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Journal articles on the topic 'Three dimensional seismic reflection surveying'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Kao, Jason Chin‐Sen, William A. Schneider, and Walter W. Whitman. "Automated interpolation of two‐dimensional seismic grids into three‐dimensional data volume." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 4 (1990): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442852.

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This paper develops an interpolation algorithm for creating three‐dimensional (3-D) seismic data volumes from conventional two‐dimensional (2-D) seismic grids. The creation of a 3-D data volume permits the use of a more accurate 3-D migration process and a better interpretation of the broad geologic features of a prospect area than does applying conventional techniques to 2-D data. A seismic surveying area is divided into a number of polygons by the input 2-D seismic profiles. The interpolation procedure is performed in each polyhedral cylinder, whose cylindrical axis is time and cross‐section

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2

Greenhalgh, Stewart A., Iain M. Mason, and Cvetan Sinadinovski. "In‐mine seismic delineation of mineralization and rock structure." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (2000): 1908–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444875.

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Significant progress has been made towards the goal of generating detailed seismic images as an aid to mine planning and exploration at the Kambalda nickel mines of Western Australia. Crosshole and vertical‐seismic‐profiling instrumentation, including a slimline multi‐element hydrophone array, three‐component geophone sensors, and a multishot detonator sound source, have been developed along with special seismic imaging software to map rock structure. Seismic trials at the Hunt underground mine established that high frequency (> 1 kHz) signals can be propagated over distances of tens of met

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3

Goold, John C. "Acoustic Assessment of Populations of Common Dolphin Delphinus Delphis In Conjunction With Seismic Surveying." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 3 (1996): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400031477.

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Common dolphin, Delphinus delphis (bairdi), were monitored acoustically across a survey area of 2747 km2 during a three month period before, during and after an oil industry two dimensional (2D) seismic reflection survey. Over 900 h of audio survey data were collected and analysed, along with GPS positional data, to reveal trends in presence and distribution of animals. The presence of dolphins was determined from vocalization events on the survey recordings. Dolphin presence was assessed by a system of percentage acoustic contact. This was highest before and after the seismic survey, with com

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4

Stewart, D. B., and M. R. Seman. "The development and initial field trials of a new high frequency seismic vibrator." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989163.

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The cost of shot hole drilling is often more expensive than using vibratory energy sources in high resolution seismic surveying. However, such costs are often accepted since conventional vibrators cannot always provide the extreme imaging capacity required in high resolution work. Conventional seismic vibrators sweep in a range from 5 Hz to 250 Hz ? the range of which is limited by the vibrator. The impulse train of the high resolution wacker used by the MiniSOSIE1 system is also band limited, causing a reduction in imaging resolution. The ideal solution is to sweep a broad range of frequencie

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5

Lambourne, A. N., B. J. Evans, and P. J. Hatherly. "The application of the 3D seismic surveying technique to coal seam imaging: case histories from the Arckaringa and Sydney basins." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989137.

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Two dimensional seismic surveying is commonly used in the coal mining industry to assist the mining and development of coal deposits by seismically imaging coal seams. A specialised three dimensional seismic surveying technique has recently been performed over coal mining leases in South Australia and New South Wales, to trial its applicability to coal mine planning and extraction operations.The first two case histories of its trial in Australia are presented, and the conclusion drawn that the specialised three dimensional technique developed to date offers the ability to image coal seams in t

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6

Spitzer, Roman, Alan G. Green, and Frank O. Nitsche. "Minimizing field operations in shallow 3‐D seismic reflection surveying." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (2001): 1761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487118.

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By appropriately decimating a comprehensive shallow 3‐D seismic reflection data set recorded across unconsolidated sediments in northern Switzerland, we have investigated the potential and limitations of four different source‐receiver acquisition patterns. For the original survey, more than 12 000 shots and 18 000 receivers deployed on a [Formula: see text] grid resulted in common midpoint (CMP) data with an average fold of ∼40 across a [Formula: see text] area. A principal goal of our investigation was to determine an acquisition strategy capable of producing reliable subsurface images in a m

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7

Hunter, J. A., S. E. Pullan, R. A. Burns, et al. "Downhole seismic logging for high‐resolution reflection surveying in unconsolidated overburden." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 4 (1998): 1371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444439.

