Academic literature on the topic 'Three-word combination'
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Journal articles on the topic "Three-word combination"
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Dronyakina, N. V., and D. A. Starykh. "Word-formative Nomination in the English Terminology of the Mixed Martial Arts." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (2020): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-226-233.
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The research featured the English terms related to the sphere of mixed martial arts (MMA) and their word-formation. A detailed analysis of the structure of MMA terms made it possible to distinguish one-, two-, three-, four-, and polycomponential terminological units. One-componential terms were represented by linguistic units expressed by a word with different morphemic composition. Two-componential terms were represented by word-combinations with a noun, an adjective, or a verb (or its forms) as their core elements. Via complex contraction, three- and four-componential terminological units could be transformed into abbreviations. The polycomponential terminological units were few and expressed by gerund word-combinations. The research also revealed related principles of nomination and formation: semantic, morphological, and syntactical. The semantic way was realized via indirect nomination, i.e. metaphor and metonymy. The morphological way was represented by affixation, compounding, and abbreviation. The syntactic way was used to coin the MMA terms expressed by word combinations and gerund word-combinations. The paper focuses on the dominant models and the key types of terminological word-combination, e.g. substantive and attributive
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Aripova, Darya A., and Irina S. Bashmakova. "Towards Phraseologism Formation and Terminologization in Scientific and Technical Texts." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001028.
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The given research deals with the problem of phraseologism formation and further terminologization of such word-combinations as: Dutch slice-hip roof, Dymaxion House, Inhoff tank, dragon summer, cyclopean concrete, dragon tie, horse shoe curve, double Roman tile, etc. It is noted that object categorization takes place in man’s consciousness. Once being used as a fixed word-combination in professional text, the lexical unit may preserve the formed holistic meaning and can be transferred to the category “phraseologism”. The three obligatory identification requirements for word-combination to be transferred to the category “phraseologism” have been defined. The phraseologism functions in the scientific and technical text have been determined.
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Vasetska, Oksana. "Notional Synonymy in Ukrainian Syntactic Terminology." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-8.
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The article reveals a section of terminological units of the variology, the analysis is given in specialized dictionaries and reference books in linguistics, i.e. it deals with the status of synonyms and variants in general variance theory, in particular, synonymy is recognised as a semantic variation and traditional variation is declared as a formal expression of a broader category of variability. The common phenomenon of describing a concept by several names is variability. It distinguishes into synonymy and doubling by such criterion as the interchangeability of terms in contexts. The way to avoid the terminological coincidence of terms which describe the general features of the language system and refer the indicator of the formal distinction of identical units by the meaning is proposed. Such group of synonymic terms as notional terms, i.e. analytical terms-synonyms with synonymous subordinative dependent components, are analized. This group is represented by simple two-component analytical terms and complex (three-component) terms-phrases. Components of simple phrases terms are formed in such ways “adjective + noun in the nominative case” and “noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case”. The peculiarity of presented terminological rows of complex word-combination is that each subsequent dependent synonymic component reduces the meaning of the previous word-combination. This group includes units formed in such ways “dependent word + simple word-combination”, “dependent word (Adj)” + simple word-combination (main word (noun) + dependent word (noun in the genitive case)” and “the main word + dependent from word-combination word” and the rows of units containing synonymous dependent components as word and a simple complex word-combination.
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Ishida, Heraku, Daisuke Kosugi, and Shoji Itakura. "Mutual Exclusivity and Taxonomic Bias in Combination Lead Preschoolers' Word Learning." Psychological Reports 93, no. 3 (2003): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3.649.
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This study investigated preschoolers' use of two word-learning tendencies in combination. 22 Japanese preschoolers were tested on a task with three forced choices that demanded use of mutual exclusivity and taxonomic bias in the single trials. When presented an object whose label they had learned, an object from the same category as the learned object, and an object from another category, the children chose the third object, suggesting that they use the two constraints in combination. This tendency is discussed with respect to its specific application to word learning.
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KACEM ECHI, AFEF, IMEN BEN CHEIKH, and ABDEL BELAÏD. "COLLABORATIVE COMBINATION OF NEURON-LINGUISTIC CLASSIFIERS FOR LARGE ARABIC WORD VOCABULARY RECOGNITION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 28, no. 01 (2014): 1453001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001414530012.
