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Journal articles on the topic 'Three-way catalyst; Engine emissions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

BIELACZYC, Piotr, Antoni ŚWIĄTEK, and Joseph WOODBURN. "A technical discussion of the emission of ammonia from SI vehicles fitted with three-way catalysts." Combustion Engines 144, no. 1 (2011): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117124.

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Ammonia emissions from motor vehicles have risen significantly in recent decades, due to the rollout of three-way catalysts within the spark ignition vehicle fleet. Vehicular ammonia emissions are currently unregulated, even though ammonia is harmful for a variety of reasons, and the gas is classed as toxic. Having reached its light-off temperature, a three-way catalyst can produce substantial quantities of ammonia through various reaction pathways. Emission is markedly higher during periods where demand for engine power is higher, when the engine will be operating under open-loop conditions.

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2

Kanerva, Tomi, Mari Honkanen, Tanja Kolli, et al. "Microstructural Characteristics of Vehicle-Aged Heavy-Duty Diesel Oxidation Catalyst and Natural Gas Three-Way Catalyst." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020137.

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Techniques to control vehicle engine emissions have been under increasing need for development during the last few years in the more and more strictly regulated society. In this study, vehicle-aged heavy-duty catalysts from diesel and natural gas engines were analyzed using a cross-sectional electron microscopy method with both a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Also, additional supporting characterization methods including X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and catalytic performance analyses were

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3

Twigg, Martyn V. "Controlling automotive exhaust emissions: successes and underlying science." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1829 (2005): 1013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1547.

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Photochemical reactions of vehicle exhaust pollutants were responsible for photochemical smog in many cities during the 1960s and 1970s. Engine improvements helped, but additional measures were needed to achieve legislated emissions levels. First oxidation catalysts lowered hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, and later nitrogen oxides were reduced to nitrogen in a two-stage process. By the 1980s, exhaust gas could be kept stoichiometric and hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides were simultaneously converted over a single ‘three-way catalyst’. Today, advanced three-way catalyst systems

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4

Hadded, O., J. Stokes, and D. W. Grigg. "Low Emission Vehicle Technology for Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle and European Stage 3 Emissions Standards." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 3 (1995): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_201_02.

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Technology to meet the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) ultra low emissions vehicle (ULEV) legislation is being developed by most major vehicle manufacturers. To achieve the required reduction in cold start emissions, mainly HC and CO, compared to current three-way catalyst (TWC) technology, very early catalyst light-off has to be achieved. Electrically heated catalysts (EHC) have shown good potential, together with exhaust gas igniters (EGI) and close-coupled catalysts. A ‘total system’ approach has been demonstrated to achieve significant Federal test procedure (FTP) emissions reducti

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Shamim, T., H. Shen, S. Sengupta, S. Son, and A. A. Adamczyk. "A Comprehensive Model to Predict Three-Way Catalytic Converter Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 2 (2002): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1424295.

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This paper describes the development of a comprehensive mathematical and numerical model for simulating the performance of automotive three-way catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The model simulates the emission system behavior by using an exhaust system heat conservation and catalyst chemical kinetic submodel. The resulting governing equations are solved numerically. Good agreements were found between the numerical predictions and experimental measurements under both steady-state and transient conditions. The developed model will be used to facilitate

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6

König, H. P., R. F. Hertel, W. Koch, and G. Rosner. "Determination of platinum emissions from a three-way catalyst-equipped gasoline engine." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 26, no. 5 (1992): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90233-b.

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7

Lou, Diming, Yedi Ren, Xiang Li, Yunhua Zhang, and Xia Sun. "Effect of Operating Conditions and TWC Parameters on Emissions Characteristics of a Stoichiometric Natural Gas Engine." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184905.