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Downhole seismic velocity logging techniques have been developed and applied in support of high‐resolution reflection seismic surveys. For shallow high‐resolution reflection surveying within unconsolidated overburden, velocity‐depth control can sometimes be difficult to achieve; as well, unambiguous correlation of reflections with overburden stratigraphy is often problematic. Data obtained from downhole seismic logging can provide accurate velocity‐depth functions and directly correlate seismic reflections to depth. The methodologies described in this paper are designed for slimhole applicatio

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8

Romanov, V. V. "Analysis of a terminological base in the field of two-dimensional seismic surveying and proposals on its development and unification." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-1-61-74.

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Introduction. The state of the terminological base used in the field of two-dimensional seismic surveying in the period 1933–2015 is analyzed and proposals to revise some key concepts are made.Aim. An analysis of the existing terminological base of the procedure of two-dimensional seismic surveying and the formation of a new base on the basis of a system approach.Materials and methods. An analysis of the terms used in educational, reference and normative literature on seismic surveying published in 1933–2015, followed by a critical analysis of the revealed terminological bases.Results. The inv

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9

Greaves, Robert J., and Terrance J. Fulp. "Three‐dimensional seismic monitoring of an enhanced oil recovery process." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 9 (1987): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442381.

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Seismic reflection data were used to monitor the progress of an in‐situ combustion, enhanced oil recovery process. Three sets of three‐dimensional (3-D) data were collected during a one‐year period in order to map the extent and directions of propagation in time. Acquisition and processing parameters were identical for each survey so that direct one‐to‐one comparison of traces could be made. Seismic attributes were calculated for each common‐depth‐point data set, and in a unique application of seismic reflection data, the preburn attributes were subtracted from the midburn and postburn attribu

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10

Fradelizio, Gian Luigi, Alan Levander, and Colin A. Zelt. "Three-dimensional seismic-reflection imaging of a shallow buried paleochannel." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 5 (2008): B85—B98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2969775.

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A suite of reflection seismology investigations of the shallow subsurface was conducted at Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah, at a groundwater contamination site with very large subsurface mechanical heterogeneity. The investigations were designed to expand and improve understanding of the subsurface environment developed from well data and previous seismic investigations. The goal of the investigations was to image the sides and bottom of a paleochannel eroded in a clay layer [Formula: see text] below the surface. The paleochannel is filled with a mix of sands, clays, and gravels of different

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11

Rich, Jamie P., and Alan J. Witten. "A theoretical and experimental comparison of three-dimensional seismic reflection and offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP)." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 4 (2005): R25—R32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1988185.

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Diffraction tomography imaging has been applied to data acquired with two different measurement geometries at a buried waste disposal site. The experimental scale is quite small, having a horizontal extent on the order of 10 m and considering features at depths (most importantly, a layer of buried waste) of less than 10 m. Both a 3D reflection and a pseudo-3D offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) geometry were used. The use of these two different geometries allows for a comparison of the results and limitations of each method. Images derived from both techniques must be interpreted with a kn

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12

Chiu, S. K. L., E. R. Kanasewich, and S. Phadke. "Three‐dimensional determination of structure and velocity by seismic tomography." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 8 (1986): 1559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442206.

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A computerized seismic tomographic method was developed to obtain body‐wave velocities and three‐dimensional (3-D) structure of interfaces from reflection data simultaneously. The medium consists of layers with continuous arbitrary 3-D curved interfaces separating homogeneous material with different acoustic properties. The interface is defined by a polynomial surface. The elastic waves are assumed to be transmitted or reflected at curved interfaces in which the raypaths satisfy Snell's law. The ray tracing for each source‐receiver pair is determined by solving a system of nonlinear equations.

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13

Buske, Stefan. "Three-dimensional pre-stack Kirchhoff migration of deep seismic reflection data." Geophysical Journal International 137, no. 1 (1999): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00789.x.

