Academic literature on the topic '“Three-Over-Four” pattern'

Changing three crops pattern to four crops can play a potential role for achieving countries food security. With this view to increase crop productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency, and economic return through intensifying cropping intensity as well as crop diversity by transforming three crops pattern to four crops, the experiment was conducted in High Ganges River Floodplain Soils under the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) 11 at Pali, Durgapur, under the Multilocation Testing Site, Puthia, Rajshahi, for two consecutive years 2014-15 and 2015-16. Four crops pattern mustard-onion/maize-T. Aman rice was tested at on-farm condition over the existing three crops pattern mustard-onion-T. Aman rice. Maize was introduced here as a relay crop with onion to fit it in the four crops pattern. The experiment was laid out in RCB design with six dispersed replications. Two-year crop cycles were completed, and data regarding component crops yield were considered for assessing the performance of the two cropping patterns for making a sense of comparing productivity. Although there was no significant difference in component crops yield between four crops and three crops pattern, as an additional crop, maize tremendously increased the system productivity and economic return of the four crops pattern. Higher rice equivalent yield 28.96 t·ha−1 in 2013-14 and 30.95 t·ha−1 in 2014-15 was recorded from the four crops pattern with a mean rice equivalent yield (REY) 29.95 t·ha−1 over the existing pattern with a mean value 21.76 t·ha−1. However, four crops pattern resulted in higher cultivation cost due to growing maize as an additional crop; nevertheless, it gave the higher gross return, marginal return, marginal benefit cost ratio, and production efficiency. The four crops pattern resulted averagely 37.63% higher production (REY) compared to the existing three crops pattern. Production as well as land use efficiency were increased by 9.33% and 19.18%, respectively, from the intensified alternate pattern.

No study has used trajectories of dietary patterns to examine their effects on sleep duration and body mass index over time in the Chinese population. We analyzed data from adults participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1991 and 2009. Dietary intake was measured by a 24-h recall method over three consecutive days. Height and body weight were measured, and sleep duration was self-reported. Multivariable mixed linear models were applied to examine the association between trajectories of dietary patterns (using a latent class model) and sleep duration as well as BMI. Four trajectories of a traditional pattern (characterized by rice, meat, and vegetables) and three trajectories of a modern pattern (characterized by fast food, milk, and deep-fried food) were identified. Participants with a high and rapid increase trajectory of the modern dietary pattern had the shortest sleep duration (β = −0.26; 95% CI: −0.40, −0.13). Participants with a high and stable intake of the traditional dietary pattern had the lowest BMI (β = −1.14; 95% CI: −1.41, −0.87), while the participants with a high and rapid increase trajectory of the modern dietary pattern had the highest BMI (β = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.34, 1,15). A rapid increase in the modern dietary pattern is associated with shorter sleep duration and higher BMI.

Based on three annual waves of data obtained from 194 Chinese couples during the first few years of marriage, this study examined how couples’ marital conflict resolution styles might change over time and also the association between such patterns of changes and the developmental trajectories of marital quality. Using latent transition analysis, at each of the three waves, we consistently identified four groups of couples based on the various types of strategies they employed when resolving marital conflicts: Cooperative Couples, Avoidant Couples, Aggressive Couples, and Aggressive Wife-Avoidant Husband Couples, and then we further classified couples into five groups based on their conflict resolution style transition patterns across the three waves: Steadily Constructive Pattern Group, More Constructive Pattern Group, Unpredictable Pattern Group, More Destructive Pattern Group, and Steadily Destructive Pattern Group. Lastly, utilizing the dyadic growth curve model, we linked the conflict resolution profiles identified at the first wave to both the initial levels of and the change rates of marital quality across waves and also linked the further identified conflict resolution style transition pattern groups to the change rates of marital quality across waves.

Anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibits a rhythmic oscillation pattern in some plants. To investigate the correlation between the oscillatory regulatory network and anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression patterns of anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (ALBGs) were investigated in fruit skin of ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). The anthocyanin accumulated mainly during the night over three continuous days in the fruit skin, and the ALBGs’ expression patterns in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin were oscillatory. However, the expression levels of typical anthocyanin-related transcription factors did not follow this pattern. Here, we found that the expression patterns of four PbREVEILLEs (PbRVEs), members of a class of atypical anthocyanin-regulated MYBs, were consistent with those of ALBGs in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin over three continuous days. Additionally, transient expression assays indicated that the four PbRVEs promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in red pear fruit skin, which was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRVE1a, 1b and 7 directly bound to PbDFR and PbANS promoters. Thus, PbRVEs promote anthocyanin accumulation at night by up-regulating the expression levels of PbDFR and PbANS in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin.

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is typically sown in single or twin rows centered on 91-cm beds. A planter capable of sowing 8 peanut rows on a 182-cm bed was developed by USDA-ARS. This planting pattern optimizes plant spacing and may contribute to crop advantages. Management of soil borne diseases in peanut may be affected by planting patterns. Replicated field experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 at two locations each year near Dawson, Georgia to compare interactions of planting patterns and disease management programs. Three fungicide application regimes were factored over single row, twin row, and diamond planting patterns, for a total of 9 treatments. A block calendar schedule with 14-d intervals was compared with two weather advisory programs, including AU-Pnuts and an experimental version of AU-Pnuts using minimum daily soil temperature (MDST) as a guide for fungicide selection. The seeding rate of each planting pattern was 22 seed/m2. There were no planting pattern by fungicide program interactions. Twin row and diamond planting patterns were often superior in yield than single rows; however, diamond patterns did not yield better than twin rows. Incidence of peg, pod, and limb rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii was not severe in any trial and was not affected by planting pattern. Despite low disease presence, the calendar program was consistently better for yield and overall disease control than the two advisory programs. Yield was similar for the three fungicide treatments in four of six experiments. Grade of twin row and diamond planted peanut was 0.7 points better than single row peanut over three years at one location. Net return based on crop value less fungicide program cost was more closely tied to yield than variable input costs for fungicide programs.