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This study involved conducting an experimental and numerical investigation on the effects of the air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), engine speed, and engine load on the inlet gas component of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and on the effects of noble metal loading, noble metal ratio, and carrier pore density on the emission conversion efficiency. The results showed that AFR can significantly affect the raw emissions of NOx and total hydrocarbon (THC), and better emission conversion efficiency of a TWC can be reached when AFR is controlled between 0.995 to 1. Compared with engine speed, engine load has a rel

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8

Ren, Yedi, Diming Lou, Xiang Li, Yunhua Zhang, and Xia Sun. "Effect of operating conditions and TWC parameters on emissions characteristics of a China-VI stoichiometric natural gas engine." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801013.

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This study involved conducting an experimental and numerical investigation on the effects of the air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), engine speed, and engine load on the inlet gas component of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and on the effects of noble metal loading, noble metal ratio, and carrier pore density on the emission conversion efficiency. The results showed that AFR can significantly affect the raw emissions of NOx and THC, and better emission conversion efficiency of a TWC can be reached when AFR is controlled between 0.995 to 1. Compared with engine speed, engine load has a relatively small effect

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Merkisz, Jerzy, Jacek Pielecha, and Monika Andrych-Zalewska. "Influence of the Length of a Catalyst-Coated Glow Plug on Exhaust Emissions." Energies 13, no. 24 (2020): 6557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246557.

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This paper discusses the application of an in-cylinder catalyst in reducing the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. This is an additional method of exhaust gas aftertreatment; yet the placement of a catalyst in the combustion chamber (i.e., the closest location to the process of combustion) allows a reduction of the emissions ‘at source’ (the catalyst applied on the glow plugs). For the investigations, we used an engine dynamometer to reproduce the traffic conditions of a homologation test carried out on a chassis dynamometer. We carried out the investigations on a Euro 4 1.3 JTD MultiJet

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Kang, Jun-Mo, Ilya Kolmanovsky, and J. W. Grizzle. "Dynamic Optimization of Lean Burn Engine Aftertreatment." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 2 (2000): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1368114.

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The competition to deliver fuel efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles is driving the automotive industry to consider even more complex powertrain systems. Adequate performance of these new highly interactive systems can no longer be obtained through traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and final control software calibration. This paper explores the use of Dynamic Programming to make model-based design decisions for a lean burn, direct injection spark ignition engine, in combination with a three way catalyst and an additional three-way catalyst, often referred t

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Heimrich, M. J., S. Albu, and M. Ahuja. "Electrically Heated Catalysts for Cold-Start Emission Control on Gasoline- and Methanol-Fueled Vehicles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (1992): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906616.

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Cold-start emissions from current technology vehicles equipped with catalytic converters can account for over 80 percent of the emissions produced during the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Excessive pollutants can be emitted for a period of one to two minutes following cold engine starting, partially because the catalyst has not reached an efficient operating temperature. Electrically heated catalysts, which are heated prior to engine starting, have been identified as a potential strategy for controlling cold-start emissions. This paper summarizes the emission results of three gasoline-fueled a

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12

Bereczky, Ákos. "PARAMETER ANALYSIS OF NO EMISSIONS FROM SPARK IGNITION ENGINES." TRANSPORT 27, no. 1 (2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2012.664563.

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Environmental protection, especially a reduction in emissions from vehicles, bears great importance nowadays. Combustion engine manufacturers invest large sums of money in order to cut the emission of carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydro carbons (CH or THC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). To variously reduce NOx emission either inside (e.g. exhaust gas recirculation) and/or outside the engine (like three-way catalyst), different solutions have been elaborated. The most expedient methods are, however, those reducing NOx during the process of combustion itself. Modelling and para

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13

Guardiola, Carlos, Benjamín Pla, Marcelo Real, Cyril Travaillard, and Frederic Dambricourt. "Short-circuit effects on spark ignition engine after-treatment and fuel-to-air ratio control." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 5 (2018): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418796705.

