Journal articles: 'Three Point Bending Test'

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Tsubota, Ken-ichi, Taiji Adachi, Seiji Nishiumi, and Yoshihiro Tomita. "OS07W0402 Elastic properties of single trabeculae measured by micro-three-point bending test." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS07W0402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os07w0402.

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Abd Malek, Nor Jihan, and Sadiq Azizi Othman. "Three-Point Bending Test for Three Different Bolt Diameters." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 4, no. 1 (2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v4i1.41.

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Timber is one of the oldest materials used as main structural element prior concrete and steel which have greater ability to sustain load. The greater demand for timber as construction materials, the wood engineering introduced a new timber type called Engineered Wood Product (EWP). The crucial problem in the timber structure which focuses on the structural timber connection. The load-carrying capacity of the timber connection and the failure modes can be determined according to the European Yield Model (EYM). Three-point bending test was used to determine yield moment of the fastener, My, bolt bending strength, Fyb and average R-value for three selected different bolt diameters which are 12, 16 and 20 mm. The results were obtained for comparing between three bolt diameters with F2%, F5% and Fmax respectively. The F2% for 12, 16 and 20 mm yield moment of the fastener, My was obtained 596.4, 1631.5 and 4650 kNmm accordingly while for bolt bending strength, Fyb was 2.1, 2.4 and 3.5 kN correspondingly. The F5% for 12, 16 and 20 mm yield moment of the fastener, My was obtained 631.1, 1668.3 and 4895.6 kNmm accordingly while for bolt bending strength, Fyb was 2.2, 2.4 and 3.7 kN correspondingly. The Fmax for 12, 16 and 20 mm yield moment of the fastener, My was obtained 828.2, 2290.8 and 6545.4 kNmm accordingly while for bolt bending strength, Fyb was 2.9, 3.4 and 4.9 kN correspondingly. The average R-value for 12, 16 and 20 mm bolt diameter was 0.50214, 0.42768 and 0.42038 individually. In conclusion, the percentage difference for F2% bolt bending strength, Fyb between 12 and 16 mm has raised about 14% whereas 16 and 20 mm has shown 46% increased.

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MANNOCCI, F., M. SHERRIFF, and T. WATSON. "Three-Point Bending Test of Fiber Posts." Journal of Endodontics 27, no. 12 (December 2001): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200112000-00011.

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Topič, Jaroslav, Jan Bartoš, Lubomír Kopecký, Karel Šeps, Zdeněk Prošek, and Jan Trejbal. "Cement Composite Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers: Comparison of Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test Results." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.332.

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Presented article deals with the influence of PET fiber production on the bending strength of cement-based composite when incorporated into the fresh mortar, and comparison of results of 3-point and 4-point bending test. Cement paste samples were reinforced with 2 wt. % of primary or recycled PET fibers. The bending test was performed on prismatic samples with dimension of 40 × 40 × 160 mm. It was found that samples with recycled PET fibers, compared to primary ones, exhibit a decrease in bending strength. In the case of 4-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers exhibited higher bending strength than reference samples without any fibers. However, in the case of 3-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers had lower bending strength than the reference ones. The results suggest that recycled PET fibers could be used as an alternative to reinforce cement-based composites.

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Barreto, B. C. F., L. H. A. Raposo, S. J. B. Sousa, A. G. Pereira, A. Versluis, L. Correr-Sobrinho, and C. J. Soares. "Three-point bending test parameters for dental materials evaluation." Dental Materials 28 (January 2012): e2-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.07.012.

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Zhang, Yin, and Ya-Pu Zhao. "Adhesive Contact of Nanowire in Three-Point Bending Test." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (January 2011): 1107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016942410x549898.

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Mohd Ghazali, Farah Amira, and Ardiyansyah Syahrom. "Mechanical Behaviour of Cancellous bone: Compression and Three-Point Bending Test." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 18, no. 3 (August 4, 2022): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v18n3.2274.

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The mechanical properties of cancellous bone are fundamental in providing structural support and flexibility during physical activities. Characterization of cancellous bone properties and its mechanical behaviour were found crucial as information of the elastic and failure properties of the tissue may potentially be used to study the effects of drug treatments, aging and disease at the tissue level. This study aims to present the difference of mechanical properties of cancellous bone between compressive and three-point bending loads. Cancellous bone specimens from the femoral and tibial condyles of bovines were mechanically tested using three-point bending test and compression test and correlated with morphological parameters such as bone volume fraction and porosity. From the results, significant difference of mechanical properties was found between cancellous bone specimens tested with compressive and three-point bending load. From compressive load, the maximum stress reached 4.2 MPa, whereas in three-point bending, maximum flexural stress reached 17.0 MPa. Cancellous bone strength was found to be much higher when tested with three-point bending load, although correlations with morphological parameters such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and porosity were found lower compared to that in compressive load. In conclusion, there are no correlation between compression and three-point bending with morphology indices (BV/TV and porosity).