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14

Zou, Zheguang, Parsa Bakhtiari Rad, Leonardo Macelloni, and Likun Zhang. "Temporal and spatial variations in three-dimensional seismic oceanography." Ocean Science 17, no. 4 (2021): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1053-2021.

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Abstract. Seismic oceanography is a new cross-discipline between geophysics and oceanography that uses seismic reflection data to image and study the oceanic water column. Previous work on seismic oceanography was largely limited to two-dimensional (2D) seismic data and methods. Here we explore and quantify temporal and spatial variations in three-dimensional (3D) seismic oceanography to address whether 3D seismic imaging is meaningful in all directions and how one can take advantage of the variations. From a 3D multichannel seismic survey acquired for oil and gas exploration in the Gulf of Me

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15

Musil, Martin, Hansruedi Maurer, Alan G. Green, et al. "Shallow seismic surveying of an Alpine rock glacier." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 6 (2002): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1527071.

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To map the internal structure and lower boundary of an alpine rock glacier, we recorded three shallow seismic profiles and drilled four ∼70‐m‐deep holes through to the underlying bedrock. Although analysis of the seismic data using standard reflection processing schemes did not yield conclusive results because of the dominantly low‐frequency returned signals and the presence of strong source‐generated noise, tomographic inversions of first‐arrival times were successful in mapping several critical subsurface features. A thin, low‐velocity layer of loose boulders, air voids, and snow was found t

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Hobro, J. W. D., S. C. Singh, and T. A. Minshull. "Three-dimensional tomographic inversion of combined reflection and refraction seismic traveltime data." Geophysical Journal International 152, no. 1 (2003): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01822.x.

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17

Tsai, Chia-Cheng, and Chun-Hung Lin. "Review and Future Perspective of Geophysical Methods Applied in Nearshore Site Characterization." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030344.

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Seabed surveying is the basis of engineering development in shallow waters. At present, geophysical survey methods mainly utilize sonars for qualitative surveying, which requires the calibration of the results found through in situ drilling and sampling. Among them, the parameters required for engineering designs are obtained from either in situ tests or laboratory experiments of soil samples retrieved from drilling. However, the experience from onshore applications shows that the physical quantities obtained through quantitative geophysical survey methods for shallow waters can be indirectly

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18

Henson, Harvey, and John L. Sexton. "Premine study of shallow coal seams using high‐resolution seismic reflection methods." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 9 (1991): 1494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443171.

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Geological investigations in the Illinois Basin coalfields have shown that significant differences in safe and economical exploitation of coal depends directly on accurate mapping of the roof rock overlying the seam, as well as on geological structures in the coal measures. In roof rock transition zones above the Herrin (No. 6) coal where the nonmarine Energy shale changes to the Anna shale, a change often occurs from low to high sulfur coal and from low to high stability roof rocks. In many instances, use of borehole data alone is inadequate to locate these features in advance of mining. High

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19

Singh, S. C., M. C. Sinha, A. J. Harding, et al. "Preliminary results are in from mid-ocean ridge three-dimensional seismic reflection survey." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 80, no. 16 (1999): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/99eo00129.

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20

Stewart, S. C., and B. J. Evans. "A case history of a cost effective 3D seismic survey over the Perth Basin, Western Australia." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989229.

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As part of an industry funded research project into the application of the technique of LOFOLD3D land seismic surveying, a four fold three dimensional seismic survey was performed in the Perth Basin at Moora, Western Australia in July 1987. The volume covered an area of four kilometres by just under two kilometres, producing a total of 23,000 common midpoint traces. The objective was to collect and process the data in such a manner that a three dimensional structural interpretation would result, which would be the same as that resulting from a conventional three dimensional survey. A cost comp

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21

Shah, Anjana K., Jeffrey D. Phillips, Kristen A. Lewis, Richard G. Stanley, Peter J. Haeussler, and Christopher J. Potter. "Three-dimensional shape and structure of the Susitna basin, south-central Alaska, from geophysical data." Geosphere 16, no. 4 (2020): 969–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02165.1.

