular ducts. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia showed external contours similar to those of normal glands, but with a markedly complex internal arrangement of branching lumens. Gleason grade 3 carcinoma was found to consist of a complex array of interconnecting tubules rather than the apparently separate glands seen in 2 dimensions on routine light microscopy. Gleason grade 4 carcinoma demonstrated a characteristic form of glandular fusion that was readily visualized by optically sectioning and rotating the reconstructed images. Conclusions.—Computerized 3-dimensional microscopic imaging holds great promise as an investigational tool. By revealing the structural relationships of the various Gleason grades of prostate cancer, this method could be used to refine diagnostic and grading criteria for this common tumor.

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Grande, A. M. "Heterotopic heart transplantation: three dimensional image." Heart 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.053322.

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Kashiwagi, Katsuya, and Katsumi Kose. "A method to extract three-dimensional objects from three-dimensional NMR image data." NMR in Biomedicine 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(199701)10:1<13::aid-nbm443>3.0.co;2-z.

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7

Pan, T. "Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Digital Image Processing." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 51, no. 6 (May 19, 2010): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.074476.

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8

Sheppard, C. J. R., and C. J. Cogswell. "Three-dimensional image formation in confocal microscopy." Journal of Microscopy 159, no. 2 (August 1990): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb04774.x.

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9

Nijhawan, Romi. "‘Reversed’ Illusion with Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Shapes." Perception 24, no. 11 (November 1995): 1281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241281.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Müller-Lyer illusion is produced by a mechanism which uses information defined in the retinal coordinates, or by a mechanism taking into account the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the illusion figure. The classical Müller-Lyer figure could not be used to address this question since it is two-dimensional. Three-dimensional Müller-Lyer figures were created to see if the illusion they produce is correlated with the shape of the projected retinal image, or with the shape of these figures defined in a 3-D coordinate frame. In the experiments retinal image shape was juxtaposed against the 3-D shape of the illusion displays. For some displays the direction in which the fins pointed, relative to the shafts, in the 3-D frame was the ‘opposite’ of the direction in which they pointed in the retinal images. For such displays, the illusion predicted on the basis of the 3-D structure was the opposite of that predicted on the basis of retinal image shapes. For another 3-D display the fins were oriented such that each projected a single straight line in the retinal image, thus the typical retinal image (< >, > <) was replaced by straight lines (‖, ‖). For all the displays the observed illusion was consistent with how the fins were oriented relative to the shaft in the 3-D coordinate frame, ie with the 3-D shape of the illusion displays. The retinal image shape appeared to play little, if any, role. One conclusion that emerges is that the specific retinal image shape projected by the classical line-drawn pattern is neither necessary nor sufficient for producing the illusion. The present findings are inconsistent with two well known theories of the Müller-Lyer illusion: inappropriate constancy scaling and selective filtering.

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10

Sun, Ke, and Cunwei Lu. "Three-Dimensional Image Measurement by Pattern Projection Using a Single Observation Image." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0065.

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Abstract Since three-dimensional image measurement allows object surface shapes and dimensions to be obtained quickly and without any contact, it has recently been intensively studied in a wide range of fields, including industry, medicine and security. Three-dimensional image measurement technologies can be broadly classified into passive techniques, such as stereovision and active techniques, such as patterned light projection. Among these, the method of projecting optimum intensity modulated light patterns for three-dimensional image measurement can obtain three-dimensional information on the measured object with a single projection, so it is expected to be highly applicable in practice. Measurement can be performed using a single observation image when the object to be measured has simple colouration or surface reflectivity, but for complex objects, eliminating the influence of colour and surface reflectivity requires a reference image to correct the intensity of the observed pattern. To address this, we propose an analysis method and image correction technology, using a novel colour system for realizing three-dimensional measurements using only one observation image.

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11

Defrise, M., D. W. Townsend, and R. Clack. "Three-dimensional image reconstruction from complete projections." Physics in Medicine and Biology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/34/5/002.

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12

Holly, Langston T., and Kevin T. Foley. "Three-dimensional fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 99, no. 3 (October 2003): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.99.3.0324.

