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Journal articles on the topic 'Three-toed woodpecker'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Pietrasz, Krzysztof, Dawid Sikora, Tomasz Chodkiewicz, Magdalena Ślęzak, and Bartłomiej Woźniak. "Keystone role of Eurasian beaver Castor fiber in creating the suitable habitat over the core breeding range for forest specialist species the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus." BALTIC FORESTRY 25, no. 2 (2019): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46490/vol25iss2pp223.

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The European breeding range of the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus overlaps with the distribution range of coniferous and mixed forests with domination of Norway spruce Picea abies or European silver fir Abies alba. The paper describes a new breeding site of the three-toed woodpecker in the Sobibór Forest, eastern Poland outside the distribution range of these two tree species and its relationship with Eurasian beaver Castor fiber. The birds occurred in dead alder forests and were recorded 3–4 years after forest started to decline due to the high level of surface waters associated with the keystone role of the beaver. The decaying cycle of trees was possible because the area settled by woodpeckers was protected as a nature reserve.

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2

Lamarre, Vincent, and Junior A. Tremblay. "Occupancy of the American Three-Toed Woodpecker in a Heavily-Managed Boreal Forest of Eastern Canada." Diversity 13, no. 1 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010035.

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The southern extent of the boreal forest in North America has experienced intensive human disturbance in recent decades. Among these, forest harvesting leads to the substantial loss of late-successional stands that include key habitat attributes for several avian species. The American Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis, is associated with continuous old spruce forests in the eastern part of its range. In this study, we assessed the influence of habitat characteristics at different scales on the occupancy of American Three-toed Woodpecker in a heavily-managed boreal landscape of northeastern Canada, and we inferred species occupancy at the regional scale. We conducted 185 playback stations over two breeding seasons and modelled the occupancy of the species while taking into account the probability of detection. American Three-toed Woodpecker occupancy was lower in stands with large areas recently clear-cut, and higher in landscapes with large extents of old-growth forest dominated by black spruce. At the regional scale, areas with high probability of occupancy were scarce and mostly within protected areas. Habitat requirements of the American Three-toed Woodpecker during the breeding season, coupled with overall low occupancy rate in our study area, challenge its long-term sustainability in such heavily managed landscapes. Additionally, the scarcity of areas of high probability of occupancy in the region suggests that the ecological role of old forest outside protected areas could be compromised.

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3

CZESZCZEWIK, DOROTA, WIESŁAW WALANKIEWICZ, CEZARY MITRUS, et al. "Importance of dead wood resources for woodpeckers in coniferous stands of the Białowieża Forest." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 4 (2012): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000354.

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SummaryMany woodpecker species are known to be sensitive to the removal of dead wood. In 1999–2001 and 2007–2009 woodpeckers and dead wood abundance were studied in coniferous stands of the Białowieża Forest, Poland. Transects (3.9–6 km long) were established in three zones of different types of management: 1) primeval, unmanaged stands (BNP); 2) partially managed nature reserve (RES); 3) heavily managed stands (MAN). Woodpeckers were counted along transects three times per season, and tree stand measurements (number of standing and fallen trees, diameter at breast height, volume of fallen logs) were made once every three years. Woodpecker indices were highest in BNP and lowest in RES in both three-year study periods. The highest number of species (seven) was recorded in RES. Indices of four woodpeckers including two focal species (Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus and White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos) were dependent on the basal area of dead standing trees. The same relation was found for the whole woodpecker assemblage. The highest indices were recorded in BNP, where the highest density of dead standing trees was recorded, and the lowest in the MAN transect with the lowest density of dead trees. However in the RES plot the amount of dead wood was much lower than in the national park. We recommend that the management regulations in Polish nature reserves be changed. In coniferous reserves, it would be best to leave at least 2 m2 ha-1 (basal area) of freshly killed spruce Picea sp. after each bark beetle outbreak.

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4

Hoyt, Jeff S., and Susan J. Hannon. "Habitat associations of black-backed and three-toed woodpeckers in the boreal forest of Alberta." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 10 (2002): 1881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-109.

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Recent studies suggest that black-backed (Picoides arcticus) and three-toed woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) might decrease in abundance because of habitat loss from fire suppression and short-rotation logging in landscapes managed for forestry. We examined black-backed and three-toed woodpecker occupancy of stands in a 2-year post-fire forest, mature and old-growth spruce and pine forests, and six post-fire coniferous forests of different ages. Three-toeds were detected in old stands and in the 2-year-old burn, and their probability of occupancy of burned forests decreased between 3 and 8 years post-fire. Within 50 km of the 2-year-old burn, black-backs were only detected in the burn and not in old-growth or mature conifer stands. However, they did occupy old coniferous stands located 75 and 150 km from the recent burn. They had a similar probability of occupying stands in the 3-, 4-, and 8-year-old burns but were not detected in the 16-year-old burn. The persistence of three-toed woodpeckers in boreal Alberta will likely depend on the presence of both old-growth and recently burned coniferous forests or forests with old-growth structural characteristics. Black-backed woodpeckers appear to be more burn dependent than three-toeds, and their long-term persistence may depend on the frequency of recently burned forests within their dispersal range.