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Abstract We use gravity, magnetic, seismic reflection, well, and outcrop data to determine the three-dimensional shape and structural features of south-central Alaska’s Susitna basin. This basin is located within the Aleutian-Alaskan convergent margin region and is expected to show effects of regional subduction zone processes. Aeromagnetic data, when filtered to highlight anomalies associated with sources within the upper few kilometers, show numerous linear northeast-trending highs and some linear north-trending highs. Comparisons to seismic reflection and well data show that these highs cor

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22

Ercoli, Maurizio, Emanuele Forte, Massimiliano Porreca, et al. "Using seismic attributes in seismotectonic research: an application to the Norcia <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 6.5 earthquake (30 October 2016) in central Italy." Solid Earth 11, no. 2 (2020): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-329-2020.

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Abstract. In seismotectonic studies, seismic reflection data are a powerful tool to unravel the complex deep architecture of active faults. Such tectonic structures are usually mapped at the surface through traditional geological surveying, whilst seismic reflection data may help to trace their continuation from the near surface down to hypocentral depths. On seismic reflection data, seismic attributes are commonly used by the oil and gas industry to aid exploration. In this study, we propose using seismic attributes in seismotectonic research for the first time. The study area is a geological

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23

Vidale, John E., and Heidi Houston. "Rapid calculation of seismic amplitudes." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 11 (1990): 1504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442798.

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The ability to calculate traveltimes and amplitudes of seismic waves is useful for many reflection seismology applications such as migration and tomography. Traditionally, ray tracing (C⁁erveny et al., 1977; Julian, 1977), paraxial methods (Claerbout, 1971), or full‐wave methods (Alterman and Karal, 1968) are used for such calculations. These methods have in common considerable computational expense. Recently, Vidale (1988, 1990a) presented two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional methods to efficiently compute traveltimes of the first arrivals to every point in a regularly spaced grid of points,

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Rocca, Fabio, Massimiliano Vassallo, and Giancarlo Bernasconi. "Three-dimensional seismic-while-drilling (SWD) migration in the angular frequency domain." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 6 (2005): S111—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2106050.

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Seismic depth migration back-propagates seismic data in the correct depth position using information about the velocity of the medium. Usually, Kirchhoff summation is the preferred migration procedure for seismic-while-drilling (SWD) data because it can handle virtually any configuration of sources and receivers and one can compensate for irregular spatial sampling of the array elements (receivers and sources). Under the assumption of a depth-varying velocity model, with receivers arranged along a horizontal circumference and sources placed along the central vertical axis, we reformulate the K

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Hole, J. A., R. M. Clowes, and R. M. Ellis. "Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic refraction data from western Hecate Strait, British Columbia: structure of the Queen Charlotte Basin." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 7 (1993): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-123.

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The Queen Charlotte Basin consists of up to 6 km of Tertiary clastic sediments in a complex sequence of fault-bounded subbasins. The tectonic evolution of the basin in still being debated, with recent interpretations including distributed strike-slip extension, oblique or en echelon rifting, simple extension orthogonal to the plate margin, and block faulting and vertical tectonics. A combined seismic reflection and refraction survey was carried out in 1988 to investigate the structure and tectonic evolution of the basin and underlying crust. While the marine multichannel reflection data were b

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Evans, B. J. "'Rig 3D' ? A revolutionary technique looking for a case history." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989219.

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Three dimensional (3D) marine seismic surveying is expensive and often a lengthy and technically difficult survey to perform. It is therefore only executed when an economically viable discovery is made. An alternative technique is offered which may be used when a marginally economic discovery is made. The technique is inexpensive compared to the conventional full 3D marine survey; it is cheaper than reconnaissance surveying and two boat operations, and provides a 3D migrated annular volume just over 3 kilometres in diameter for the approximate price of a single offset vertical seismic profile

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27

Nedimović, Mladen R., and Gordon F. West. "Shallow Three-Dimensional Structure from Two-Dimensional Crooked Line Seismic Reflection Data over the Sturgeon Lake Volcanic Complex." Economic Geology 97, no. 8 (2002): 1779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.8.1779.