Advances in molecular systematics have led to a rapid increase in the identification of cryptic and pseudocryptic species in organisms exhibiting diverse and complex coloration with complicated taxonomic histories. A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of nudibranchs in the genus Glossodoris (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae) and related genera identifies multiple cryptic and pseudocryptic species complexes, one within Glossodoris pallida and three within Glossodoris cincta, and support for three new species of Doriprismatica. Morphological analyses of color pattern, radular structure, buccal mass, and reproductive system support these identifications. Descriptions for Glossodoris buko sp. nov., Glossodoris bonwanga sp. nov., Glossodoris andersonae sp. nov., Glossodoris acosti sp. nov., and what will retain the name Glossodoris sp. cf. cincta are provided here, in addition to descriptions for new species Doriprismatica balut sp. nov., Doriprismatica rossi sp. nov., and Doriprismatica marinae sp. nov.. Glossodoris pallida and G. buko exhibit extreme differences in radular structure in addition to a clear biogeographic split in range. Glossodoris bonwanga, G. andersonae, G. acosti and G. sp. cf. cincta, share morphological and geographic differences but these are not as pronounced as in G. pallida and G. buko. More detailed study of the G. cincta complex is necessary to resolve some remaining systematic challenges. Doriprismatica balut is clearly distinct from all other congeners based on molecular and morphological characters. In contrast, D. rossi and D. marinae are not strongly divergent genetically, but have major morphological divergences that clearly distinguish them.

It is essential to understand the impact of different dietary pattern trajectories on health over time. Therefore, we aimed to explore the long-term trajectories of dietary patterns among Chinese adults and examine the prospective association between different trajectory groups and the risk of overweight/obesity. The sample was 9299 adults aged 18 years or older from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1991 and 2018. We used factor analysis to identify dietary patterns and group-based trajectory modeling to identify dietary pattern trajectories. Three trajectories of a southern pattern and a modern pattern and four trajectories of a meat pattern were identified. Participants who followed the highest initial score and a slight decrease trajectory (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.54) of the meat dietary pattern were positively associated with risk of overweight/obesity when compared with the lowest initial score trajectory. The southern dietary pattern and the modern dietary pattern trajectories of participants in Group 2 (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.81; OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.91) and Group 3 (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.91; OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.90) were associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity when compared with Group 1. We observed that dietary pattern trajectories have different associations with overweight/obesity among Chinese adults.

Agricultural land use and cropping patterns are closely related to food production, soil degradation, water resource management, greenhouse gas emission, and regional climate alterations. Methods for reliable and cost-efficient mapping of cropping pattern, as well as their changes over space and time, are therefore urgently needed. To cope with this need, we developed a phenology-based method to map cropping patterns based on time-series of vegetation index data. The proposed method builds on the well-known ‘threshold model’ to retrieve phenological metrics. Values of four phenological parameters are used to identify crop seasons. Using a set of rules, the crop season information is translated into cropping pattern. To illustrate the method, cropping patterns were determined for three consecutive years (2008–2010) in the Henan province of China, where reliable validation data was available. Cropping patterns were derived using eight-day composite MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data. Results show that the proposed method can achieve a satisfactory overall accuracy (~84%) in extracting cropping patterns. Interestingly, the accuracy obtained with our method based on MODIS EVI data was comparable with that from Landsat-5 TM image classification. We conclude that the proposed method for cropland and cropping pattern identification based on MODIS data offers a simple, yet reliable way to derive important land use information over large areas.

Abstract For winters over eastern North America, complex Hilbert empirical orthogonal function (HEOF) analysis was used to objectively identify propagating patterns in four atmospheric fields that have potential relevance to precipitation: jet stream–level wind speed, 850-hPa moisture transport (qv), temperature advection (TA), and vorticity advection (VA). A novel phase shift method was used to show the location where each propagating pattern was most correlated with Midwest precipitation, and each of the four phase-shifted HEOF patterns was compared to its respective high-precipitation composite view. The leading HEOFs of the three transport fields (qv, TA, and VA), which collectively represented the dynamics associated with a midlatitude cyclone, accounted for almost half of Midwest precipitation variability and were associated with lake effect snow when propagating downstream from the Midwest. Correlation and spectral analyses revealed how the propagating transport patterns were related to the Pacific–North American pattern and other teleconnections. The leading HEOF of jet stream–level wind speed, which represented the tendency for the jet stream to migrate equatorward over the study region during winter, accounted for only about 4% of Midwest daily precipitation variability. In contrast, the second HEOF of jet stream–level wind speed, which represented an eastward propagating trough dynamically consistent with a midlatitude cyclone, accounted for 16% of Midwest daily precipitation variability.

Abstract Artificial adjustment and urbanization are key factors of global change and have significant influences on hydrological processes. This study focuses on the effects of urban land-use patterns on flood regimes in a typical urbanized basin in eastern China. Comprehensive assessments of urban land-use patterns were implemented on three levels: total imperviousness area (TIA) magnitude, landscape configuration and relative location in the basin. Hydrologic Engineering Center's Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was calibrated and validated using four groups of parameters associated with land-use conditions. Fourteen flood events were simulated based on 10 land-use scenarios with different land-use patterns. The results indicate that floods are closely associated with three landscape pattern indicators. First, over the past 20 years, the impermeability rate has increased from 3.92 to 17.48%, with the landscape pattern converted from extension growth form to fill-up growth form after 2003. Second, the average flood peak discharge increased by 80% due to impermeable surfaces expansion, with minor floods more sensitive to the expansion than major floods. Third, the contribution of imperviousness expansion to peak discharge in the inner basin is more remarkable than downstream of the river basin, with the landscape pattern metrics of TIA, arable land and forest land displaying strong correlations with flood characteristics.

Ce travail porte sur le motif polyrythmique de «trois sur quatre» dans la musique écrite en circulation à la Nouvelle-Orléans d’avant le jazz enregistré, de 1835 à 1917. S’inscrivant à l’intersection de l’histoire et de l’analyse du rythme, il propose une analyse comparée à partir de trois méthodologies d’analyse (celle des polyrythmies percussives d’Afrique centrale conçue par Simha Arom,celle des dissonances métriques développée par Harald Krebset celle des polyrythmies dans le jazz mise au point par Laurent Cugny) adaptées et appliquées à des corpus archivistiques dépouillés notamment à la Hogan Jazz Archive (à la Nouvelle-Orléans), rendant compte de la vie musicale dans les salons de la bourgeoisie néo-orléanaise du XIXe siècle, puis de l’émergence du ragtime et du premier jazz. Si tout au long de la période étudiée, les exemples de trois sur quatre sont constitués de la superposition d’une figure rythmique contramétrique sur une figure rythmique commétrique, à partir du ragtime et du premier jazz, un modèle de trois sur quatre se distinguant clairement, quantitativement et qualitativement, de son utilisation au XIXe siècle s’établit: le «paradigme du secondary rag». Un exemple issu de The Banjo (1855) du compositeur néo-orléanais Louis Moreau Gottschalk annonce toutefois ce modèle, offrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur l’histoire du ragtime et du premier jazz et l’histoire du rythme dans ces musiques, témoignant de leurs liens notamment avec d’une part, les musiques traditionnelles africaines et leur habitus contramétrique, d’autre part, la musique savante européenne de tradition tonale et son habitus commétrique, mais aussi avec la musique populaire de banjo de la mi-XIXe siècle, qui avait peut-être déjà alors fait la synthèse de ces éléments<br>This study deals with the “three-over-four” polyrhythmic pattern in written music circulating in New Orleans before jazz was recorded, from 1835 to 1917. Through an interdisciplinary approach using history and analysis of rhythm, it proposes a comparative analysis from three methods –analysis of Central African percussive polyrhythm created by Simha Arom, analysis ofmetrical dissonance as developed by Harald Krebs, and analysis of jazz polyrhythm designed by Laurent Cugny. Those methods are adjusted and used to study archival corpora mostly held at the Hogan Jazz Archive in New Orleans, reporting on musical life in salons of 19th-century New Orleans bourgeoisie, then on the beginnings of ragtime and early jazz. While three-over-four examples are constituted from the superimposition of a contrametric pattern on a cometric pattern throughout the studied period, a new form of three-over-four pattern (clearly distinct in both quantitative and qualitative terms from its 19th-century forms) appears in ragtime and early jazz: the «paradigm of secondaryrag». An example from The Banjo (1855) by New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalkis quite similar to the new form though, allowing a reinterpretation of ragtime and early jazz history as well as history of rhythm in both musical styles. The discovery reflects on their connections, especially with respect to traditional African music and its contrametric habitus, European art music and its cometric habitus, but also with 19th-century banjo popular music, which had probably already integrated these elements