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✓ The authors sought to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) fluoroscopic guidance for percutaneous placement of thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws in three cadaveric specimens. After attaching a percutaneous dynamic reference array to the surgical anatomy, an isocentric C-arm fluoroscope was used to obtain images of the region of interest. Light-emitting diodes attached to the C-arm unit were tracked using an electrooptical camera. The image data set was transferred to the image-guided workstation, which performed an automated registration. Using the workstation display, pedicle screw trajectories were planned. An image-guided drill guide was passed through a stab incision, and this was followed by sequential image-guided pedicle drilling, tapping, and screw placement. Pedicle screws of various diameters (range 4–6.5 mm) were placed in all pedicles greater than 4 mm in diameter. Postoperatively, thin-cut computerized tomography scans were obtained to determine the accuracy of screw placement. Eighty-nine (94.7%) of 94 percutaneous screws were placed completely within the cortical pedicle margins, including all 30 lumbar screws (100%) and 59 (92%) of 64 thoracic screws. The mean diameter of all thoracic pedicles was 6 mm (range 2.9–11 mm); the mean diameter of the five pedicles in which wall violations occurred was 4.6 mm (range 4.1–6.3 mm). Two of the violations were less than 2 mm beyond the cortex; the others were between 2 and 3 mm. Coupled with an image guidance system, 3D fluoroscopy allows highly accurate spinal navigation. Results of this study suggest that this technology will facilitate the application of minimally invasive techniques to the field of spine surgery.

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Ding, Mingyue, H. Neale Cardinal, and Aaron Fenster. "Automatic needle segmentation in three-dimensional ultrasound images using two orthogonal two-dimensional image projections." Medical Physics 30, no. 2 (January 22, 2003): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1538231.

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14

Iwahara, Makoto, Hiroshi Iseki, Kintomo Takakura, Yoshitaka Masutani, and Takeyoshi Dohi. "Three-dimensional image guided navigation by augmented reality." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 9 (1996): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354785.

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15

ELLA, A., J. CHAMPIER, L. BONTEMPS, and R. ITTI. "Three-dimensional automatic image warping in cardiac SPECT." Nuclear Medicine Communications 21, no. 12 (December 2000): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200012000-00007.

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16

GAO, LUOMIN, DAVID G. HEATH, and ELLIOT K. FISHMAN. "Abdominal Image Segmentation Using Three-Dimensional Deformable Models." Investigative Radiology 33, no. 6 (June 1998): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199806000-00006.

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17

Hawkes, D. J., C. F. Ruff, D. L. G. Hill, C. Studholme, P. J. Edwards, W. L. Wong, and A. Padhani. "Three-Dimensional Multimodal Imaging in Image-Guided Interventions." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 12, no. 01 (March 1995): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1061314.

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18

Bouchet, Lionel G., Sanford L. Meeks, Gordon Goodchild, Francis J. Bova, John M. Buatti, and William A. Friedman. "Calibration of three-dimensional ultrasound images for image-guided radiation therapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 46, no. 2 (January 25, 2001): 559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/46/2/321.

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19

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM V., H. ROBERT GUY, DAVID B. WEINER, and MARK I. GREENE. "Three Dimensional Structure of a Functional Internal Image." Viral Immunology 2, no. 4 (January 1989): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.1989.2.239.

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20

Forsgren, Per-Ola. "Visualization and coding in three-dimensional image processing." Journal of Microscopy 159, no. 2 (August 1990): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb04775.x.

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21

Razavi, Reza S., Derek L. G. Hill, Vivek Muthurangu, Marc E. Miquel, Andrew M. Taylor, Sebastian Kozerke, and Edward J. Baker. "Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of congenital cardiac anomalies." Cardiology in the Young 13, no. 5 (October 2003): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951103000957.