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Most of the actual research in writing recognition focuses on specific applications where the vocabulary is relatively small. Many applications can be opened up when handling with large vocabulary. In this paper, we studied the classifier collaboration interest for the recognition of a large vocabulary of arabic words. The proposed approach is based on three classifiers, named Transparent Neuronal Networks (TNN), which exploit the morphological aspect of the Arabic word and collaborate for a better word recognition. We focused on decomposable words which are derived from healthy tri-consonantal roots and easy to proof the decomposition. To perform word recognition, the system extracts a set of global structural features. Then it learns and recognizes roots, schemes and conjugation elements that compose the word. To help the recognition, some local perceptual information is used in case of ambiguities. This interaction between global recognition and local checking makes easier the recognition of complex scripts as Arabic. Several experiments have been performed using a vocabulary of 5757 words, organized in a corpus of more than 17 200 samples. In order to validate our approach and to compare the proposed system with systems reported in ICDAR 2011 competition, extensive experiments were conducted using the Arabic Printed Text Image (APTI) database. The best recognition performances achieved by our system have shown very promising results.
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McClurg, Patricia, and Lydia Kercher. "Keyboarding Instruction: A Comparison of Five Approaches." Journal of Educational Computing Research 5, no. 4 (1989): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cqxv-ctnh-xapl-41te.
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This experimental study investigated whether third- and fourth-grade students participating in five representative approaches to learning keyboarding would differ in keyboarding competency. Three computer tutorials, a video-word processor combination, and a book-word processor combination constituted the five treatments. Significant F values were detected for the covariate set and the experimental treatment in the multiple regression analyses. The dexterity measure was the most powerful predictor for keyboarding competency. The textbook word processing group scored significantly higher than two of the computer tutorials. No other significant differences were detected among treatment conditions. No significant effects for age or sex were detected. An attitude measure revealed generally positive reactions but pinpointed dislike for pacing in the video treatment and mandatory accuracy levels in computer tutorials. Results of this study suggest several options available to educators.
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Li, Bianye. "A Major Difference between the Formation of English Words and the Formation of Chinese Words in Modern Times." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 6 (2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.04.
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The English language is a language of “fertility” due to its continuous formation of new words in modern times. However, the Chinese language is “infertile” because it has basically stopped creating totally new words. The general trend in the development of a Chinese character in the Chinese history has been moving from complexity to simplicity. As a result, it leads to the "infertility" of the Chinese language and makes it difficult to combine a limited number of different strokes within a limited space known as方块字Fāngkuàizì ‘Square Block Word’. What is a totally new word in English is simply a combination of used words in Chinese. The Chinese language's capability of saving horizontal and linear space makes this combination feasible to express a new meaning. Three types of constraint arising from limited type and number of Strokes, General Trend toward Simplicity and Square-Framed Space have made their concurrent contribution to the "infertility" of the Chinese word formation. The preference of the Chinese language for new combinations of used words over the creation of total new Chinese words in modern times constitutes a major difference between the formation of English words and the formation of Chinese words in modern times.
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Xie, Lin Qing, and Ya Sheng Jin. "The Statistical Analysis for the Structure of Modern Tibetan Initials and Finals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.302.
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This paper from the perspective of phonology, phonetics and statistics,combining the three basic principles, to describe and research the phoneme system of 5190 Tibetan consonant of modern library within the closed space. According to the statistics and analysis of the initial and final distribution pattern, the structure types of initial and final, the relationship between Tibetan parts and the structure of initial and final in modern library of 5190 Tibetan consonant, the study found that, 1) the frequency distribution of the modern Tibetan initials is in equilibrium state, and the frequency distribution of finals is centralized,2) the combination ability of base-word initials is significantly higher than other initials which by the combination of basic word and other components,3) the combination ability of a and the combination of a with add-back letter is the strongest in all finals. This paper provides data and certain reference value for the further study on Tibetan phoneme of modern Tibetan.
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Teng, (Mark) Feng. "Retention of new words learned incidentally from reading: Word exposure frequency, L1 marginal glosses, and their combination." Language Teaching Research 24, no. 6 (2019): 785–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168819829026.
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This article examines the influence of different reading conditions (i.e. reading only and reading with first language marginal glosses), number of word encounters (one, three, and seven) while reading, and combinations of these two variables on new word retention. This study considered a total of six possible combinations. Six groups of Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) ( n = 240) were randomly selected and each assigned to a condition including 15 target lexical items. Each treatment session lasted for 5 weeks. One delayed test, containing four dimensions of vocabulary knowledge, was intended to measure learners’ retention of unknown words. The delayed test was administered 2 weeks after the experiment and was not disclosed to the learners in advance. The groups whose reading was accompanied by first-language (L1) marginal glosses scored significantly higher than the reading-only groups. The increased effectiveness of repeatedly encountering target lexical items was more pronounced in the reading experiment including L1 marginal glosses. The combination of L1 marginal glosses and seven encounters was found to be the most effective combination for lexical item retention. This study highlighted the effectiveness of repeatedly encountering target words and being provided with L1 marginal glosses to retain new words incidentally learned from reading. The conditions and relevant teaching implications are discussed in this study.