In considering the origin, form, and global spread of the value-added activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) over the past four and a half decades, this article traces the main thrust and content of two influential strands of literature. The two strands are closely interrelated. The first examines the development of scholarly thinking on the determinants of the ownership, sectoral pattern, and geographical scope of MNE activity. The second identifies, and where possible evaluates the significance of the main changes in the external technological, economic, and political environment that, in part at least, have helped fashion these determinants. In reviewing both literatures, and the interface between them, the article considers three main time periods, viz. the 1960s to the mid 1970s, the mid 1970s to the late 1980s, and the late 1980s to the early 2000s.

This chapter argues that the theory of PDM is preferable over alternative accounts both in terms of theoretical economy and empirical coverage. The four most important existing theoretical OT alternatives to account for MLM are introduced which includes analyses for which it has been claimed that they are able to account for non-concatenative morphology in general and/or length-manipulation in specific: Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete, 2001), a RealizeMorpheme-based theory (Kurisu, 2001), cophonology theory (Inkelas and Zoll, 2007), and morpheme-specific constraints (Pater, 2009). It is shown that all these four accounts suffer from severe over- and/or undergeneration problems if they are tested against the full typology of attested MLM patterns. Their empirical coverage is put to the test with three case studies for which detailed PDM analyses were presented in previous chapters: the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in Aymara, non-concatenative allomorphy in Upriver Halkomelem, and long epenthetic vowels in Southern Sierra Miwok.

Using Technology with Elementary Music Approaches is a comprehensive guide to how to integrate technology into the popular elementary music approaches of Dr. Feierabend’s First Steps, Kodály, and Orff Schulwerk. It also includes ideas of integrating technology with project-based learning (PBL). It is written for elementary music educators who want to utilize technology in their classrooms, or possibly fear using technology but are looking for ways to try. It can be used by new teachers, veteran teachers, teachers with very limited technology, teachers with 1:1 devices in their music classroom, and undergraduate and graduate students. Edited and authored by Amy M. Burns, this book contains ideas, lessons, a supplemental website for resources, and examples that are field-tested and utilized in her own elementary music classroom. Burns has successfully integrated technology into her elementary music classroom for over two decades. She is a sought-after presenter and keynote speaker for integrating technology into the elementary music classroom and has written three additional books and numerous articles on the subject. She has also won four music education awards at state and national levels. In addition, the summary of each approach was written by four excellent elementary music educators and experts in the approaches: Dr. Missy Strong (Feierabend), Glennis Patterson (Kodály), Ardith Collins (Orff Schulwerk), and Cherie Herring (project-based learning (PBL) with music technology).

From the author of the classic Human Anatomy for Artists comes this user-friendly reference guide featuring over five hundred original drawings and over seventy photographs. Designed for painters, sculptors, and illustrators who use animal imagery in their work, Animal Anatomy for Artists offers thorough, in-depth information about the most commonly depicted animals, presented in a logical and easily understood format for artists--whether beginner or accomplished professional. The book focuses on the forms created by muscles and bones, giving artists a crucial three-dimensional understanding of the final, complex outer surface of the animal. Goldfinger not only covers the anatomy of the more common animals, such as the horse, dog, cat, cow, pig, squirrel, and rabbit, but also the anatomy of numerous wild species, including the lion, giraffe, deer, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, elephant, gorilla, sea lion, and bear. Included are drawings of skeletons and how they move at the joints, individual muscles showing their attachments on the skeleton, muscles of the entire animal, cross sections, photographs of live animals, and silhouettes of related animals comparing their shapes and proportions. He offers a new and innovative section on the basic body plan of four-legged animals, giving the reader a crucial conceptual understanding of overall animal structure to which the details of individual animals can then be applied. The chapter on birds covers the skeleton, muscles and feather patterns. The appendix presents photographs of skulls with magnificent horns and antlers and a section on major surface veins. Incredibly thorough, packed with essential information, Animal Anatomy for Artists is a definitive reference work, an essential book for everyone who depicts animals in their art.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A &amp; M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&amp;M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractIt is commonly accepted that the Earth’s climate is changing and will continue to change in the future. Rising temperatures are one of the direct indicators of global climate change. To investigate how the rising global temperature will affect the spatial pattern of rainfall in West Africa, the precipitation and potential evapotranspiration variables from ten Global Climate Models (GCMs) under the RCP8.5 scenario were driven by the Rossby Centre regional atmospheric model (RCA4) from the COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) and analyzed at four specific global warming levels (GWLs) (i.e., 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, 2.5 °C, and 3.0 °C) above the preindustrial level. This study utilized three indices, the precipitation concentration index (PCI), the precipitation concentration degree (PCD), and the precipitation concentration period (PCP) over West Africa to explore the spatiotemporal variations in the characteristics of precipitation concentrations. Besides, the analysis of the effect of the specified GWLs on the Consecutive Dry Days (CDD), Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), and frequency of the intense rainfall events allowed to a better understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of extreme precipitation in West Africa. Results reveal that, for the projections simulations and at each GWL, the rainfall onset starts one month earlier in the Gulf of Guinea in response to the control period. To encourage adaptation to the various changes in climate in general, and particularly in respect of rainfall, this study proposes several adaptation methods that can be implemented at the local (country) level, as well as some mitigation and adaptation strategies at the regional (West African) level.

