Academic literature on the topic 'Three Fungicides'
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Journal articles on the topic "Three Fungicides"
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Tarnowski, T. L. B., A. T. Savelle, and H. Scherm. "Activity of Fungicides Against Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in Blueberry Flowers Treated at Different Phenological Stages." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0961.
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The activity of fenbuconazole and azoxystrobin applied to blueberry flowers at different phenological stages against subsequent gynoecial infection by the mummy berry fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi was evaluated. In the greenhouse, potted blueberry plants having flower clusters at five distinct stages (from bud scale separation to anthesis) were treated with the two fungicides. One day after anthesis (between 1 and 15 days after fungicide treatment), individual flowers were detached and inoculated with conidia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi in the laboratory. Four days after inoculation, hyphal ingress into the style was determined microscopically as a measure of fungicide efficacy. Results revealed a significant flower stage effect (P < 0.0001), whereby only fungicide application at anthesis but not at the four preanthesis stages reduced subsequent fungal ingress into the style. There was no significant difference between the two fungicides (P > 0.50) nor was there a significant fungicide–flower stage interaction (P > 0.30). In the field during 2 years, mature blueberry plants were treated with the two fungicides and exposed to natural pathogen inoculum. At the time of application, flower clusters at anthesis and at three preanthesis stages were selected and tagged. Mummy berry incidence in fruit developing from the tagged clusters was assessed to determine treatment effects. Whereas fenbuconazole lowered disease incidence for all preanthesis stages, azoxystrobin was effective only at the latest preanthesis stage. The discrepancy between these results and those of the greenhouse study (where there was no preanthesis activity of either fungicide) indirectly suggests post-infection fungicidal activity in the ovary, the base of which was exposed to the fungicide spray at the time of treatment for all flower phenology stages. Thus, although there appears to be insufficient translocation of the two fungicides in flowers treated at preanthesis stages to prevent stylar ingress by the pathogen, fungicidal activity in the ovary may be sufficient to halt subsequent fungal colonization, especially for fenbuconazole. To prescribe the most effective management program for flower-infecting fungi, translocation and post-infection activity of fungicides in floral tissues must be better understood.
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Hagan, A. K., and J. R. Akridge. "Synthetic and Biorational Fungicides Compared for the Control of Three Foliar Diseases of Flowering Dogwood." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-25.3.157.
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Abstract The biorational fungicides Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil®, Rhapsody® were compared with the synthetic fungicides Eagle® 40W, Immunox®, Liquid Systemic Fungicide®, and 3336™ 50W for the control of spot anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew on ‘Rubra’ flowering dogwood. In 2003, 2004, and 2005, fungicide treatments were applied at label rates at 1- and/or 2-week intervals over a period that coincided with the onset spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but before the appearance of Cercospora leaf spot. With few exceptions, the synthetic fungicides gave better control of the above diseases than biorational fungicides. Eagle 40W, Immunox, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W gave equal control of the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose. Most notable was the carryover of control of the bract spot phase of spot anthracnose into the spring of the following year with the synthetic fungicides. While some control of spot anthracnose was seen in at least one year with the biorational fungicides, none was as effective as the synthetic fungicides. In 2003 and 2004, Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil, and Rhapsody, when applied weekly controlled powdery mildew as effectively as the synthetic fungicides. Efficacy of the biorational fungicides declined under severe powdery mildew pressure in 2005. While Cercospora leaf spot development was slowed by the Eagle 40W, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W, the biorational fungicides as well as the retail product Immunox also gave some control. An objectionable mottling of the leaves was noted on the flowering dogwood treated with SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil. Control of these diseases with the synthetic or biorational fungicides did not result in an increase in tree height or trunk diameter. While the biorational fungicides demonstrated sufficient efficacy for controlling powdery mildew on flowering dogwood in the landscape, they often failed to provide the level of control of this disease as well as spot anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot needed to produce quality container- and field-grown nursery stock.
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Wyenandt, Christian A., Wesley L. Kline, and Daniel L. Ward. "Effect of Fungicide Program on the Development of Downy Mildew in Three Cucurbit Crops in New Jersey." Plant Health Progress 18, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-17-0026-phm.
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From 2014 to 2016, five fungicide programs of varying fungicide efficacy were evaluated for the control of cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on three different cucurbit crops at the Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center (RAREC) in Bridgeton, NJ. The five fungicide programs were: (i) no fungicide input; (ii) low-input (chlorothalonil only); (iii) medium-input (protectant + 2 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Tanos, Curzate]); (iv) high-input (protectant + 2 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Ranman, Presidio]); or (v) high-input (protectant + 3 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Previcur Flex, Ranman, Zampro]). The three cucurbit crops were cucumber cv. Marketmore 76, zucchini cv. Reward (summer squash), and acorn squash cv. Taybelle (winter squash). In 2014, only cucumber was infected by the pathogen. In 2015 and 2016, all three cucurbit hosts were infected by downy mildew at varying severities suggesting that the P. cubensis population may have differed compared with 2014. In all three years control of downy mildew was significantly higher when downy mildew-specific fungicides were included in weekly rotations. In some years, no fungicides, broad-spectrum fungicides only, or fungicides with moderate or lower efficacy for downy mildew may provide adequate control on certain cucurbit crop species depending on the current cucurbit downy mildew pathogen population.
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Mayton, H., G. A. Forbes, E. S. G. Mizubuti, and W. E. Fry. "The Roles of Three Fungicides in the Epidemiology of Potato Late Blight." Plant Disease 85, no. 9 (September 2001): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.1006.