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Halteren, Hans van, Jakub Zavrel, and Walter Daelemans. "Improving Accuracy in Word Class Tagging through the Combination of Machine Learning Systems." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 2 (2001): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101750300508.
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We examine how differences in language models, learned by different data-driven systems performing the same NLP task, can be exploited to yield a higher accuracy than the best individual system. We do this by means of experiments involving the task of morphosyntactic word class tagging, on the basis of three different tagged corpora. Four well-known tagger generators (hidden Markov model, memory-based, transformation rules, and maximum entropy) are trained on the same corpus data. After comparison, their outputs are combined using several voting strategies and second-stage classifiers. All combination taggers outperform their best component. The reduction in error rate varies with the material in question, but can be as high as 24.3% with the LOB corpus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Three-word combination"
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Dilbaitė, Indrė. "Konceptualiųjų metaforų vertimas lygiagrečiajame anglų-lietuvių kalbų ES dokumentų tekstyne." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100617_112544-87348.
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Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos konceptualiosios metaforos, atrinktos iš Europos Sąjungos dokumentų tekstyno anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis, ir jų vertimas. Oficialiuose tekstuose paprastai nesitikima rasti daug kalbos gražinimo priemonių, tokių kaip metaforos. Tačiau jos yra sudėtinė visų kalbų dalis, o konceptualioji yra ypatinga tuo, kad gali būti prigijusi pačiose netikėčiausiose srityse, ir, jei neatliekami tam tikri tyrimai, gali likti nepastebėta. Darbe apibrėžta metaforos samprata, nurodomos jos rūšys. Išskiriama konceptualioji metafora ir kelios jos klasifikacijos – pagal konvencionalumą, atliekamą funkciją (skirstomos į struktūrines, ontologines ir erdvines) ir apibrėžtumo laipsnį. Aprašius atrankos būdus ir kriterijus, dažniniuose dvižodžių ir trižodžių junginių sąrašuose atrinktos konceptualiosios metaforos. Kiekviena pagal atliekamą funkciją priskirta struktūrinėms, ontologinėms arba erdvinėms. Lygiagrečiajame anglų-lietuvių kalbų ES dokumentų tekstyne buvo ieškoma kiekvienos konceptualiosios metaforos vertimo, siekiant nustatyti, ar junginiai išlaikė savo konceptualumą; ar jį įgijo tik vertime; ar vertime jis pranyko. Nustatyta, kad iš dažniausiai pasikartojančių ES dokumentų tekstyne konceptualiųjų metaforų anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis vertime išlieka didžioji dalis, tai yra atitinkamai 61% ir 69%. Tipiškiausios, dažniausiai vartojamos konceptualiosios metaforos lygiagrečiajame tekstyne verčiamos labai vienodai.<br>This research is based on conceptual metaphors that were manually extracted from the English-Lithuanian corpus of European Union documents, the translation was analyzed.
Normally it is uncommon to find many figures of speech in official texts, but metaphor is a component of all languages. The conceptual metaphor is naturalized in most uncommon areas without being noticed unless specifically investigated. Conception of metaphor and its types are defined in this work. Conceptual metaphor is presented, as well as possible classifications – by conventionality, by cognitive function they perform (classified into structural, ontological and orientational metaphors) as well as generality of metaphor.
After presenting the identification criteria and methods, conceptual metaphors were extracted from the frequency lists of two-word and three-word combinations. Each conceptual metaphor was analyzed and classified as structural, ontological or orientational in accordance with the functions they perform. Translation of each metaphor was located in the English-Lithuanian parallel corpus of EU documents, in order to determine if the combinations retained their conceptuality; if it was obtained only in translation; if it vanished in translation. It was discovered that the majority of the most frequently used English and Lithuanian conceptual metaphors remained in translation, 61% and 69% respectively. The most typical, most frequently used conceptual metaphors are translated in the parallel... [to full text]
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Mc, Donagh Sarah Hadley. "Developing automaticity at the component skill levels of letter-sound correspondence, letter combinations, word reading and connected text : an analysis of outcomes for children at risk for reading difficulties in grades two and three /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113018.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 249-258). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Felcmanová, Andrea. "Lexikální koselekce v anglickém textu nerodilých mluvčích." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-308524.