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We describe a new method of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the heart that has been used to produce high quality diagnostic images in 274 patients with congenital cardiac disease, ranging in age from 1 day to 66 years. Using a steady state free precession gradient echo technique and parallel imaging, rapid acquisition of the entire cardiac volume is possible during 8 to 15 sequential breath-holds, each lasting between 8 and 15 s. We obtained high-resolution images, with a resolution of 1 mm3, at between 3 and 10 phases of the cardiac cycle.While images of diagnostic quality were obtained in all cases, in 52 patients there was some degradation due to various factors. Children under 8 years were ventilated, and ventilation was suspended for the breath-holds. For patients breathing spontaneously a novel respiratory navigator technique was developed, using a navigator echo placed over the right hemidiaphragm. This was used successfully in 20 patients, and reduced the misalignment of images obtained during different breath-holds.Images were analysed using multi-planar reformatting and volume rendering. Image processing took approximately five minutes for each study. End-diastolic images were processed for all patients. Systolic images were also processed in selected cases.Further improvements in parallel imaging should reduce imaging times further, so that it is possible to obtain the full volume image in a single breath-hold. This will enable imaging of complex anatomy to be obtained using a standard imaging protocol that does not require the operator to understand the cardiac malformation, making the magnetic resonance imaging of congenital cardiac disease faster and more effective.

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Foskey, Mark, Brad Davis, Lav Goyal, Sha Chang, Ed Chaney, Nathalie Strehl, Sandrine Tomei, Julian Rosenman, and Sarang Joshi. "Large deformation three-dimensional image registration in image-guided radiation therapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 24 (December 6, 2005): 5869–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/24/008.

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23

Hirsch, BE, JK Udupa, and D. Roberts. "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the foot from computed tomography scans." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-79-8-384.

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Recently developed computer programs create a new type of image from the sections created in computed tomography. These images look like actual photographs of internal structures. The authors describe the process of three-dimensional reconstruction in nonmathematical terms, and provide examples of its use in imaging the bones of the foot. They demonstrate the technique's ability to resolve small details, and its usefulness in displaying articular surfaces.

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24

Joseph, Sushitha Susan, and Aju Dennisan. "Three Dimensional Reconstruction Models for Medical Modalities: A Comprehensive Investigation and Analysis." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 16, no. 6 (July 27, 2020): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405615666190124165855.

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Background: Image reconstruction is the mathematical process which converts the signals obtained from the scanning machine into an image. The reconstructed image plays a fundamental role in the planning of surgery and research in the medical field. Discussion: This paper introduces the first comprehensive survey of the literature about medical image reconstruction related to diseases, presenting a categorical study about the techniques and analyzing advantages and disadvantages of each technique. The images obtained by various imaging modalities like MRI, CT, CTA, Stereo radiography and Light field microscopy are included. A comparison on the basis of the reconstruction technique, Imaging Modality and Visualization, Disease, Metrics for 3D reconstruction accuracy, Dataset and Execution time, Evaluation of the technique is also performed. Conclusion: The survey makes an assessment of the suitable reconstruction technique for an organ, draws general conclusions and discusses the future directions.

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Bauer, GR, HJ Hillstrom, JK Udupa, and BE Hirsch. "Clinical applications of three-dimensional magnetic resonance image analysis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 86, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-86-1-33.

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A methodology for measuring the kinematic parameters of joints in vivo has been refined using the technique of computerized three-dimensional reconstruction from magnetic resonance images. A research protocol has been developed to establish a classification of normal and pathologic foot function that will have broad clinical application. Development of algorithms for a computer-directed program that can predict resultant kinematics and joint morphometry for a given osteotomy or osseous remodeling procedure will assist the surgeon in preoperative surgical planning.

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Reid, Donald B., Myles Douglas, and Edward B. Diethrich. "The Clinical Value of Three-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2, no. 4 (November 1995): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660289500200408.

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Two-dimensional (2D) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging can now be reconstructed into three dimensions from serial 2D images captured following a “pullback” of the IVUS catheter through the target site. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions provide “longitudinal” and “volume” images. The former is similar to an angiogram and can be examined in three dimensions by rotating the image around its longitudinal axis, providing clinically useful information during endovascular procedures. The volume view takes longer to create and is not an exact reconstruction, but it provides images that can be rotated into any spatial position. It visualizes the luminal aspect of the vessel particularly well. The clinical value of 3D IVUS is in the diagnosis of vascular disease and the assessment of endovascular interventions. Three-dimensional IVUS, which provides better, more informative images than 2D IVUS, can be particularly useful intraprocedurally in detecting inaccurate deployment of intravascular stents and endoluminal grafts.