It is convenient to start with an account of the development of the flower in the crucifer Arabidopsis (Coen &amp; Meyerowitz, 1991), for several reasons. The development of plants is in one respect simpler than that of animals: cells do not move relative to one another. Much of animal development is achieved by cell movement, contraction and adhesion; these are processes we need not bother with when thinking about plants. As yet, less is known of Arabidopsis than of Drosophila or of vertebrates: what is known is simple and elegant, and brings into sharp focus the things that are not yet known. The flower develops from a disc of cells. Four concentric rings differentiate. The outermost ring gives rise to four sepals, the next innermost ring to four petals, the next to six stamens, and the central cells to two fused carpels. Mutants are known that alter this pattern. Usually, a given mutant alters two neighbouring rings of organs. A simple model explains these mutants. Genes are expressed in three regions, A, B and C. If we symbolize the corresponding genes by a, b and c, then a gives rise to sepals, ab to petals, be to stamens and c to carpels. This would account for normal development, but if we are also to explain the mutants, we must assume that genes a and c are mutually inhibitory, so that when a is absent or deficient, c is expressed over the whole region, and vice versa. This model has been confirmed in two ways. First, it can satisfactorily explain double mutants. Triple mutants, in which all three gene activities are missing, develop leaf-like structures in all four rings: this confirms the longheld view that flower organs are modified leaves. The phenotypes of the various double mutants can be predicted from the model, and are as expected. The model has been confirmed more directly by hybridization in situ of the RNA transcripts of the different genes, which appear early in the development of the flower primordium in the expected places. An almost identical system is present in Antirrhinum. There is molecular homology between the genes in the two species.

The adoption of cloud computing accelerated significantly over the past few years, and this trend will remain. As cloud-computing technologies and vendors mature, more educational institutions will adopt the Internet-based computing style. Organizations will use cloud computing to reduce the cost of e-mail, IT infrastructure, data centers and storage, and business applications. Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. The absence of a clear definition of cloud computing is slowing the adoption of cloud computing by needlessly increasing user apprehension and obscuring the cloud's benefits. Organizations need to understand cloud computing before they can realize its benefits and avoid its risks. This chapter clears up confusion about the cloud by defining cloud computing and its characteristics, architectural model, benefits, and shortcomings. This chapter provides the definition of the concept of cloud computing and cloud computing as a service. Subsequently, it explores the characteristics of different types of clouds, as well as the security aspect of this technology. Major trends of cloud computing, such as social computing, context-aware computing, and pattern based strategy, are described. In a conclusion, the authors provide an overview of future use of cloud computing.

The adoption of cloud computing accelerated significantly over the past few years, and this trend will remain. As cloud-computing technologies and vendors mature, more educational institutions will adopt the Internet-based computing style. Organizations will use cloud computing to reduce the cost of e-mail, IT infrastructure, data centers and storage, and business applications. Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. The absence of a clear definition of cloud computing is slowing the adoption of cloud computing by needlessly increasing user apprehension and obscuring the cloud's benefits. Organizations need to understand cloud computing before they can realize its benefits and avoid its risks. This chapter clears up confusion about the cloud by defining cloud computing and its characteristics, architectural model, benefits, and shortcomings. This chapter provides the definition of the concept of cloud computing and cloud computing as a service. Subsequently, it explores the characteristics of different types of clouds, as well as the security aspect of this technology. Major trends of cloud computing, such as social computing, context-aware computing, and pattern based strategy, are described. In a conclusion, the authors provide an overview of future use of cloud computing.

&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—Suwannee Bass &lt;em&gt;Micropterus notius&lt;/em&gt; have one of the smallest ranges of all the black basses. For decades, they were believed to only inhabit the Ochlockonee and Suwannee River drainages in Florida and Georgia. Over the past 15 years, additional populations have been discovered in the Wacissa, Wakulla, and St. Marks rivers in Florida, leading to speculation that these populations were created in the late 20th century through unsanctioned angler releases. Tissue samples were collected from Suwannee Bass inhabiting six streams in northern Florida in order to investigate this possibility and resolve genetic relationships across the species range. Nuclear DNA variation (11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and three allozyme loci) indicated that there was significant genetic differentiation between the fish inhabiting the Suwannee River drainage and those from the four streams to the west (i.e., the Ochlockonee River collection plus the three recently discovered populations). Analysis of molecular variance found that more than half of the nuclear genetic variation was partitioned between these two groups of collections. The fish from the two regions also had different ND2 gene sequences and private restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotypes. The consistent pattern of differentiation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes indicates that there are two stocks or subspecies of Suwannee Bass within the species range. The recently discovered populations were found to be genetically similar to fish from the Ochlockonee River and displayed genetic signals consistent with founding effects, as would be expected if these populations had originated from the release of a small number of individuals (potentially by anglers). However, the Ochlockonee River had similar genetic signatures, providing an example of a natural population of Suwannee Bass that is likely to have experienced natural bottlenecks due to low population size.

&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—Bighead carp &lt;em&gt;Hypophthalmichthys nobilis &lt;/em&gt;have become established within the Mississippi River system (MRS) and pose a serious threat to native fishes and aquatic ecosystems throughout North America. Determining their dispersal dynamics will be a key management tool for controlling their expansion. To better understand how bighead carp have spread through the MRS, we developed a simple diffusion model to be used as a heuristic tool to generate insights regarding dispersion patterns. First, we collected occurrence data from fish museums and government agencies spanning more than 30 years of sampling in the MRS and nearby rivers. These were then combined into a geographic information system database and used to create yearly occurrence maps for this species. We then developed a diffusion model for bighead carp using information on their movement and reproduction. The resulting model can be used to track the dispersal of hypothetical carp populations from different points of introduction within the MRS. With this model, we generated and compared four possible dispersal scenarios for bighead carp based on likely points of introduction. For each of these, we calculated Cohen’s kappa and sensitivity (measures of predictive success) to determine which dispersal scenarios were the most accurate in predicting bighead carp occurrence pattern after 30 years. We found significant agreement between the actual and predicted distributions of carp after 30 years of expansion for all four dispersal scenarios (Cohen’s kappa: range = 0.136–0.426, &lt;em&gt;p &lt;/em&gt;&lt; 0.05). The single introduction scenario (in the Arkansas River) had the lowest agreement with the occurrence data (Cohen’s kappa = 0.136, sensitivity = 32%) compared with the scenarios representing multiple points of carp introduction: introductions in the Arkansas and Missouri rivers (Cohen’s kappa = 0.370, sensitivity = 71%), introductions in the Arkansas and lower Ohio rivers (Cohen’s kappa = 0.391, sensitivity = 68%), and introductions in all three river locations (Cohen’s kappa = 0.426, sensitivity = 85%). The triple introduction scenario also had the highest sensitivity (sensitivity = 66%) when it was compared to the other three scenarios for accuracy on a year-to-year basis: Arkansas River only (sensitivity = 25%), Arkansas and Missouri rivers (sensitivity = 39%), and Arkansas and lower Ohio rivers (sensitivity = 46%). These results suggest expanding bighead carp populations in the MRS began from multiple origins rather than a single introduction. Other insights derived from the dispersal scenarios include evidence that bighead carp are possibly more widely dispersed than current occurrence data indicate and that the species is likely extending its range “under the radar” of standardized sampling. Finally, we used these dispersal scenarios to predict potential high carp density hot spots that could develop over the next 20 years in the MRS and should be targeted for control management.