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The short circuit of fresh air is a more and more extended strategy to deal with low-end torque issues, very common in small turbocharged and spark-ignited four-stroke engines. Therefore, from the author’s point of view, it is interesting to check whether the after-treatment system can work properly under these conditions. In the present study, the effect of the fresh air short-circuit on engine emissions has been assessed through its impact on the wideband [Formula: see text] sensor and the three-way catalyst behaviour, which are the key elements of the fuel-to-air ratio control strategy. In

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Sun, Harold, Wesley Wang, and Kim-Pui Koo. "The practical implementation of methanol as a clean and efficient alternative fuel for automotive vehicles." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 3 (2018): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417752951.

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Ever since the energy crises in 1970s, the methanol, among other alternative fuels, has been studied for automotive application. The methanol has been widely used for auto racing due to its superior anti-knock characteristics. However, aldehyde is a highly toxic pollutant and aldehyde emission out of alcohol fuel combustion could be considerably higher than spark-ignited gasoline engines. The corrosion and durability of methanol fuel components were also concerns for mass production of methanol-fueled vehicles. The authors have worked with an automotive manufacturer in China to investigate the

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15

Coppage, G. N., and S. R. Bell. "Use of an Electrically Heated Catalyst to Reduce Cold-Start Emissions in a Bi-Fuel Spark Ignited Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 1 (1999): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1340640.

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Reduction of cold-start emissions using electrically-heated catalyst (EHC) technology was the focus of this work. Comprehensive emission measurements of CO, CO2,NOx, and total hydrocarbons (THC) are reported for a spark-ignited engine operated on baseline gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). Electric heating times of 0, 20, and 40 s with and without secondary air injection were investigated. The 40-second electric catalyst heating with secondary air injection scenario yielded the greatest catalyst system (EHC+OEM three-way catalyst) conversion efficiencies for THC, CO, and NOx for gasoli

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16

Liu, F.-J., P. Liu, Z. Zhu, Y.-J. Wei, and S.-H. Liu. "Regulated and unregulated emissions from a spark-ignition engine fuelled with low-blend ethanol–gasoline mixtures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 4 (2011): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407011421741.

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The effects of ethanol addition to gasoline on the exhaust emissions (including regulated and unregulated emissions) and the conversion efficiencies of the three-way catalyst (TWC) were investigated in a three-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engine. Three typical fuel blends – commercial 93# (Research Octane Number) gasoline (E0), E10, and E20 (with 0 per cent, 10 per cent, and 20 per cent ethanol in the blends by volume) – were used in the experiment. Unregulated emissions were measured by gas chromatography with a pulsed discharge helium ionization detector. Experimental results show t

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17

Hata, Hiroo, Megumi Okada, Chikage Funakubo, and Junya Hoshi. "Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market." Atmosphere 10, no. 10 (2019): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100621.

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High concentrations of tropospheric ozone remain a concern, and strategies to reduce the precursors of ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, have been established in many countries. In this study, chassis dynamometer experiments were conducted for 25 late model gasoline passenger vehicles in the Japanese market to evaluate VOC emission trends. Tailpipe emissions were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results showed that tailpipe VOC emissions increased lin

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18

Serrano, José Ramón, Pedro Piqueras, Joaquín De la Morena, and María José Ruiz. "Influence of Pre-Turbine Small-Sized Oxidation Catalyst on Engine Performance and Emissions under Driving Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217714.

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The earlier activation of the catalytic converters in internal combustion engines is becoming highly challenging due to the reduction in exhaust gas temperature caused by the application of CO2 reduction technologies. In this context, the use of pre-turbine catalysts arises as a potential way to increase the conversion efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment system. In this work, a small-sized oxidation catalyst consisting of a honeycomb thin-wall metallic substrate was placed upstream of the turbine to benefit from the higher temperature and pressure prior to the turbine expansion. The chang

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19

Muske, K. R., J. C. Peyton Jones, J. S. Kirschman, et al. "Probability density diagnostic metric for an integrated three-way catalyst controller and monitor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (2008): 2185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto744.

