To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Three-word combination.
Journal articles on the topic 'Three-word combination'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Three-word combination.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Dronyakina, N. V., and D. A. Starykh. "Word-formative Nomination in the English Terminology of the Mixed Martial Arts." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (2020): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-226-233.
Full textAbstract:
The research featured the English terms related to the sphere of mixed martial arts (MMA) and their word-formation. A detailed analysis of the structure of MMA terms made it possible to distinguish one-, two-, three-, four-, and polycomponential terminological units. One-componential terms were represented by linguistic units expressed by a word with different morphemic composition. Two-componential terms were represented by word-combinations with a noun, an adjective, or a verb (or its forms) as their core elements. Via complex contraction, three- and four-componential terminological units could be transformed into abbreviations. The polycomponential terminological units were few and expressed by gerund word-combinations. The research also revealed related principles of nomination and formation: semantic, morphological, and syntactical. The semantic way was realized via indirect nomination, i.e. metaphor and metonymy. The morphological way was represented by affixation, compounding, and abbreviation. The syntactic way was used to coin the MMA terms expressed by word combinations and gerund word-combinations. The paper focuses on the dominant models and the key types of terminological word-combination, e.g. substantive and attributive
2
Aripova, Darya A., and Irina S. Bashmakova. "Towards Phraseologism Formation and Terminologization in Scientific and Technical Texts." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001028.
Full textAbstract:
The given research deals with the problem of phraseologism formation and further terminologization of such word-combinations as: Dutch slice-hip roof, Dymaxion House, Inhoff tank, dragon summer, cyclopean concrete, dragon tie, horse shoe curve, double Roman tile, etc. It is noted that object categorization takes place in man’s consciousness. Once being used as a fixed word-combination in professional text, the lexical unit may preserve the formed holistic meaning and can be transferred to the category “phraseologism”. The three obligatory identification requirements for word-combination to be transferred to the category “phraseologism” have been defined. The phraseologism functions in the scientific and technical text have been determined.
3
Vasetska, Oksana. "Notional Synonymy in Ukrainian Syntactic Terminology." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-8.
Full textAbstract:
The article reveals a section of terminological units of the variology, the analysis is given in specialized dictionaries and reference books in linguistics, i.e. it deals with the status of synonyms and variants in general variance theory, in particular, synonymy is recognised as a semantic variation and traditional variation is declared as a formal expression of a broader category of variability. The common phenomenon of describing a concept by several names is variability. It distinguishes into synonymy and doubling by such criterion as the interchangeability of terms in contexts. The way to avoid the terminological coincidence of terms which describe the general features of the language system and refer the indicator of the formal distinction of identical units by the meaning is proposed. Such group of synonymic terms as notional terms, i.e. analytical terms-synonyms with synonymous subordinative dependent components, are analized. This group is represented by simple two-component analytical terms and complex (three-component) terms-phrases. Components of simple phrases terms are formed in such ways “adjective + noun in the nominative case” and “noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case”. The peculiarity of presented terminological rows of complex word-combination is that each subsequent dependent synonymic component reduces the meaning of the previous word-combination. This group includes units formed in such ways “dependent word + simple word-combination”, “dependent word (Adj)” + simple word-combination (main word (noun) + dependent word (noun in the genitive case)” and “the main word + dependent from word-combination word” and the rows of units containing synonymous dependent components as word and a simple complex word-combination.
4
Ishida, Heraku, Daisuke Kosugi, and Shoji Itakura. "Mutual Exclusivity and Taxonomic Bias in Combination Lead Preschoolers' Word Learning." Psychological Reports 93, no. 3 (2003): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3.649.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated preschoolers' use of two word-learning tendencies in combination. 22 Japanese preschoolers were tested on a task with three forced choices that demanded use of mutual exclusivity and taxonomic bias in the single trials. When presented an object whose label they had learned, an object from the same category as the learned object, and an object from another category, the children chose the third object, suggesting that they use the two constraints in combination. This tendency is discussed with respect to its specific application to word learning.