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Abdullah, Shahrum, Mohd Faridz Mod Yunoh, and Azman Jalar. "Three-Point Bending Test Behaviour of a QFN Semiconductor Package." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.7.

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This paper discusses some issues in micromechanical property of a newly developed Quad Flat No-lead (QFN) 3D stacked die package using three-point bending test approach. The relevant test methodologies were carried out in order to observe the flexural stress, strain, maximum load and deflection of the package. While performing the test, these QFN packages were positioned on the three points test bench, and the specific applied load was then applied and moved down until the package was clearly bent and broken. The related findings indicated that the maximum load was found to be at 251.52 N and the maximum deflection was obtained at 0.41 mm. The results were important for setting related testing parameters (load, stress and strain) before applying the three point cyclic bending test on the QFN stacked die package as the future work.

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Shetty, Santosh, and Tommi Reinikainen. "Three- and Four-Point Bend Testing for Electronic Packages." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1604158.

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This study demonstrates the application of three-point and four-point bending tests for evaluating the reliability of chip scale packages under curvature loads. A three-point bend test is conducted on 0.5-mm-pitch chip-scale packages (CSPs) mounted on FR4 (Flame Retardant) substrates. This test is simulated by using the finite element method and the results are calibrated experimentally to formulate a reliability model. A three-point bend scheme is an ideal choice for generating reliability models because multiple packages can be tested under multiple loads in a single test. This reliability model can be used to predict the durability of the packages in the real product under any printed wiring board (PWB) curvature loading conditions. A four-point bending simulation is also demonstrated on the test substrate. Four-point bending test is an ideal method for testing a larger sample size of packages under a particular predefined stress level. This paper describes the bending simulation and testing on packages in a generic sense. Due to the confidentiality of the test results, the package constructional details, material properties, and the actual test data have not been presented here.

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Qin, Tao, Kai Ren, Zhi Liu, Yan-Wei Duan, and Lei Wang. "Mechanical Characteristics and Energy Evolution of Sandstone Three-Point Bending Test." Shock and Vibration 2021 (December 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8443777.

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With the increase of underground mining depth in coal mines, the distribution of stress fields in deep mining becomes more complex, and the stress localization characteristics are obvious. In order to obtain the local mechanical properties and energy evolution of sandstone, this article is based on the three-point bending experiment and combined with the localized failure theory to explore the evolution law of stress field, deformation field, and energy field of sandstone specimen under tensile stress during the three-point bending experiment. The results show that during the three-point bending test of sandstone, with the increase of the span of the three-point bending test, the peak stress at the characteristic point shows an increasing trend, and the peak stress has obvious regional characteristics. In the vertical direction, the peak stress at the characteristic points in the upper part of the neutral layer is larger, and the peak stress at the characteristic points in the lower part of the neutral layer is smaller. In the horizontal direction, the peak stress at the characteristic points in the near field is higher, and the peak stress at the characteristic points in the middle field and the far field is smaller. The stress field and the deformation field have a good corresponding relationship. The upper far-field peak strain tends to decrease with the increase of the span, and the upper near-field peak strain first decreases and then increases with the increase of the span. The lower near-field peak strain tends to decrease and then increase with increasing span, and the lower far-field peak strain fluctuates with increasing span. The energy field is dependent on the stress field and the deformation field, showing obvious regional characteristics. The energy storage and release capacity of the upper area are higher than those of the lower area. The overall performance of the loading energy storage, rebound energy release, and crack propagation energy release in different areas can be described as far field < mid-field << near field. The near-field energy at different spans presents the characteristics of two stages. When the span is between 140 mm and 150 mm, the near-field energy shows a rapid decreasing trend, and when the span is between 150 mm and 180 mm, the near-field energy presents an obvious increasing trend.

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Kawecki, Bartosz, Jerzy Podgórski, and Aleksandra Głowacka. "Natural plant stems modelling in a three-point bending test." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925207001.

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The paper presents an approach to natural plant stems numerical modelling in a three-point bending test. Introduced subject was connected with elaborating more efficient systems for harvesting energetic plants. There were modelled, and laboratory tested two types of stems – sida hermaphrodita and miscanthus giganteus. Course of proceedings for obtaining natural cross-sectional dimensions with graphical data processing was described in detail. Basing on dozens of stems slices from random parts of plants, three different cross-section approximations were proposed and computationally implemented – a circular pipe, an elliptical pipe (symmetrical cross-section) and a sine-cosine series pipe (asymmetrical cross-section). Analytical formulas for calculating a cross-sectional area and moments of inertia for each approximation were given. Basic material parameters as an elastic modulus and yielding stress was obtained from simply supported beam theory and laboratory force – the deflexion relation. FEM models were created in Simulia Abaqus software using C3D20R elements. Preliminary approach to modelling damage with perfect plasticity was done basing on several samples bended to failure in laboratory tests. Conclusions for future work with numerical modelling natural plant stems were drawn.