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The research reported in this thesis explores the degree of authenticity of the formulaic language used by NNSs and the extent to which a learner's L1 interferes in the production of different types of multi-word units, namely non-idiomatic recurrent three and four-word combinations (lexical bundles), phrasal and prepositional verbs and collocation. Drawing on Granger's Contrastive Interlanguage analysis (CIA 1996), the investigation is conducted on two different learner sample corpora and subsequently contrasted with a native sample corpus. The study aims to prove that multi-word units pose a challenge for learners for several reasons. In general terms, learners are assumed to operate predominantly on what Sinclair calls the open-choice principle, that is to say their production will be less idiomatic than that of native speakers'. This assumption is independently tested on different types of phraseological combinations. As regards non-idiomatic recurrent word combinations, learners are expected to be more repetitive in their three- and four-word combinations and use less creativity in their writing. Concerning the phrasal verbs, it is highly likely to observe a small number of phrasal verbs in the non-native writing whereas prepositional verbs are considered problematic for learners due to the...
Books on the topic "Three-word combination"
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Woodbury, Anthony. Central Alaskan Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.30.
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This is a sketch of polysynthesis in Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) based on the Cup’ik dialect of Chevak, Alaska. CAY has well-defined words whose content is often holophrastic and whose parts are often word-like. Holophrasis is achieved by a combination of rich inflectional suffixation and by a derivational morphology in which several hundred productive suffixes bearing different lexical and grammatical meanings and functions may be added, recursively, to a lexical base. Each suffix selects the category of its base, over which it normally has scope, and determines the category of the resultant base. This simple but prolific suffixation-based system, termed ‘morphological orthodoxy’, yields long, polysynthetic words. Three cases are then discussed where suffixal elements govern constructions that in one way or another stretch CAY’s orthodox morphology, motivating them by showing parallel constructions governed by elements with similar grammatical and semantic content in languages with more heterodox morphology and syntax.
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Wildman, Wesley J. Ultimacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815990.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the study as a work of philosophical theology that adopts the morality of inquiry prevalent within the modern research university. This requires seeking knowledge without privileging the special interests of religious or anti-religious individuals or groups, doctrines, or traditions. The inquiry operates comparatively and evaluatively; it is post-foundationalist, coherentist, and fallibilist in its approach to argumentation, evidence, belief, and knowledge; and it is conducted within an apophatic frame of reference that promotes precision and play. A key term is defined: Ultimate reality is reality as it is most truly, most simply, most comprehensively, most significantly; it is the final word on reality. The chapter introduces three “Great Models” of ultimate reality and three cosmological frameworks that help to connect those models to empirical and experiential considerations. The result is six viable combinations, of which three form the focus of the reverent comparative competition presented in the book.
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Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Segmental Phonology: Vowels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0004.
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the Chichewa vowel phoneme inventory and its relation to the Proto-Bantu vowel inventory. The distribution of vowels in different morphological and phonological positions in the word is taken up next. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of Bantu vowel height harmony (VHH), a process that conditions the possible vowel combinations in stems in Chichewa as in many Bantu languages. Data from a range of morphological and phonological contexts is provided to show that vowel harmony patterns in Chichewa fit Hyman’s (1999b) characterization of “canonical” Bantu VHH. Accounting for vowel harmony—and in particular Bantu VHH—has played an important role in the development of phonological theories of the representation and assimilation of vocalic properties from the 1980s to the present (Hyman 2003d). For this reason, the chapter takes up three different theoretical approaches to Bantu VHH in some detail.
Book chapters on the topic "Three-word combination"
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Ameer, Iqra, and Grigori Sidorov. "Author Profiling Using Texts in Social Networks." In Handbook of Research on Natural Language Processing and Smart Service Systems. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4730-4.ch011.
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The automatic identification of an author's demographic traits (e.g., gender, age group) from their written text is termed as author profiling. This problem has become an essential problem in fields like linguistic forensics, marketing, and security. In recent years, online social setups (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, blogs, hotel reviews) have extended remarkably; however, it is easy to provide fake profiles. This research aims to predict the traits of the authors for a benchmark existing corpus, based on Twitter, hotel reviews, social media, and blogs' profiles. In this chapter, the authors have explored four sets of features, including syntactic n-grams of part-of-speech tags, traditional n-grams of part-of-speech tags, combinations of word n-grams, and combinations of character n-grams. They used word unigram and character three-gram as a baseline approach. After analyzing the results, they concluded that the performance improves when the combination of word n-grams is used.
