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Journal articles on the topic 'Three Pass Protocol'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Baissalov, Yerzhan R., and Ulan Dauyl. "Notes on three-pass protocol." Herald of Omsk University 25, no. 4 (2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3996.2020.25(4).4-9.

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The article discusses primitive, linear three-pass protocols, as well as three-pass protocols on associative structures. The linear three-pass protocols over finite fields and the three-pass protocols based on matrix algebras are shown to be cryptographically weak.

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2

Suherman, Suherman, Deddy Dikmawanto, Syafruddin Hasan, and Marwan Al-Akaidi. "Embedding the three pass protocol messages into transmission control protocol header." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (2021): 442–49. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp442-449.

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Transmission control protocol provides reliable communication between two or more parties. Each transmitted packet is acknowledged to make sure successful deliveries. Transport layer security protocols send security information exchange as transmission control protocol (TCP) loads. As results, the handshaking stage experiences longer delay as TCP acknowledgement process has already been delay prone. Furthermore, the security message transfers may have their own risks as they are not well protected yet. This paper proposes TCP-embedded three pass protocol for dynamic key exchange. The key exchange is embedded into TCP headers so that transmission delay is reduced, and message transfer is secured. The proposed protocol was assessed on self network by using socket programming in lossless environment. The assessments showed that the proposed protocol reduced three-pass protocol message transfer delay up to 25.8% on lossless channel. The assessment on security also showed that TCP-embedded three pass protocol successfully secured each transmitted TCP load using a unique key; that is much securer than the compared method.

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3

Robbi, Rahim, and Ikhwan Ali. "Study of Three Pass Protocol on Data Security." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 5, no. 11 (2016): 102–4. https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20162670.

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Cryptography is a field that has developed very rapidly with the number of algorithms that keep popping up with this type of symmetric and asymmetric which has advantages and disadvantages of each, one of the problems that arise in cryptography type of symmetric is the key distribution should be given sender to the receiver's tackle the key distribution process used a cryptographic protocol three pass protocol has a way of working in which the sender and receiver do not need to exchange keys.

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4

Suherman, Suherman, Deddy Dikmawanto, Syafruddin Hasan, and Marwan Al-Akaidi. "Embedding the three pass protocol messages into transmission control protocol header." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp442-449.

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<span>Transmission control protocol provides reliable communication between two or more parties. Each transmitted packet is acknowledged to make sure successful deliveries. Transport layer security protocols send security information exchange as TCP loads. As results, the handshaking stage experiences longer delay as TCP acknowledgement process has already been delay prone. Furthermore, the security message transfers may have their own risks as they are not well protected yet. This paper proposes TCP-embedded three pass protocol for dynamic key exchange. The key exchange is embedded into TCP headers so that transmission delay is reduced, and message transfer is secured. The proposed protocol was assessed on self network by using socket programming in lossless environment. The assessments showed that the proposed protocol reduced three-pass protocol message transfer delay up to 25.8% on lossless channel. The assessment on security also showed that TCP-embedded three pass protocol successfully secured each transmitted TCP load using a unique key; that is much securer than the compared method.</span>

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5

Z. Khalaf, Rifaat, Sarkesh K. Ridha, Adel A. Abed Al-Wahab, and Mohamed Khudhair Al-Gburi. "Implementation Three Pass Protocol on Multiplicative Cipher." Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, no. 9 (2020): 10669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.10669.10672.

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6

Nababan, Darsono, and Robbi Rahim. "Security Analysis Combination Secret Sharing Protocol and Three-Pass Protocol." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1175 (March 2019): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012111.

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7

RASULOVA, Mukhayo Yunusovna. "New Three-Pass Protocol for Time Dependent Information." EURAS Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/ejeas.2021.024/ejeas_v02i1003.

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8

Rahim, Robbi, Nik Adilah Hanin Zahri, and Mohd Nazri Bin Mohd Warip. "Additional Security using Three-Pass Protocol and Pohlig-Hellman." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1088, no. 1 (2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1088/1/012046.

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9

Oktaviana, Boni, and Andysah Putera Utama Siahaan. "Three-Pass Protocol Implementation in Caesar Cipher Classic Cryptography." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 18, no. 04 (2016): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-1804032629.

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10

Badawi, A., M. Zarlis, and S. Suherman. "Impact three pass protocol modifications to key transmission performance." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1235 (June 2019): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012050.

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11

Rahim, Robbi. "Applied Pohlig-Hellman algorithm in three-pass protocol communication." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 16, no. 3 (2018): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes16-16557.

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12

Nasution, Darmeli, Indri Sulistianingsih, and Arie Candra Panjaitan. "Kombinasi Vigenère dan Beaufort Cipher Konsep Simulasi Three-pass Protocol pada Data Penerbangan." CICES 9, no. 2 (2023): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cices.v9i2.2699.