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Derleth, Pascale, Rita Bütler, and Rodolphe Schlaepfer. "Le Pic tridactyle (Picoides tridactylus): un indicateur de la qualité écologique de l'écosystème forestier du Pays-d'Enhaut (Préalpes suisses) | The Three-Toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus): An Indicator of Ecological Quality in the Forest Ecosystem of the Pays-d'Enhaut Region (Swiss Prealps)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 8 (2000): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0282.

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The three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)was first observed in the region of Pays-d'Enhaut ten years ago and is a great specialist of dead wood. This species is a suitable indicator for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of ecological forest quality. The investigation results originating from five spruce mountain forests where the bird is present and three forests where it is assert are inventoried in the Pays-d'Enhaut region of Switzerland. The results suggest that the emergence of the woodpecker population could be due to under-management of the forest over the last forty years. The dead wood volumes in the forest with the woodpecker are similar to those of other unmanaged European forests. Forests situated above 1400 m above sea-level are recommended to be considered as ‹forest reserves›, whereas in managed forests up to an altitude of 1400 m, all trees with woodpecker's beakmarks and all snags with DBH over 30 cm should be left.

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Baumgardt, Jeremy A., Joel D. Sauder, and Kerry L. Nicholson. "Occupancy Modeling of Woodpeckers: Maximizing Detections for Multiple Species With Multiple Spatial Scales." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, no. 2 (2014): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042013-jfwm-031.

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Abstract Numerous forest birds benefit from woodpecker presence or have similar habitat requirements. Monitoring populations of forest woodpeckers can be useful for management decisions regarding these and other forest species. Usefulness of monitoring efforts depends on methods used and the quality of resulting parameter estimates. Estimating the proportion of area occupied by a species can be an attractive and affordable alternative to abundance or survival estimates. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution and area of occupancy for pileated woodpeckers (Drycopus pileatus) and American three-toed woodpeckers (Picoides dorsalis) in north-central Idaho, and to compare occupancy estimates using silent point counts, playback surveys, and playback surveys that incorporated estimates of detection probability (p). We used a hierarchical multiscale framework that allowed estimation of occupancy at two spatial scales and applied a removal design such that repeat visits to sampling stations was not necessary to estimate p. The initial naïve estimate of occupancy (using presence–absence data) for pileated woodpecker was 0.39, which increased to 0.59 using playback surveys. The corrected estimate of occupancy at the 1-km2 unit scale was 0.70. The naïve estimates of occupancy for American three-toed woodpeckers using silent point counts and playback surveys were 0.14 and 0.34, respectively. The unbiased estimate of occupancy at the 1-km2 unit scale was 0.71. Detection probabilities are known to vary spatially and temporally for numerous reasons. Thus, comparisons of naïve estimates of occupancy to monitor forest woodpeckers would be imprudent and could lead to poor management decisions. We recommend incorporating detection probability for monitoring wildlife species and show how this can be done within a single sampling framework for species that utilize the landscape at disparate scales.

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Ferry, Björn, Johan Ekenstedt, and Martin Green. "Densities of the Eurasian Threetoed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus calculated from sap row surveys are on par with estimates from fixed route bird censusing." Ornis Svecica 31 (September 10, 2021): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v31.22416.

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Species-specific tracks animals can be an effective way of mapping species that are hard to find even if they are present. We used observations of sap rows on trees to calculate densities of Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers Picoides tridactylus. We surveyed 14 fixed routes in northern Sweden below the montane forest for sap rows during the autumn of 2020. We used our observations of fresh sap rows together with average home range and proportion of active territories per year derived from the literature, to calculate large-scale woodpecker population density. The density based on sap rows was 0.19 pairs per km2. Densities from fixed route bird observations for different parts of Västerbotten County below the montane forests were 0.13–0.14 pairs per km2, in relative agreement with the estimates from sap rows. We also calculated the population density from fixed route observations in the montane forests, and these were almost three times higher. Our density calculations correspond to 7,900 pairs in Västerbotten County. These results indicate that systematic counts of sap rows can quickly provide credible population density estimates of Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers.

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Mollet, Pierre, Niklaus Zbinden, and Hans Schmid. "Steigende Bestandszahlen bei Spechten und anderen Vogelarten dank Zunahme von Totholz? | An increase in the population of woodpeckers and other bird species thanks to an increase in the quantities of deadwood?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 11 (2009): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0334.