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Janghel, Rekh Ram, Satya Prakash Sahu, Yogesh Kumar Rathore, Shraddha Singh, and Urja Pawar. "Application of Deep Learning in Speech Recognition." In Handbook of Research on Deep Learning Innovations and Trends. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7862-8.ch004.
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Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals. It is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units (phonemes). Here, the authors propose a deep learning model used on tensor flow speech recognition dataset, which consist of 30 words. Here, 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used for understanding simple spoken commands using the speech commands dataset by tensor flow. Dataset is divided into 70% training and 30% testing data. While running the algorithm for three epochs average accuracy of 92.7% is achieved.
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Lintean, Mihai, Vasile Rus, Zhiqiang Cai, Amy Witherspoon-Johnson, Arthur C. Graesser, and Roger Azevedo. "Computational Aspects of the Intelligent Tutoring System MetaTutor." In Applied Natural Language Processing. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-741-8.ch014.
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We present in this chapter the architecture of the intelligent tutoring system MetaTutor that trains students to use metacognitive strategies while learning about complex science topics. The emphasis of this chapter is on the natural language components. In particular, we present in detail the natural language input assessment component used to detect students’ mental models during prior knowledge activation, a metacognitive strategy, and the micro-dialogue component used during sub-goal generation, another metacognitive strategy in MetaTutor. Sub-goal generation involves sub-goal assessment and feedback provided by the system. For mental model detection from prior knowledge activation paragraphs, we have experimented with three benchmark methods and six machine learning algorithms. Bayes Nets, in combination with a word-weighting method, provided the best accuracy (76.31%) and best human-computer agreement scores (kappa=0.63). For sub-goal assessment and feedback, a taxonomy-driven micro-dialogue mechanism yields very good to excellent human-computer agreement scores for sub-goal assessment (average kappa=0.77).
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Liquid Chromatography and Adsorption." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0010.
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Liquid chromatography and adsorption processes are based on the differential affinity of various soluble molecules for specific types of solids. In these processes, equilibrium is approached between a solid phase, often called the resin, or stationary phase, and the soluble molecules in a liquid phase. The solid phase is “stationary” because it is often packed in a fixed column. Since the liquid phase is often flowing past the solid phase, it is referred to as the mobile phase. Chromatography and adsorption are related unit operations. In chromatography, typically multiple solutes are separated from each other, with the target product solute being one of many that might be recovered at the end of the process step. In adsorption, there are typically only three groups of solutes: those that do not adsorb to the stationary phase (sometimes called “flow through”); secondly, those that adsorb and then are subsequently recovered by an elution step; and thirdly, those solutes that are nearly irreversibly bound and can only be removed from the adsorbent by regenerating the adsorbent, which usually results in the chemical destruction of these solutes. The word “adsorption” is used both to describe the physical adherence of a solute to a stationary phase, and as the name of the unit operation described above. Adsorption is a subset of the “sorption” phenomena, absorption (transfer of a solute from one phase into another) and ion exchange (exchange of a counter-ion between two opposing co-ions) being the other two sorption phenomena. The unit operations chromatography and adsorption can rely on any of these three sorption processes individually or in combination. In chromatography and adsorption, a mixture of solutes in a feed solution is introduced at the inlet of a column containing the stationary phase and separated into zones of individual solutes over the length of the column. The solutes are carried by the convective action of an elution solvent that is continuously fed to the column after the feed solution has been introduced.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Memristor." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0014.
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The capacitor was discovered in 1745 by Ewald Georg von Kleist, whose encounter with a generator and a jar of water shocked him so severely that he declared himself unwilling to repeat the experience “for the kingdom of France.” The resistor announced itself to mankind somewhat less dramatically in 1827, followed by the inductor in 1831. For the next 140 years these three components were considered the basic elements of electronics. Each accomplished what the others could not, even in combination, and together they gave engineers rudimentary control over electromagnetism. The capacitor linked charge and current, the resistor, current and voltage, and the inductor, current and flux. Later innovations, most notably the invention of transistors in 1947, would vastly expand the capability of electronics and even more incredibly stretch our expectations, yet everyone remained satisfied with the three old “passive” elements. If any more existed there simply was no need to find them. Then along came a young engineer named Leon Chua, who, unusual for someone in his profession, had an Aristotelian turn of mind. Instead of asking himself what could be done with capacitors and resistors and inductors, he sought to define what they were. His definitions, expressed in abstract terms of charge and current and voltage and flux, suggested to him an incomplete pattern, like a crossword puzzle with all but one word filled in. In 1971 he predicted the existence of a missing link between flux and charge. He gave it a name. He called his component a memristor . Still, it was only a placeholder, since nobody had ever seen one or cared about manufacturing them. His mathematical reasoning was elegant, acknowledged those who bothered to follow it, but engineers were much more excited by his 1983 invention of a simple circuit that behaved chaotically (in the formal mathematical sense), with obvious applications in computing and security. The circuit was named in his honor, making him a very minor celebrity.