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Three fungicides were tested in the field for efficacy on late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. The effects of these fungicides on epidemic development, lesion growth rate and sporulation were measured. No fungicide completely arrested epidemic development under the environmental conditions of these experiments. However, the fungicide mixture, propamocarb hydrochloride plus chlorothalonil, had the most suppressive effect of the fungicides tested. The mechanism of effect included suppression of disease progress and lesion expansion. Growth chamber studies demonstrated that 24°C compared to 10 or 16°C limited cymoxanil efficacy.
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Munkvold, G. P., and J. K. O'Mara. "Laboratory and Growth Chamber Evaluation of Fungicidal Seed Treatments for Maize Seedling Blight Caused by Fusarium Species." Plant Disease 86, no. 2 (February 2002): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.2.143.
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The performance of seed treatment products for maize usually is evaluated in field experiments, where it is difficult to assess their effects on specific important pathogens such as fungi in the genus Fusarium. To evaluate three fungicidal seed treatments (captan, difenoconazole, and fludioxonil) against six Fusarium species that infect maize seed or seedlings, we conducted experiments in the laboratory and in growth chambers. In the laboratory experiments, treated and nontreated seeds of two maize hybrids were incubated on the surface of an agar medium colonized by each of 12 Fusarium isolates. The fungi did not reduce seed germination, but most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle. All three fungicides significantly reduced the colonization and decay of the seeds and radicles by Fusarium isolates and resulted in greater radicle lengths, but there were significant interactions between the effects of fungicide treatments and Fusarium isolates. Overall, difenoconazole was the most effective fungicide for the prevention of seed colonization and decay. Fludioxonil was overall the most effective fungicide in terms of increased radicle length, particularly when seed was exposed to isolates of F. graminearum, which were among the most aggressive isolates in the experiments. In the growth chamber experiments, seeds were planted in a Fusarium-infested potting medium, which resulted in lower emergence, shoot length, root length, and dry weight of seedlings compared to the noninfested control. Some isolates also caused root rot symptoms. All three fungicides significantly improved shoot and root length and root health, difenoconazole and fludioxonil significantly improved emergence, and only difeno-conazole significantly improved dry weight compared to the nontreated control. There were significant rank correlations between the results of the laboratory and growth chamber experiments in terms of relative aggressiveness of the isolates and relative efficacy of the fungicides. The laboratory experiments were more sensitive in terms of detecting differences in fungicide performance. These results indicate that all three fungicides were effective against Fusarium, but difenoconazole and fludioxonil generally were more effective than captan; the fungicides also differed in efficacy against different Fusarium species.
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Barro, Jhonatan Paulo, Cesar Tiago Forte, Diego Trentin, Maurício Scariot, and Paola Mendes Milanesi. "Effectiveness of different fungicide formulations and number of applications in controlling wheat leaf rust." Summa Phytopathologica 43, no. 4 (December 2017): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/174240.
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ABSTRACT Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) is one of the most common diseases in wheat crops. For effective control of such disease, leaf application of mixtures of triazole and strobilurin fungicides is recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicide formulations and numbers of applications in controlling wheat leaf rust in the cultivar TBIO Pioneiro 2010. Experimental design was completely randomized, 2x2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two fungicide formulations and two numbers of applications, as well as four replicates. Treatments were: azoxystrobin + tebuconazole, three and four applications; trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, three and four applications; and a control treatment without fungicide application. For treatments with three applications, fungicides were applied at the phenological stages of: elongation, booting and flowering. For treatments with four applications, fungicides were applied at the phenological stages of: tillering, elongation, booting and flowering. The efficiency of fungicides on leaf rust control was analyzed based on the disease severity assessment by calculating the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). Severity data were obtained based on percentage scores of leaf area with visible disease symptoms/signs according to Cobb’s diagrammatic scale. Fungicides with azoxystrobin + tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole showed efficient control of wheat leaf rust (higher than 85%). For yield components, there was no statistical difference between numbers of applications, but there was a statistical difference between fungicide formulations, except for grain yield. Furthermore, for yield components, all fungicide treatments significantly differed from control.
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Franke, M. D., T. B. Brenneman, and K. L. Stevenson. "Stem Rot of Peanut: Relationship Between in Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity and Field Efficacy of Fungicides." Peanut Science 25, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-25-2-4.
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Abstract Isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii exhibiting varying degrees of in vitro fungicide sensitivity were exposed to fungicides in field microplots in 1995 and 1996. Individual peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants in 0.9-m microplots were inoculated with isolates of S. rolfsii collected from peanut fields throughout Georgia. The 60 isolates used in the study represented the full range of sensitivity to the fungicides tebuconazole, flutolanil, and PCNB. After inoculation, microplots were treated with recommended rates of tebuconazole (0.227 kg ai/ha), flutolanil (0.337 kg ai/ha), PCNB (5.6 kg ai/ha), or were left untreated. Disease ratings were made at harvest, and pod yield from each plant was recorded. In both years, disease severity was significantly lower in treated microplots for all three fungicides. Isolates with lower in vitro fungicide sensitivity responded as well to labeled rates of all three fungicides as those with high in vitro sensitivity. In vitro sensitivity and percent control in treated microplots were not correlated for all three fungicides. Fungicide sensitivity and the level of infection in nontreated microplots also were not correlated for flutolanil and tebuconazole indicating that virulence was not affected by fungicide sensitivity. However, there was a negative correlation between in vitro sensitivity to PCNB and the level of infection in nontreated microplots in 1995, indicating that isolates with lower in vitro sensitivity were more virulent. However, this trend was not observed when the same isolates were evaluated in 1996. In 1995, plants in PCNB-treated microplots had a significantly higher yield than those in the nontreated microplots. In 1996, all fungicide treatments significantly enhanced yield. Because in vitro sensitivity and field efficacy were not correlated for all three fungicides, labeled rates should control stem rot in the field.