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Computer security is very important in data exchange, especially flight data. The data sent is confidential data. This data should not be known by irresponsible people. Data theft is a risk that can occur which can result in large losses. This data must be encrypted so that it is safe when sending. Good delivery does not need to exchange keys so that the key is not given to the recipient who will decrypt the data. Security needs to be improved by using the Three-pass Protocol scheme where this scheme will maintain that there is no exchange of keys between the sender and the recipient of the data. Each party will carry out the encryption and decryption process using their respective keys. This key does not need to be given to other parties. The concept of the Three-pass protocol uses the Vigenère and Beaufort Cipher algorithms. The sender will carry out the encryption and decryption process using the Vigenère Cipher algorithm while the recipient will carry out the encryption and decryption process using the BeaufortCipher algorithm. The encrypted data will automatically maintain the authenticity of the data when the data is decrypted again. The combination of the two algorithms with multiple keys makes the encryption results more difficult to decrypt by unauthorized parties. The result of the combination of these two methods is that the encryption quality is better than the Beaufort or Vigenère methods alone. By utilizing the Three-pass Protocol scheme, flight data will be kept confidential.   Keywords—Beaufort; Vigenère; Three-pass; Protocol  Keamanan komputer sangat penting diterapkan dalam pertukaran data, terutama data penerbangan. Data-data yang dikirim adalah data yang bersifat rahasia. Data ini tidak boleh diketahui oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Pencurian data adalah resiko yang dapat terjadi sehingga dapat mengakibatkan kerugian besar. Data-data ini harus dienkripsi sehingga aman pada saat melakukanpengiriman. Pengiriman yang baik tidak perlu melakukan pertukaran kunci sehingga kunci tersebut tidak diberikan kepada penerima yang akan melakukan dekripsi data tersebut. Pengamanan perlu ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan skema Three-pass Protocol dimana skema ini akan mempertahankan agar tidak terjadi pertukaran kunci antara pengirim dan penerima data. Masing-masing pihak akan melakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi menggunakan kunci masing-masing. Kunci ini tidak perlu diberikan kepada pihaklain. Konsep Three-pass protocolmenggunakan algoritma Vigenère dan BeaufortCipher. Pengirim akan melakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi dengan menggunakan algoritma Vigenère Cipher sementara penerima akan melakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi menggunakan algoritma BeaufortCipher.Data yang terenkripsi secara otomatis akan menjaga keaslian data tersebut pada saat data tersebut kembali didekripsi. Kombinasi kedua algoritma dengan kunci ganda agar hasil enkripsi semakin sulit untuk didekripsi oleh pihak yang tidak berwenang. Hasil dari kombinasi kedua metode ini didapatkan kualitas enkripsi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan satu metode Beaufort atau Vigenère saja.Dengan memanfaatkanskema Three-pass Protocol dihasikan data penerbangan akan terjaga kerahasiaannya.  Kata Kunci—Beaufort; Vigenère; Tiga lintasan; Protokol

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13

Habib, Hamza. "The Application of Chebyshev Polynomial on the Three-Pass Protocol." Diyala Journal for Pure Science 18, no. 3 (2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djps.1803.587a.

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14

S. Azez, Aqeel. "New Approach of RSA Algorithm based on Three-Pass Protocol." Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, no. 21 (2019): 7913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.7913.7916.

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15

Kumar, Gautam, Hemraj Saini, and Vipin Balyan. "Authenticated Quantum Three Pass Protocol on One-Time Pad Cryptographic Technique." HELIX 11, no. 6 (2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29042/2021-11-6-18-23.

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16

Gupta, Rajeev Kumar, R. K. Pateriya, and Ankita Patil. "Enhancing the Security of AES Algorithm using Quantum Three-Pass Protocol." International Journal of Security and Its Applications 11, no. 1 (2017): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2017.11.1.18.

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17

Ridho, Abdurrahman, Cut Mutia, and Andriani Putri. "Konsep Three-Pass Protocol Pengamanan Teks Menggunakan Metode Playfair Cipher Dengan Gronsfeld Cipher." Technologia : Jurnal Ilmiah 14, no. 1 (2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/tji.v14i1.9236.

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Keamanan komputer khususnya data merupakan hal yang tidak dapat terpisahkan dari penggunaan komputer sehari-hari baik itu menggunakan gawai seperti telepon seluler maupun komputer/laptop. Aktifitas enkripsi dapat kita jumpai saat ini pada aplikasi pesan instan seperti whatsapp untuk melindungi privasi penggunanya yang menjamin bahwa pesan teks tersebut aman dari gangguan entitas yang tidak berkepentingan, pengembangan metode-metode enkripsi baik itu memunculkan metode baru maupun mengkombinasikan metode yang sudah ada akan terus dilakukan demi tercapainya perlindungan data yang baik. Konsep Three-pass protocol hadir untuk menghindari adanya pertukaran kunci antara pengirim dan penerima yang dapat menjadi masalah ketika di transmisikan, namun Three-pass protocol tidak dapat diimplementasikan kepada semua cipher.

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18

Abdullah, Alharith A., Rifaat Khalaf, and Mustafa Riza. "A Realizable Quantum Three-Pass Protocol Authentication Based on Hill-Cipher Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/481824.