5
KACEM ECHI, AFEF, IMEN BEN CHEIKH, and ABDEL BELAÏD. "COLLABORATIVE COMBINATION OF NEURON-LINGUISTIC CLASSIFIERS FOR LARGE ARABIC WORD VOCABULARY RECOGNITION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 28, no. 01 (2014): 1453001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001414530012.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the actual research in writing recognition focuses on specific applications where the vocabulary is relatively small. Many applications can be opened up when handling with large vocabulary. In this paper, we studied the classifier collaboration interest for the recognition of a large vocabulary of arabic words. The proposed approach is based on three classifiers, named Transparent Neuronal Networks (TNN), which exploit the morphological aspect of the Arabic word and collaborate for a better word recognition. We focused on decomposable words which are derived from healthy tri-consonantal roots and easy to proof the decomposition. To perform word recognition, the system extracts a set of global structural features. Then it learns and recognizes roots, schemes and conjugation elements that compose the word. To help the recognition, some local perceptual information is used in case of ambiguities. This interaction between global recognition and local checking makes easier the recognition of complex scripts as Arabic. Several experiments have been performed using a vocabulary of 5757 words, organized in a corpus of more than 17 200 samples. In order to validate our approach and to compare the proposed system with systems reported in ICDAR 2011 competition, extensive experiments were conducted using the Arabic Printed Text Image (APTI) database. The best recognition performances achieved by our system have shown very promising results.
6
McClurg, Patricia, and Lydia Kercher. "Keyboarding Instruction: A Comparison of Five Approaches." Journal of Educational Computing Research 5, no. 4 (1989): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cqxv-ctnh-xapl-41te.
Full textAbstract:
This experimental study investigated whether third- and fourth-grade students participating in five representative approaches to learning keyboarding would differ in keyboarding competency. Three computer tutorials, a video-word processor combination, and a book-word processor combination constituted the five treatments. Significant F values were detected for the covariate set and the experimental treatment in the multiple regression analyses. The dexterity measure was the most powerful predictor for keyboarding competency. The textbook word processing group scored significantly higher than two of the computer tutorials. No other significant differences were detected among treatment conditions. No significant effects for age or sex were detected. An attitude measure revealed generally positive reactions but pinpointed dislike for pacing in the video treatment and mandatory accuracy levels in computer tutorials. Results of this study suggest several options available to educators.
7
Li, Bianye. "A Major Difference between the Formation of English Words and the Formation of Chinese Words in Modern Times." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 6 (2017): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.04.
Full textAbstract:
The English language is a language of “fertility” due to its continuous formation of new words in modern times. However, the Chinese language is “infertile” because it has basically stopped creating totally new words. The general trend in the development of a Chinese character in the Chinese history has been moving from complexity to simplicity. As a result, it leads to the "infertility" of the Chinese language and makes it difficult to combine a limited number of different strokes within a limited space known as方块字Fāngkuàizì ‘Square Block Word’. What is a totally new word in English is simply a combination of used words in Chinese. The Chinese language's capability of saving horizontal and linear space makes this combination feasible to express a new meaning. Three types of constraint arising from limited type and number of Strokes, General Trend toward Simplicity and Square-Framed Space have made their concurrent contribution to the "infertility" of the Chinese word formation. The preference of the Chinese language for new combinations of used words over the creation of total new Chinese words in modern times constitutes a major difference between the formation of English words and the formation of Chinese words in modern times.
8
Xie, Lin Qing, and Ya Sheng Jin. "The Statistical Analysis for the Structure of Modern Tibetan Initials and Finals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.302.
Full textAbstract:
This paper from the perspective of phonology, phonetics and statistics,combining the three basic principles, to describe and research the phoneme system of 5190 Tibetan consonant of modern library within the closed space. According to the statistics and analysis of the initial and final distribution pattern, the structure types of initial and final, the relationship between Tibetan parts and the structure of initial and final in modern library of 5190 Tibetan consonant, the study found that, 1) the frequency distribution of the modern Tibetan initials is in equilibrium state, and the frequency distribution of finals is centralized,2) the combination ability of base-word initials is significantly higher than other initials which by the combination of basic word and other components,3) the combination ability of a and the combination of a with add-back letter is the strongest in all finals. This paper provides data and certain reference value for the further study on Tibetan phoneme of modern Tibetan.