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Ali, Md Emran, Owen Hudson, Will H. Hemphill, Timothy B. Brenneman, and Jonathan E. Oliver. "First Report of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin, Boscalid, and Thiophanate-methyl in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Blueberry in Georgia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-08-19-0058-br.
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose fruit rot and leaf spot on blueberries. For controlling anthracnose, blueberry growers mostly rely on pre- and postharvest fungicide applications in addition to orchard sanitation. Single-site fungicides including quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), such as pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin as well as fungicides containing the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) boscalid are used frequently to control anthracnose rots and other diseases on blueberry; however, development of fungicide resistance is a real risk because a limited number of fungicides are now available for blueberry disease management. In 2019, three isolates of C. gloeosporioides were cultured from blueberry fruit collected from southern highbush blueberry cultivar ‘Farthing’ in two commercial blueberry fields in Pierce County, Georgia, where ripe rot had been a problem. Fungicide sensitivity tests were conducted using a mycelial growth inhibition assay as described previously. A total of nine fungicides were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of these C. gloeosporioides isolates. All three isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, the QoI fungicide pyraclostrobin, and the SDHI fungicide boscalid. These findings suggest that continuous monitoring of fungicide resistance is necessary to avoid the unwarranted application of single-site fungicides.
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Berdugo, Carlos Andres, Anne-Katrin Mahlein, Ulrike Steiner, Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne, and Erich-Christian Oerke. "Sensors and imaging techniques for the assessment of the delay of wheat senescence induced by fungicides." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 7 (2013): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12351.
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Near-range and remote sensing techniques are excellent alternatives to destructive methods for measuring beneficial effects of fungicides on plant physiology. Different noninvasive sensors and imaging techniques have been used and compared to measure the effects of three fungicidal compounds (bixafen, fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) physiology under disease-free conditions in the greenhouse. Depending on the fungicidal treatment, changes in green leaf area and yield parameters were observed. Chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves was useful for measuring differences in the effective quantum yield of PSII. Reflectance measurements of wheat leaves were highly sensitive to changes in plant vitality. The spectral vegetation indices were useful for determining the differences among treatments in terms of leaf senescence, pigments and water content. The analysis of ear and leaf surface temperature was reliable for detecting effects of fungicides on plant senescence. Using nondestructive sensors, it was possible to assess a delay in senescence of wheat due to fungicide application. Furthermore, it was deduced that sensors and imaging methods are useful tools to estimate the effects of fungicides on wheat physiology. Physiological parameters measured by the sensors were actually more sensitive than yield parameters to assess the effect caused by fungicide application on wheat physiology.
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Briz-Cid, Noelia, Raquel Rial-Otero, Miguel Cámara, José Oliva, and Jesus Simal-Gandara. "Dissipation of Three Fungicides and Their Effects on Anthocyanins and Color of Monastrell Red Wines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061447.
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The effect of fungicides on fermentation is of paramount importance to control the quality and safety of wines. In this work, the quality (enological parameters, color, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and fungicide residues) of wines from Monastrell grapes fortified with iprovalicarb, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole fungicides was evaluated. Along the winemaking process, initial residues of mepanipyrim and tetraconazole were removed in more than 90% while the dissipation of iprovalicarb was around 73%. Significant statistical differences were found in the presence of iprovalicarb and mepanipyrim residues, especially at the highest concentration assayed. For both fungicides, increases in the volatile acidity (between 4 and 8.6 times), the lactic acid content (between 8.6 and 20.5 times), the percentage of polymeric anthocyanins (between 1.3 and 1.7 times), and also a slight increase of the total phenolic index and the total anthocyanin content determined by spectrophotometry were observed. On the contrary, the total monomeric anthocyanins content decreased about 16.3% and 28.6% in the presence of iprovalicarb and mepanipyrim, respectively. These results could be related to a higher development of acetic acid or lactic bacteria in the presence of these fungicides. The color of the final wines was also different in comparison with the control, with a higher yellow component, color intensity, tonality, and hue angle because of pH changes in the medium. Tetraconazole fermentations had a more similar trend to the control wine, probably due to the lower concentration of this fungicide in the grape must at the initial time. No effects on the antioxidant activity was observed for any of the target fungicides. A multivariate statistical analysis was done to view the interrelationships between different variables (color and anthocyanins profile). The obtained model allowed the wines to be separated according to the fungicide treatment applied.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Three Fungicides"
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Kalonji, Kabengele Muzela J. B. "Evaluation of three fungicides for control of soilborne diseases of lettuce seedlings." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29549.
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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings diseases caused by soilborne pathogens are characterised by root rot, stem rot and damping-off of the seedlings that can occur at any time during growth. Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani are known to be the important destructive pathogens of lettuce, causing severe yield losses in South Africa. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of three selected fungicides to control these pathogens on lettuce seedlings. In this study the fungicides metalaxyl (Apron®), fludioxonil (Celest®) and mefenoxam (Subdue®) were applied at two concentrations as single and double doses on lettuce seedlings to determine their efficacy to control the pathogens Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani after significant reduction of mycelia growth was observed in vitro. Cultures of P. ultimum (UPGH024), R. solani (UPGH122) and F. solani (UPGH122) were obtained from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria and cultivated on PDA for 2 days at 25ºC. Pasteurised soil was artificially inoculated with these pathogens. For the first experiment lettuce seeds were planted in polystyrene seedling trays at a depth of 1.0 cm. There were four replications of 50 seeds per treatment. In Experiment 2 pots (12 cm x 7 cm) were filled with pasteurised growing medium and 3-week old seedlings were transplanted. There were three replications of six pots containing three plants each. Seedling trays and pots were drenched with fungicides and placed in a randomised block design in a controlled environment room at 20- 26°C with a 12h-light/dark regime. The seedling trays and pots were rotated daily in the room. Seedling trays and pots were watered daily to maintain field capacity. The seedlings were able to grow larger in the pots than in seedling trays. It was confirmed that the treatment with fludioxonil (Celest®) at double and single dose inhibited the growth of the three fungi F. solani, P. ultimum and R. solani on lettuce seedlings without causing phytotoxicity. All three fungicides significantly reduced the diseases caused by the three pathogens. These findings are consistent with previous reports that fludioxonil, metalaxyl and mefenoxam can control oomycete fungi. There are few registered fungicides for the control of Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani on lettuce, therefore further work will aim to confirm these results in the field.Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted
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Scott, Kelsey L. "Studies in the Management of Pythium Seed and Root Rot of Soybean: Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments, Screening Germplasm for Resistance, and Comparison of Quantitative Disease Resistance Loci to Three Species of Pythium and Phytophthora sojae." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524147394255409.