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Results from the monitoring programs of the Swiss Ornithological Institute show that the breeding populations of several forest species for which deadwood is an important habitat element (black woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, middle spotted woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, green woodpecker, three-toed woodpecker as well as crested tit, willow tit and Eurasian tree creeper) have increased in the period 1990 to 2008, although not to the same extent in all species. At the same time the white-backed woodpecker extended its range in eastern Switzerland. The Swiss National Forest Inventory shows an increase in the amount of deadwood in forests for the same period. For all the mentioned species, with the exception of green and middle spotted woodpecker, the growing availability of deadwood is likely to be the most important factor explaining this population increase.

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9

Otvos, Imre S., and R. W. Stark. "ARTHROPOD FOOD OF SOME FOREST-INHABITING BIRDS." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 8 (1985): 971–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117971-8.

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AbstractThe diets of 25 species of forest-inhabiting birds were examined in California from 1962 to 1968. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera comprised the bulk of the diets. Coleopterans were, in decreasing amounts, the most common food of the three-toed woodpecker, Steller's jay, American robin, brown creeper, hairy woodpecker (both sexes), dark-eyed junco, downy woodpecker (both sexes), olive-sided flycatcher, western wood-pewee, and white-headed woodpecker (both sexes). Hymenopterans, mainly ants, were the most common food of the northern flicker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted sapsucker, and acorn woodpecker. White-headed woodpecker (both sexes) also ate ponderosa-pine seeds in the fall. Hairy woodpecker (both sexes) fed on the seeds of ponderosa pine and sugar pine. Detailed estimates of foods consumed by item and volume from analyses of stomach contents of 241 specimens are presented.

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10

Kolenov, Sergei Evgenievich. "Diversity and number of woodpeckers (Picidae) in the Chuvash Trans-Volga Region in winter." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 3 (2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201873110.

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This article gives some data on the winter fauna of woodpeckers (Picidae) in the Trans-Volga Region of the Chuvash Republic. We analyze the species richness, their number and trends of its changes. To do it, it is possible when the reserachers analyze the results of the collected materials of 2010-2018 (on the example of three routes during ornithological surveys according Y.S. Ravkins method). The author believes that the importance of work is to show the lack of surveys concerning the analysis of winter fauna of woodpeckers in the Chuvash Trans-Volga Region. Moreover it shows to determine what impact on the avifauna of the Transvolga was caused by destructive fires in the summer of 2010 (as it destroyed up to 30% of the forest cover of the investigated territory). The article presents that the Chuvash Trans-Volga Region is inhabited by 6 species of woodpeckers out of 9, named in the Chuvash Republic. A great spotted woodpecker was a numerous and dominant species, black woodpecker was ordinary species, and the rest were less common. The greatest variety of woodpeckers was noted on the route with the maximum variety of vegetation and plenty of dead wood. A reliable positive population trend was revealed for the black woodpecker. The population of the great spotted woodpecker as a whole remained stable although it showed considerable fluctuations from year to year, depending on the yield of coniferous trees. For other species, it was not possible to identify any long-term trend. Three species of woodpeckers (the black, the lesser spotted and the three-toed woodpeckers) demonstrated mutual changes of the average winter density. All these species showed a significant increase in numbers, which gave a way to a decline then. We believe that the growth in numbers was due to the fires and drought of 2010, which provoked an outbreak of xylophagous insects and fodder base of these species. The subsequent clearing of the burners and the sanitary cutting reduced the food resources available for insects, what decrease the number of woodpeckers. We believe that sanitary cuttings should be abandoned in some areas of the Trans-Volga Region to preserve these species.

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HIYEDA, Kazutoshi, Chieko HASE, Tatsuya MOCHIZUKI, Atsuki AZUMA, and Teppei ARA. "Records of Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus in Hokkaido, Japan." Japanese Journal of Ornithology 62, no. 2 (2013): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.62.184.

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12

Pechacek, Peter, Klaus G. Michalek, Hans Winkler, and Donald Blomqvist. "Classical polyandry found in the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus." Journal of Ornithology 147, no. 1 (2005): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-005-0026-4.

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13

Amcoff, Martin, and Pär Eriksson. "Förekomst av tretåig hackspett Picoides tridactylus på bestånds- och landskapsnivå." Ornis Svecica 6, no. 3 (1996): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v6.22986.