&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—Bighead carp &lt;em&gt;Hypophthalmichthys nobilis &lt;/em&gt;have become established within the Mississippi River system (MRS) and pose a serious threat to native fishes and aquatic ecosystems throughout North America. Determining their dispersal dynamics will be a key management tool for controlling their expansion. To better understand how bighead carp have spread through the MRS, we developed a simple diffusion model to be used as a heuristic tool to generate insights regarding dispersion patterns. First, we collected occurrence data from fish museums and government agencies spanning more than 30 years of sampling in the MRS and nearby rivers. These were then combined into a geographic information system database and used to create yearly occurrence maps for this species. We then developed a diffusion model for bighead carp using information on their movement and reproduction. The resulting model can be used to track the dispersal of hypothetical carp populations from different points of introduction within the MRS. With this model, we generated and compared four possible dispersal scenarios for bighead carp based on likely points of introduction. For each of these, we calculated Cohen’s kappa and sensitivity (measures of predictive success) to determine which dispersal scenarios were the most accurate in predicting bighead carp occurrence pattern after 30 years. We found significant agreement between the actual and predicted distributions of carp after 30 years of expansion for all four dispersal scenarios (Cohen’s kappa: range = 0.136–0.426, &lt;em&gt;p &lt;/em&gt;&lt; 0.05). The single introduction scenario (in the Arkansas River) had the lowest agreement with the occurrence data (Cohen’s kappa = 0.136, sensitivity = 32%) compared with the scenarios representing multiple points of carp introduction: introductions in the Arkansas and Missouri rivers (Cohen’s kappa = 0.370, sensitivity = 71%), introductions in the Arkansas and lower Ohio rivers (Cohen’s kappa = 0.391, sensitivity = 68%), and introductions in all three river locations (Cohen’s kappa = 0.426, sensitivity = 85%). The triple introduction scenario also had the highest sensitivity (sensitivity = 66%) when it was compared to the other three scenarios for accuracy on a year-to-year basis: Arkansas River only (sensitivity = 25%), Arkansas and Missouri rivers (sensitivity = 39%), and Arkansas and lower Ohio rivers (sensitivity = 46%). These results suggest expanding bighead carp populations in the MRS began from multiple origins rather than a single introduction. Other insights derived from the dispersal scenarios include evidence that bighead carp are possibly more widely dispersed than current occurrence data indicate and that the species is likely extending its range “under the radar” of standardized sampling. Finally, we used these dispersal scenarios to predict potential high carp density hot spots that could develop over the next 20 years in the MRS and should be targeted for control management.

As a comparison of three journals reveals, ethnographers in the field of US sociology have largely tended to “study up” rather than “study down.” In other words, problems facing marginalized groups have received far more detailed qualitative study than the habits (and habitus) of elite groups. While recognizing that this pattern has recently shifted toward a flowering of cross-national work on elites, this chapter looks at past disparities to investigate whether the difference in ethnographic focus has been—until now—exceptional within the American academic field. Specifically, the chapter focuses on a cross-cultural comparison of French and American ethnographies. In the United States, many ethnographers assume that elites are hard to study because of difficulties related to access. Yet perusing French ethnography reveals that partly due to the theoretical influence of Pierre Bourdieu, well-known work in France like that of Michel and Monique Pinçon-Charlot has long succeeded in providing detailed chronicles of elite groups’ daily lives. This chapter argues that the issue to date has likely involved dispositional orientations as well as challenges of access. There may be subtle reasons, such as concerns with Goffman-like contagion effects, why sociologists unwittingly prefer to study the downtrodden over the privileged. In addition to analyzing the relative influences of access versus dispositional factors, the chapter ends with four reasons why attention to elites is important for ethnography and sociology, as both strive to grasp growing inequalities and the psychosocial causes of recurrent cycles of power and powerlessness.

The term delinquency suggests a wide range of behaviors from socially unacceptable acts performed early in childhood that parents describe as “naughty” and psychologists call “acting out” to violent and destructive illegal behaviors. The seriousness of the act and the age of the perpetrator further sharpens the definition. Acts such as robbery, aggravated assault, rape, and homicide are not age-related offenses. They are criminal acts whether committed by juveniles or adults and are categorized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as index offenses. Other less serious offenses, such as running away, truancy, drinking under age, sexual promiscuity, and uncontrollability are categorized as status offenses, because they are performed by youth under a specified age which classifies them as juvenile offenses. States differ in their penal codes in regard to the age at which an individual moves from juvenile to adult jurisdiction. About three-fourths of the states have set age 18 as a maximum for defining juveniles, two states have set age 19 as a cutoff, seven states use 17, and four states (including New York) 16. Thus, running away from home at age 17 may be an offense in one state but not another. Almost every child at one time or another acts out, defies parents or teachers, tells lies, or commits minor acts of vandalism. Clearly, they are not all current or potential juvenile delinquents. Many of the behaviors that are considered delinquent are included in a psychiatric diagnosis called conduct disorder. The symptoms of this diagnosis include multiple behaviors extended over a six-month period; 17 behaviors are listed including truancy, stealing, cheating, running away, firesetting, cruelty to animals or persons, “unusually early” sexual intercourse, substance abuse, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting, among others. When three or more of these behaviors co-occur before age 15, and a child is considered unmanageable or out of control, then the clinical diagnosis is conduct disorder. Kazdin defines this disorder as a “pattern of antisocial behavior, when there is significant impairment in everyday functioning . . . and the behaviors are regarded as unmanageable by significant others.”

In this chapter, the authors describe an initiative they have been enacting within their secondary science and mathematics Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program over the last four years. As a first teaching experience during their first term in the program, MAT students prepare and enact engaging STEM lessons for middle school students who attend a free, three-day STEM Camp during their summer break. The authors describe the context of the students (both middle school and pre-service), the structure of the camp and teacher supports, and share excerpts of written reflections from the MAT students to highlight patterns in outcomes of this medial service learning experience.