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Li, Zhi-Zhan, and 李志展. "The effects of three fungicides on degradation of diuron in tea field soil and impacts on soil bacterial community." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31752635263891998532.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
99
For reducing the cost on pesticide application, mixed or sequential pesticides application were often used in field. It makes insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides frequently simultaneous presence in soil. Tea is the most important economic agricultural products in Taiwan. For keeping the highest quality and quantity of tea, many pesticides were used to control weeds, diseases, and insect on tea field. In this study, the effect of mix application of three fungicides, benomyl, tebuconazole and triadimefon, with herbicide, diuron, on persistent of these pesticides on soil was investigated. Meanwhile, the impact of mixed application on soil bacterial communities was also monitored. From the result, diuron degraded more slowly in sterilized soil than in unsterilized soil, it can prove that diuron degraded by biodegradation in tea field soil. In 10-fold field rate of herbicide and fungicides application treatments, diuron DT50 are 125 (D), 141 (B+D), 127 (Te+D) and 122 day (Tr+D). Diuron degradation rate decreased in B+D treatment slightly. In 50-fold field rate application treatments, diuron DT50 are 167 (D), 231 (B+D), 189 (Te+D) and 238 day (Tr+D). Diuron degradation rate decreased significantly in B+D and Tr+D treatments. The diuron metabolite N’-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-N,N-methylurea (DCPMU) was detected in 10-fold field rate treatments, DCPMU and N’-3,4-dichloro- phenylurea (DCPU) were detected in 50-fold field rate in experimental period. The metabolites produced amount weren’t equal to the diuron degraded amount. The result indicated that diuron may degrade to other metabolites in experimental period. Benomyl may inhibit the degradation of diuron, therefor the amount of DCPMU product in B+D treatment is less than other treatment in 50-fold field rate. The DGGE fingerprint and cluster analysis result indicated that D, Te+D and Tr+D treatments applied in tea field might increase the bacterial community richness, and B+D might impact on the bacterial community in 10-fold field rate. Tr+D and B+D impacted on the bacterial comunity in 50-fold field rate. The impact on bacterial community may inhibit the degradation of diuron and therefore increase the persistence of diuron in environment. Thus there are assessments when appling diuron with fungicides benomyl and triadimefon simultaneously in tea field soil.
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Tan, Chung-An, and 譚長恩. "Characterization of ZnS particles biofabricated by novel metal reducing bacterium Shewanella sp. NC1 and its use in photocatalytic degradation of three fungicides." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ax7f34.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
106
Shewanella is a genus of facultative anaerobic bacteria capable of dissimilatory metal reduction. Known for their respiratory prowess, Shewanella bacteria can utilize a wide variety of substances as extracellular electron acceptors to complete anaerobic respiration. Furthermore, Shewanella’s metal reducing ability allows it to biofabricate certain metal nanoparticles that could be used to degrade organic pollutants, coupling the remediation of heavy metals with organic pollutants. Hence, Shewanella bacteria have numerous applications in the area of environmental remediation. In this study, a novel dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium was isolated from a river in Southern Taiwan. BLAST analysis of the bacterium’s 16s rRNA and gyrB genes revealed that it may be a new species of the Shewanella genus, and was subsequently characterized and labeled Shewanella sp. NC1. The bacterium was then used to produce Palladium (Pd), iron sulfide (FeS), and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles, of which ZnS exhibits photocatalytic ability under irradiation of UV light, and is more cost effective. Thus, the biofabricated ZnS was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis scanning spectrophotometry. Results show that the biofabricated ZnS particles were well-dispersed on the surface of NC1 in the nanometer scale. Furthermore, the ZnS particles exhibited good UV absorbance under 290 nm. The organic pollutant degradation capability of the biofabricated ZnS nanoparticles, along with NC1, were then investigated on three fungicides that were frequently detected in eight major rivers of Southern Taiwan. Results of 72 h incubation treatments of NC1 with the fungicide, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, or hexaconazole, showed that NC1 did not significantly decrease the concentration of the fungicides. On the other hand, ZnS nanoparticles biofabricated and supported by NC1 showed good photocatalytic removal of fungicides in 20 h experiments under UVC irradiation. This study offers an environmentally friendly approach to synthesize nanoparticles with pollutant degradation capabilities, which could be applied for water treatment with further optimization.
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Dai, Yu-Lun, and 戴裕綸. "Identification and Fungicide Assays of Three New Diseases of Passion Fruit in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69dg37.