9
Teng, (Mark) Feng. "Retention of new words learned incidentally from reading: Word exposure frequency, L1 marginal glosses, and their combination." Language Teaching Research 24, no. 6 (2019): 785–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168819829026.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the influence of different reading conditions (i.e. reading only and reading with first language marginal glosses), number of word encounters (one, three, and seven) while reading, and combinations of these two variables on new word retention. This study considered a total of six possible combinations. Six groups of Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) ( n = 240) were randomly selected and each assigned to a condition including 15 target lexical items. Each treatment session lasted for 5 weeks. One delayed test, containing four dimensions of vocabulary knowledge, was intended to measure learners’ retention of unknown words. The delayed test was administered 2 weeks after the experiment and was not disclosed to the learners in advance. The groups whose reading was accompanied by first-language (L1) marginal glosses scored significantly higher than the reading-only groups. The increased effectiveness of repeatedly encountering target lexical items was more pronounced in the reading experiment including L1 marginal glosses. The combination of L1 marginal glosses and seven encounters was found to be the most effective combination for lexical item retention. This study highlighted the effectiveness of repeatedly encountering target words and being provided with L1 marginal glosses to retain new words incidentally learned from reading. The conditions and relevant teaching implications are discussed in this study.
10
Halteren, Hans van, Jakub Zavrel, and Walter Daelemans. "Improving Accuracy in Word Class Tagging through the Combination of Machine Learning Systems." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 2 (2001): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101750300508.
Full textAbstract:
We examine how differences in language models, learned by different data-driven systems performing the same NLP task, can be exploited to yield a higher accuracy than the best individual system. We do this by means of experiments involving the task of morphosyntactic word class tagging, on the basis of three different tagged corpora. Four well-known tagger generators (hidden Markov model, memory-based, transformation rules, and maximum entropy) are trained on the same corpus data. After comparison, their outputs are combined using several voting strategies and second-stage classifiers. All combination taggers outperform their best component. The reduction in error rate varies with the material in question, but can be as high as 24.3% with the LOB corpus.
11
Sinyashina, Ekaterina. "‘Incidental + Intentional’ vs ‘Intentional + Incidental’ Vocabulary Learning: Which is More Effective?" Complutense Journal of English Studies 28 (November 24, 2020): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cjes.66685.
Full textAbstract:
This study compares the effectiveness of two combinations of new vocabulary learning techniques: ‘incidental + intentional’ and ‘intentional + incidental’. For the incidental part, the participants viewed 3 hours of captioned authentic videos, whereas for the intentional one they were asked to do a set of tasks with the target vocabulary at home. Three aspects of the target words were tested: form recognition, meaning recall and written use in a sentence. The overall scores revealed better performance of the ‘incidental + intentional’ condition in the three tests. Nevertheless, a variety of scores in the sample for the three aspects of word knowledge and the lack of statistical evidence did not allow us to conclude with certainty which combination is more or less effective for new vocabulary learning.
12
Bhaskoro, Susetyo Bagas, Saiful Akbar, and Suhono Harso Supangkat. "Enhancing Performance in Medical Articles Summarization with Multi-Feature Selection." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 4 (2018): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2299-2309.