The effects of upstream leakage injection angle on film cooling effectiveness of a turbine vane endwall with various endwall film-hole designs were examined by applying PSP measurement technique. As the leakage flow from the slot between the combustor and the turbine vane is not considered an active source to protect the vane endwall in certain engine designs, discrete cylindrical holes are implemented near the slot to create additional controllable upstream leakage flow to cool the vane endwall. Three potential leakage injection angles were studied: 30°, 40°, and 50°. To explore the optimum endwall cooling design, five different film-hole patterns were tested: axial row, cross row, cluster, mid-chord row, and downstream row. Experiments were conducted in a four-passage linear cascade facility in a blowdown wind tunnel at the exit isentropic Mach number of 0.5 corresponding to inlet Reynolds number of 380,000 based on turbine vane axial chord length. A freestream turbulence intensity of 19% with an integral length scale of 1.7 cm was generated at the cascade inlet plane. Detailed film cooling effectiveness for each design was analyzed and compared at the design operation conditions (coolant mass flow ratio 1% and density ratio 1.5). The results are presented in terms of high-fidelity film effectiveness contours and laterally (spanwise) averaged effectiveness. This paper will provide the gas turbine designers valuable information on how to select the best endwall cooling pattern with minimum cooling air consumption over a range of upstream leakage injection angle.

This Paper represents the designing of the Tri- Band Rectangular Printed micro strip Antenna. One amongst the simplest feeding technique is employed i.e. coaxial feeding technique for feeding the antenna Tri band antenna is obtained by etching two quarter wavelength rectangular shaped slots inside the patch at the proper position to resonate over GSM, Bluetooth and Wi- MAX. The proposed antenna is realized on FR-4 dielectric substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02, with dimensions of 46x38x1.6mm3. The design calculations are done for the frequency of 2.4 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated using EM simulation software CAD FEKO suite (7.0). The antenna covers the three bands of operation i.e. GSM (1.834-1.858GHz), Bluetooth (2.422- 2.487GHz), Wi-Max (3.519-3.583GHz) with reflection coefficient ≤-10dB. The overall simulation results shows that the antenna gives good impedance matching at desired frequencies with VSWR≤2.Also the radiation pattern, efficiency,gain and impedance for all four frequencies are investigated using simulation results.

In a recent study, an effective means of mixing a low Reynolds number pressure-driven flow in a micro-channel was reported by Stroock et al. [10] using trenches on the lower wall that form a staggered herringbone pattern. In the present work numerical results are reported that indicate enhanced mixing using a similar herringbone pattern in the context of an electro-osmotically driven flow in microchannels. Instead of trenches, all walls are flush, making microfabrication easier. The lower wall would have lithographically deposited polymer coatings that exhibit a zeta potential of a sign opposite to that at the other walls. These coatings are chosen to form a herringbone pattern. If mixing can be achieved using purely electro-osmotic flows, then it becomes easier to scale the channel dimensions to smaller values without the penalty of a dramatic increase in pressure drop. Moreover, the possibility of mixing with purely electro-osmotic flows that do not require time varying electric fields leads to a simpler system with fewer moving parts. With current micro-fabrication techniques, it is difficult to produce periodic patterned coatings on all four walls of a rectangular microchannel. For this reason, this study limits its scope to coatings applied only on the lower surface of the microchannel, with a rectangular cross-section. Numerical simulations are used in order to elucidate the dominant mechanism responsible for mixing, which is identified as the blinking-vortex [3]. The flow regime chosen to illustrate these effects is the same as that used by Stroock et al. [10], characterized by Reynolds numbers that are O(10−2) and Pe´clet numbers that are of O(105). The presence of patterned zeta potentials in a microchannel violates conditions of ideal electro-osmosis [4] and hence the flows are necessarily three-dimensional. The efficiency of mixing is quantified by examining particle tracks at several downstream sections of the microchannel and averaging their concentration over boxes of finite size to model diffusion. It is found that the standard deviation of the concentration decays exponentially, and that the rate of decay is independent of the Pe´clet number when the latter is sufficiently large, indicating that chaotically-enhanced mixing is occurring.

A multiphase flow facility was designed to handle flow in three phases: water, air and oil. Two pumps, one for water and one for mineral oil are placed at the end of a separation tank, two branches of 2 in. pipe coming out from each pump run at the very top of the bench; water and oil are mixed 6 feet before the air injection. A tube with four entries of 1/2 in each was built for the injection of air. Ten feet of cast acrylic pipe is placed in front of the injection of air to visualize the pattern. An optical countoring allows a more accurate view of the inside of the tube. This optical countoring was specially designed for the acrylic filled with water. Separation is done by segregation. This facility was created specifically to study bubble flow and reproduce the behavior of the coalescence and breakup of bubbles and droplets of oil. The analysis over the bubble flow is made by using an optical sensing method (non-intrusive method). The facility can be used to study other flow regimes of two and three phases. The observations of flow of water and air are presented in this paper.

The objectives of the present studies are to design and test representative commercial off-the-shelf plastic encapsulated microcircuits, including various types of ball grid array (BGA) components, chip scale package, and flip chip over military thermal environment. The approach is to demonstrate the solder joint reliability performance of these components through the design of an electrical daisy-chain pattern printed wiring board (PWB) assembly test vehicle (TV), in which the design and manufacturing variables are included. The variables, including the types of PWBs, conformal coating, and BGA underfilled materials, with each having either two or three levels of variation are used to address test criteria and to construct 12 different types of TV configurations. All TV configurations are then subjected to temperature cycling tests (−55°C to +125°C) while continuously monitoring solder joint integrity. Based on the measured results, a destructive physical analysis is then conducted to further isolate the failure locations and determine the failure mechanisms of the solder joints. Based on the lesson-learned from the above TV, a second TV (defined as TV2) has been designed, constructed and tested. The four selected parameters in TV2 are BGA under-fill materials, conformal coating, solder pad sizes on PWB, and BGA rework, with each also having either two or three levels of variation. Test results from these two groups of TVs indicate that the influence of these design and manufacturing parameters on fatigue life is dependent on the particular package, in some instances improving the fatigue life tenfold. All these test results are recommended to be used for calibrating BGA solder joint thermal fatigue life prediction models, which will be presented in other publications.