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碩士國立中興大學
植物醫學暨安全農業碩士學位學程
107
In recent years, passion fruit becomes a popular crop and its plantation area is increasing in Taiwan. The threat of viral diseases to the industry was overcome by the conduction of areawide pest management with healthy seedlings. The threat of fungal diseases was increasingly noticed. Diseases of passion fruit were investigated and identified to prevent the potential threats on production. Here, we characterized three new diseases in detail: yellow halo leaf spots, brown spots, and powdery mildew. The pathogens of the yellow halo leaf spots were isolated from Nantou and Taichung. The fungal pathogens formed pycnidia on light brown lesions or white leaf spots. The yellowish white conidial heap was extruded in long tendrils from pycnidia in high humid condition. Conidia were filiform to cylindrical with 1-3 septa. The pathogens were identified as a species of Septoria based on morphological characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis identified the pathogens as Septoria passifloricola, a first recored fungus in Taiwan, based on sequences of TEF1-α and β-tubulin genes. According to the symptoms and pathogens, the new disease was named Septoria blotch. In the study of brown spots, 33 isolates were collected from Nantou, Taichung, Changhua and Pingtung. According to the morphological characteristics, these isolates were grouped to either the A. porri section or A. alternaria section of Alternaria genus. The molecular identification was performed by amplification of Alt a1, GAPDH, ITS, TEF, RPB2 and OPA10-2 genes for multi-genes phylogenetic tree analysis. The molecular analysis clustered pathogenic isolates into 4 clades, including A. alternata, A. jacinthicola and 2 inconclusive groups which possibly belonged to new species. The powdery mildew specimens were collected fromTaichung. The conidia of powdery mildew were catenescent, and did not have fibrosin bodies. The germinated tubes were club-shaped and the appressoria on the hyphae were nipple-shaped. The strains were identified as Golovinomyces genus by morphological characteristics. Molecular identification based on ITS sequences concluded that the strains were of G. ambrosiae/G. circumfusus/G. spadiceus complex. Later, the strains were identified as G. circumfusus according to the ratio of conidia length and width and other morphological characteristics. The pathogenicity of causal agents of the three new diseases were proved by the Koch''s postulates. Septoria blotch could infect leaves and fruits, but the spores germinated required a high relative humidity of 97% or more. In addition, we found that S. passifloricola could produce a number of budding conidia through microcycle conidiation in liquid culture. The virulence of budding conidia was comparable to that of conidia from the solid medium. Notably, the sporulation in liquid culture was relatively stable and large in amount. The brown spot pathogen could also infect leaves and fruits. The strains of E clade had high virulence to the leaves while the other strains only cause small lesions. Compared with lesions on leaves, more obvious brown spots on fruits were caused by each clade of pathogens. Field inoculation with brown spot pathogens on different growth stages of passion fruit, indicating that the pathogens were able to infect allorgans of flower and stages of developing fruits. The infection on small developing fruit stage might cause fruit malformation. Powdery mildew infected cotyledons, true leaves and stems of seedlings of yellow passion fruit. Cross-infection with G. circumfusus between Bidens pilosa var. radiata and P. edulis f. flavicarpa wassuccessfully performed. In order to recommend chemical control strategies, fungicide assays on pathogens of brown spots and Septoria blotch were carried out in this study. Fungicides such as pyraclostrobin, fluopyram + trifloxystrobin were effective to inhibit 100% spore germination of Septoria blotch isolates at 100 ppm. Fungicides such as Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin, Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole, Tebuconazole, Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil and Iminoctadine triacetate were effective to inhibit 80% mycelial growth of 5 clades isolates of Alternaria brown spot disease. Isolates from E clade were more sensitive to tested fungicides. Moreover, a disease investigation was conducted in the shading and open field passion fruit orchards in Nantou Yuchi, and it was found that the shading facility effectively reduced the diseases incidence of Alternaria brown spot and Phytophthora blight. This study described unrecorded passion fruit diseases in Taiwan, identified pathogens, and screened fungicides in order to provide disease information for developing control strategies.
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Seshoka, M. F. "Mancozeb in natural water sources in the Vhembe District and the possible endocrine disrupting activity/potential there-of." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1205.
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MSc (Zoology)Department of Zoology
Many chemicals released into the environment are believed to disrupt normal endocrine functions in humans and animals. These endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect reproductive health and development. A major group of EDCs that could be responsible for reproductive effects are those that mimic natural oestrogens, known as xeno-oestrogens. A number of in vivo and in vitro screening strategies are being developed to identify and classify xeno-oestrogens, in order to determine whether they pose a health risk to humans and animals. It is also important to be able to apply the assays to environmental samples for monitoring purposes. Oestrogens and androgens mediate their activity via intracellular receptors – directly in muscular tissue as well as indirectly via stimulation of growth hormones from the pituitary glands and other growth factors from liver plus several other organs. Mancozeb is a metal ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide used to protect many fruits and vegetables and field crops against pathogenic fungal. It causes a variety of defects on the female reproductive system in experimental animals and is therefore considered a suspected EDC. This fungicide can also induce toxic effects in cells of the immune system and other non-immune cells leading to genotoxicity and apoptosis. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) oestrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid receptors; that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modelled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. The endocrine disrupting properties of Mancozeb are not known as of yet and therefore the T47D-KBluc reporter gene assay, GH3.TRE-Luc and MDA-kb2 reporter gene assay were used determine the possible endocrine disrupting activity/potential there-of. No activity was detected in any of the assays and no mancozeb was detected in any of the dams either. Oestrogenic activity was detected in Albasini Dam, Nandoni Dam and Xikundu weir but all values were below 0.7 ng/ℓ trigger value for oestrogenic activity in drinking water.
NRF
Book chapters on the topic "Three Fungicides"
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Schumann, G. L., J. Marshall Clark, J. J. Doherty, and B. B. Clarke. "Application of DMI Fungicides to Turfgrass with Three Delivery Systems." In ACS Symposium Series, 150–63. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0743.ch009.
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Chuman, Hiroshi, Atsushi Ito, Toshihide Saishoji, and Satoru Kumazawa. "QSARs and Three-Dimensional Shape Studies of Fungicidal Azolylmethylcyclopentanols." In ACS Symposium Series, 171–85. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0606.ch013.