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A realizable quantum three-pass protocol authentication based on Hill-cipher algorithm is presented by encoded and decoded plaintext using classical Hill-cipher algorithm. It is shown that the encoded message transferred to the particles called quantum state where we assumed that a photon is used as a qubit and after the encoded message is transferred into photons, the polarization of each photon is rotated by an angleθj, which is chosen randomly for each qubit. The sender and receiver agree over a Hill-cipher key, the encryption occurs by utilization of the quantum three-pass protocol (QTPP), the decryption will be illustrated, and an example shows how the algorithm will work. Finally, the security of this algorithm is analyzed in detail.

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19

Rachmawati, Dian, Amer Sharif, and Rosalia Sianipar. "A combination of vigenere algorithm and one time pad algorithm in the three-pass protocol." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819703008.

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Cryptography is the method of delivery of messages in secret, thus only the intended message recipient can read the message. In this study, the cryptographic algorithms which used are Vigenere Cipher and One Time Pad. However, the security of both algorithms depends on the security of the algorithm key. Three-Pass Protocol is a scheme of work that lets two people exchange secret messages without doing a key exchange. So, both the symmetric cryptographic algorithms combined on a Three-Pass Protocol scheme. The purpose of the combination of two algorithms in the three-pass protocol is to secure the image message without exchange key process between sender and recipient. The results of the research and testing using GetPixel pointed out that safeguarding the image file using the combination of Vigenere Cipher and One Time Pad algorithm restores the original image files intact. Therefore, it meets the parameters of the integrity of the data. The test results based on time parameter shows that time of the program execution process is directly proportional to the size of the image. The result is related with the formula which calculate every pixels of the the image.

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20

Rahim, R., M. A. Rosid, A. S. Fitrani, A. Daengs GS, and N. L. W. S. R. Ginantra. "Enhancement three-pass protocol security with combination caesar cipher and vigenere cipher." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 066045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/6/066045.

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21

Younis, Mohammed Issam, and Mustafa Hashim Abdulkareem. "ITPMAP: An Improved Three-Pass Mutual Authentication Protocol for Secure RFID Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 96, no. 1 (2017): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4152-0.

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22

Xia, Hui. "Research on Multiple Security Authentication Protocol in RFID System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.770.

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Weak security of RFID system is concerned by more and more people because of the fast development of internet of things. Some existing RFID authentications protocols begin to be analyzed, such as Mutual three-pass authentication, randomized Hash-Lock, which has some problem of being difficult to resist a variety of network attacks such as forgery tag attacks and a new bidirectional security authentication protocol,A multiple security authentication protocol is proposed to overcome the disadvantage of being vulnerable to cyber attacks. Analysis shows that this approach is of good security and privacy, low cost, and high efficiency.

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23

Mezher, Liqaa Saadi, and Ayam Mohsen Abbass. "Mixed Hill Cipher methods with triple pass protocol methods." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4449-4457.

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Hill Cipher is a reimbursement coding system that converts specific textual content codes into numbers and does no longer exchange the location of fixed symbols. The symbol modifications simplest in step with the English letter table inclusive of (26) characters handiest. An encoded Hill Cipher algorithm was used that multiplication the square matrix of the apparent text with a non-public key and then combined it with the Triple Pass Protocol method used to repeat the encryption three times without relying on a personal key. Also, you could decode the code and go back it to the express textual content. The cause of mixing algorithms is to cozy the message without any key change among the sender and the recipient.

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24

Liqaa, Saadi Mezher, and Mohsen Abbass Ayam. "Mixed Hill Cipher methods with triple pass protocol methods." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 4449–57. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4449-4457.

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Hill Cipher is a reimbursement coding system that converts specific textual content codes into numbers and does no longer exchange the location of fixed symbols. The symbol modifications simplest in step with the English letter table inclusive of (26) characters handiest. An encoded Hill Cipher algorithm was used that multiplication the square matrix of the apparent text with a non-public key and then combined it with the Triple Pass Protocol method used to repeat the encryption three times without relying on a personal key. Also, you could decode the code and go back it to the express textual content. The cause of mixing algorithms is to cozy the message without any key change among the sender and the recipient.

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25

Rachmawati, D., M. A. Budiman, and L. Aulya. "Three-pass protocol scheme for bitmap image security by using vernam cipher algorithm." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 308 (February 2018): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/308/1/012003.

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26

Abobo, Tom Jericho L., Judy Ann T. Ng, Carmelito N. Longcop, Jr., et al. "Comparing Genomic DNA Extraction Methods/ Protocols to obtain High Quality DNA from Ulva lactuca." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry 15, no. 1 (2025): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2025/v15i1351.