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27

Roberts, B., J. Norenberg, J. Sanders, A. Koerner, L. Arata, and M. Hartshorne. "REPRODUCIBILITY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL BRAIN SPECT-MR IMAGE COREGISTRATION." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 3 (March 1999): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199903000-00042.

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Chen, Chin-Kuo, Li-Chun Hsieh, and Tsun-Hao Hsu. "Novel three-dimensional image system for endoscopic ear surgery." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 275, no. 12 (October 1, 2018): 2933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-018-5153-7.

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Maeda, Fumiatsu, Akio Tabuchi, Kazutaka Kani, Ken-ichiro Kawamoto, Tsuyoshi Yoneda, and Tsutomu Yamashita. "Influence of three-dimensional image viewing on visual function." Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 55, no. 3 (May 2011): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-011-0011-9.

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Silverman, Paul M., Andrew S. Zeiberg, Thomas R. Troost, Roy B. Sessions, and Robert K. Zeman. "Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Hypopharynx and Larynx by Means of Helical (Spiral) Computed Tomography." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 6 (June 1995): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510400602.

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A new computed tomography (CT) technology, helical (spiral) CT, allows the entire neck to be imaged in only 30 seconds. Although multiplanar and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging could be performed with conventional CT, the volumetric acquisition provided by helical (spiral) CT allows significantly improved quality and easier reconstruction for more applications. These 3-D models show an airway appearance similar to that obtained with laryngography. Independent review of the 3-D images in 12 patients with lesions by two radiologists and one otolaryngologist was performed to assess 1) image quality, 2) ability to judge lesion extent, and 3) assistance in understanding the lesion compared to that provided by routine axial scans. Rating scores of 1 to 5 were assigned, with 5 representing the best quality or greatest value. The results showed that both groups scored image quality equally: 4.7. Lesion extent for the radiologists was 2.6, while the otolaryngologist's ranking was 3.7 (p < .01). In assisting understanding of lesions versus axial scans, radiologists ranked 3-D images 2.1, while the otolaryngologist ranked them 3.1 (p < .01). In summary, 3-D models provide a complementary imaging technique in understanding upper airway disease.

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31

Longo, Matthew R. "Three-dimensional coherence of the conscious body image." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68, no. 6 (June 2015): 1116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.975731.

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32

Metzler, Scott D., Samuel Matej, and J. Webster Stayman. "Special Section Guest Editorial: Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine." Journal of Medical Imaging 7, no. 03 (June 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmi.7.3.032501.

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33

Prater, James S., and William D. Richard. "Segmenting Ultrasound Images of the Prostate Using Neural Networks." Ultrasonic Imaging 14, no. 2 (April 1992): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469201400205.

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This paper describes a method for segmenting transrectal ultrasound images of the prostate using feedforward neural networks. Segmenting two-dimensional images of the prostate into prostate and nonprostate regions is required when forming a three-dimensional image of the prostate from a set of parallel two-dimensional images. Three neural network architectures are presented as examples and discussed. Each of these networks was trained using a small portion of a training image segmented by an expert sonographer. The results of applying the trained networks to the entire training image and to adjacent images in the two-dimensional image set are presented and discussed. The final network architecture was also trained with additional data from two other images in the set. The results of applying this retrained network to each of the images in the set are presented and discussed.

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Jiang, Pei. "APPLICATION OF 3D ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY OF VISION SYSTEM IMAGE IN SPORTS MEDICINE." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 4 (August 2021): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0123.