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Ito, Atsushi, Keiichi Sudo, Satoru Kumazawa, Mami Kikuchi, and Hiroshi Chuman. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of Cytochrome P450 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) and Interaction of Azole Fungicide Metconazole withCYP51." In ACS Symposium Series, 142–50. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2005-0892.ch013.
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Thammahong, Arsa. "Aspergillus-Human Interactions: From the Environment to Clinical Significance." In The Genus Aspergillus - Pathogenicity, Mycotoxin Production and Industrial Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98509.
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Aspergillus species are ubiquitous fungi found in the environment worldwide. The most common Aspergillus species causing diseases in humans are A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. However, species causing human infections are also depending on human immune status. Host immune status and previous underlying diseases are important factors leading to different clinical manifestations and different disease spectra of Aspergillus infections. The most severe form of Aspergillus infections is invasive aspergillosis in human tissue, especially invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which has high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. ICU patients with influenza infections and COVID-19 infections are recently risk factors of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. New diagnostic criteria include galactomannan antigen assays, nucleic acid amplification assays, and lateral flow assays for early and accurate diagnosis. Voriconazole and the newest azole, isavuconazole, are antifungals of choice in IPA. Nevertheless, azole-resistant Aspergillus strains are increasing throughout the world. The etiology and spreading of azole-resistant Aspergillus strains may originate from the widespread use of fungicides in agriculture, leading to the selective pressure of azole-resistant strains. Therefore, there is a necessity to screen Aspergillus antifungal susceptibility patterns for choosing an appropriate antifungal agent to treat these invasive infections. In addition, mutations in an ergosterol-producing enzyme, i.e., lanosterol 14-α demethylase, could lead to azole-resistant strains. As a result, the detection of these mutations would predict the resistance to azole agents. Although many novel azole agents have been developed for invasive Aspergillus infections, the rate of novel antifungal discovery is still limited. Therefore, better diagnostic criteria and extensive antifungal resistant Aspergillus screening would guide us to better manage invasive Aspergillus infections with our existing limited resources.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Containment, Encapsulation, and Treatment." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0013.
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Just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, a landfill will only function as well as its weakest component. The most important “links” of a landfill are the cover and bottom liner that provide watertightness. Because of their critical significance, this chapter is devoted to studying the materials from which these barriers are constructed and how they are emplaced. We also look at ways in which the wastes themselves can be converted to forms that are more suitable for long-term disposal. Polymeric membranes, more commonly known as geomembranes or flexible membrane liners, are widely used in both the cover and the bottom liner systems. These synthetic materials have gained acceptance as barriers at landfills because they exhibit very low permeabilities, they are resistant to many chemicals, and they can often be installed for less cost than comparable clay liners. The polymeric membranes used in landfills consist of synthetic plastic or rubber sheets that are joined together in the field using solvents, adhesives, or welding processes to form continuous liners. There are several polymers and compounds that are used, and these have a wide range of material properties. The most common materials are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyethyle , and butyl rubber. Of these, HDPE is most commonly used for landfills, in part because of its documented resistance to a wide range of chemicals. Its thickness ranges from about 0.75 to 3 millimeters (30 to 120 mils). Many polymers can be made in either vulcanized form (treated with sulphur and heat to give strength by building crosslinks between the rubber polymer molecules) or unvulcanized (thermoplastic) form. Vulcanized liners tend to be stronger and more chemically resistant, but thermoplastic versions of compounds like chlorinated polyethylene are more commonly used because they are easier to seam and repair in the field. A number of additives can be introduced to improve characteristics such as stiffness or flexibility, resistance to fungicides and biocides, and resistance to ultraviolet light and ozone.
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Wurster, Charles F. "EDF, Barely an Organization, Getting Its Act Together." In DDT Wars. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190219413.003.0010.
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The late 1960s and early 1970s was a world of increasing political unrest on many fronts. In January 1969, Richard Nixon replaced Lyndon Johnson as president. Public support for the war in Vietnam was diminishing and there were widespread antiwar demonstrations. Environmental awareness and concerns were rapidly increasing. Air and water pollution were increasingly severe. A huge oil spill dumped 100,000 barrels of crude oil onto the beaches of Santa Barbara, California. The Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire. Students buried automobiles on college campuses. Lake Erie could no longer support fish. The great whales were being killed in record numbers. People were apprehensive about pesticides. The Bald Eagle, national symbol, was disappearing. The first Earth Day was launched in 1970. Responding to this public outcry, the National Environmental Policy Act passed Congress almost unanimously and became law on January 1, 1970; the Clean Air Act became law in 1970, the Clean Water Act in 1972, and the Endangered Species Act in 1973; and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act was rewritten in 1972. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring had appeared in 1962 and generated a sizable public reaction, but pesticide policies had changed very little by 1970. This was the milieu in which EDF sought to pursue its goals of a national ban on DDT and the development of environmental law. Reaching those goals would require a much more substantial organization than EDF was in 1969; at that time it was little more than a board of trustees with plenty of ideas but no staff, no office, and almost no money. Most of those trustees were going about their normal lives with EDF concerns more like a hobby than a profession. Their dedication was strong and very real, but a strategic game plan was barely in sight. There were additional impediments when compared with today’s world. Forty-five years ago communications barely resembled what we have now. Most television sets were black-and-white with small screens and large bulky bodies, although color TV was arriving slowly. There were no computers or cell phones.
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Evans, Hugh L. "Cognitive Complications of Mercury Exposure." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0072.