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Sobek, Jakub, Petr Frantík, Tomáš Trčka, and David Lehký. "Fractal Dimension Analysis of Three-Point Bending Concrete Test Specimens." MATEC Web of Conferences 323 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032301011.

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The paper deals with the analysis of the fractal dimension of fracture surfaces of concrete specimens tested in a three-point bending configuration. Fifteen representative specimens were chosen out of a bigger set for the fractal dimension analysis. Their fracture surfaces were scanned by 2D optical profilometry and analysed by the FracDiM software created in the Java programming language. The resulting values of fractal dimensions for specimens of three different sizes are presented.

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KOBAYASHI, Hidetoshi, Masashi DAIMARUYA, and Taketoshi NOJIMA. "Stable Fracture in Three-Point Bending Test for Brittle Materials." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 62, no. 604 (1996): 2698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.62.2698.

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Ariffin, R., C. Apostolopoulos, J. D. Owens, and A. J. Graffham. "Textual changes of fermented tempe using three-point bending test." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 32, no. 1-3 (January 1993): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(93)90055-7.

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KOBAYASHI, Hidetoshi, and Masashi DAIMARUYA. "Dynamic three point bending test for alumimium honeycomb sandwich panel." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2003.11 (2003): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2003.11.225.

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Miura, Daisuke, Yoshiki Ishida, Taira Miyasaka, Harumi Aoki, and Akikazu Shinya. "Reliability of Different Bending Test Methods for Dental Press Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225162.

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Objective: This study investigates the reliability of different flexural tests such as three-point-bending, four-point bending, and biaxial tests, in strengthening the dental pressed ceramics (DPCs) frequently used in clinical applications. Methods: The correlations between the three types of bending tests for DPCs were investigated. Plate-shaped specimens for the three-point and four-point bending tests and a disc-shaped specimen for the biaxial bending test were prepared. Each bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Results: The results for six DPCs showed that the flexural strength in descending order were the three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, and four-point flexural strength, respectively. Then, a regression analysis showed a strong correlation between each of the three test methods, with the combination of four-point and biaxial flexural strength showing the highest values. The biaxial flexural strength was not significantly different in the Weibull coefficient (m) compared to the other tests, with the narrowest range considering the 95% interval. The biaxial bending test was found to be suitable for materials with small plastic deformation from the yield point to the breaking point, such as DPCs.

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Sun, Fengxin, Zhaoqun Du, Weidong Yu, Xiaorui Hu, and Nanliang Chen. "Analysis of a quasi-three-point bending test for fabrics with friction and extensibility effect." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 18 (September 2, 2016): 2179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516665263.

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This paper presents a theoretical bending model to investigate the quasi-three-point bending step of the comprehensive handle evaluation system for fabrics and yarns (CHES-FY). The effect of the friction and extensibility of fabrics on the bending step of the CHES-FY is discussed based on the theoretical bending model in three cases, and bending parameters, including maximum bending force, linear fitting slope and bending work, are featured from the bending force–displacement curves of each case. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results were also conducted to validate the model. The results revealed that the friction effect tended to enhance the bending parameters of the bending force–displacement curve of the bending step, and the effect of the friction could be remarkable at low bending rigidity of samples. However, the effect of the extensibility of samples was almost negligible for the bending test of wear fabrics, as the maximal relative error was less than 11.7% for fabrics where the tensile elastic constant was higher than 0.1 N/cm·%. This work can also provide a theoretical guidance for improving the measurement accuracy of the three-point bending test.

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Bencardino, Francesco. "Mechanical Parameters and Post-Cracking Behaviour of HPFRC according to Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test." Advances in Civil Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/179712.

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High performance fibre reinforced concrete (HPFRC) is a modern structural material with a high potential and with an increasing number of structural applications. Structural design of HPFRC elements is based on the post-cracking residual strength provided by fibre reinforcement, and for structural use, a minimum mechanical performance of HPFRC must be guaranteed. To optimize the performance of HPFRC in structural members, it is necessary to establish the mechanical properties and the post-cracking and fracture behaviour in a univocal and reliable way. The best test methodology to evaluate the post-cracking and toughness properties of HPFRC is the beam bending test. Two different types of configurations are proposed: the three-point and the four-point bending tests. The overall focus of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical properties and the post-cracking and fracture behaviour of HPFRC, using the two different standard test procedures. To achieve these aims, plain and fibre concrete specimens were tested. All the test specimens were extensively instrumented to establish the strength properties, crack tip and crack mouth opening displacement, and post-cracking behaviour. The results of the two types of bending tests were critically analysed and compared to identify and highlight the differing effects of the bending load configurations on the mechanical parameters of HPFRC material.