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DNA extraction is the process of isolating the nucleic acid (e.g. DNA) from the cells isolated from organism or samples. DNA extraction protocol is crucial for the quality of DNA to be isolated from a sample, it also entails the success of other downstream application like PCR amplification and sequencing. In this study, three (3) extraction protocols were used to extract DNA from the blade of a seaweed, the Ulva lactuca. The protocols that were used in this study were optimized to extract genomic DNA for other organisms, for instance, the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) method was used for insects, the tri-phosphate extraction (TPE) method is used for rice, while cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method is commonly used for plants. Some of the components of the protocols were modified like for instance changing the pH of Tris-HCl. The experiment consists of two trials with two replicates in each trial, the trials ensure the reliability of result, specifically the experiment. For the first trial, the TPE method got the highest DNA concentration of 304.1 ng/ul but it did not pass the purity ratio of A260/280 (1.8-2.0) by only having 1.46, however, two replicates pass the A260/280 ratio and both are the replicates 1 of SDS and CTAB protocol having 1.81 and 1.80 A260/280 ratio and the concentrations of 127 ng/ul and 77.0 ng/ul, respectively. For the second trial, both the replicates using CTAB protocol pass the A260/280 ratio with 1.82 and 1.81, and DNA concentration of 24.2 ng/ul and 1,993.6 ng/ul, respectively. This concludes that, still the conventional genomic DNA extraction protocol for plants, which is the CTAB method can also be used to isolate high quality DNA from a green seaweed, the Ulva lactuca. However, some of the components of CTAB method poses health risks and possible environment hazard, the TPE and SDS method can offer a less harmful way to extract DNA, though further optimization on the components of the two protocol is highly encouraged. This study also shows that CTAB can also be used to isolate DNA from other marine plants.

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27

Subandi, Amin, Rini Meiyanti, Cut Lika Mestika Sandy, and Rahmat Widia Sembiring. "Three-Pass Protocol Implementation in Vigenere Cipher Classic Cryptography Algorithm with Keystream Generator Modification." Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 2, no. 5 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj020501.

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28

Rachmawati, Dian, Mohammad Andri Budiman, and M. Adib Rikzan. "Analysis of File Security with Three-Pass Protocol Scheme Using Massey-Omura Algorithm In Android." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1235 (June 2019): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012075.

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29

Harahap, Muhammad Ikhwan, Suherman Suherman, and Rahmat W. Sembiring. "Three Pass Protocol for Key Security Using Affine Cipher Algortima and Exclusive-or (Xor) Combination." sinkron 8, no. 4 (2023): 2602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v8i4.13051.

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Information is a very important concern in today's technological era, especially in terms of security through the exchange of information that is so fast that people can easily get various kinds of information. Information obtained easily through recording or openly disseminating data, XOR Cipher is an algorithm used to secure messages and texts but has weaknesses due to simple computation, therefore to strengthen security in XOR Cipher communication protocols can be added to secure key exchange on XOR Ciphers. Affine Cipher can be combined with Exclusive-OR (XOR) for text message security. Through the Affine Cipher algorithm with Key can change the unknown Plaintext, so that the Plaintext is kept secret. The Exclusive-OR (XOR) combination by changing each Character in each Plaintext according to the ASCII Code table can shorten the Key encoding process, so that Plaintext remains safe to send. The Affine Cipher Algorithm and the Exclusive-OR (XOR) Combination for Plaintext security levels are better because the Plaintext encryption and decryption processes are carried out twice with different cryptographic algorithms.

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30

Faraghat, Shabnam A., Kai F. Hoettges, Max K. Steinbach, et al. "High-throughput, low-loss, low-cost, and label-free cell separation using electrophysiology-activated cell enrichment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (2017): 4591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700773114.

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Currently, cell separation occurs almost exclusively by density gradient methods and by fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting (FACS/MACS). These variously suffer from lack of specificity, high cell loss, use of labels, and high capital/operating cost. We present a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based cell-separation method, using 3D electrodes on a low-cost disposable chip; one cell type is allowed to pass through the chip whereas the other is retained and subsequently recovered. The method advances usability and throughput of DEP separation by orders of magnitude in throughput, efficiency, purity, recovery (cells arriving in the correct output fraction), cell losses (those which are unaccounted for at the end of the separation), and cost. The system was evaluated using three example separations: live and dead yeast; human cancer cells/red blood cells; and rodent fibroblasts/red blood cells. A single-pass protocol can enrich cells with cell recovery of up to 91.3% at over 300,000 cells per second with >3% cell loss. A two-pass protocol can process 300,000,000 cells in under 30 min, with cell recovery of up to 96.4% and cell losses below 5%, an effective processing rate >160,000 cells per second. A three-step protocol is shown to be effective for removal of 99.1% of RBCs spiked with 1% cancer cells while maintaining a processing rate of ∼170,000 cells per second. Furthermore, the self-contained and low-cost nature of the separator device means that it has potential application in low-contamination applications such as cell therapies, where good manufacturing practice compatibility is of paramount importance.

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31

Nithya, S., and K. Meena alias Jeyanthi. "Genetic algorithm based bacterial foraging optimization with three-pass protocol concept for heterogeneous network security enhancement." Journal of Computational Science 21 (July 2017): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.03.023.

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32

Singh, Sanjay, and Pradeep B.H. "Three Way Authentication Protocol for Privacy Preserving and Ownership Authentication Transfer for Ubiquitous Computing Devices." WSEAS Transactions on Communications 13 (September 1, 2014): 430——443. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.45486.