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Hendry, Robin Findlay. "The Existence of Elements, and the Elements of Existence." In What Is A Chemical Element? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933784.003.0008.
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Philosophers sometimes discuss the “ontological status” of this or that kind of entity. They should be addressing one of the following questions, or the word ontological is being misused: 1. Does X exist? 2. Under what conditions can X exist? 3. Do we have good reasons to think that X exists? All three questions can be asked about elements, and have been asked. Aristotle criticized the atomist account of chemical combination, according to which elements survive in their compounds. Eighteenth-century chemists rejected the Aristotelian view, although tacitly; they simply assumed that an element lives on in its compounds. Nineteenth-century chemists gradually adopted (an adapted form of) atomism, according to which an element can exist wherever its characteristic atoms do. The periodic table also allowed them to ask, of its empty spaces, whether they correspond to real but unknown elements. Priority disputes forced them to consider when there is sufficient evidence for the discovery of new elements. In the 1920s, IUPAC proposed a very thin definition of an element, according to which an element exists wherever its characteristic nuclear charge does. But according to some scientists, it is now challenged by the fleeting existence of some superheavy elements; if a nucleus cannot survive long enough to acquire a stable electronic structure, then it cannot be said to have any chemical properties. How then can it be called a chemical element? In this paper I explore this latest ontological question, in the light of a sufficiently nuanced understanding of earlier ones. I then relate this discussion to a more general question about existence: the Special Composition Question.
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Kim, Steven. "Introduction." In Essence of Creativity. Oxford University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195060171.003.0004.
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The world around us abounds with problems requiring creative solutions. Some of these are naturally induced, as when an earthquake levels a city or an epidemic decimates a population. Others are products of our own creation, as in the “need” to curb pollution, to develop a theory of intelligence, or to compose works of art. Still others are a combination of both, as in the development of high-yield grains to feed an overpopulated planet, or the maintenance of health in the face of ravaging diseases. The word problem is used in a general sense to refer to any mental activity having some recognizable goal. The goal itself may not be apparent beforehand. Problems may be characterized by three dimensions relating to domain, difficulty, and size. These attributes are depicted in Figure 1.1. The domain refers to the realm of application. These realms may relate to the sciences, technology, arts, or social crafts. The dimension of difficulty pertains to the conceptual challenge involved in identifying an acceptable solution to the problem. A difficult problem, then, is one that admits no obvious solution, nor even a well-defined approach to seeking it. The size denotes the magnitude of work or resources required to develop a solution and implement it. This attribute differs from the notion of difficulty in that it applies to the stage that comes after a solution has been identified. In other words, difficulty refers to the prior burden in defining a problem or identifying a solution, while size describes the amount of work required to implement or realize the solution once it has jelled conceptually. For convenience in representation on a 2-dimensional page, the domain axis may be compressed into the plane of other attributes. The result is Figure 1.2, which presents sample problems to illustrate the two dimensions of difficulty and size. Cleaning up spilled milk is a trivial problem having numerous simple solutions. In contrast, refacing the subway trains in New York City with a fresh coat of paint is a formidable task that could require hundreds of workyears of effort.
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Samuel, Jamuna. "Twelve-Tone Serial Techniques in Dallapiccola’s Il prigioniero as a Reaction to Fascist Ideology." In Singing in Signs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620622.003.0002.
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Dallapiccola’s Il prigioniero embodies a connection between political protest and musical technique. The composer’s specific use of dodecaphonic serialism can be interpreted as a reaction to Fascist ideology. Through an analytical narrative from three complementary angles, this chapter highlight how the music carries dramatic and ideological meaning. First, it explores a network of 12-tone rows and combinations projecting specific sounds and gestures acquiring and bestowing meaning through associations, disassociations, and re-associations with text and characters. Second, it investigates the role of “theatrical words,” tracing how word-music dyads develop reciprocal meanings and how individual, detached components lend momentum to the psychological drama. Third, it shows moments of overlapping meanings in which semantically filled musical motifs and/or text phrases combine to create a subplot of motives—an inner action displayed by the music in counterpoint with the drama.