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ABSTRACT Background: Objective: The study of sports biomechanics in sports medicine usually requires a special image analysis system (software) to obtain 3D kinematics data. Taking the swimming project in sports medicine as an example, 3D water images in water have always been relatively complicated and difficult. As light travels in different media, it will refract and reflect. When testing underwater movements, if only a land camera or an underwater camera is used for testing, the error caused by light refraction will be larger, which will affect the accuracy of the test data even more. Methods: Taking breaststroke movement as an example, a three-dimensional measurement method based on the Kwon3D movement analysis system is introduced. This method is different from the simple underwater camera test. It is a three-dimensional test method combining a land camera and an underwater camera. Two underwater cameras and two land cameras were used to simultaneously calibrate the water and underwater space with the same calibration frame in the experiment after analyzing and verifying the accuracy of 3D reconstruction. Results: The comprehensive reconstruction error is small, and the average relative error is less than 1%. Conclusions: The application of three-dimensional image analysis technology of vision systems in sports medicine is reasonable and worth promoting. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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Jorgensen, Steven M., Omer Demirkaya, and Erik L. Ritman. "Three-dimensional imaging of vasculature and parenchyma in intact rodent organs with X-ray micro-CT." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): H1103—H1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.3.h1103.

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A microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanner, which generates three-dimensional (3-D) images consisting of up to a billion cubic voxels, each 5–25 μm on a side, and which has isotropic spatial resolution, is described. Its main components are a spectroscopic X-ray source that produces selectable primary emission peaks at ∼9, 18, or 25 keV and a fluorescing thin crystal plate that is imaged (at selectable magnification) with a lens onto a 2.5 × 2.5-cm, 1,024 × 1,024-pixel, charge-coupled device (CCD) detector array. The specimen is positioned close to the crystal and is rotated in 721 equiangular steps around 360° between each X-ray exposure and its CCD recording. Tomographic reconstruction algorithms, applied to these recorded images, are used to generate 3-D images of the specimen. The system is used to scan isolated, intact, fixed rodent organs (e.g., heart or kidney) with the image contrast of vessel lumens enhanced with contrast medium. 3-D image display and analysis are used to address physiological questions about the internal structure-to-function relationships of the organs.

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Chabrerie, Alexandra, Fatma Ozlen, Shin Nakajima, Michael E. Leventon, Hideki Atsumi, Eric Grimson, Ferenc Jolesz, Ron Kikinis, and Peter McL Black. "Three-dimensional image reconstruction for low-grade glioma surgery." Neurosurgical Focus 4, no. 4 (April 1998): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1998.4.4.10.

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Three-dimensional image reconstruction for preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative navigation for the resection of low-grade gliomas was performed in 20 patients. Thirteen of these surgeries were performed while the patient received a local anesthetic to allow for cortical mapping. Ninety percent of the patients were functionally intact postoperatively. The authors propose that the combination of the three-dimensional image reconstruction and surgical navigation, in conjunction with intraoperative cortical mapping, provides an additional means for surgeons to improve the safety and precision of the procedures.

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Graves, Martin J., Richard T. Black, and David J. Lomas. "Constrained Surface Controllers for Three-dimensional Image Data Reformatting." Radiology 252, no. 1 (July 2009): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2521081368.

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38

Bedell, Barry J., Ponnada A. Narayana, and Dennis A. Johnston. "Three-Dimensional MR image registration of the human brain." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 35, no. 3 (March 1996): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910350317.

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39

Squire, A., and P. I. H. Bastiaens. "Three dimensional image restoration in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy." Journal of Microscopy 193, no. 1 (January 1999): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00427.x.

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40

Lu, Bin, Nan Zhuang, Song-Shou Mao, Hamid Bakhsheshi, Steve C. K. Liu, and Matthew J. Budoff. "Image Quality of Three-Dimensional Electron Beam Coronary Angiography." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 26, no. 2 (March 2002): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200203000-00008.

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41

Yaminsky, I. V. "Three Dimensional Image Analysis in Biomedical Scanning Probe Microscopy." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.044.

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42

Wilson, T., and J. B. Tan. "Three dimensional image reconstruction in conventional and confocal microscopy." Bioimaging 1, no. 3 (September 1993): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1361-6374(199309)1:3<176::aid-bio6>3.3.co;2-p.

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Okumura, Yasuo, Benhur D. Henz, Susan B. Johnson, T. Jared Bunch, Christine J. O’Brien, David O. Hodge, Andres Altman, Assaf Govari, and Douglas L. Packer. "Three-Dimensional Ultrasound for Image-Guided Mapping and Intervention." Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 1, no. 2 (June 2008): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circep.108.769935.