Full textAbstract:
<span>The research aimed at providing an outcome summary of extraordinary events information for public health surveillance systems based on the extraction of online medical articles. The data set used is 7,346 pieces. Characteristics possessed by online medical articles include paragraphs that comprise more than one and the core location of the story or important sentences scattered at the beginning, middle and end of a paragraph. Therefore, this study conducted a summary by maintaining important phrases related to the information of extraordinary events scattered in every paragraph in the medical article online. The summary method used is maximal marginal relevance with an n-best value of 0.7. While the multi feature selection in question is the use of features to improve the performance of the summary system. The first feature selection is the use of title and statistic number of word and noun occurrence, and weighting tf-idf. In addition, other features are word level category in medical content patterns to identify important sentences of each paragraph in the online medical article. The important sentences defined in this study are classified into three categories: core sentence, explanatory sentence, and supporting sentence. The system test in this study was divided into two categories, such as extrinsic and intrinsic test. Extrinsic test is comparing the summary results of the decisions made by the experts with the output resulting from the system. While intrinsic test compared three n-Best weighting value method, feature selection combination, and combined feature selection combination with word level category in medical content. The extrinsic evaluation result was 72%. While intrinsic evaluation result of feature selection combination merger method with word category in medical content was 91,6% for precision, 92,6% for recall and f-measure was 92,2%.</span>
13
Filippi, Piera, Sabine Laaha, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. "Utterance-final position and pitch marking aid word learning in school-age children." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (2017): 161035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161035.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the effects of word order and prosody on word learning in school-age children. Third graders viewed photographs belonging to one of three semantic categories while hearing four-word nonsense utterances containing a target word. In the control condition, all words had the same pitch and, across trials, the position of the target word was varied systematically within each utterance. The only cue to word–meaning mapping was the co-occurrence of target words and referents. This cue was present in all conditions. In the Utterance-final condition, the target word always occurred in utterance-final position, and at the same fundamental frequency as all the other words of the utterance. In the Pitch peak condition, the position of the target word was varied systematically within each utterance across trials, and produced with pitch contrasts typical of infant-directed speech (IDS). In the Pitch peak + Utterance-final condition, the target word always occurred in utterance-final position, and was marked with a pitch contrast typical of IDS. Word learning occurred in all conditions except the control condition. Moreover, learning performance was significantly higher than that observed with simple co-occurrence ( control condition) only for the Pitch peak + Utterance-final condition. We conclude that, for school-age children, the combination of words' utterance-final alignment and pitch enhancement boosts word learning.
14
KIM, SAY YOUNG, MIN WANG, and IN YEONG KO. "The processing of derivational morphology in Korean–English bilingual readers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 4 (2011): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000477.
Full textAbstract:
Three experiments using a priming lexical decision paradigm were conducted to examine whether cross-language activation occurs via decomposition during the processing of derived words in Korean–English bilingual readers. In Experiment 1, when participants were given a real derived word and an interpretable derived pseudoword (i.e., illegal combination of a stem and a suffix) in Korean as a prime, response times for the corresponding English-translated stem were significantly faster than when they had received an unrelated word. In Experiment 2, non-morphological ending pseudowords (i.e., illegal combination of a stem and an orthographic ending) were included, and this did not show a priming effect. In Experiment 3, non-interpretable derived pseudowords also yielded a significant priming effect just as the interpretable ones. These results together suggest that cross-language activation of morphologically complex words occurs independently of lexicality and interpretability.
15
Ihsan, Fadlan, and Raflis Raflis. "Analysis of The English Open Compound Words." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic 3, no. 1 (2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jips.v3i1.350.
Full textAbstract:
Compound words are one of the elements found in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have meaning and contribute to support meaning. The morphology field will involve two elements, namely the free element and the bound element. The problem in this study is to analyze the compound word found in the Jakarta post. The word compound which is discussed is the compound word that is open (separate word writing).This research is a type of research belonging to the field of linguistics. This study also uses Qualitative Descriptive research methods. This research method refers to the form of the word. In addition, this research also uses library research or library research. Putaka's research only discusses the data that has been provided by processing and donating data obtained from data sources by using the basic theory that supports the research. In this study the writer took data sources from one edition of the Jakarta Post. 
 All data needed comes from the data source.The initial step used by the writer is to extract raw data taken from the source. After all the raw data is collected, the author will classify the data in several groups. Since the writer only discusses three topic issues, the information is in accordance with the problem. The first problem is the form of the compound word separated which is found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper. Second is what is the meaning of the compound words before and after combined. And the last is the rule that is owned by the compound. Based on this research, the writer find the uniqueness that results from a separate word combination. Among them is if one word is combined with another word it will have a different meaning. Based on this research the author understands in depth about the separate word combination.