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An integrated model-based methodology for three-way automotive catalyst control and diagnostic monitoring is presented in this work. The catalyst controller and monitor both utilize a limited integrator catalyst oxygen storage model with an adaptive integral gain. This adaptive catalyst gain, which is a measure of the catalyst oxygen storage capacity, is used by the controller to provide information on the dynamic catalyst behaviour and by the diagnostic monitor to provide information on long-term catalyst deactivation and short-term emission control device failure. A statistical classificatio

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20

Guardiola, Carlos, Benjamín Pla, Marcelo Real, Cyril Travaillard, and Frederic Dambricourt. "Fuel-to-air ratio control under short-circuit conditions through UEGO sensor signal analysis." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (2019): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418820747.

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The impact of short-circuit pulses on the after-treatment system of a spark-ignited engine must be taken into account to keep the fuel-to-air equivalence ratio within the three-way catalyst window, thereby reducing pollutant emissions. The fuel-to-air equivalence ratio overestimation that suffers the wide-range λ-sensor upstream three-way catalyst in the presence of short circuit is especially relevant. In this study, a novel approach to deal with the fuel-to-air equivalence ratio control under short-circuit conditions is introduced. Under this scope, this work proposes a strategy for the on-b

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21

Köten, Hasan, Yasin Karagöz, and Özgün Balcı. "Effect of different levels of ethanol addition on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 7 (2020): 168781402094335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020943356.

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In this study, a four-stroke, naturally aspirated, single-cylinder, spark ignition engine was operated with neat gasoline fuel. In-cylinder pressure, performance, and emission values were obtained at full load and 2400-r/min constant engine speed. Using these values, a single-dimensional theoretical model was calibrated. A Kistler spark plug–type pressure sensor was used to obtain in-cylinder pressure. After validation of this single-dimensional theoretical model obtained by the help of a commercial engine analysis software (AVL-Boost), different levels of ethanol addition (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%,

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Yue, Dong Peng, Wen Zhang, Zhi Jun Li, et al. "Analysis Research of Technology Schemes of Reduction NOx Emission in Lean Burn Gasoline Engine." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1454.

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The lean burn technology has been paid attention recently by more and more people because the economics and emission of the gasoline engine can been improved extensively by lean burn technology. However, the reduction of NOx emission is quite small because of the rich oxygen. The different combination schemes of NOx adsorber and Three Way Catalyst were adopted in this paper and experiments of reduction NOx emission have been studied in an modified EFI 16 valves lean burn gasoline engine . The experiment results show that the scheme of the position of Three Way Catalyst is before the NOx adsorb

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Tkaczyk, Marcin, Zbigniew J. Sroka, Konrad Krakowian, and Radoslaw Wlostowski. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Fuel Catalytic Additive on Specific Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engine." Energies 14, no. 1 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010054.

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Fuel catalytic additives have been tested for many years. Herein, their influence on the overall efficiency of combustion engines is investigated, and their pro-ecological impact is assessed. The majority of this research concerns diesel engines. Despite many advantages, to this day, the use of catalytic additives has not become widespread. Wishing to clarify the situation, a research group from the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology decided to investigate this matter, starting with verification tests. This article presents the methodology and results of testing an actual diesel engi

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Zamberi, Mahanum, Farid Nasir Ani, and Safaruddin Gazali Herawan. "The Effects of Alkaline Catalysts in Used Frying Oil Biodiesel on the Diesel Engine Performances." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.449.

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The biodiesel, defined as monoalkyl esters from waste vegetable oils are being produced widely as a viable alternative diesel fuels due to its lower cost, largest producer and reduces the disposal problem. In this study, the effects of catalyst formulation on biodiesel yield are evaluated by using three different alkaline catalyst; sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) with methanol via transesterification process and are tested in a four cylinder Mitsubishi Pajero 2.5cc Intercooler Turbo Diesel Engine. The engine emissions and performance were record

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BIELACZYC, Piotr, and Andrzej SZCZOTKA. "The potential of current european light duty CNG-fuelled vehicles to meet Euro 6 requirements." Combustion Engines 151, no. 4 (2012): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117018.