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Goldberg, M., and H. F. Sun. "Image sequence coding by three-dimensional block vector quantisation." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 133, no. 5 (1986): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1986.0077.

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Caunce, S., D. Dadarwal, G. Adams, P. Brar, and J. Singh. "121 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EARLY CORPUS LUTEUM VASCULARITY IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab121.

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The aim of the study was to develop an objective method to assess the vascular flow to the early corpus luteum (CL) in buffaloes using colour Doppler ultrasound data. Our hypothesis was that 3-dimensional (3D) volumetric analysis of vascularity would demonstrate lower variability between animals compared with conventional 2-dimensional (2D) analysis of single images. Wave emergence and ovulation was synchronized in buffalo (n = 16) using prostaglandin-GnRH based protocols. Colour Doppler ultrasonography (MyLab5, 7.5-MHz linear array, colour gain 65%) was performed daily from Day −2 to 4 (Day 0 = ovulation). Video clips of the ovaries (20 s at 18–28 frames per second, AVI) were recorded by slow and uniform free-hand movement of the transducer. Day 4 CL was used for analysis of vascular area and volume. For 2D vascularity assessment, 3 images (800 × 652 pixels, RGB, BMP) of each CL (at maximum apparent vascularity) were acquired through the clip image function on the ultrasound machine and analysed by ImageJ (Fiji) software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). For 3D vascularity assessment, a portion of the video clip encompassing an entire ovary was identified and exported as a series of 2D TIFF images using Videomach software. The ultrasound scale bar was used to calculate the number of pixels per millimetre and to calibrate the X (horizontal) and Y (vertical) dimensions. For 2D analyses, the CL boundary was drawn using the free-hand manual selection tool in Fiji, the area of the CL (mm2) was recorded, and the border was then enlarged by 1.5 mm to include the peripheral vascular region of the CL. The colour threshold was adjusted to select the vascular region. The 2D vascularity score was calculated as the ratio of the coloured area to the enlarged luteal area. For 3D volumetric analyses, each series of TIFF images was imported as an image sequence in Fiji and colour thresholding (similar to 2D analysis) was applied to save a second TIFF series containing luteal vascular regions (coloured areas) only. The remaining volumetric analyses were completed in Imaris software using the ovarian volume (original TIFF series) and luteal vascular volume (second TIFF series) as separate channels. The Z-dimension thickness of each image was estimated by using the dimensions of a follicle within the same ovary (Z-axis diameter = mean diameter along X- and Y-axes). Similar to 2D analyses, the volume of the CL was obtained by drawing a border along the edge of the CL, the CL border was enlarged by 1.5 mm, and a 3D vascularity score was obtained by building a surface on the luteal vascular image and calculating the vascular to luteal volume ratio. The 2D vascularity score differed from 3D vascularity score (0.21 ± 0.02 v. 0.13 ± 0.02, paired t-test P < 0.01); however, variance did not differ (Bartlett’s test P = 0.32). Our initial results support the notion that the described technique of quantifying vascular volume of the corpus luteum may decrease the technical variability during image assessment and therefore better reflect the true vascularity compared with 2D image analyses. Research was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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Chamgoulov, Ravil, Pierre Lane, and Calum MacAulay. "Optical Computed-Tomographic Microscope for Three-Dimensional Quantitative Histology." Analytical Cellular Pathology 26, no. 5-6 (January 1, 2004): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/209579.

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A novel optical computed‐tomographic microscope has been developed allowing quantitative three‐dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis of fixed pathological material. Rather than a conventional two‐dimensional (2D) image, the instrument produces a 3D representation of fixed absorption‐stained material, from which quantitative histopathological features can be measured more accurately. The accurate quantification of these features is critically important in disease diagnosis and the clinical classification of cancer. The system consists of two high NA objective lenses, a light source, a digital spatial light modulator (DMD, by Texas Instrument), an x–y stage, and a CCD detector. The DMD, positioned at the back pupil‐plane of the illumination objective, is employed to illuminate the specimen with parallel rays at any desired angle. The system uses a modification of the convolution backprojection algorithm for reconstruction. In contrast to fluorescent images acquired by a confocal microscope, this instrument produces 3D images of absorption stained material. Microscopic 3D volume reconstructions of absorption‐stained cells have been demonstrated. Reconstructed 3D images of individual cells and tissue can be cut virtually with the distance between the axial slices less than 0.5 μm.