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Mariam, Majid, M. Afendi, and M. S. Abdul Majid. "Environmental Effect on Short-Beam Composite under Three-Point Bending Test." Key Engineering Materials 740 (June 2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.740.17.

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The effect of moisture, water absorption on a single short span beam of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) was examined under room temperature, 27°c. The aim of the study is to investigate the mechanical properties of composite under wet condition. The composite were cut into rectangular shape with a dimension of 78 mm long, 26 mm width and 3.5 mm depth. The moisture content of eight specimens was experimentally reduced as the glass fiber content increased. In this investigation, the flexural strength and modulus of composites were determined throughout the three-point bending test. The specimens were rigged up horizontally as supported beams and loaded vertically at the geometric center. Thus, the results were developed into loading versus deflection and relationship for each specimen. The samples were considered to have failed when the curves were in steady decline section. Failure mechanisms were observed in categories; face yield, core yield and fiber tear.

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Ding, Jing Yang, Jia Dun Liu, Chao Li, and Hai Yang Yi. "Failure Mechanism of Layered Salt Rock in Three-Point Bending Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.48.

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Sample of layered rock salt was subjected to three-point bending test with SHIMADZU SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) system monitoring. Initiation and propagation of crack in both salt rock and mudstone impurity were recorded, so was the micro-structure in the interface between rock salt and mudstone impurity. By analyzing the SEM photos of failed sample, it is found that crack initially comes out in salt rock or mudstone impurity rather than the interface. Three-point bending test was numerically calculated based on bridging model. Calculation results show that the interface is not weak plane, and that the failure mode of salt rock and mudstone impurity is closely correlated with the dip angle of the infinitesimal element of the interface. When the dip is larger than 70°, tensile failure firstly occurs in mudstone impurity. When the dip is smaller than 70° , tensile failure initiates in salt rock.

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Yildizdag, M. Erden, Emilio Barchiesi, and Francesco dell’Isola. "Three-point bending test of pantographic blocks: numerical and experimental investigation." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25, no. 10 (May 4, 2020): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286520916911.

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The equilibrium forms of pantographic blocks in a three-point bending test are investigated via both experiments and numerical simulations. In the computational part, the corresponding minimization problem is solved with a deformation energy derived by homogenization within a class of admissible solutions. To evaluate the numerical simulations, series of measurements have been carried out with a suitable experimental setup guided by the acquired theoretical knowledge. The observed experimental issues have been resolved to give a robust comparison between the numerical and experimental results. Promising agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results is demonstrated for the planar deformation of pantographic blocks.

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Elgueta, Marcelo. "Numerical correction of Weibull function’s nomogram for three-point bending test." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 70, no. 11 (July 2003): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(02)00116-9.

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He, Ren, Ying-Ye Li, Jing-Xin Chen, Xue-Ling Zhao, Huan Tang, Li-Na Zhang, Yan-Jiao Shen, Feng Li, Lin Yang, and De-Yuan Wei. "Three-point and four-point mechanical bending test modeling and application in solar cells." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 20 (2019): 208801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20190597.

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Jamli, M. R., Ahmad Kamal Ariffin, D. A. Wahab, A. E. Ismail, and I. A. Shah. "Sensitivity of Modeling in Sheet Metal Three-Point Cyclic Bending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.187.

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The aim of this paper is to examine the modeling sensitivity of the three-point bending test by using finite element method (FEM). Three-point bending test has been frequently used to determine the material hardening parameters of sheet metal. As a part of the parameter identification, three-point bending has been simulated and analyzed using FEM. To minimize the computation time, shell element was used to model the sheet metal. The analysis includes implicit and explicit procedures. In particular, this study examines the effect of FEM results by varying the element type, mesh density, and number of integration point. It is shown that the implicit procedure analyze the simulation with very less computation time compared to the explicit procedure. The results also show that only the number of integration point has significant effect on the simulation in both implicit and explicit procedures.

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Grazzini, Rebecca, Giulia Misseri, and Luisa Rovero. "A Bi-Modulus Material Model for Bending Test on NHL3.5 Lime Mortar." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020486.

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The research provides an innovative contribution to the interpretation of three-point and four-point bending tests on mortars by employing a bi-modulus material model, which assumes an asymmetric constitutive law, i.e., different elastic moduli in tension and in compression. To this aim, Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko bi-modulus beam models are defined, and the related displacement fields are reported for three-point loading, and provided for the first time for the four-point bending layout. A wide experimental campaign, including uni-axial tensile and compressive tests, three-point and four-point bending tests, and on notched specimens three-point tests for mode-I fracture energy, has been carried out on lime mortar specimens exploiting traditional contact (CE-DT) and contactless (DIC) measurement systems. Experimental results provided the values of tensile and compressive mechanical characteristics, which are employed to validate estimations of the analytical model. The tension-to-compression moduli ratio experimentally observed is on average 0.52. Experimental outcomes of the DIC analysis proved the bi-modulus behaviour during the four-point bending tests showing visible shifting of the neutral axis. The bi-modulus analytical model provides closer results to the experimental ones for the slender specimens subjected to four-point bending.