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Natural gas is one of the most promising alternative fuels to meet the new stringent Euro 6 emissions regulations in the European Union, as well as the planned CO2 emissions reductions. For spark-ignition (SI) engines, bi-fuel fuelling equipment is widely available and engine conversion technology for European automobiles is well established, thereby facilitating usage of CNG in this engine type. This study investigates the implications of natural gas fuelling of a passenger car featuring a spark-ignition engine regarding the possibility of meeting Euro 6 emissions limits for gaseous pollutant

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Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan, and Ali Keskin. "The Effect of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Oil on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics." Journal of Environmental Science Studies 1, no. 1 (2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/jess.v1i1.432.

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To produce biodiesel from waste oil and use it as an alternative fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines is an efficient way to eliminate this harmful compound. In this experimental study, the effects of biodiesel derived from waste oil on emission and performance characteristics of CI engine were investigated. The production of biodiesel was realized at the condition: 9wt% acid catalyst amount, 9:1 molar ratio, 60oC reaction temperature and 120min reaction time. Biodiesel and diesel were mixed with different volumetric ratios and the properties of each blend were analyzed. Each blend was te

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Brandt, E. P., Yanying Wang, and J. W. Grizzle. "Dynamic modeling of a three-way catalyst for SI engine exhaust emission control." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 8, no. 5 (2000): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/87.865850.

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Boam, D. J., I. C. Finlay, T. W. Biddulph, et al. "The Sources of Unburnt Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines during Cold Starts and Warm-Up." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 208, no. 1 (1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_152_02.

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The results of a three-year collaborative research study into the sources of unburnt hydrocarbon (uHC) emissions are reported. The study sought to extend existing knowledge of the sources in an engine to the crucial period following a cold start and before the exhaust catalyst becomes fully effective. The study, carried out on a range of engines but centred on the Rover M 16 four-valve engine, identified a number of sources, all of which are equally important in the warm-up period. The paper concludes with some recommendations for the control of uHC emissions

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Bogarra, Maria, Jose Martin Herreros, Cruz Hergueta, Athanasios Tsolakis, Andrew P. E. York, and Paul J. Millington. "Influence of Three-Way Catalyst on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions During Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold-start." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 61, no. 4 (2017): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651317x696315.

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Roy, M. M. "Effect of an oxidation catalyst and a three-way catalyst on odorous emissions in internal combustion engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 6 (2008): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto769.

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Park, J. K., and J. O. Chae. "A Study on the Knocking and Misfire Detection System Using Breakdown Voltage Characteristics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 3 (2002): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1470486.

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Engine knocking and misfire cause a negative effect on the engine power and the exhaust emissions such as HC, CO and NOx. They also cause permanent damages to the three way catalyst (TWC) system. And a heavy knock can cause severe damages to the engine itself, which gives more reason why it must be detected and corrected. This study introduces a new system concept for detecting combustion misfire and knocking using breakdown voltage (BDV) characteristics between spark plug electrodes. This system detects and evaluates the degree of combustion by measuring the breakdown voltage which predicts t

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Miyamoto, N., H. Ogawa, and M. N. Nabi. "Approaches to extremely low emissions and efficient diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 1, no. 1 (2000): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545272.

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Significant improvements in smoke, particulate matter, NOx, THC, engine output and thermal efficiency were simultaneously achieved with highly oxygenated liquid fuels. Engine noise was also remarkably reduced for oxygenates with higher ignitability. The improvements in exhaust emissions and thermal efficiency depended almost entirely on the oxygen content in the fuels regardless of the oxygenate-diesel fuel blending ratio or type of oxygenate. Smoke emission decreased sharply and linearly with an increase in oxygen content and disappeared entirely at an oxygen content above 38 wt %, even at st

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Noga, Marcin, Paweł Gorczyca, and Radosław Hebda. "The Effects of Use of the Range Extender in a Small Commercial Electric Vehicle." Automotive Experiences 4, no. 1 (2020): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.4137.