16
Yao, Zhao, Xiangru Zhu, and Wenbo Luo. "Valence makes a stronger contribution than arousal to affective priming." PeerJ 7 (October 1, 2019): e7777. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7777.
Full textAbstract:
Background Recent data suggest that both word valence and arousal modulate subsequent cognitive processing. However, whether valence or arousal makes a stronger contribution to cognitive processing is less understood. Methods The present study performed three experiments that varied the valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low) of prime-target word pairs in a lexical decision-priming task. Affective priming was derived from pure valence (Experiment 1), pure arousal (Experiment 2), or a combination of valence and arousal (Experiment 3). Results By comparing three types of priming effects, we found an effect of valence on affective priming was obvious regardless of whether the relationship of the prime-target varied with valence, arousal, or the combination of valence and arousal. In contrast, an effect of arousal on affective priming only appeared in the condition that based on the arousal relationship of the prime-target pair. Moreover, the valence-driven priming effect, arousal-driven priming effect, and emotional-driven priming effect were modulated by valence type but not by arousal level of word stimuli. Conclusion The present results revealed a pattern of valence and arousal in semantic networks, indicating that the valence information of emotional words tends to be more stable than arousal information within the semantic system, at least in the present lexical decision-priming task.
17
Stets, Andrew, Samantha L. Smith, and William S. Helton. "Dual-Task Interference Between Swimming and Verbal Memory." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 7 (2019): 1132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819871743.
Full textAbstract:
Objective A dual-task study was performed to explore the performance effects for swimming, word recall, and the combination of the two tasks performed simultaneously. Background Dual-task interference studies have been performed for a variety of tasks; however, there has not been much dual-task interference research where one of the tasks is a naturalistic physically strenuous task. Swimming is a unique physical task that requires spatial orientation on three dimensional axes, similar to that of flying, but has no risk of falling. Previous studies have been conducted in other activity combinations with word-free recall, such as running and climbing, but swimming has yet to be explored. Method A verbal memory recall task and swimming task were performed in isolated (single-task) and simultaneous conditions. A comparison of effects across these different activities was also explored. Results Swimming and the word-recall task resulted in significant dual-task interference: almost as much as when word recall was paired with another verbal task, but more than running and less than climbing. Conclusion Consistent with other dual-task studies, this study observed dual-task interference between the physical swimming task and the cognitive verbal memory task. Application Future technologies and training for personnel who engage in water rescue or commercial diving, such as underwater welding and fiber optic cable, may be improved by these findings.
18
Setyadi, Ary. "Unsur Tambahan dalam Frase Adjektiva." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 4 (2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.12.4.186-195.
Full textAbstract:
The adjective phrase consists of two functional elements, namely the core function which is filled by the adjective word (nature / state); and elements of function attributes, which are filled by additional elements (words added / adverbs); so understanding the adjective phrases can be explained: a combination of two or more words that made up the word adjective as the core element / center, and word / additional elements (words added / adverb) as attributes. Based on the data, it turns out the presence of additional elements in the adjective phrase has not received special attention by some Indonesian experts; so interestingly researched. Implementation of the strategic research base three stages, namely: I. provision / collection of data, II. Classification and data analysis, and III. Preparation / report writing. Phase I, the data obtained at the data source, both oral and written sources by referring method and recording technique. Phase II based on the behavior of additional elements on its ability to join the word adjective (nature / circumstances) as attributes and are optional. The data analysis is based on the application of linguistic theory in the field of syntax with the application of the `direct elements' method with techniques: substitution, deletion, expansion, permutation, and phrases. In accordance with the objectives to be achieved, which includes: 1. kinds of additional elements, which finally can be found many additional elements. 2. distribution / provision of an additional element layout, which ultimately has three distribution: a. located in front, b. located at the back; and c. can be located in front or behind. 3. The power capability of additional elements, which can eventually be found in combination of two or more additional elements. Phase III is ended by being able to present a research / study report as the objective to be achieved.