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Yuan, Hemin, De-hua Han, Hui Li, and Danping Cao. "Joint inversion of seismic, vertical seismic profiling, and crosswell data — A case study from China." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (2017): T107—T119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0187.1.

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Three-dimensional poststack and prestack seismic inversion results such as P- and S-impedance are commonly used for reservoir characterization. However, the frequency bandwidth of surface-based reflection seismic surveys usually ranges from 10 to 70 Hz, and these surveys have limited vertical resolution. The frequency bandwidth of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and crosswell data is much wider than that of surface reflection seismic data, and it can give a detailed illumination of the subsurface around the borehole. We test a joint inversion method that integrated surface reflection seismic,

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Feng, Xin, Nian Qin Wang, Jing He, Qing Tao Wang, and Xing Chen Jiang. "Application of Three-Dimensional Seismic Exploration Technology in the Mining Area of Loess Plateau." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.491.

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Based on the first panel of some coal mine in the western loess tableland, this thesis has carried out three-dimensional exploration. The emphasis of experiment is shooting factor(well depth、dynamite), at the same time, the experiment of instrument factor and receiving factor has been carried out to choose the best shooting factor and receiving parameter. By proper layout observation system, elaborate static correction and comparison about various methods of static correction, this thesis has drawn the following conclusions: (1) From the experiment of well depth, interference wave is mainly co

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Rawlinson, N., G. A. Houseman, and C. D. N. Collins. "Inversion of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection traveltimes for three-dimensional layered crustal structure." Geophysical Journal International 145, no. 2 (2001): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01383.x.

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Spitzer, Roman, Frank O. Nitsche, Alan G. Green, and Heinrich Horstmeyer. "Efficient acquisition, processing, and interpretation strategy for shallow 3D seismic surveying: A Case Study." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 6 (2003): 1792–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1635032.

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A new 3D seismic reflection data set has been used to map the shallow subsurface beneath a key region of the Swiss Rhine Valley. Seismic signals generated by a pipegun were recorded with single 30‐Hz geophones distributed across a 277.5 × 357.0‐m area. The dense distribution of sources and receivers resulted in a binning grid of 2.12 × 2.12 m and an average fold of ∼22. To improve the visibility and continuity of reflections, a novel processing strategy was designed and applied to the acquired data. A combination of regridding and sharing traces in the common midpoint (CMP) domain resulted in

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Bellefleur, G., A. J. Calvert, and M. C. Chouteau. "Crustal geometry of the Abitibi Subprovince, in light of three-dimensional seismic reflector orientations." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 5 (1998): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e97-129.

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We provide precise estimates of reflector orientations beneath the Archean Abitibi Subprovince, using two distinct approaches based on Lithoprobe seismic reflection data. In the first, we use the dip of reflections observed on intersecting profiles to establish the three-dimensional orientation of reflective structures. In the second, the strikes and dips of reflectors are estimated in the crooked parts of seismic reflection profiles by calculating a measure of coherency along the traveltime trajectories defined by a particular azimuth, dip, depth, and medium velocity. Mid-crustal reflectors d

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Bachrach, Ran, and Tapan Mukerji. "Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 2—3D imaging tests." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 6 (2004): 1456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1836819.

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In part I of this paper we demonstrate how the use of a portable dense geophone array increases S/N ratio and the ability to record faint near‐surface reflections. The dense array can also be used as an approximate acoustical lens with appropriate prestack imaging techniques, similar to those used in medical imaging and nondestructive testing. Such use of the array provides flexibility when imaging with sparse shot distributions and improves the overall resolution of the array. We show how, with prestack focusing, one can extend the subsurface coverage beyond conventional common‐midpoint (CMP)

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Bellwald, Benjamin, and Sverre Planke. "Shear margin moraine, mass transport deposits and soft beds revealed by high-resolution P-Cable three-dimensional seismic data in the Hoop area, Barents Sea." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.29.