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Research on the effects of the use of the range extender developed for a small commercial electric vehicle was presented in this paper. The range extender has a maximum output power of 2.65 kW. The developed auxiliary power unit consists of a three-phase generator propelled by an industrial low-power spark-ignition engine. The exhaust system was improved using a more efficient muffler. The implemented motorcycle muffler has a three-way catalyst (TWC) integrated inside. The use of the more advanced exhaust system aimed at reducing noise and exhaust emissions of the range extender. The efficient

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Ganesan, M., and S. Sendilvelan. "Experimental Analysis of Telescopic Catalytic Converter in a Petrol Engine to Reduce Cold Start Emission." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 25 (August 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.25.28.

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Control of harmful emissions during cold start of the engine has become a challenging task over the years due to the ever increasing stringent emission norms. Positioning of the catalytic converter closer to the exhaust manifold is an efficient way of achieving rapid light-off temperature. On the other hand, the resulting higher thermal loading under high-load engine operation may substantially cause thermal degradation and accelerate catalyst ageing. The objective of the present work is to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst and at the same time to reduce the thermal degradation and age

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Chen, Ling Yun, Jia Yi Du, Yin Nan Yuan, and Lei Zhu. "The Study of HEV Special Two-Stage TWC Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.295.

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As there are many shortcomings for the traditional three-way catalyst (TWC),too large thermal inertia ,low heat capacity and poor thermal insulation properties .A new hybrid vehicles special two-stage TWC is designed.The experiment was carried out at drum test bench and frequent start/stop cycle condition.The result shows that the first-stage catalyst core temperature was maintained at 450°Cafter engine stop 200s, the peak value of HC emissions is only exist at the beginning 30 sec and the conversion efficiency of NOx up to 90% .The hybrid vehicles special two-stage TWC fully meet the frequent

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Poulopoulos, S. G., and C. J. Philippopoulos. "The Effect of Adding Oxygenated Compounds to Gasoline on Automotive Exhaust Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (2002): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1501076.

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In the present work, the effect of adding ethanol or methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) to gasoline on the regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine with a typical three-way catalyst was studied. The addition of ethanol to fuel (10% w/w) increased both the research octane number and the Reid vapor pressure of the fuel, whereas adding 11% w/w MTBE caused an increase only in the research octane number of the fuel. When the fuel contained MTBE, less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and acetaldehyde were emitted in the tailpipe. The increased emissions of acetaldehyde an

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Zobel, Tammo, Christian Schürch, Konstantinos Boulouchos, and Christopher Onder. "Reduction of Cold-Start Emissions for a Micro Combined Heat and Power Plant." Energies 13, no. 8 (2020): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081862.

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Decentralized power generation by combined heat and power plants becomes increasingly popular as a measure to advance the energy transition. In this context, a substantial advantage of small combined heat and power plants is based on the relatively low pollutant emissions. However, a large proportion of the pollutant emissions is produced during a cold-start. This fact is not reflected in governmental and institutional emission guidelines, as these strongly focus on the emission levels under steady-state conditions. This study analyzes the spark advance, the reference air/fuel ratio and an ele

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Collins, Neil R., and Martyn V. Twigg. "Three-way catalyst emissions control technologies for spark-ignition engines—recent trends and future developments." Topics in Catalysis 42-43, no. 1-4 (2007): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-007-0199-6.

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Chen, Longfei, Richard Stone, and Dave Richardson. "Effect of the valve timing and the coolant temperature on particulate emissions from a gasoline direct-injection engine fuelled with gasoline and with a gasoline–ethanol blend." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 10 (2012): 1419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012444966.