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Pang, John H. L., and F. X. Che. "Isothermal Cyclic Bend Fatigue Test Method for Lead-Free Solder Joints." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 4 (August 27, 2007): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2809442.

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Isothermal three-point and four-point cyclic bend fatigue test methods have been developed for Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints. Reported bend tests from the literature were conducted at room temperature (25°C) and there is lack of data for lead-free solder joints. In this study, very-thin quad flat no-lead (VQFN) assembly with Sn–Ag–Cu lead-free solder was tested under three-point and four-point cyclic bending loads at both room temperature (25°C) and high temperature (125°C). The correlation between three-point and four-point bend tests was developed. Two different board surface finishes of electroless Ni and immersion gold (ENIG) and organic solderability preservatives (OSP) were investigated. Bending fatigue resistance of VQFN with OSP finish is slightly better than ENIG finish case. The acceleration factor of failure at high temperature (125°C) is higher than that at room temperature (25°C). Finite element analysis modeling and simulation were performed for different test conditions to investigate the solder joint stress-strain behavior. Volume-averaged energy density was used as a fatigue damage parameter and energy-based bending fatigue models were developed for VQFN with Sn–Ag–Cu solder joint under cyclic bending load at both 25°C and 125°C.

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Chollacoop, N., A. P. Alur, and K. S. Kumar. "E-21 Microstructural Simulation of Three-Point Bending Test with Mo-Si-B Alloy at High Temperature(Session: Mechanical Behavior)." Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.113.

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Qin, Tao, Chen Jiang, Yanwei Duan, Yiwei Wang, and Chao Ju. "Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Damage Evolution Analysis of Sandstone under Three-Point Bending Test." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (February 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9030449.

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In order to study the prevention of roadway roof bending, sinking, and breaking and the prevention of dynamic disasters such as the appearance of rock bursts, three-point bending experiments of sandstone under different spans were carried out. By using stress loading system and acoustic emission technology, the acoustic emission characteristic parameters of the sandstone fracture process were analyzed, the precursory information of rock bending fracture was explored, and the evolution law of sandstone damage based on acoustic emission characteristics was obtained. The results showed that according to the variation of acoustic emission ringing count, the load-time curve was divided into four typical stages: the first stage showed an overall increasing trend; the second stage showed an obvious increasing trend; the third stage showed obvious accelerated growth and the acoustic emission ringing count reached the maximum at the moment of rupture. In the fourth stage, the amplitude and frequency of the ringing count are large and high. With the increase in span, the cumulative ringing counts of AE decreased, and the rate of change gradually decreased. The fracture process of three-point bending sandstone can reflect the precursor information of rock fracture from time domain, frequency domain, and R value (ratio of cumulative acoustic emission ringing count to cumulative energy count). In time domain, the evolution characteristics of AE cumulative ringing count stage II can be used to predict the three-point bending fracture of sandstone. The peak frequency shows a linear increase after a spike and then an accelerated increase to a rupture, and the boundary point between the spike and the linear and nonlinear can be obtained. The decrease in R value can indicate that the main crack is growing in the specimen. According to the damage rate, the characteristics of the damage variables can be divided into five stages: stationary and low, gradually increasing, gradually decreasing, main crack coalescence, and complete fracture. With the increase in span, the fracture damage shows a decreasing trend. The residual damage fluctuates between 0.38 and 0.40 due to the difference in crack propagation trajectory. It has theoretical research value for revealing the internal mechanism of rock bending and fracture and has engineering guiding significance for mine pressure and rock strata control and dynamic disaster prevention.

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Biały, Michał, Agnieszka Szust, Piotr Napadłek, Maciej Dobrzyński, and Włodzimierz Więckiewicz. "The three-point bending test of fiber-reinforced composite root canal posts." Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 29, no. 9 (October 1, 2020): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/acem/125426.

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Łapińska, B., A. Podlewska, J. Kleczewska, J. Nowak, A. Szczesio, J. Sokołowski, and M. Łukomska-Szymańska. "Experimental composite material modified with calcium fluoride – three-point bending flexural test." Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17348412.1225912.

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NOJIMA, Taketoshi, and Osamu NAKAI. "Stable Crack Extension of an Alumina Ceramic in Three Point Bending Test." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 42, no. 475 (1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.42.412.

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Kashef, S., S. A. Asgari, Peter D. Hodgson, and Wen Yi Yan. "Simulation of Three-Point Bending Test of Titanium Foam for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 32 (February 2008): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.32.237.