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Now a days almost everybody is having a portable communication device, be it a laptop, a tablet or smart phones. The user would like to have all the services at his fingertips and access them through the portable device he owns. The user would exchange data with the other user or the service provider or control the smart appliances at his home. The interactions between the user’s device and the service provider must be secure enough regardless of the type of device used to access or utilize the services. In this paper we propose a ”Three Way Authentication (TWA)” technique intended to preserve the user privacy and to accomplish ownership authentication in order to securely deliver the services to the user devices. This technique will also help the users or the service providers to check whether the device is compromised or not with the help of the encrypted pass-phrases that are being exchanged. The users use the devices to store most of the valuable information and will prove risky when the device is borrowed by the other user or when it is lost or stolen. To safeguard the user data and also to preserve user privacy we also propose the technique of Authenticated Ownership Transfer (AOT). The user who sells the device has to transfer the ownership of the device under sale. Once the ownership has been transferred, the old owner will not be able to use that device at any cost. Neither of the users will be able to use the device if the process of ownership has not been carried out properly. This also takes care of the scenario when the device has been stolen or lost, avoiding the impersonation attack. The proposed protocol has been modeled and tested with Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) and is found to be safe.

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Purnomo Sidik, Agung, Syahril Efendi, and Suherman Suherman. "Improving One-Time Pad Algorithm on Shamir’s Three-Pass Protocol Scheme by Using RSA and ElGamal Algorithms." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1235 (June 2019): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012007.

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34

Yang, Chun-Wei, Jason Lin, Chia-Wei Tsai, and Ching-Lin Cheng. "Cryptanalysis of a Semi-Quantum Bi-Signature Scheme Based on W States." Entropy 24, no. 10 (2022): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101408.

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Recently, Zhao et al. proposed a semi-quantum bi-signature (SQBS) scheme based on W states with two quantum signers and just one classical verifier. In this study, we highlight three security issues with Zhao et al.’s SQBS scheme. In Zhao et al.’s SQBS protocol, an insider attacker can perform an impersonation attack in the verification phase and an impersonation attack in the signature phase to capture the private key. In addition, an eavesdropper can perform a man-in-the-middle attack to obtain all of the signer’s secret information. All of the above three attacks can pass the eavesdropping check. Without considering these security issues, the SQBS protocol could fail to ensure the signer’s secret information.

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35

Sorial, George A., Karen M. Koran, Edith Holder, Albert D. Venosa, and Dennis W. King. "Development of a Rational Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Protocol." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (2001): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-471.

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ABSTRACT Chemical dispersants are used in oil spill response operations to enhance the dispersion of oil slicks at sea as small oil droplets in the water column. To be considered for use, the dispersants must be listed in the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule. Since 1994, dispersants were required to pass an effectiveness test known as the Swirling Flask Test (SFT), which is described in Appendix C of 40 CFR 300. Listing of a dispersant on the NCP Product Schedule is contingent on the dispersant being at least 45% effective in dispersing South Louisiana crude (SLC) and Prudhoe Bay crude (PBC) oils as measured and calculated by the test. Shortly after adopting the SFT, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to receive complaints that the test was too rigorous and few dispersants that were previously listed on the NCP Product Schedule could achieve the 45% effectiveness criterion. Additionally, the SFT has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. A redesign of the test flask, which is characterized as being baffled with a stopcock at the bottom for undisturbed sample collection, is considered to be necessary to accomplish reproducibility within operators and between operators. This paper presents the development of a revised procedure for dispersant effectiveness testing, called the Baffled Flask Test (BFT), and reports the reproducibility of the revised procedure by three independent operators. It also details the development of pass/fail selection criteria. Experimental results are presented comparing the repeatability of the SFT and BFT methods with three operators determining the effectiveness of 18 dispersants on SLC and PBC oils. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the overall mean effectiveness of the SFT for all 18 dispersants was only 19.7% compared to 64.6% by the BFT and the coefficient of variation for the SFT was 21.9% versus only 7.8% for the BFT.

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Wang, Lu, and Wu Song Wen. "Design of RFID Reader Based on Protocol of ISO/IEC 14443 TYPE A." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1855.

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The technology of RFID is used extensively in access control for office buildings, payment systems for public transport, and other applications. In this paper, using the Texas Instruments semiconductor chip of TRF7960 and the single-chip microcomputer of PIC16F877, a new design scheme of RFID reader is proposed, which conforms to ISO/IEC 14443 TYPE A standard. And the methods of anti-collision, three pass authentication, coding and decoding are discussed in detail. Test results present that this reader has high accuracy ratio, can identify the contactless smart cards in about ten centimeters, and it supports multiple card identification well.

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Budiman, M. A., D. Rachmawati, and R. A. Badegeil. "The implementation of RC4+ and Variably Modified Permutation Composition algorithms in the three-pass protocol scheme for data security." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1235 (June 2019): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1235/1/012085.

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Kennard, Mark J., Bradley J. Pusey, Bronwyn D. Harch, Elli Dore, and Angela H. Arthington. "Estimating local stream fish assemblage attributes: sampling effort and efficiency at two spatial scales." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 6 (2006): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06062.