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Haroutounian, Joanne. "Talent as Music Aptitude." In Kindling the Spark. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195129489.003.0008.
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Several years ago, my husband called me into his studio as he was practicing for an upcoming solo violin concerto performance with the National Symphony. As I entered the room, I noticed three bows lying on the floor. Without a word, he motioned for me to be seated on the sofa. He picked up the first bow and began to play a passage of the music. He set this bow on the floor, picked up the second, and played the same passage. He repeated this process with the last bow. When he finished, he paused and looked at me. I motioned to the middle bow. He nodded in agreement. This was the bow he would use for the performance. Musicians communicate through sound. The wordless exchange of musical ideas described here exemplifies the fine-tuned discrimination of sound that is at the heart of music aptitude. While listening to the repeated musical passage, my husband and I were both aware of the subtle qualities of sound that each bow produced as it was drawn across the strings of the violin. The first had a gutsy, robust sound; the second a melancholy, sweet quality; the third a square cleanliness. We listened, interpretively reflected on these qualities, and decided that melancholy sweetness would best match the mood of the Armenian folk tunes within the solo concerto. Words were not necessary. Obviously, this level of musical communication is quite sophisticated. It relies on years of musical training, listening, and interpretive understanding. However, if you layer away the training and skills, we arrive at the underlying discrimination of differences in sound. The discrimination of sound, prior to any formal training, is where music aptitude begins. Music exists through sound. Sound develops into music through combinations of rhythm, loudness, pitch, and the different qualities of these sounds. Music psychologists define the capacity to sense these musical components as music aptitude. The more discriminately one senses subtle differences in these components, the higher one’s music aptitude. Music aptitude combines inherent musical capacities with listening skills that may develop without formal training or education.
Conference papers on the topic "Three-word combination"
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Jiang, Xiaoze, Jing Yu, Yajing Sun, et al. "DAM: Deliberation, Abandon and Memory Networks for Generating Detailed and Non-repetitive Responses in Visual Dialogue." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/96.
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Visual Dialogue task requires an agent to be engaged in a conversation with human about an image. The ability of generating detailed and non-repetitive responses is crucial for the agent to achieve human-like conversation. In this paper, we propose a novel generative decoding architecture to generate high-quality responses, which moves away from decoding the whole encoded semantics towards the design that advocates both transparency and flexibility. In this architecture, word generation is decomposed into a series of attention-based information selection steps, performed by the novel recurrent Deliberation, Abandon and Memory (DAM) module. Each DAM module performs an adaptive combination of the response-level semantics captured from the encoder and the word-level semantics specifically selected for generating each word. Therefore, the responses contain more detailed and non-repetitive descriptions while maintaining the semantic accuracy. Furthermore, DAM is flexible to cooperate with existing visual dialogue encoders and adaptive to the encoder structures by constraining the information selection mode in DAM. We apply DAM to three typical encoders and verify the performance on the VisDial v1.0 dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed models achieve new state-of-the-art performance with high-quality responses. The code is available at https://github.com/JXZe/DAM.
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Gamino, Marcus, Samuel Abankwa, and Raresh Pascali. "FSI Methodology for Analyzing VIV on Subsea Piping Components With Practical Boundary Conditions." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10419.
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A general assumption in performing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) analysis of pipeline free spans is both ends of the free span are fixed and/or pinned in order to simplify computational simulations; however, DNV Recommended Practice F105 states that these boundary conditions must adequately represent the pipe-soil interaction and the continuality of the pipeline. A computational methodology is developed to determine the effects of pip-soil interaction at the ends of a free span. Three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations are performed by coupling the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes from STAR-CCM+ with the finite element analysis (FEA) codes from ABAQUS. These FSI simulations in combination with separate coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) simulations are modeled to mimic real word conditions by setting up boundary conditions to factor in the effects of pipe-soil interaction at the ends of the span. These simulations show a mitigation of overall stresses to the free spans; as a result, the integration of pipe-soil interaction in free span assessment may prove cost effective in the prevention of unnecessary corrective action.
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"Changing Paradigms of Technical Skills for Data Engineers." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4001.