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Using Titanium (Ti) foam as an implant material is a new approach for biomedical applications and it is important to understand the mechanical behaviors of this new foam material. In the present study, the bending of the Ti foam has been simulated and compared against recently published data [1]. FE Analysis has been performed by Abaqus software. Stiffness and Yield strength of foams between 50% (cortical bone) to 80% (cancellous bone) porosity range were considered. This study showed that crushable foam material model in Abaqus, which has developed primarily for Aluminum (Al) foam alloys, is also valid for Ti Foam before any crack or damage occurs in the sample.

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AFENDI, Mohd, and Tokuo TERAMOTO. "21317 Three-Point Bending Fracture Test of Epoxy Adhesive-bonded Dissimilar Materials." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2008.14 (2008): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2008.14.369.

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Smolin, A. Yu, O. A. Kashin, and K. V. Krukovskii. "Simulation of three-point bending test of the silicon-coated nitinol bar." Procedia Structural Integrity 25 (2020): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2020.04.054.

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Badriev, I. B., M. V. Makarov, and V. N. Paimushin. "Mathematical Simulation of Nonlinear Problem of Three-point Composite Sample Bending Test." Procedia Engineering 150 (2016): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.214.

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Huang, Yucheng, Yanhua Guan, Linbing Wang, Jian Zhou, Zhi Ge, and Yue Hou. "Characterization of mortar fracture based on three point bending test and XFEM." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11, no. 4 (July 2018): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.09.005.

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Belan, Juraj, Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, and Mária Chalupová. "Three-Point Bending Fatigue Test of TiAl6V4 Titanium Alloy at Room Temperature." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2842416.

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A polycrystalline alpha-beta TiAl6V4 alloy in the annealed condition was used for the three-point bending fatigue test at frequency f∼100 Hz. The static preload Fstat. = −15 kN and variable dynamic force Fdyn. = −7 kN to −13.5 kN were set as fatigue test loading parameters. The fatigue life S-N curve presented the stress amplitude σa as a function of a number of cycles to fracture Nf. A limiting number of cycles to run out of 2.0 × 107 cycles were chosen for the 3-point fatigue tests of rectangular specimens. In addition, the Smith diagram was used to predict the fatigue life. The alpha lamellae width has a significant influence on fatigue life. It is assumed that the increasing width of alpha lamellae decreases fatigue life. A comparison of fatigue results with given alpha lamellae width in our material to the results of other researchers was performed. The SEM fractography was performed with an accent to reveal the initiation sites of crack at low and high load stresses and mechanism of crack propagation for the fatigue part of fracture.

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Zeng, Xiaohu, Shifeng Wen, Mingxi Li, and Gongnan Xie. "Estimating Young’s Modulus of Materials by a New Three-Point Bending Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/189423.

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A new test method based on the three-point bending test is put forward to measure Young’s modulus of materials. The simplified mechanical model is established to make theoretical derivation. This method has not only the advantages of simple specimen preparation and convenient loading device, but also higher precision than the traditional three-point bending method. The method is adopted to obtain Young’s modulus of the aluminum alloy 2024. The feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by comparisons with the corresponding results obtained from the finite element method and experiment method. And the influence of contact friction on the test accuracy is analyzed.

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Elkholy, F., S. Schmidt, M. Amirkhani, F. Schmidt, and B. G. Lapatki. "Mechanical Characterization of Thermoplastic Aligner Materials: Recommendations for Test Parameter Standardization." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (May 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8074827.

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Background. Understanding of the different mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials is essential for a successful aligner treatment and further developments. However, data of previous material testing studies are scarcely comparable. Aim of the current study was to evaluate the different test parameters to lay the foundations for guidelines for future, more standardized three-point-bending aligner material tests. Materials and Methods. Several parameters concerning the specimen preparation and experimental three-point-bending setup were varied. The specimens were collected from polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) Duran® foils with different thicknesses. Both raw foils and foils thermoformed using different geometrical forms were investigated. The three-point-bending tests were performed using span lengths of 8 and 16 mm and variable deflection ranges between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. The influence of water storage on the bending forces was studied using unloaded and loaded specimens. Experimental results were validated using a beam cantilever mathematical model. Results. Local macroscopic cracks after long-term loading could be avoided by keeping the deflections within a thickness-dependent individual range. The mathematical calculations confirmed that these individual deflection ranges lead to local stresses between 14 and 18 MPa. Constantly loaded specimens immersed for 24 hours in water showed a decrease of the bending force by 50%. This reduction was much smaller for the unloaded specimens (14%). Conclusion. During clinical aligner therapy, very small bending deflections are combined with small distances between the tooth surface regions supporting the aligner. In vitro aligner material testing by three-point bending should consider these geometrical aspects, while keeping the material stresses in a range between 14 and 18 MPa to avoid local microcracks. Considering these aspects, thickness-dependent deflections were established for three-point bending of the PET-G specimen for a span length of 8 mm. We recommend the application of these test parameters in future aligner material studies to achieve valid and comparable test results.