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As part of a wider study to develop an ecosystem-health monitoring program for wadeable streams of south-eastern Queensland, Australia, comparisons were made regarding the accuracy, precision and relative efficiency of single-pass backpack electrofishing and multiple-pass electrofishing plus supplementary seine netting to quantify fish assemblage attributes at two spatial scales (within discrete mesohabitat units and within stream reaches consisting of multiple mesohabitat units). The results demonstrate that multiple-pass electrofishing plus seine netting provide more accurate and precise estimates of fish species richness, assemblage composition and species relative abundances in comparison to single-pass electrofishing alone, and that intensive sampling of three mesohabitat units (equivalent to a riffle–run–pool sequence) is a more efficient sampling strategy to estimate reach-scale assemblage attributes than less intensive sampling over larger spatial scales. This intensive sampling protocol was sufficiently sensitive that relatively small differences in assemblage attributes (<20%) could be detected with a high statistical power (1-β > 0.95) and that relatively few stream reaches (<4) need be sampled to accurately estimate assemblage attributes close to the true population means. The merits and potential drawbacks of the intensive sampling strategy are discussed, and it is deemed to be suitable for a range of monitoring and bioassessment objectives.

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Yang, Guomin, Duncan Wong, and Xiaotie Deng. "Formal Security Definition and Efficient Construction for Roaming with a Privacy-Preserving Extension." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 14, no. (3) (2008): 441–62. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-014-03-0441.

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In a secure roaming scenario, a user U travels to a foreign network and communicates with a foreign server V securely so that no one other than U and V can obtain the messages exchanged between them. U may also want to travel anonymously so that no one including V can find out its identity or trace its whereabouts except its home server H. There have been many key establishment protocols proposed for secure roaming. A typical application of these protocols is the mobile roaming service which may be deployed to interconnected WLAN and 3G networks. Despite the importance of these protocols, most of the protocols are analyzed heuristically. They are lack of formal security treatment. In this paper, we propose a formal key exchange definition and formalize secure roaming under the Canetti-Krawczyk (CK) model. We also propose a formal model for capturing the notions of user anonymity and untraceability. By using the modular approach supported by the CK-model, we construct an efficient key exchange protocol for roaming and then extend it to support user anonymity and untraceability. The protocols are efficient and each of them requires only four message flows among the three parties U, H and V. For building our protocols, we construct a one-pass counter based MT-authenticator and show its security under the assumption of a conventional MAC secure against chosen message attack.

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Bing, Xiong, Tang Yinshan, Jin Ying, and Shen Yingchuan. "Efficacy and safety of a modified method for blind bedside placement of post-pyloric feeding tube: a prospective preliminary clinical trial." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 2 (2021): 030006052199218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060521992183.

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Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of a new modified method of bedside post-pyloric feeding tube catheterization with the Corpak protocol versus electromagnetic-guided catheterization. Materials and Methods We conducted a single-center, single-blinded, prospective clinical trial. Sixty-three patients were treated with a non-gravity type gastrointestinal feeding tube using different procedures: modified bedside post-pyloric feeding tube placement (M group), the conventional Corpak protocol (C group), and standard electromagnetic-guided tube placement (EM group). Results The success rate in the M group, C group, and EM group was 82.9% (34/41), 70.7% (29/41), and 88.2% (15/17), respectively, with significant differences among the groups. The time required to pass the pylorus was significantly shorter in the M group (26.9 minutes) than in the C group (31.9 minutes) and EM group (42.1 minutes). The proportion of pylorus-passing operations completed within 30 minutes was significantly higher in the M group than in the C group and EM group. No severe complications occurred. Conclusion This modified method of bedside post-pyloric feeding tube catheterization significantly shortened the time required to pass the pylorus with no severe adverse reactions. This method is effective and safe for enteral nutrition catheterization of patients with dysphagia and a high risk of aspiration pneumonia.

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Greencorn, David J., Daniel I. Aponte, and David J. Pearsall. "Photogrammetry: An accurate and cost-effective three-dimensional ice hockey helmet fit acquisition method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 4 (2018): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337118768322.

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Ice hockey helmets must pass standardized impact tests to be certified for sale. However, these tests are performed with the helmet attached to a surrogate headform. Human head shapes are not uniform, and very few standards exist for helmet fitting for the common user. The goal of this study was to develop an accurate and cost-effective three-dimensional acquisition protocol to assess the geometric fit of human subject heads to a variety of ice hockey helmets. The study had three main objectives: First, a photogrammetry-based three-dimensional acquisition system was developed. Second, the researchers populated a database of both male human heads and ice hockey helmets by scanning five different helmet models from various manufacturers. Finally, the system accuracy and error were calculated using root mean squared errors between the dimensional difference curves of repeated scans. Errors were calculated by repeating the entire protocol error with 20 comparisons (root mean squared error = 2.83 mm), the alignment error with 5 comparisons (root mean squared error = 1.14 mm), and scaling error with 4 comparisons (root mean squared error = 1.84 mm). Suggestions are provided in the section “Discussion” on how to create a system that is more time efficient with higher resolution renders and lower error. A method that quantifies three-dimensional fit is the first step toward studying the relationship between helmet fit and user-specific helmet protection.