Abstract In gas turbine engines, the first-stage vanes usually suffer harsh incoming flow conditions from the combustor with high pressure, high temperature and high turbulence. The combustor-generated high freestream turbulence and strong secondary flows in a gas turbine vane passage have been reported to augment the endwall thermal load significantly. This paper presents a detailed numerical study on the effects of high freestream turbulence intensity, turbulence length scale, and exit Reynolds number on the endwall secondary flow pattern and heat transfer distribution of a transonic linear turbine vane passage at realistic engine Mach numbers, with a flat endwall no cooling. Numerical simulations were conducted at a range of different operation conditions: six freestream turbulence intensities (Tu = 1%, 5%, 10%, 13%, 16% and 20%), six turbulence length scales (normalized by the vane pitch of Λ/P = 0.01, 0.04, 0.07, 0.12, 0.24, 0.36), and three exit isentropic Mach number (Maex = 0.6, 0.85 and 1.02 corresponding exit Reynolds number Reex = 1.1 × 106, 1.7 × 106 and 2.2 × 106, respectively, based on the vane chord). Detailed comparisons were presented for endwall heat transfer coefficient distribution, endwall secondary flow field at different operation conditions, while paying special attention to the link between endwall thermal load patterns and the secondary flow structures. Results show that the freestream turbulence intensity and length scale have a significant influence on the endwall secondary flow field, but the influence of the exit Reynolds number is very weak. The Nusselt number patterns for the higher turbulence intensities (Tu = 16%, 20%) appear to be less affected by the endwall secondary flows than the lower turbulence cases. The thermal load distribution in the arc region around the vane leading edge and the banded region along the vane pressure side are influenced most strongly by the freestream turbulence intensity. In general, the higher freestream turbulence intensities make the vane endwall thermal load more uniform. The Nusselt number distribution is only weakly affected by the turbulence length scale when Λ/P is larger than 0.04. The heat transfer level appears to have a significant uniform augmentation over the whole endwall region with the increasing Maex. The endwall thermal load distribution is classified into four typical regions, and the effects of freestream turbulence, exit Reynolds number in each region were discussed in detail.

Abstract This work presents an on-design component-level multiple-objective optimization of a small-scaled uncooled cavity-stabilized combustor. Optimization is performed at the maximum power condition of the engine thermodynamic cycle. The CFD simulations are managed by a supervised machine learning algorithm to divide a continuous and deterministic design space into non-dominated Pareto frontier and dominated design points. Steady, compressible three-dimensional simulations are performed using a multi-phase Realizable k-ε RANS and non-adiabatic FPV combustion model. Conjugate heat transfer through the combustor liner is also considered. There are fifteen geometrical input parameters and four objective functions viz., maximization of combustion efficiency, and minimization of total pressure losses, pattern factor, and critical liner area factor. The baseline combustor design is based on engineering guidelines developed over the past two decades. The small-scale baseline design performs remarkably well. Direct optimization calculations are performed on this baseline design. In terms of Pareto optimality, the baseline design remains in the Pareto frontier throughout the optimization. However, the optimization calculations show improvement from an initial design point population to later iteration design points. The optimization calculations report other non-dominated designs in the Pareto frontier. The Euclidean distance from design points to the utopic point is used to select a “best” and “worst” design point for future fabrication and experimentation. The methodology to perform CFD optimization calculations of a small-scale uncooled combustor is expected to be useful for guiding the design and development of future gas turbine combustors.

The study of fluidelastic instability in tube arrays has been ongoing for four decades. Although much research has been conducted, a full understanding of the mechanisms involved is still not available. Designers of cross-flow heat exchangers must depend on experience and empirical data from laboratory studies. As new designs are developed, which differ from these experimental facilities, there is an increased risk of failure due to fluidelastic instability. An experimental program was conducted to examine fluidelastic instability in in-line and rotated square finned tube arrays. Three arrays of each geometry type were studied; two with serrated, helically wound finned tubes of different fin densities, and the third, a bare tube which had the same base diameter as the finned tubes. The finned tubes under consideration were commercial finned tubes of a type typically used in the fossil and process industries. The addition of fins to tubes in heat exchangers enhances heat transfer due to the increased surface area and the turbulence produced by the flow moving over the fins. The resulting flow pattern/distribution due to the fins is therefore much more complicated than in bare tube arrays. Previous research has shown that an effective diameter of a finned tube is useful in the prediction of vortex shedding. This concept is used to compare the finned tube results with the existing bare tube array guidelines for fluidelastic instability. All of the tube arrays in the present study have the same tube pitch, and have been scaled to have the same mass ratio. Results for the rotated square arrays show that the use of an effective diameter is beneficial in the scaling of fluidelastic instability and the finned tube results are found to fit within the scatter of the existing data for fluidelastic instability. For in-line square arrays, the results indicate that fins significantly increase the stability threshold.

This paper provides the primary results of an experimental study into the fluid flow and heat transfer features at a cross-flow of a dimpled tube in a rectangular-shaped duct between two adjacent dimpled tubes. The cylindrical dimples were engraved on each tube surface both in the staggered and in-line mode; altogether nine dimpled tubes were tested in the range of the Reynolds number Re from 8,000 to 115,000. The first group (four samples) represents tubes structured with symmetrical dimples drilled in the radial direction, while the second group (five samples) is tubes with asymmetrical dimples. In the latter case each dimple was made in such a way that its axis is parallel to the tube diameter with a certain clearance between axes. For comparisons a row of smooth tubes of the same configuration was tested under identical fluid boundary conditions. Three factors primarily influencing heat transfer are under consideration in this paper: a) increase in a heat exchange surface due to a tube dimpling, b) variations in the flow pattern, c) interaction between boundary layer and main flow. Behind a smooth tube in confined space the reverse flow zone grows initially to Re = 37,000 however decreases at larger Reynolds numbers. Unlike this, behind a dimpled tube in confined space the reverse flow zone reduces at low Reynolds numbers to reach minimum magnitude at Re = 10,000–28,000, and increases afterwards to become approximately constant at Reynolds numbers over 45,000. It has been found, the reverse flow length depends on the Reynolds number, dimple parameters and configuration. The frequency spectrum of the dimpled tube is different from that occurring for a smooth tube. A few frequency ‘picks’ with corresponding the Strouhal numbers were registered including those typical to a single dimple on a flat plate. The heat transfer enhancement rates of around 45%–55% compared with a smooth tube in confined space were obtained depending on dimple parameters and flow regimes. Increase in the heat transfer enhancement rate for tubes with shallow dimples exceeds growth of heat exchange surface due to a dimpling. Increases in a pressure drop at the tube bundle caused by dimpling do not exceed 14%.