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The Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus has declined with at least fifty percent in most of Sweden since the 1970s. This study was made in an area of 150 km2 in the eastern part of the province of UppIand in order to explain the habitat requirements of the species at the levels of both forest stand and landscape. The amount of dead wood was strongly correlated with the occurrence of the woodpecker. The stage of decay of the tree seemed to be more important than the tree species, both for feeding and nest site selection. All breeding sites were surrounded by continuous forests of 100–400 ha characterized by low management intensity (trees older than normal final felling age, little thinning, and several features typical for a "natural" forest). In control areas of similar size but with normal management regimes, we found the Three-toed Woodpecker rare or absent. We also found that a high proportion of swamp forest partly could compensate shortage of dead wood in other forests. The species is able to respond rapidly when suitable habitats with many dead or dying trees appear after a disturbance such as storm felling, insect attack, fire or flooding.

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Bütler, Rita, and Rodolphe Schlaepfer. "Wie viel Totholz braucht der Wald? | Dead wood in managed forests: how much is enough?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, no. 2 (2004): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0031.

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Dead wood is of paramount importance for forest biodiversity. For this reason it was adopted as an indicator for sustainable forest management by the Ministerial Conference on the protection of forests in Europe. This paper aims to answer the question of how much dead wood is necessary for the maintenance of biodiversity in sub-alpine spruce forest ecosystems. For this purpose we studied the habitat preferences of the three-toed woodpecker, a bird species that depends heavily on dead trees. Previous ecological studies had already demonstrated that this woodpecker is an indicator of spruce forests with a high degree of naturalness and biodiversity. Our field study in Swiss sub-Alpine spruce and Swedish boreal forests showed that, below a threshold level of about 20 m3 standing dead trees per ha, the probability of finding these woodpeckers drastically decreases. Similar results were obtained using a bioenergetic model, which calculated the energy requirements of this insectivorous woodpecker. Based on the results, our recommendation is to ensure a scattering of dead-wood rich areas in forest landscapes. Each area should cover about one square kilometre and have a mean of 5% of standing dead trees (≥ 18 m3 ha–1), and a total of approx. 9% of dead wood(≥ 33 m3 ha–1 standing and fallen).

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Zielewska-Büttner, Katarzyna, Marco Heurich, Jörg Müller, and Veronika Braunisch. "Remotely Sensed Single Tree Data Enable the Determination of Habitat Thresholds for the Three-Toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (2018): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121972.

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Forest biodiversity conservation requires precise, area-wide information on the abundance and distribution of key habitat structures at multiple spatial scales. We combined airborne laser scanning (ALS) data with color-infrared (CIR) aerial imagery for identifying individual tree characteristics and quantifying multi-scale habitat requirements using the example of the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (TTW) in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). This bird, a keystone species of boreal and mountainous forests, is highly reliant on bark beetles dwelling in dead or dying trees. While previous studies showed a positive relationship between the TTW presence and the amount of deadwood as a limiting resource, we hypothesized a unimodal response with a negative effect of very high deadwood amounts and tested for effects of substrate quality. Based on 104 woodpecker presence or absence locations, habitat selection was modelled at four spatial scales reflecting different woodpecker home range sizes. The abundance of standing dead trees was the most important predictor, with an increase in the probability of TTW occurrence up to a threshold of 44–50 dead trees per hectare, followed by a decrease in the probability of occurrence. A positive relationship with the deadwood crown size indicated the importance of fresh deadwood. Remote sensing data allowed both an area-wide prediction of species occurrence and the derivation of ecological threshold values for deadwood quality and quantity for more informed conservation management.

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Pechacek, Peter. "Spacing Behavior of Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpeckers (Picoides Tridactylus) During the Breeding Season in Germany." Auk 121, no. 1 (2004): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.58.

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Abstract Data on spacing behavior of the Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) are rare, and systematic observations are lacking. I used homing technique (>90%) and triangulation to document range use of 28 radiotagged birds in an alpine mountain forest in southeastern Germany between 1994 and 2000. Common home range of a pair (x ± SE, n = 10) identified by the adaptive kernel method (95% use distribution) during the nesting period averaged 86.4 ± 23.4 ha and varied a great deal between pairs (range 33.9–287.4 ha). Although ranges of females (69.4 ± 15.4 ha, n = 14) appeared larger than those of males (45.7 ± 10.3 ha, n = 10), the difference was not significant. Prior to nesting and during the postnesting period, both sexes used seemingly larger home ranges than during nesting (≤381.7 ha); but again, the difference was not significant. Home ranges of mates (n = 20) during the nesting period overlapped an average of 66.5 ± 5.7% (≤100.0%); female ranges and core areas overlapped male ranges to a significantly greater extent than male ranges overlapped those of females. Nearly all home ranges bordered or overlapped those of their neighbors. Ranges of neighboring male-female combinations (n = 11) overlapped by 17.6 ± 3.9% during the nesting period, with an increasing tendency to overlap toward the end of the breeding season. Because areas used by Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers remained stable over the breeding season, I propose consideration of home ranges during nesting as a reliable estimate of species area requirements for use in management plans.