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Ptak, T., J. T. Rhea, and R. A. Novelline. "Experience with a continuous, single-pass whole-body multidetector CT protocol for trauma: the three-minute multiple trauma CT scan." Emergency Radiology 8, no. 5 (2001): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00011915.

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Nuiaa, Riyadh Rahef, Selvakumar Manickam, and Ali Hakem Alsaeedi. "Distributed reflection denial of service attack: A critical review." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (2021): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5327-5341.

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As the world becomes increasingly connected and the number of users grows exponentially and “things” go online, the prospect of cyberspace becoming a significant target for cybercriminals is a reality. Any host or device that is exposed on the internet is a prime target for cyberattacks. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is accountable for the majority of these cyberattacks. Although various solutions have been proposed by researchers to mitigate this issue, cybercriminals always adapt their attack approach to circumvent countermeasures. One of the modified DoS attacks is known as distributed reflection denial-of-service attack (DRDoS). This type of attack is considered to be a more severe variant of the DoS attack and can be conducted in transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). However, this attack is not effective in the TCP protocol due to the three-way handshake approach that prevents this type of attack from passing through the network layer to the upper layers in the network stack. On the other hand, UDP is a connectionless protocol, so most of these DRDoS attacks pass through UDP. This study aims to examine and identify the differences between TCP-based and UDP-based DRDoS attacks.

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Leite, C. R., J. F. Fonseca, D. A. M. Fernandes, J. M. G. Souza-Fabjan, F. O. Ascoli, and F. Z. Brandão. "Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 6 (2018): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9622.

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ABSTRACT The present study was composed by two experiments aiming to develop a cervical dilation technique for non-surgical access to Santa Inês ewe’s uterus. In Experiment 1, thirty ewes underwent four epidural treatments. The three experimental treatments used 2.0mg/kg ketamine. The group receiving this drug alone was denominated KG, whereas other group had ketamine associated with 0.1mg/kg morphine (KM) and KX a third group had ketamine associated with 0.05mg/kg xylazine (KX). Control treatment was 1mL/7.5kg saline solution epidurally (CON). Cervical dilation was evaluated in both experiments by attempting to pass a metal rod through the cervix. In Experiment 2, three different hormonal protocols for cervical dilation were tested in thirty ewes. Epidural anesthesia with 2.0mg/kg ketamine was the control treatment (KG) and was combined with hormonal treatments: Misoprostol (MI); Oxytocin + Estradiol (OE); Misoprostol + Oxytocin + Estradiol (MOE). In Experiment 1 transposition rate was not different among groups. In Experiment 2, OE presented the highest rate (90%) while MOE presented 86.2%, MI 68.9% and CON 62.1%. The study developed a pharmacological protocol that increased cervical transposition making the non-surgical access to the uterus feasible in Santa Inês ewes.

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Riyadh, Rahef Nuiaa, Manickam Selvakumar, and Hakem Alsaeedi Ali. "Distributed reflection denial of service attack: A critical review." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (2021): 5327–41. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5327-5341.

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As the world becomes increasingly connected and the number of users grows exponentially and “things” go online, the prospect of cyberspace becoming a significant target for cybercriminals is a reality. Any host or device that is exposed on the internet is a prime target for cyberattacks. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is accountable for the majority of these cyberattacks. Although various solutions have been proposed by researchers to mitigate this issue, cybercriminals always adapt their attack approach to circumvent countermeasures. One of the modified DoS attacks is known as distributed reflection denial-of-service attack (DRDoS). This type of attack is considered to be a more severe variant of the DoS attack and can be conducted in transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). However, this attack is not effective in the TCP protocol due to the three-way handshake approach that prevents this type of attack from passing through the network layer to the upper layers in the network stack. On the other hand, UDP is a connectionless protocol, so most of these DRDoS attacks pass through UDP. This study aims to examine and identify the differences between TCP-based and UDP-based DRDoS attacks.

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Lang, Jun. "A no-key-exchange secure image sharing scheme based on Shamir’s three-pass cryptography protocol and the multiple-parameter fractional Fourier transform." Optics Express 20, no. 3 (2012): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.002386.

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K. B., Riyas Basheer, Dinesh K. V., Subhashchandra Rai, and Mohammed Arshak A. T. "Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and core muscle strengthening on trunk instability following stroke." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 12 (2021): 3596. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20214706.

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Background: Postural instability leads to balance dysfunction in stroke subjects, which always increase the risk of fall. This study aimed to compare the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and core muscle strengthening on trunk balance following stroke.Methods: Forty five stroke subjects were participated and assigned randomly into three groups; all groups received standard rehabilitation program; and core group received additional core strengthening, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) group received added electrical stimulation over paraspinal region and combination group received core muscle strengthening and NMES along with standard rehabilitation protocol. After four weeks of the interventions, primary and secondary outcome measures are evaluated. Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and Barthel Index (BI) were evaluated before and after the intervention.Results: All the three (core MS, NMES and combination) groups showed significant improvement after the intervention (BBS 10.07, 15.54 and 18.27, PASS 6.54, 13.06 and 14.00, TIS 0.25, 0.25 and 0.51, BI 16.40, 29.93 and 36.53). The combination group (NMES and core muscle strengthening) showed better improvement than other two groups. TIS and BI total score showed positive (0.849) correlation.Conclusions: Addition of NMES along with core muscle strengthening for stroke rehabilitation will improve trunk stability, balance and ADLs.