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Variable-valve-timing technology and ethanol addition to gasoline are both considered to be effective strategies for better performance and potential improvement in the fuel economy in gasoline engines. In this study, a Jaguar V8, naturally aspirated spray-guided direct-injection engine was operated with four different valve-timing combinations using an unleaded gasoline and a gasoline–10 vol % ethanol blend. The internal exhaust gas recirculation rate and the in-cylinder gas temperature were modelled for different valve-timing strategies. The results showed that a high valve overlap led to hi

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Park, Cheol Woong, Sun Youp Lee, Ui Hyung Yi, and Jang Hee Lee. "Emission Reduction Characteristics of Three-way Catalyst with Engine Operating Condition Change in an Ultra-lean Gasoline Direct Injection Engine." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 39, no. 9 (2015): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2015.39.9.727.

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Weilenmann, Martin, and Dimitrios N. Tsinoglou. "A fleet-prediction oriented catalyst model for highly transient driving in cold and hot mode conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 13, no. 5 (2012): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087412438012.

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Various models for simulating catalytic converters are given in the literature. They deal with a wide range of different aspects. In addition to the type of catalytic converter (three-way catalytic converter, diesel oxidation catalytic converter, etc.), the aspect of complexity versus accuracy and speed can be tackled using different approaches. Moreover, the desired use has an influence on the model structure: optimization of catalyst design or prediction of emissions from real-world traffic situations or optimization of air–fuel ratio control? The model described here has been developed to p

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Yakoumis, Iakovos. "PROMETHEUS: A Copper-Based Polymetallic Catalyst for Automotive Applications. Part I: Synthesis and Characterization." Materials 14, no. 3 (2021): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030622.

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According to the strict European exhaust emissions standards that have been imposed by European legislation there is an elevated need for the decrease of the toxic gas emissions from vehicles. Therefore, car manufacturers have implemented a series of catalytic devices in the aftertreatment of the engine to comply with the standards. All catalytic devices (such as three-way catalysts, diesel particulate filters and diesel oxidation catalysts) accumulate concentrated loading of platinum group metals (PGMs, platinum, palladium, rhodium) as the active catalytic phase. Thus, the demand for PGMs is

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Shamim, T., and V. C. Medisetty. "Dynamic Response of Automotive Catalytic Converters to Variations in Air-Fuel Ratio." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (2003): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1564065.

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The automotive catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions, operate in transient conditions under all modes of operation. The fluctuation in air-fuel ratio is a major contributor to these transients. The consideration of these transients is essential in accurate modeling of catalyst operation during actual driving conditions. In this work, a numerical investigation is carried out to comprehend the dynamic response of three-way catalytic converters subjected to changes in air-fuel ratio. The mathematical model considers the coupling effect of heat and mass transf

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Kim, Daekun, Todd J. Toops, Ke Nguyen, Michael J. Lance, and Jun Qu. "Impact of Primary and Secondary ZDDP and Ionic Liquid as Lubricant Oil Additives on the Performance and Physicochemical Properties of Pd-Based Three-Way Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080878.

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In the present study, two industry primary and secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate standards, ZDDP1 and ZDDP2, respectively, are evaluated for their impact on the performance of Pd-based three-way catalyst and bench-marked against two mixed lubricant additives formed from either ZDDP1 or ZDDP2 with a second-generation oil-miscible phosphoric-containing ionic liquid (IL). The three-way catalysts (TWCs) are exposed to the lubricant additives in an engine bench under four different scenarios: a base case with no additive (NA), ZDDP1, IL+ZDDP1, ZDDP2, and IL+ZDDP2. The engine-aged TWC samples ar

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Selleri, Tommaso, Anastasios D. Melas, Ameya Joshi, Dario Manara, Adolfo Perujo, and Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa. "An Overview of Lean Exhaust deNOx Aftertreatment Technologies and NOx Emission Regulations in the European Union." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030404.