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Pechacek, Peter, and Werner d'Oleire-Oltmanns. "Habitat use of the three-toed woodpecker in central Europe during the breeding period." Biological Conservation 116, no. 3 (2004): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00203-9.

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HOGSTAD, OLAV. "The effect of social dominance on foraging by the Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus." Ibis 133, no. 3 (2008): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1991.tb04569.x.

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Kotliar, Natasha B., Elizabeth W. Reynolds, and Douglas H. Deutschman. "American Three-Toed Woodpecker Response to Burn Severity and Prey Availability at Multiple Spatial Scales." Fire Ecology 4, no. 2 (2008): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0402026.

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VÄLIMÄKI, K., S. JAARI, M. PIHA, T. PAKKALA, and J. MERILÄ. "Isolation and characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)." Molecular Ecology Resources 8, no. 5 (2008): 1152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02209.x.

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Zhu, Yongzhi, Nan Lü, Peter Pechacek, Jinlin Li, and Yue-Hua Sun. "Foraging behavior of the Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker subspecies Picoides tridactylus funebris in southern Gansu, China." Chinese Birds 3, no. 1 (2012): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5122/cbirds.2012.0002.

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Bütler, R., P. Angelstam, P. Ekelund, and R. Schlaepfer. "Dead wood threshold values for the three-toed woodpecker presence in boreal and sub-Alpine forest." Biological Conservation 119, no. 3 (2004): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.11.014.

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McIver, James D., and Lynn Starr. "A Literature Review on the Environmental Effects of Postfire Logging." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 4 (2001): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.4.159.

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Abstract Literature on logging after wildfire is reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging activity and the removal of large woody structure. As in unburned stands, log retrieval systems vary considerably in their immediate effect on soils in the postfire environment, with ground-based systems generally causing more disturbance than aerial systems. Timber harvest methods used by managers can mitigate erosion effects—for example, logging residue can decrease erosion by impeding overland flow. Ground disturbance from postfire logging can encourage establishment of different plant species (including nonnatives) and can influence the growth of trees. The removal of large woody structures typical in postfire logging operations can change plant species composition, reduce plant species richness, and increase conifer growth in the first years after logging, but can also reduce the probability that insect pest populations will build up and infest adjacent stands. Removal of large woody structures can cause declines in the abundance of several cavity-nesting bird species, including mountain bluebird, and black-backed, hairy, and three-toed woodpeckers; Lewis woodpecker tends to increase after postfire logging. Overall, studies on the environmental effects of postfire logging are limited, arguing for the use of adaptive management to monitor effects of logging and to adjust practices accordingly. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):159-168.

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Pakkala, Timo, Jarmo Piiroinen, Johanna Lakka, Juha Tiainen, Markus Piha, and Jari Kouki. "Tree Sap as an Important Seasonal Food Resource for Woodpeckers: The Case of the Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) in Southern Finland." Annales Zoologici Fennici 55, no. 1-3 (2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.055.0108.

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Li, Meng-Hua, Kaisa Välimäki, Markus Piha, Timo Pakkala, and Juha Merilä. "Extrapair Paternity and Maternity in the Three-Toed Woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus: Insights from Microsatellite-Based Parentage Analysis." PLoS ONE 4, no. 11 (2009): e7895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007895.

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Stachura-Skierczyńska, Krystyna, Tomasz Tumiel, and Michał Skierczyński. "Habitat prediction model for three-toed woodpecker and its implications for the conservation of biologically valuable forests." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 5 (2009): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.007.

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Nappi, Antoine, Pierre Drapeau, Michel Saint-Germain, and Virginie A. Angers. "Effect of fire severity on long-term occupancy of burned boreal conifer forests by saproxylic insects and wood-foraging birds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 4 (2010): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08109.

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Fire severity can vary greatly within and among burns, even in the Canadian boreal forest where fire regimes consist mostly of stand-replacing fires. We investigated the effects of fire severity on the long-term occupancy of burns by (i) saproxylic insects and (ii) three wood-foraging birds. Based on observations made 6 to 11 years after fire in burned conifer forests that varied in fire severity in Quebec, Canada, our results indicate that low-severity portions of the burns likely provided snag conditions suitable for the long-term presence of deadwood-associated insects and birds. The black-backed woodpecker, a post-fire forest specialist, was still abundant 6 and 8 years after fire. This pattern was likely explained by the persistence of several saproxylic insect species that are associated with recently dead trees and by the positive effect of lower fire severity on the abundance of Arhopalus foveicollis, a cerambycid with a long life cycle in dead wood. The American three-toed woodpecker and the brown creeper, and their associated prey (Scolytinae beetles), were more abundant in burned stands of lower v. higher severity. We conclude that less severely burned snags and stands within high-severity burns may favour the long-term presence of trophic webs that involve saproxylic insects and wood-foraging birds in burned boreal forests.