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Salman, Saba, Yasmin Makki Mohialden, Abbas Abdulhameed, and Nadia Mahmood Hussien. "A Novel Method for Hill Cipher Encryption and Decryption Using Gaussian Integers Implemented in Banking Systems." Iraqi Journal For Computer Science and Mathematics 5, no. 1 (2024): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52866/ijcsm.2024.05.01.019.

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Cryptographic tools like Hill's encryption algorithm protect digital data. In this work, we present a novel Hill cipher security method that utilizes Gaussian integers from number theory. Using these intriguing mathematical entities to disguise plaintext values dramatically boosts assault resistance and duration. This research includes a three-pass protocol for encryption and decryption without key exchange, ensuring a safe, efficient, and dependable solution. Pandas is used for efficient data processing, and Numpy for computational tasks, notably matrices. Hill cipher-based encryption and decryption can be utilized in real life. It also demonstrates how to save Pandas DataFrame data to Excel. This strategy assures progress in cryptography. Uniquely designed for banking, it emphasizes its applicability and possible influence on present financial systems.

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Bodas, Charles, Daryl Williams, Irene Ng, Benjamin Kave, Megan Roberts, and Fiona Begg. "85 Elastic-band beard cover for P2/N95 respirators in healthcare workers: an evaluation." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.035.

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Abstract Disposable P2/N95 respirators are important in preventing nosocomial infections within the healthcare system. Healthcare workers who cannot shave for cultural, religious, or medical reasons, face restrictions in using tight fitted respirators. Alternative solutions, like powered air purifying respirators, do not provide source control and are not universally accepted in healthcare settings, potentially exacerbating staff shortages during periods of high demand. Over the past 18 months, The Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) has conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the under-respirator elastic band beard cover, also known as the Singh Thattha Technique. The protocol for implementing and evaluating the technique, has been published in a peer-reviewed open-access journal. Participants are required to pass three fit tests with the elastic band/respirator combination, exceeding standard fit testing practices. The trial results involving the initial 87 participants have also recently been published. Ninety-nine percent of participants successfully passed fit testing with the Industree Trident P2 respirator, while 78% met the protocol criteria using the 3M Aura 1870+. All 87 participants achieved successful fit testing on at least one of these respirators following our stringent protocol. This presentation will explore RMH’s methodology for assessing the elastic band beard cover, examine the test protocol, discuss findings, highlight limitations of the technique, and explore future implications. This work aligns with the conference theme, offering a transformative solution that empowers the healthcare workforce to be prepared for the future.

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Räisänen, Mikko P., Teemu Karjalainen, Harry Göransson, et al. "DupuytrEn Treatment EffeCtiveness Trial (DETECT): a protocol for prospective, randomised, controlled, outcome assessor-blinded, three-armed parallel 1:1:1, multicentre trial comparing the effectiveness and cost of collagenase clostridium histolyticum, percutaneous needle fasciotomy and limited fasciectomy as short-term and long-term treatment strategies in Dupuytren’s contracture." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (2018): e019054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019054.

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IntroductionDupuytren’s contracture (DC) is a chronic fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia which leads to flexion contracture in one or more fingers. There is no definitive cure for DC, and treatment aims at relieving symptoms by releasing the contracture using percutaneous or operative techniques.Methods and analysisWe planned a prospective, randomised, controlled, outcome assessor-blinded, three-armed parallel 1:1:1, multicentre trial comparing the effectiveness and cost of (1) collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection followed by limited fasciectomy in non-responsive cases, (2) percutaneous needle fasciotomy followed by limited fasciectomy in non-responsive cases and (3) primary limited fasciectomy during short-term and long-term follow-up for Tubiana I–III stages DC. We will recruit participants from seven national centres in Finland. Primary outcome is the rate of success in the treatment arm at 5 years after recruitment. Success is a composite outcome comprising (1) at least 50% contracture release from the date of recruitment and (2) participants in a patient-accepted symptom state (PASS). Secondary outcomes are (1) angle of contracture, (2) quick disabilities of the arm, a shoulder and hand outcome measure (QuickDASH), (3) perceived hand function, (4) EQ-5D-3L, (5) rate of major adverse events, (6) patient’s trust of the treatment, (7) global rating, (8) rate of PASS, (9) rate of minimal clinically important improvement, (10) expenses, (11) progression of disease, (12) progression-free survival, (13) favoured treatment modality, (14) patients achieving full contracture release and >50% improvement and (15) patient satisfaction with the treatment effect. Predictive factors for achieving the PASS will also be analysed.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was approved by the Tampere University Hospital Institutional Review Board and Finnish Medicine Agency. The study will be performed according to the principles of good clinical practice. The results of the trial will be disseminated as published articles in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03192020; Pre-results.

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