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Yu, Chang-yi, and Ming-yue Lu. "Comparative study on the results of different tensile test methods of artificial frozen soil." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019802029.

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Tensile strength of frozen soil is an important index for frozen soil engineering design. It is found that uniaxial tensile strength, three-point bending and four-point bending tensile strength values of frozen soil are inconsistent in the test. For this reason, the meso-level numerical method is adopted, assuming that the meso-level material parameters conform to Weibull distribution, and the damage model is adopted, and the macro-level material properties conform to linear elasticity assumption. Uniaxial tensile test, three-point bending tensile test and four-point bending tensile test are respectively simulated. The results show that the difference comes from the non-uniformity of materials. The results of this paper provide effective guidance for frozen soil strength design.

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Melzerová, Lenka, Michal Šejnoha, and Pavel Klapálek. "Creep of GLT Beams during Four-Point Bending Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.243.

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The present work is concerned with the evaluation of creep deformation developed during the four-point bending test of glued laminated timber beams. In particular, three deflections (at the mid-span of the beam, and below the points of load application) were recorded for each tested beam. The time variation of deflections at 110 loading levels was examined in details for the set of five beams. It can be seen that the effect of creep covers about 10 – 20% of the overall strain. To proceed with numerical simulations requires, however, building first a reliable computational model that agrees well with purely elastic response of the beam. Thus additional measurements were carried out assuming a rather short hold period to eliminate the creep effects. The results were then compared with numerical simulations promoting the computational model to be used in more advanced simulations incorporating a suitable rheological model.

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Nguyen, N. B. G., H. G. Lemu, O. Gabrielsen, and I. El-Thalji. "Characterization of acoustic emission signals under 3-point bending test." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1201, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012034.

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Abstract This paper summarizes a master’s thesis project which explored whether the characteristics of Acoustic Emission Testing (AET) signals can be used to detect yielding in steel samples undergoing a three-point bending test. A subset of existing data from a three-point bending test was exported and used as input. Data was processed by utilizing and developing tools to visualize and analyse the signal characteristics, primarily through a parameter-based approach. Signals were visualized, and parameters were optimized to identify and classify signal types. According to the obtained results, some limitations on classification were experienced due to the length of the hit data recorded. Though the work reported in this article lead to a reliable method for detecting yielding, the developed algorithms were not successful in identifying characteristics that could be used to detect yielding.

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Xu, Yue Sheng, Jiao Qu, Fan Lu, Lan Li, Xin Cheng, and Shi Feng Huang. "Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Plain Concrete under Three-Point Bending." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.974.

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It is vital to use acoustic emission technology to study on health monitoring of concrete. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of the AE in order to test the effect of the stepwise displacement load on the damage mechanism of the concrete beams that embedded sensors under three-point bending. The result showed that as the damage increased, amplitude and energy increased. At the same time, embedded sensors can locate the position of the crack.

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Bastiurea, Marian, Magdalena Silvia Rodeanu, Dumitru Dima, Monica Murarescu, and Gabriel Andrei. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Composite with Graphene and Graphite through Three-Point Bending Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.22.

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Graphenes have aroused great interest among the scientists lately, due to their special physical properties which are supposed to be transferred to composite materials [1,2,3,6]. Some polymers show low mechanical properties which can be improved by adding various types of materials [9,13]. Using nanoparticles, an enhancement of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties can be obtained, even for small contents of additives [10,11,12,14,15,16]. The evaluation of mechanical properties of polymer composites with graphene can be achieved relying on the three-point bending tests [4]. This work presents a few conclusions resulting from the three points bending tests of the polyester composites with graphene and graphite [7,8].

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Tsai, M. Y., C. H. Chen, and C. S. Lin. "Test Methods for Silicon Die Strength." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 4 (February 6, 2006): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2351907.