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Imbeau, Louis, and André Desrochers. "Area sensitivity and edge avoidance: the case of the Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) in a managed forest." Forest Ecology and Management 164, no. 1-3 (2002): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00598-9.

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Imbeau, Louis, Jean-Pierre L. Savard, and Réjean Gagnon. "Comparing bird assemblages in successional black spruce stands originating from fire and logging." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 12 (1999): 1850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-172.

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Comparisons of the effects of logging and fire as disturbance agents on the composition of bird assemblages in boreal ecosystems are still lacking or are limited to the short-term impacts of clear-cutting. In Quebec, where the boreal forest is largely dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands, we surveyed 140 point-count stations in 3 postlogging and 4 postfire development stages determined according to the height of the regenerating spruce trees. Species richness did not vary among forest development stages, but bird abundance was higher in recent clearcuts. Recently disturbed areas were characterized by open-land bird assemblages dominated by Neotropical migrants, which reached their highest abundance in clearcuts. Moreover, logged stands were distinguished from burned sites by the absence of cavity-nesting birds. Forest-bird assemblages reestablished themselves as soon as young spruces reached the sapling stage. However, the Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus), and Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) were restricted to mature stands or recent burns and are thus likely to be negatively affected by modern forestry, which involves fire suppression and short logging rotations. We suggest that retention of larger areas of continuous mature forest might be essential to maintain these species in managed regions.

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HOGSTAD, OLAV. "SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN RELATION TO WINTER FORAGING AND TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE THREE-TOED WOODPECKER PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS AND THREE DENDROCOPOS SPECIES." Ibis 120, no. 2 (2008): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1978.tb06775.x.

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Pakkala, Timo, Juha Tiainen, Markus Piha, and Jari Kouki. "How Important are Nest Cavities Made by the Three-Toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus for Cavity-Nesting Forest Bird Species?" Acta Ornithologica 53, no. 1 (2018): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/00016454ao2018.53.1.007.

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Gagné, Caroline, Louis Imbeau, and Pierre Drapeau. "Anthropogenic edges: Their influence on the American three-toed woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis) foraging behaviour in managed boreal forests of Quebec." Forest Ecology and Management 252, no. 1-3 (2007): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.039.

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Hutto, Richard L., and Susan M. Gallo. "The Effects of Postfire Salvage Logging on Cavity-Nesting Birds." Condor 108, no. 4 (2006): 817–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.4.817.

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Abstract Abstract We investigated the effects of postfire salvage logging on cavity-nesting birds by comparing nest densities and patterns of nest reuse over a three-year period in seven logged and eight unlogged patches of mixed-conifer forest in the Blackfoot-Clearwater Wildlife Management Area, Montana. We found 563 active nests of 18 cavity-nesting birds; all species were found nesting in the uncut burned forest plots, but only eight nested in the salvage-logged plots. All except one species nested at a higher density in the unlogged areas, and half of the species were significantly more abundant in the unlogged plots. Every timber-drilling and timber-gleaning species was less abundant in the salvage-logged plots, including two of the most fire-dependent species in the northern Rocky Mountains—American Three-toed (Picoides dorsalis) and Black-backed (P. arcticus) Woodpeckers. Lower abundances in salvage-logged plots occurred despite the fact that there were still more potential nest snags per hectare than the recommended minimum number needed to support maximum densities of primary cavity-nesters, which suggests that reduced woodpecker densities are more related to a reduction in food (wood-boring beetle larvae) than to nest-site availability. Because cavities were present in only four of 244 randomly selected trees, and because frequency of cavity reuse by secondary cavity-nesters was higher in salvage-logged than in unlogged plots, nest-site limitation may be a more important constraint for secondary cavity-nesters in salvage-logged areas. These results suggest that typical salvage logging operations are incompatible with the maintenance of endemic levels of most cavity-nesting bird populations, especially populations of primary cavity-nesting species.

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Rassati, Gianluca. "Responsiveness to acoustic stimulation, distribution and habitat preferences of the Grey-headed Woodpecker, Picus canus, and the Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (North-eastern Italy)." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 84, no. 1 (2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2014.227.