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This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the internal combustion engine of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, addressing both technical and legal aspects. Particular focus is devoted to the often-virtuous interaction between new legislation imposing more restrictions on the permitted pollutant emission levels and new technologies developed in order to meet these restrictions. The review begins first with the American and then European directives promulgated in the 1970s, aimed at limiting emissions of pollutants from road transport vehicl

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Wojnar, Sławomir, Tomáš Polóni, Peter Šimončič, Boris Rohal̓-Ilkiv, Marek Honek, and Jozef Csambál. "Real-time implementation of multiple model based predictive control strategy to air/fuel ratio of a gasoline engine." Archives of Control Sciences 23, no. 1 (2013): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10170-011-0044-9.

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Abstract Growing safety, pollution and comfort requirements influence automotive industry ever more. The use of three-way catalysts in exhaust aftertreatment systems of combustion engines is essential in reducing engine emissions to levels demanded by environmental legislation. However, the key to the optimal catalytic conversion level is to keep the engine air/fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level. Thus, for this purposes more and more sophisticated AFR control algorithms are intensively investigated and tested in the literature. The goal of this paper is to present for a case of a gasoline eng

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Karthickeyan, V., and P. Arulraj. "Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converter Using Different Wash Coat Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 550 (May 2014): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.62.

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Almost all automobiles in the world are emitting a huge amount of exhaust gases to the atmosphere every day. These exhaust gas contains harmful substances like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and other toxic substances. If these substances go on increasing they will cause several diseases like blood circulatory problem, lung diseases, bronchitis, blood cancer, etc. Also they may cause different environmental problems like acid rain, green house effect, etc. So, the emission of these substances should be controlled as far as possible. This project work presents a new catalyti

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Benegiamo, Marco, Paolo Carlucci, Vincenzo Mulone, and Andrea Valletta. "Analysis of the integration of the three-way catalyst thermal management in the on-line supervisory control strategy of a gasoline full hybrid vehicle." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706008.

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Full hybrid electric vehicles have proven to be a midterm viable solution to fulfil stricter regulations, such as those regarding carbon dioxide abatement. Although fuel economy directly benefits from hybridization, the use of the electric machine for propulsion may hinder an appropriate warming of the aftertreatment system, whose temperature is directly related to the emissions conversion efficiency. The present work evaluates the efficacy of a supervisory energy management strategy based on Equivalent Minimization Consumption Strategy (ECMS) which incorporates a temperature-based control for

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Jathar, Shantanu H., Christopher Heppding, Michael F. Link, et al. "Investigating diesel engines as an atmospheric source of isocyanic acid in urban areas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 14 (2017): 8959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8959-2017.

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Abstract. Isocyanic acid (HNCO), an acidic gas found in tobacco smoke, urban environments, and biomass-burning-affected regions, has been linked to adverse health outcomes. Gasoline- and diesel-powered engines and biomass burning are known to emit HNCO and hypothesized to emit precursors such as amides that can photochemically react to produce HNCO in the atmosphere. Increasingly, diesel engines in developed countries like the United States are required to use selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to reduce tailpipe emissions of oxides of nitrogen. SCR chemistry is known to produce HNCO

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Huang, He, Xiao Zhang, Junheng Liu, and Song Ye. "Study on the effect of Ce1-xMnxO2 catalyst on improving diesel emission performance." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 3 (2020): 168781402091474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020914746.

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To reduce diesel emissions while permitting the passive regeneration of the diesel particulate filter (DPF) at low temperatures, we developed three after-treatment DPF devices. These devices consisted of a ceramic body that was either bare or loaded with the catalysts CeO2 (DPF-CeO2) or Ce0.5Mn0.5O2 (DPF-Ce0.5Mn0.5O2). The effects of these units on soot, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbon emissions were assessed. On average, the DPF-Ce0.5Mn0.5O2 device outperformed the DPF-CeO2 device. In addition, increasing the engine load was found to raise the exhaust temperature while increasing the soot oxidation

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