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Mercury (Hg) is a nonessential metal that has been used in a variety of industrial procedures and pharmaceutical preparations over centuries, resulting in hot spots of environmental contamination and unwanted toxicity in people who were occupationally exposed or were treated with mercury compounds (Clarkson and Magos 2006; Evans 1998). Mercury exists in three different chemical forms, each having a different profile of toxicity. The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be the target organ for organic mercury and elemental mercury. The kidneys are considered to be the target organ of inorganic mercury. The most widespread current exposure of children is to organic mercury from ingestion of seafood, most of which is in the form of methylmercury, the most severely neurotoxic form of mercury (Clarkson and Magos 2006). Maternal consumption of seafood, although nutritionally beneficial, has been associated with elevated mercury levels in maternal blood and hair, and with deleterious outcomes in their infants. Mothers can transit mercury to their fetus through their blood supply or to their infant through maternal milk. Children also are exposed to mercury in regions where gold is mined (Bose-O’Reilly et al. 2008). Other sources of exposures have been reviewed by Clarkson and Magos (2006). Over the past two decades in the United States, mercury has been increasingly restricted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and it has been removed from consumer products (where it had been used as a fungicide). Current efforts are under way to encourage consumers to trade their mercury thermometers for newer models that do not use mercury. Mercury has no essential nutritional role, so any amount of mercury in the body can be considered undesirable. For practical purposes, since mercury is present at some level almost everywhere on Earth, the key question is at what dose or concentration in the body can mercury-induced toxicity be documented? Continuing improvements in chemical measurement has resulted in the determining of mercury in lower concentrations. This has been matched by advances in neurological measurements and statistical analyses, resulting in the extrapolation of lower “safe” levels of mercury levels in drinking water, hair, and blood.
Conference papers on the topic "Three Fungicides"
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Yan, Lei, Yu Bai, Bi-ying Li, Li-yuan Hou, Xiu-yan Zhou, and Zhi-wei Qin. "Effects of Three Kinds of Fungicides on Enzyme Activities in Greenhouse Soil." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660459.
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searle, Dennis W., Don W. Morishita, and Tamie Keeth. "A study of the control of powdery mildew using nine commercially available fungicides and three experimentals." In American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2009.19.
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Vlajic, Slobodan, Jelica Gvozdanovic - Varga, Stevan Masirevic, Maja Ignjatov, Dragana Milosevic, and Gordana Tamindzic. "EFIKASNOST RAZLIČITIH FUNGICIDA U SUZBIJANJU PROUZROKOVAČA PLAMENJAČE SPANAĆA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.369v.
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Powdery mildew of spinach cause significant damage in agriculture production reducing the value usage of the leaves. Considering that there are no registered fungicides for controlling the powdery mildew of spinach in the Republic of Serbia, the aim of the research was to examine various fungicides for preventive and therapeutic usage. The study included seven synthetic and one biological fungicide. The lowest intensity of infection in preventive (0.10%) and therapeutic (0.33%) treatment was found when using a combination of active substances famoxadone + cimoxanil. However, when choosing and applying fungicides in spinach, special attention must be dedicate to the withdrawal period of the formulated products.
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ŠNIAUKA, Povilas, and Remigijus ZINKEVIČIUS. "INVESTIGATIONS OF APPLYING BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT BIOKAL1 ON POTATO CROPS WITH SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT LECHLER DROPLEGUL FOR SPRAYING UNDER THE LEAVES OF CULTURAL PLANTS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.019.
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The application of insecticides and fungicides on the underside of leaves is performed with a help various technological solutions, seemingly as the application of soil herbicides and liquid mineral fertilizers that are sprayed under the leaves of cultural plants. This task is performed using straight spraying pipes with slit (symmetrical and asymmetrical flow) nozzles, stream conical flow nozzles, or specific curved (e. g. Lechler DroplegUL) nozzles that enable diagonal spraying upwards. The objective of the research was to identify the potato coverage differences spraying the biological product biokal1 with specific equipment Lechler DroplegUL for spraying the biological product under the leaves and various nozzles. In earlier stages of potato growth, the specific equipment Lechler DroplegUL and deflection nozzles Lechler FT 1.0 for spraying the product under the leaves of cultural plants better covers potato stems and the underside of upper leaves. In the control group, where the ultimate slit flat flow nozzles Hardi ISO F/LD-05-110 were used, droplets of the biological product covered 4.8±1.7 % of potato stem area only, the DroplegUL and three nozzles (LU-120-02 from the top and two deflection nozzles Lechler FT 1.0 from the bottom) covered even 55.8±39.1 %. Accordingly, plants of the control group had only 0.1±0.1 % of the underside area of the upper leaves covered with the product, while using DroplegUL and three nozzles such area reached 1.5±1.1 %. In later stages of potato growth, specific equipment Lechler DroplegUL with deflection nozzles Lechler FT 1.0 for spaying under the leaves of cultural plants better covered the underside of upper leaves of potatoes only. The usage of double flow nozzles Lechler DF-120-02 on DroplegUL and ultimate slit flat flow nozzles LU-120-02 on a spraying boom gave rather small differences in coverage of the surface compared the control group, where the ultimate slit flat flow nozzles Hardi ISO F/LD-05-110 were used.
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Dima, Milica, Aurelia Diaconu, Reta Drăghici, Alina-Nicoleta Paraschiv, and Coteț Gheorghe. "RESEARCHES ON REPORTING THE ATTACK OF SOME PEANUTS DISEASES CULTIVATED ON SANDY SOILS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/41.
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Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are widely grown as a food and oleaginous species. Cultivation of peanuts offers important economic benefits, but one of the most important challenges that growers confront is the fight against destructive diseases. Culture is susceptible to a variety of pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, resulting in low yields and degradation of grain quality. Among the most devastating fungal diseases of peanuts are Cercospora arachidicola, Puccinia arachidis, Sclerotium rolfsii which cause substantial loss of production. Loss of yields due to the incidence of peanut disease may be up to 50%. Fungicides can be used to combat fungal diseases, but there are alternative disease control options, such as cultural practices, cultivation of resistant varieties, which can be useful in combating diseases by reducing the frequency of application of fungicides.