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Jang, Chul Ho, and Pa-Chun Wang. "Preoperative evaluation of bone destruction using three-dimensional computed tomography in cholesteatoma." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 118, no. 10 (October 2004): 827–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215042450779.

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This study investigated the usefulness of three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) in the evaluation of bony defects caused by cholesteatoma. Fifteen patients with chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma who showed bony destruction or suspicious destruction in two-dimensional CT were examined using 3DCT. The CT data were transferred to a workstation witha real-time image processor. We used three-dimensional reconstruction software enabling image processing. In all patients, 3DCT clearly delineated the destruction of bony structures by cholesteatoma. The 3DCT-generated images provided spatial relationships, which were not easily appreciated on two-dimensional CT. Intraoperative bony destruction findings correlated with 3DCT findings. From these results, 3DCT could be useful to evaluate the invasiveness of cholesteatoma to the cranial base. It could also be helpful in planning reconstruction during surgery.

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Benatar, M., S. Wynchank, and L. P. Adams. "Three-dimensional magnetic resonance image representation using reflection holography." Physics in Medicine and Biology 33, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/33/12/011.

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Deb, Shilpa, Zeina Haoula, and Nick Raine-Fenning. "Three-dimensional Ultrasound in the Fertility Clinic." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 4 (2008): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1079.

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Abstract The management of subfertility involves a detailed assessment of the couple to identify factors that may affect or predict the outcome of treatment. Three-dimensional imaging is one of the recent advances in the field of ultrasound which has several obvious benefits that relate to an improved spatial orientation and the demonstration of additional image planes such as the coronal plane. Many clinicians remain unconvinced by its reputed advantages and three-dimensional ultrasound is not without disadvantages. These mainly relate to the cost involved and training requirements. Threedimensional ultrasound imaging is still at a relatively early stage in terms of its role as a day-to-day imaging modality in gynecology and reproductive medicine. Other than its application in the assessment and differentiation of uterine anomalies there is little evidence that three-dimensional ultrasound results in clinically-relevant benefit or negates the need for further investigation. Future work should ensure that three-dimensional ultrasound is compared to conventional imaging in randomized trials where the observer is blinded to the outcome such that its role in reproductive medicine can be truly evaluated in an evidence-based manner.

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Liao, Ai-Ho, Li-Yen Chen, Wen-Fang Cheng, and Pai-Chi Li. "A Three-Dimensional Registration Method for MicroUS/MicroPET Multimodality Small-Animal Imaging." Ultrasonic Imaging 29, no. 3 (July 2007): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173460702900302.

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Small-animal models are used extensively in disease research, genomics research, drug development and developmental biology. The development of noninvasive small-animal imaging techniques with adequate spatial resolution and sensitivity is therefore of prime importance. In particular, multimodality small-animal imaging can provide complementary information. This paper presents a method for registering high-frequency ultrasonic (microUS) images with small-animal positron-emission tomography (microPET) images. Registration is performed using six external multimodality markers, each being a glass bead with a diameter of 0.43–0.60 mm, with 0.1 μl of [18F]FDG placed in each marker holder. A small-animal holder is used to transfer mice between the microPET and microUS systems. Multimodality imaging was performed on C57BL/6J black mice bearing WF-3 ovary cancer cells in the second week after tumor implantation and rigid-body image registration of the six markers was also performed. The average registration error was 0.31 mm when all six markers were used and increased as the number of markers decreased. After image registration, image segmentation and fusion are performed on the tumor. Our multimodality small-animal imaging method allows structural information from microUS to be combined with functional information from microPET, with the preliminary results showing it to be an effective tool for cancer research.

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