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The study was carried out from 2003 to 2011 with the aim of determining the responsiveness to acoustic stimulation, the distribution and the habitat preferences of <em>Picus canus</em> and <em>Picoides tridactylus</em> in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (NE Italy). <em>P. canus</em> resulted as being more responsive than <em>P. tridactylus</em> to conspecifics stimulation, responding in 13.23% of the points where a stimulus was emitted, against 7.65% of the other species. In both taxa, when there was a response, it was predominantly by the male birds. The most frequent type of response in <em>P. canus</em> was song, heard in 57.89% of the points, while for <em>P. tridactylus</em>, it was drumming, which was heard in 65.38% of the points. For both species (especially for P. tridactylus), a tendency was recorded to expand the range and to occupy new areas within the known range. <em>P. canus i</em>n Friuli-Venezia Giulia was found from altitudes close to the sea level up to the treeline (range 0-2000 m a.s.l.), while <em>P. tridactylus</em> was found in montane and subalpine woodlands (range 800- 2000 m a.s.l.). The observations of P. canus were obtained at a mean altitude of 977 m a.s.l. (± 402 SD), located in the altitudinal belt dominated by Fagus sylvatica L., which is present in more than half of the woodlands in which the woodpecker was found.<em> P. tridactylus</em> was discovered at a mean altitude of 1424 m a.s.l. (± 246 SD), located in the altitudinal belt dominated by Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., which is present in almost 90% of the woodlands in which this species was found. In some areas, densities of 0.67-2.26 territories/100 ha were obtained for<em> P. canus</em> and 0.16-0.40 territories/100 ha for <em>P. tridactylus.</em> In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a population of 320-390 pairs of P. canus and 45-60 pairs of P. tridactylus has been estimated, with an approximate 15% increase of<em> P. canus</em> compared to the beginning of the century, and just over 60% for the other species. Finally, some aspects concerning conservation-related problems are reported.

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Pakkala, Timo, Juha Tiainen, Markus Piha, and Jari Kouki. "Three-toed Woodpecker cavities in trees: A keystone structural feature in forests shows decadal persistence but only short-term benefit for secondary cavity-breeders." Forest Ecology and Management 413 (April 2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.043.

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Villard, Pascal. "Foraging behavior of Black-backed and Three-toed woodpeckers during spring and summer in a Canadian boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 11 (1994): 1957–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-266.

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During one spring to summer study in a Canadian boreal forest, Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) were found to excavate mainly on logs and at the base of large-diameter tree trunks. In contrast, Three-toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) preferred higher strata and smaller diameter trunks. The predominant foraging technique used by Three-toed Woodpeckers was bark scaling. Canadian Three-toed Woodpeckers showed foraging behavior similar to that found in European woodpeckers, but in the Nearctic range they have not fully developed the sap-licking behavior that is typical of the Three-toed Woodpeckers of the western Palearctic range.

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Rąkowski, Grzegorz, and Krzysztof Czarnocki. "Breeding avifauna of the forest interior and forest edge in the Borki Forest." Forest Research Papers 80, no. 1 (2019): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0003.

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Abstract The composition and structure of breeding bird communities in the Borki Forest in North-Eastern Poland were investigated separately in the forest interior (years 2012–2014) and at the forest edge (years 2016–2018). In both areas, bird censuses were carried out on three plots located in mature oak-hornbeam, ash-alder and mixed coniferous forest stands. Plots were selected to cover similar forest types, encompass stands of similar age and to have similar acreage, both, in the forest interior and at the forest edge. A standard combined mapping technique for estimating the number of breeding birds was applied and a total of 97 bird species were found to have bred at least once within any plot. Regardless of the forest type, both the number of breeding bird species and the population densities were higher on plots situated at the forest edge than in the forest interior. The mean number of breeding species was over 20% higher and the mean total density of breeding pairs was higher by over 30%. Total population densities on the plots located at the forest edge were higher as a result of an increase in population densities of some individual bird species combined with an increase in the number of breeding species, including non-forest and non-typical forest interior species. The number of nesting species in the edge zone was higher than in the forest interior with common species and generalists clearly dominating. Specialist species typical of natural forests as well as rare and endangered species, such as three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus), white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) and red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula parva), for whom the Borki Forest is an important breeding site in Poland were less numerous. Despite the observed differences and a clear edge effect, bird assemblages inhabiting research plots in the forest interior and at the edge were not fundamentally different. We conclude that the edge zone is inhabited by a poorer-quality variant of bird assemblage typical of forest interior, enriched quantitatively by non-forest species associated with open and/or semi-open areas as well as by synanthropic species.

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Zink, Robert M., Sievert Rohwer, Sergei Drovetski, Rachelle C. Blackwell-Rago, and Shannon L. Farrell. "HOLARCTIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIES LIMITS OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS." Condor 104, no. 1 (2002): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0167:hpaslo]2.0.co;2.

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Zink, Robert M., Sievert Rohwer, Sergei Drovetski, Rachelle C. Blackwell-Rago, and Shannon L. Farrell. "Holarctic Phylogeography and Species Limits of Three-Toed Woodpeckers." Condor 104, no. 1 (2002): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.167.