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AbstractHigh-resolution seismic data are powerful tools that can help the offshore industries to better understand the nature of the shallow subsurface and plan the development of vulnerable infrastructure. Submarine mass movements and shallow gas are among the most significant geohazards in petroleum prospecting areas. A variety of high-resolution geophysical datasets collected in the Barents Sea have significantly improved our knowledge of the shallow subsurface in recent decades. Here we use a c. 200 km2 high-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic cube from the Hoop area, SW Barents Sea, to study a

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Riera, Rosine, Julien Bourget, Victorien Paumard, et al. "Discovery of a 400 km2 honeycomb structure mimicking a regional unconformity on three-dimensional seismic data." Geology 47, no. 12 (2019): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46484.1.

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Abstract Recognition of seismic unconformities is crucial for interpreting basin history from seismic reflection data sets in both siliciclastic and carbonate settings. While it is well established that non-erosional changes in sedimentary facies can create seismic reflections that mimic seismic unconformities (i.e., pseudo-unconformities), these features are generally considered to be localized and uncommon, and, therefore, are largely overlooked during interpretation. Diagenetic alteration of strata can also affect the morphology of seismic reflectors and mislead seismic interpreters. This s

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Lines, Larry R., Ronald Jackson, and James D. Covey. "Seismic velocity models for heat zones in Athabasca tar sands." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 8 (1990): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442924.

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Recent laboratory and field studies indicate that the P-wave velocity in Athabasca tar sands decreases when temperature increases during steam injection. In this paper we derive time variant velocity models from seismic traveltime inversions of both reflection and borehole data. Prior to steam injection, three‐dimensional (3-D) reflector velocity‐depth models are established using image‐ray conversions of traveltimes to depth. The changes in velocity due to steam injection are modeled by inverting traveltime data from seismic monitor surveys after steam injection and comparing these results to

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Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-176-180.

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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles

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Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001538x.

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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles

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Fei, Weihong, and George A. McMechan. "3D common-reflection-point-based seismic migration velocity analysis." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 5 (2006): S161—S167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2227523.

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Three-dimensional prestack depth migration and depth residual picking in common-image gathers (CIGs) are the most time-consuming parts of 3D migration velocity analysis. Most migration-based velocity analysis algorithms need spatial coordinates of reflection points and CIG depth residuals at different offsets (or angles) to provide updated velocity information. We propose a new algorithm that can analyze 3D velocity quickly and accurately. Spatial coordinates and orientations of reflection points are provided by a 3D prestack parsimonious depth migration; the migration involves only the time s

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Welford, J. Kim, and Ron M. Clowes. "Three-dimensional seismic reflection investigation of the upper crustal Winagami sill complex of northwestern Alberta, Canada." Geophysical Journal International 166, no. 1 (2006): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.02805.x.

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Hole, J. A., R. M. Clowes, and R. M. Ellis. "Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic refraction data from western Hecate Strait, British Columbia: structure of the crust." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 7 (1993): 1440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-124.

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As part of a multidisciplinary investigation of the structure and tectonics of the Queen Charlotte Basin and underlying crust, deep multichannel seismic reflection and coincident crustal refraction data were collected in 1988. Energy from the reflection air-gun array source was recorded at land sites at offsets appropriate to record crustal refraction and wide-angle reflection data. Refraction data recorded in a broadside geometry provide good three-dimensional coverage of western Hecate Strait. These data are modelled using tomographic inversion techniques to determine the three-dimensional v

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Adam, Erick, G. Perron, B. Milkereit, et al. "A review of high-resolution seismic profiling across the Sudbury, Selbaie, Noranda, and Matagami mining camps." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 2-3 (2000): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-064.

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Lithoprobe high-resolution seismic surveys have provided the first systematic images of the deep stratigraphy in four major Canadian mining camps (Noranda, Matagami, Sudbury, and Selbaie). Systematic compressional wave velocity and density measurements in deep boreholes have established that lithological contacts were the main impedance contrast imaged, although reflections from faults and deformation zones have also been observed. The strongest reflections are attributed to mafic intrusions and some sulphides and oxides. Integrating seismic, physical rock property measurements, and geological

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Schmelzbach, Cedric, Heinrich Horstmeyer, and Christopher Juhlin. "Shallow 3D seismic-reflection imaging of fracture zones in crystalline rock." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 6 (2007): B149—B160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2787336.