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Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] This paper investigates the new technical skills that are needed for Data Engineering. Past research is compared to new research which creates a list of the 20 top tech-nical skills required by a Data Engineer. The growing availability of Data Engineering jobs is discussed. The research methodology describes the gathering of sample data and then the use of Pig and MapReduce on AWS (Amazon Web Services) to count occurrences of Data Engineering technical skills from 100 Indeed.com job advertisements in July, 2017. Background: A decade ago, Data Engineering relied heavily on the technology of Relational Database Management Sys-tems (RDBMS). For example, Grisham, P., Krasner, H., and Perry D. (2006) described an Empirical Soft-ware Engineering Lab (ESEL) that introduced Relational Database concepts to students with hands-on learning that they called “Data Engineering Education with Real-World Projects.” However, as seismic im-provements occurred for the processing of large distributed datasets, big data analytics has moved into the forefront of the IT industry. As a result, the definition for Data Engineering has broadened and evolved to include newer technology that supports the distributed processing of very large amounts of data (e.g. Hadoop Ecosystem and NoSQL Databases). This paper examines the technical skills that are needed to work as a Data Engineer in today’s rapidly changing technical environment. Research is presented that re-views 100 job postings for Data Engineers from Indeed (2017) during the month of July, 2017 and then ranks the technical skills in order of importance. The results are compared to earlier research by Stitch (2016) that ranked the top technical skills for Data Engineers in 2016 using LinkedIn to survey 6,500 peo-ple that identified themselves as Data Engineers. Methodology: A sample of 100 Data Engineering job postings were collected and analyzed from Indeed during July, 2017. The job postings were pasted into a text file and then related words were grouped together to make phrases. For example, the word “data” was put into context with other related words to form phrases such as “Big Data”, “Data Architecture” and “Data Engineering”. A text editor was used for this task and the find/replace functionality of the text editor proved to be very useful for this project. After making phrases, the large text file was uploaded to the Amazon cloud (AWS) and a Pig batch job using Map Reduce was leveraged to count the occurrence of phrases and words within the text file. The resulting phrases/words with occurrence counts was download to a Personal Computer (PC) and then was loaded into an Excel spreadsheet. Using a spreadsheet enabled the phrases/words to be sorted by oc-currence count and then facilitated the filtering out of irrelevant words. Another task to prepare the data involved the combination phrases or words that were synonymous. For example, the occurrence count for the acronym ELT and the occurrence count for the acronym ETL were added together to make an overall ELT/ETL occurrence count. ETL is a Data Warehousing acronym for Extracting, Transforming and Loading data. This task required knowledge of the subject area. Also, some words were counted in lower case and then the same word was also counted in mixed or upper case, thus producing two or three occur-rence counts for the same word. These different counts were added together to make an overall occur-rence count for the word (e.g. word occurrence counts for Python and python were added together). Fi-nally, the Indeed occurrence counts were sorted to allow for the identification of a list of the top 20 tech-nical skills needed by a Data Engineer. Contribution: Provides new information about the Technical Skills needed by Data Engineers. Findings: Twelve of the 20 Stitch (2016) report phrases/words that are highlighted in bold above matched the tech-nical skills mentioned in the Indeed research. I considered C, C++ and Java a match to the broader cate-gory of Programing in the Indeed data. Although the ranked order of the two lists did not match, the top five ranked technical skills for both lists are similar. The reader of this paper might consider the skills of SQL, Python, Hadoop/HDFS to be very important technical skills for a Data Engineer. Although the programming language R is very popular with Data Scientists, it did not make the top 20 skills for Data Engineering; it was in the overall list from Indeed. The R programming language is oriented towards ana-lytical processing (e.g. used by Data Scientists), whereas the Python language is a scripting and object-oriented language that facilitates the creation of Data Pipelines (e.g. used by Data Engineers). Because the data was collected one year apart and from very different data sources, the timing of the data collection and the different data sources could account for some of the differences in the ranked lists. It is worth noting that the Indeed research ranked list introduced the technical skills of Design Skills, Spark, AWS (Amazon Web Services), Data Modeling, Kafta, Scala, Cloud Computing, Data Pipelines, APIs and AWS Redshift Data Warehousing to the top 20 ranked technical skills list. The Stitch (2016) report that did not have matches to the Indeed (2017) sample data for Linux, Databases, MySQL, Business Intelligence, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Data Analysis and Unix. Although many of these Stitch top 20 technical skills were on the Indeed list, they did not make the top 20 ranked technical skills. Recommendations for Practitioners: Some of the skills needed for Database Technologies are transferable to Data Engineering. Recommendation for Researchers: None Impact on Society: There is not much peer reviewed literature on the subject of Data Engineering, this paper will add new information to the subject area. Future Research: I'm developing a Specialization in Data Engineering for the MS in Data Science degree at our university.