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AbstractWe compared mitochondrial DNA sequences of Three-toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) within and between Eurasia and North America. Samples from the two continents are each reciprocally monophyletic, and differ by approximately 4% sequence divergence, suggesting that a separate species exists on each continent. We recommend formal taxonomic action. Within continents, no phylogeographic structuring was found, suggesting that both species have recently expanded their ranges following the end of the last ice age.Filogeografía Holártica y Límites de la Especie Picoides tridactylusResumen. Comparamos secuencias de ADN mitocondrial en Picoides tridactylus, dentro y entre Eurasia y América del Norte. Las muestras de cada uno de los dos continentes son recíprocamente monofiléticas y difieren aproximadamente en un 4% de divergencia secuencial, sugiriendo que existe una especie distinta en cada continente. Recomendamos acción taxonómica formal. No encontramos estructura filogeográfica dentro de los continentes, sugiriendo que ambas especies han expandido recientemente sus rangos luego del final de la última era glacial.

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Imbeau, Louis, and Andre Desrochers. "Foraging Ecology and Use of Drumming Trees by Three-Toed Woodpeckers." Journal of Wildlife Management 66, no. 1 (2002): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802888.

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Pechacek, Peter. "Foraging Behavior of Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpeckers (Picoides Tridactylus Alpinus) in Relation to Sex and Season in Germany." Auk 123, no. 1 (2006): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.235.

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Abstract I studied year-round foraging behavior of 28 color-banded Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus alpinus) from 1995 to 1999 in Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. My research focused on how foraging time was divided among various substrates and foraging techniques. Foraging behavior was recorded by instantaneous sampling during independent observation sessions (i.e. foraging bouts). A combination of tapping and pecking was the most important foraging technique used during breeding (>43%) and nonbreeding (>59%). Both mean and maximum foraging bouts (mean ± SD) lasted longer during nonbreeding periods (mean: 17.0 ± 3.7 min, maximum: 61.9 ± 30.2 min) than during breeding periods (4.3 ± 3.0 min, 15.5 ± 16.1 min). Sap-sucking was observed rarely during breeding. Males spent less time foraging on branches, whereas females spent less time in the lower third of trees on which they foraged. Males also manipulated foraging substrates more by pecking and digging (probing), whereas females did more climbing and position-changing on foraging trees. I concluded that Eurasian Threetoed Woodpeckers changed their foraging techniques according to seasonal changes in diet and that, during breeding, males used better foraging grounds than females. Le Comportement de Quête Alimentaire chez Picoides tridactylus alpinus en Relation avec le Sexe et la Saison en Allemagne

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Hogstad, Olav. "SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND DIVERGENCE IN WINTER FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS." Ibis 118, no. 1 (2008): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1976.tb02009.x.

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Pechacek, Peter. "SPACING BEHAVIOR OF EURASIAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS (PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS) DURING THE BREEDING SEASON IN GERMANY." Auk 121, no. 1 (2004): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0058:sboetw]2.0.co;2.

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Pechacek, Peter. "Spacing Behavior of Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) during the Breeding Season in Germany." Auk 121, no. 1 (2004): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4090055.

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PECHACEK, PETER, and ANTON KRISTIN. "COMPARATIVE DIETS OF ADULT AND YOUNG THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS IN A EUROPEAN ALPINE FOREST COMMUNITY." Journal of Wildlife Management 68, no. 3 (2004): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0683:cdoaay]2.0.co;2.

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Hardenbol, Alwin A., Timo Pakkala, and Jari Kouki. "Persistence of a keystone microhabitat in boreal forests: Cavities of Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus)." Forest Ecology and Management 450 (October 2019): 117530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117530.

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Pechacek, Peter. "FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF EURASIAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS (PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS ALPINUS) IN RELATION TO SEX AND SEASON IN GERMANY." Auk 123, no. 1 (2006): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0235:fboetw]2.0.co;2.

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Leonard Jr., David L. "American Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis)." Birds of North America Online, January 1, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.588.

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Tremblay, Junior A., David L. Leonard Jr., and Louis Imbeau. "American Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis)." Birds of North America Online, March 21, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.attwoo1.02.

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Pakkala, Timo, Jari Kouki, Markus Piha, and Juha Tiainen. "Phloem sap in fire-damaged Scots pine provides instant foraging opportunities for Three-toed Woodpeckers Picoides tridactylus." Ornis Svecica 27, no. 2–4 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v27.19568.

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Three-toed Woodpeckers Picoides tridactylus are known to use phloem sap of conifer trees as a food resource mostly in springtime. A local pair instantly began to forage sap of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris trees that were damaged in a prescribed forest burning; before the ﬁre they had used phloem sap elsewhere in their territory. During three weeks after the ﬁre, the pair intensively used sap of Scots pines which were exposed to ﬁre. The woodpeckers were probably attracted by nutrients induced by damage reaction of the burned pines. Rapid sap use of newly burned trees has not been described before, and it indicates behavioural plasticity how this woodpecker species can use resources in disturbance driven, dynamic forest environments.

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