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A limited 3D seismic-reflection data set was used to map fracture zones in crystalline rock for a nuclear waste disposal site study. Seismic-reflection data simultaneously recorded along two roughly perpendicular profiles (1850 and [Formula: see text] long) and with a [Formula: see text] receiver array centered at the intersection of the lines sampled a [Formula: see text] area in three dimensions. High levels of source-generated noise required a processing sequence involving surface-consistent deconvolution, which effectively increased the strength of reflected signals, and a linear [Formula:

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Deshpande, Anil, Peter B. Flemings, and Jie Huang. "Quantifying lateral heterogeneities in fluvio-deltaic sediments using three-dimensional reflection seismic data: Offshore Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102, B7 (1997): 15385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jb01143.

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Morley, C. K., and Lai Chee Leong. "Evolution of deep-water synkinematic sedimentation in a piggyback basin, determined from three-dimensional seismic reflection data." Geosphere 4, no. 6 (2008): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges00148.1.

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Okano, Yutaka, Hitoshi Mikada, Kyosuke Onishi, and Tada-Nori Goto. "Plane-wave decomposition into P and S waves using dispersion relationship for three component and three dimensional reflection seismic data." BUTSURI-TANSA(Geophysical Exploration) 64, no. 2 (2011): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3124/segj.64.139.

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Buffett, G. G., C. A. Hurich, E. A. Vsemirnova, et al. "Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping around a Mediterranean salt lens." Ocean Science 6, no. 1 (2010): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-423-2010.

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Abstract. We present the first application of Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping based on the band-limited von Kármán function to a seismic reflection stack of a Mediterranean water eddy (meddy), a large salt lens of Mediterranean water. This process extracts two stochastic parameters directly from the reflectivity field of the seismic data: the Hurst number, which ranges from 0 to 1, and the correlation length (scale length). Lower Hurst numbers represent a richer range of high wavenumbers and correspond to a broader range of heterogeneity in reflection events. The Hurst number estimate for the

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Barnes, Arthur E. "Theory of 2-D complex seismic trace analysis." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (1996): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443947.

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The ideas of 1-D complex seismic trace analysis extend readily to two dimensions. Two‐dimensional instantaneous amplitude and phase are scalars, and 2-D instantaneous frequency and bandwidth are vectors perpendicular to local wavefronts, each defined by a magnitude and a dip angle. The two independent measures of instantaneous dip correspond to instantaneous apparent phase velocity and group velocity. Instantaneous phase dips are aliased for steep reflection dips following the same rule that governs the aliasing of 2-D sinusoids in f-k space. Two‐dimensional frequency and bandwidth are appropr

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Kanasewich, E. R., Z. Hajnal, A. G. Green, et al. "Seismic studies of the crust under the Williston Basin." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 11 (1987): 2160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-205.

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The seismic refraction method was used in 1981 to study the crust under the northern half of the Williston Basin, in Saskatchewan. A new method of spatial seismic recording, based on a triangular arrangement of receivers, was used for the first time to obtain three-dimensional structure and velocity information. The broadside seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data obtained by the technique were of particular value in defining several faulted blocks. These blocks are also characterized by aeromagnetic anomalies trending in a northerly direction. The crustal thickness in the southern

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Ikelle, Luc T., Jean Paul Diet та Albert Tarantola. "Linearized inversion of multioffset seismic reflection data in the ω-k domain". GEOPHYSICS 51, № 6 (1986): 1266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442179.

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In the acoustic approximation, the Earth is described using only density and bulk modulus. Assuming smooth density variations, reflections can be described using a single function—the velocity of compressional waves. If a reference model which is close enough to the actual Earth is known, the problem of estimating the medium velocity from the observed data can be linearized. Using a least‐squares formulation and working in the ω-k domain, the linearized inverse problem for a homogeneous reference medium can be solved by a noniterative algorithm which is economically competitive with prestack m

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