Three dimensional flow over two side-by-side cantilevered cylinders is numerically studied for understanding the complex wake interference behind the cylinder pair. The two cylinders stand on the ground. The lattice Boltzmann method with multiple relaxation time is used for the solution of three dimensional unsteady flow. The simulations are carried out with Reynolds number Re = 200, aspect ratio L/D = 10 and four transverse pitch ratios: T/D = 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0, where Re is defined by incoming velocity U, cylinder diameter D and kinetic viscosity v, L is cylinder span length and T is center to center spacing between the cylinder pair. Numerical results show that the wake patterns depend on not only T/D, but also the end flow conditions. Both the wake street and statistics of fluid force vary along the cylinder span considerably, indicating strong three dimensionality of the wake flows and their interaction.

The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project is part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). It is a cooperative effort between the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the National Park Service’s (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program (VMI). The goal of this project is to produce a spatially and thematically accurate vegetation map of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve prior to the completion of restoration efforts associated with CERP. This spatial product will serve as a record of baseline vegetation conditions for the purpose of: (1) documenting changes to the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within these two federally-managed units as they respond to hydrologic modifications resulting from the implementation of the CERP; and (2) providing vegetation and land-cover information to NPS park managers and scientists for use in park management, resource management, research, and monitoring. This mapping project covers an area of approximately 7,400 square kilometers (1.84 million acres [ac]) and consists of seven mapping regions: four regions in Everglades National Park, Regions 1–4, and three in Big Cypress National Preserve, Regions 5–7. The report focuses on the mapping effort associated with the Northwest Coastal Everglades (NWCE), Region 4 , in Everglades National Park. The NWCE encompasses a total area of 1,278 square kilometers (493.7 square miles [sq mi], or 315,955 ac) and is geographically located to the south of Big Cypress National Preserve, west of Shark River Slough (Region 1), and north of the Southwest Coastal Everglades (Region 3). Photo-interpretation was performed by superimposing a 50 × 50-meter (164 × 164-feet [ft] or 0.25 hectare [0.61 ac]) grid cell vector matrix over stereoscopic, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) spatial resolution, color-infrared aerial imagery on a digital photogrammetric workstation. Photo-interpreters identified the dominant community in each cell by applying majority-rule algorithms, recognizing community-specific spectral signatures, and referencing an extensive ground-truth database. The dominant vegetation community within each grid cell was classified using a hierarchical classification system developed specifically for this project. Additionally, photo-interpreters categorized the absolute cover of cattail (Typha sp.) and any invasive species detected as either: Sparse (10–49%), Dominant (50–89%), or Monotypic (90–100%). A total of 178 thematic classes were used to map the NWCE. The most common vegetation classes are Mixed Mangrove Forest-Mixed and Transitional Bayhead Shrubland. These two communities accounted for about 10%, each, of the mapping area. Other notable classes include Short Sawgrass Marsh-Dense (8.1% of the map area), Mixed Graminoid Freshwater Marsh (4.7% of the map area), and Black Mangrove Forest (4.5% of the map area). The NWCE vegetation map has a thematic class accuracy of 88.4% with a lower 90th Percentile Confidence Interval of 84.5%.

The Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative Research Monograph is comprised of four sub-studies that took place between 2006 and 2009 to examine the effectiveness of the PROMISE Initiative across six implementing counties. Beginning in 2002, the superintendents of the six Southern California County Offices of Education collaborated to examine the pattern of the alarmingly low academic performance of English learners (EL) across Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, and Ventura. Together, these six counties serve over one million EL students, more than 66% of the total EL population in the state of California, and close to 20% of the EL population in the nation. Data were compiled for the six counties, research on effective programs for ELs was shared, and a common vision for the success of ELs began to emerge. Out of this effort, the PROMISE Initiative was created to uphold a critical vision that ensured that ELs achieved and sustained high levels of proficiency, high levels of academic achievement, sociocultural and multicultural competency, preparation for successful transition to higher education, successful preparation as a 21st century global citizen, and high levels of motivation, confidence, and self-assurance. This report is organized into six chapters: an introductory chapter, four chapters of related studies, and a summary chapter. The four studies were framed around four areas of inquiry: 1) What is the PROMISE model? 2) What does classroom implementation of the PROMISE model look like? 3) What leadership skills do principals at PROMISE schools need to lead transformative education for ELs? 4) What impact did PROMISE have on student learning and participation? Key findings indicate that the PROMISE Initiative: • resulted in positive change for ELs at all levels including achievement gains and narrowing of the gap between ELs and non-ELs • increased use of research-based classroom practices • refined and strengthened plans for ELs at the district-level, and • demonstrated potential to enable infrastructure, partnerships, and communities of practice within and across the six school districts involved. The final chapter of the report provides implications for school reform for improving EL outcomes including bolstering EL expertise in school reform efforts, implementing sustained and in-depth professional development, monitoring and supporting long-term reform efforts, and establishing partnerships and networks to develop, research and disseminate efforts.

The Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative Research Monograph is comprised of four sub-studies that took place between 2006 and 2009 to examine the effectiveness of the PROMISE Initiative across six implementing counties. Beginning in 2002, the superintendents of the six Southern California County Offices of Education collaborated to examine the pattern of the alarmingly low academic performance of English learners (EL) across Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, and Ventura. Together, these six counties serve over one million EL students, more than 66% of the total EL population in the state of California, and close to 20% of the EL population in the nation. Data were compiled for the six counties, research on effective programs for ELs was shared, and a common vision for the success of ELs began to emerge. Out of this effort, the PROMISE Initiative was created to uphold a critical vision that ensured that ELs achieved and sustained high levels of proficiency, high levels of academic achievement, sociocultural and multicultural competency, preparation for successful transition to higher education, successful preparation as a 21st century global citizen, and high levels of motivation, confidence, and self-assurance. This report is organized into six chapters: an introductory chapter, four chapters of related studies, and a summary chapter. The four studies were framed around four areas of inquiry: 1) What is the PROMISE model? 2) What does classroom implementation of the PROMISE model look like? 3) What leadership skills do principals at PROMISE schools need to lead transformative education for ELs? 4) What impact did PROMISE have on student learning and participation? Key findings indicate that the PROMISE Initiative: • resulted in positive change for ELs at all levels including achievement gains and narrowing of the gap between ELs and non-ELs • increased use of research-based classroom practices • refined and strengthened plans for ELs at the district-level, and • demonstrated potential to enable infrastructure, partnerships, and communities of practice within and across the six school districts involved. The final chapter of the report provides implications for school reform for improving EL outcomes including bolstering EL expertise in school reform efforts, implementing sustained and in-depth professional development, monitoring and supporting long-term reform efforts, and establishing partnerships and networks to develop, research and disseminate efforts.

Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&amp;M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&amp;M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory &amp; Monitoring (MOJN I&amp;M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub &amp; Herb Dry Wash &amp; Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.