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Mikhailouskaya, N. A., D. V. Voitka, and E. K. Yuzefovitch. "Microbial composition with the properties of plant growth promoter, biofertilizer and biological fungicide." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.170.
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Microbial composition A. brasilеnse+B. circulans+Т. longibrachiatum (MC) is effective inoculant for grain crops growing in erosion agrolandscaps. MC reveals the properties of plant growth promoter, biological fertilizer and biological fungicide. Poly functional positive action of three-component MC resulted in the increase of grain crops yield and improvement of its quality in stress conditions in erosion agrolandscaps.
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Wenjie Nie and Chentao Hou. "Study on the treatment of “three benzene” waste gas by Fungicidal Bio-trickling filter." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964627.
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Gabechaya, V. V., I. V. Andreeva, I. I. Vasenev, and A. A. Neaman. "The impact of copper-containing pesticides on ecological attributes and agricultural value of soils. The need for monitoring and assessment." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-127-1.
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Copper-based pesticides have been used around the world for more than 200 years to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops. In our review, we found that copper content from cupric fungicides in vineyard soil surface horizons often exceeds 200 mg/kg. However, there are few studies on copper content in vineyard soils in Russia. The fact of the matter is that soil microorganisms have greater metal sensitivity than plants. Therefore, the use of copper-based pesticides may damage microbial communities in vineyard soils and disrupt litter decomposition processes, thus leading to a long-term deterioration of ecological attributes and agricultural value of soils. It is this fact that makes the need for constant monitoring and assessment of the impact of copper-based pesticides on vineyard soils in Russia so paramount.
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Mikhailouskaya, N. A., D. V. Voitka, E. K. Yuzefovich, and T. B. Barashenko. "Effect of three-component microbial inoculant on winter rye and spring barley yields." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.17.
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One of the modern techniques of improving microbial preparations efficiency is a combination of several microorganisms with different beneficial properties in one inoculant. Taking into account the role of nitrogen and potassium nutrition and their synergism, it is essential to develop preparations of N2-fixing and K-mobilizing rhizobacteria, especially Azospirillum sp. and Bacillus sp. Effective biological control of root infections is of great importance in order to prevent crop yield losses. Among soil antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma sp. is the most promising one. Microbial inoculant includes three components: Azospirillum brasilеnse 2(b)3 + Bacillus circulans K-81 + Trichoderma longibrachiatum L-7 (1:1:1). Combined application of rhizobacteria A. brasilense + B. сirculans induced significant hormonal effect. Roots dry mass increased by 28%, roots length per plant – by 25%, stem dry mass – by 33%. In the field experiment, the treatment of barley by microbial inoculant provided the reduction of root rot incidence by 52.0–58.0%, disease development (waxy ripeness) – by 2.6–2.9 times, biological efficiency was 66.3–69.5%. Treatment of winter rye resulted in the reduction of disease incidence by 42.4–45.0%, disease development (milky ripeness) – by 2.0–2.6 times, biological efficiency – 50.2–61.2% according to soil-erosion catena. Beneficial influence of inoculation on plant development and nutrition, as well as effective biological control of plant diseases, provided significant crop responses: for winter rye – 3.8-4.5 c ha-1 or 7.0% - 9.8%, for spring barley – 5,2 – 4.9 c ha-1 or 9.3% – 9.2% according to soil-erosion catena. Microbial inoculant exhibits the properties of plant growth promoter, biological fertilizer, and biological fungicide.
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ČESONIENĖ, Laima, Kristina LINGYTĖ, Daiva ŠILEIKIENĖ, and Midona DAPKIENĖ. "GROUNDWATER QUALITY DYNAMICS IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER PESTICIDE WAREHOUSE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.097.
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Pesticides are used in intensive farming to help fight plant pests and diseases (insecticides, fungicides), kill weeds (herbicides), as well as accelerate the growth of seeds (defoliants), but until 1992 pesticides were kept in improperly equipped warehouses, there was no maintenance or accounting of the pesticides. Consequently, the environment of the warehouse was often polluted. Such sources of pollution are hazardous to the environment. Economic activities in the area have been carried out from 1980 to 1994. Various agricultural chemicals have been stored and used there. Later, in 1997, chemicals (fertilizers and plant protection chemicals) stored in the territory of the warehouse have been collected and removed from the territory. During the inventory of 2009, no chemical substances were found in the territory. In 2010, an investigation carried out in the territory of the pesticide warehouse revealed unacceptable levels of pollution in the soil and the groundwater by pesticides and other toxic and neutral chemicals. In 2012, the polluted territory was cleaned eliminating the remains of buildings, and removing the soil polluted by the pesticides. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the territory of the former pesticide warehouse in Kaunas District Municipality, Bubių Village on the groundwater during the period from 2012 to 2016. The results have shown that the groundwater is mostly polluted with nitrogen compounds, as well as the tendency in increase of chlorides, sodium, and calcium. Minimum and unchanging concentrations of the pesticides (DDD, DDE, DDT) were determined throughout the investigation.
Reports on the topic "Three Fungicides"
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Johanna, Jacobi, Kiteme Boniface, and Ottiger Fabian. Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) in Agro-industrial and Smallholder Farming Systems in Kenya. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_r4d.2020.3.en.
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Farms in the global South show heavy use of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Some of these substances are banned in Switzerland and the European Union but are often produced and exported from there. Our messages draw on research findings from Kenya. They make the link to international conventions, highlight alternatives to pesticide-intensive agricultural practices, and call for phasing out “highly hazardous” substances in line with human rights and the precautionary principle.