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Recently, the 3D or stacked-die packages become increasingly popular for packaging ICs into a system or subsystem to satisfy the needs of low cost, small form factor, and high performance. For the applications of these packages, IC silicon wafers have to be ground to be relatively thin through the wafer-thinning processes (such as grinding, polishing, and plasma etching). The strength of dies has to be determined for the design requirement and reliability assurance of the packages. From the published data, there still exist some issues, including a large scatter existed in die strength data and difficulties in differentiating the causes of the low strength between from the wafer grinding and from wafer sawing by either the three-point bending or four-point bending test. The purposes of this study are to develop new, reliable, and simple test methods for determination of die strength, in order to improve the data scatter, and to provide a solution for differentiating the factors that affect the variability of die strength for finding out the causes of the weakness of the die strength. In this study, two new test methods, point-loaded circular plate with simple supports test (PLT-I) and point-loaded plate on elastic foundation test (PLT-II), are proposed and then evaluated by testing two groups of silicon dies with different surface conditions. The surface conditions (roughness) of the specimens are determined by atomic force microscopy and correlated to failure strength. The failure forces from both tests have to be modified by using maximum stress obtained from theories or finite element analyses to obtain the failure strength. The test results are compared to each other and further with a widely used four-point bending test. The results suggest that, unlike the four-point bending test suffering the chipping effect, both methods provide very consistent data with a small scatter for each group of specimens and can be used for identifying the effect of surface grinding (roughness) on the die strength. It is also shown that the die strength is highly dependent on the surface roughness. Accordingly, these two methods can provide not only a (biaxial) stress field similar to temperature-loaded die in the packages, but also simple, feasible, reliable, and chipping-free tests for silicon dies of dummy or real IC chips, without strict geometrical limitation, such as beam-type geometry for the three-point or four-point bending test.

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Ushiro, Yusuke, Daisuke Okai, and Atsushi Yamamoto. "In Situ Observation of Fracture Behavior of CrN/Cr Film during Three-Point Bending Test." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.779.

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The fracture behavior and adhesion strength of CrN/Cr and CrN films on SKD61 substrates were investigated by a three-point bending test. The SKD61 substrates were coated with a film with multilayer of CrN/Cr and a single film of CrN by a physical vapor deposition (PVD). The fracture behaviors of CrN/Cr and CrN films at three-point bending test were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adhesions of the CrN/Cr/SKD61 and the CrN/SKD61 were also evaluated using a scratch tester. The scratch test resulted in no great difference in the adhesion strength between the CrN/Cr/SKD61 and the CrN/SKD61. On the other hand, the three-point bending test showed a high adhesion of the CrN/Cr with the intermediate layer of Cr film compared to the CrN on the SKD61.

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Xu, Nuwen, Feng Dai, Chun Sha, Yingcheng Lei, and Biao Li. "Microseismic Signal Characterization and Numerical Simulation of Concrete Beam Subjected to Three-Point Bending Fracture." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/987232.

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To study the generation mechanism and failure mode of cracks in mass concrete, microseismic monitoring is conducted on the fracture processes of the three-point bending roller compacted concrete (RCC) beam of Guanyinyan hydropower station. The spectrum characteristics of microseismic signals in different deformation and failure stages of the concrete beam are analyzed, and the identification method of the fracture stages and crack propagation precursors of concrete beam is established. Meanwhile, the Realistic Failure Process Analysis code (RFPA) is adopted to simulate and analyze the entire failure processes of concrete beam from its cracks initiation, development, propagation, and coalescence, until macroscopic fractures formation subjected to three-point bending test. The relation curve of the load, loaded displacement, and acoustic emission (AE) of concrete beam in the three-point bending test is also obtained. It is found that the failure characteristics of concrete beam obtained from numerical experiments agree well with the field physical test results. The heterogeneity of concrete is the major cause of zigzag propagation paths of beam cracks subjected to three-point bending tests. The results lay foundation for further exploring the formation mechanism of dam concrete cracks of Guanyinyan hydropower station.

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Eremin, Mikhail Olegovich, Igor Smolin, Alexey Kulkov, and Valentina Mikushina. "Investigation of Failure Mechanism of Al2O3 Specimens Subjected to Three-Point Bending Test." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 13, no. 50 (July 10, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.50.05.

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Chaouche, Mohamed, Bachir Merzoug, and Abderrazak Bezazi. "The Flexural Behavior Study of Composites Material in Static Three-Point Bending Test." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.175.

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The effect of the plies number and the thickness on ﬂexural properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester or epoxy composites has been investigated experimentally. Laminates were fabricated by hand layup technique in a mould under light pressure and followed by curing at room temperature for 8 hours. Laminates were made with a different number of plies, by varying the number of glass layers and the thickness so as to obtain different total ﬁber weight fraction. Tests were conducted on a hydraulic universal testing machine, Zwick Roell type 50 kN capacity, using automatic data acquisition software. The results indicated that the plies number and the laminate thickness have a great effect on ﬂexural properties. An overall comparison between the flexural properties of all the laminates which have the same design revealed that the glass/epoxy laminates have better properties than those of glass/polyester laminates. It is found that the behavior of these laminates is dominated by damage mechanisms such as delamination, buckling and fiber rupture.

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Shinkai, Yasuhiro, Tadakazu Ohnishi, and Masatoshi Nishiyama. "Short Beam Three Point Bending Test on Hot-Dip Aluminized SUS316 Stainless Steel." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 58, no. 2 (1994): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.58.2_242.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Three Point Bending Test'

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