19
Bletzer, Keith V. "Visualizing the qualitative: making sense of written comments from an evaluative satisfaction survey." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 12 (April 16, 2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.12.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Satisfaction surveys are common in the field of health education, as a means of assisting organizations to improve the appropriateness of training materials and the effectiveness of facilitation-presentation. Data can be qualitative of which analysis often become specialized. This technical article aims to reveal whether qualitative survey results can be visualized by presenting them as a Word Cloud. Methods: Qualitative materials in the form of written comments on an agency-specific satisfaction survey were coded and quantified. The resulting quantitative data were used to convert comments into “input terms” to generate Word Clouds to increase comprehension and accessibility through visualization of the written responses. Results: A three-tier display incorporated a Word Cloud at the top, followed by the corresponding frequency table, and a textual summary of the qualitative data represented by the Word Cloud imagery. This mixed format adheres to recognition that people vary in what format is most effective for assimilating new information. Conclusion: The combination of visual representation through Word Clouds complemented by quantified qualitative materials is one means of increasing comprehensibility for a range of stakeholders, who might not be familiar with numerical tables or statistical analyses.
20
Koole, Tom, and Jan D. ten Thije. "Een Woord is Genoeg." Taalproduktie 48 (January 1, 1994): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.48.12koo.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we present an analysis of institutional key words. These are words that are used in institutional communication with a meaning that is peculiar to the organization or institution in which they are used. The meaning of the key words is organized as a cognitive structure which has three characteristics: key word meaning is shared knowledge of competent institutional actors; key word meaning combines propositional knowledge (knowing that) and action knowledge (knowing how); the specific combination of knowledge elements serves a purpose in the institutional communication. As an example we have analysed the key word 'annual report' as it is used among a team of educational advisers in the Netherlands. This key word appeared to refer not only to a certain text, but also to the procedure of how to make this text, to the addressee of the report, and finally to specific aspects of what can and what cannot be said in an annual report. The discussion in the team could be explained as one between competent institutional actors and actors who did not know the full institutional meaning of the key word.
21
van Gaal, Simon, Lionel Naccache, Julia D. I. Meuwese, et al. "Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (2014): 20130212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0212.
Full textAbstract:
What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked priming paradigm, two masked words were successively (Experiment 1) or simultaneously presented (Experiment 2), a modifier (‘not’/‘very’) and an adjective (e.g. ‘good’/‘bad’), followed by a visible target noun (e.g. ‘peace’/‘murder’). Subjects indicated whether the target noun had a positive or negative valence. The combination of these three words could either be contextually consistent (e.g. ‘very bad - murder’) or inconsistent (e.g. ‘not bad - murder’). EEG recordings revealed that grammatical negations could unfold partly unconsciously, as reflected in similar occipito-parietal N400 effects for conscious and unconscious three-word sequences forming inconsistent combinations. However, only conscious word sequences elicited P600 effects, later in time. Overall, these results suggest that multiple unconscious words can be rapidly integrated and that an unconscious negation can automatically ‘flip the sign’ of an unconscious adjective. These findings not only extend the limits of subliminal combinatorial language processes, but also highlight how consciousness modulates the grammatical integration of multiple words.
22
Mezhzherina, Hanna. "Structural types of English aviation abbreviations terms in the translation aspect." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-51.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the translation of aviation terms-abbreviations ((LORAN, tkof, Ttail, etc.) from English into Ukrainian. The regularities of structural integration of components in English and Ukrainian aviation terms were found. The types of structural and semantic transformations in translation were analyzed. The structure and features of the translation of letter abbreviations (UHF, HIPAR, etc.) are described. It was found that three–component word-combinations (ACC – area control center) often serve as the basis for design of letter aviation abbreviations; two-component, four-component, and five-component phrases are used occasionally. In the English aviation terminological system unlike the Ukrainian one the material for the formation of letter abbreviations may be composite as well as phrases, one of the components of which is expressed by a complex word. For the translation of the created in this way terms we can restore the original word-combination and use calquing. It should be borne in mind that one of the letters in its composition may be a reduction of conjunctions or prepositions (SARC – search and rescue center). The reduction to three or four letters of one of the components of the terminology word-combinations is a typical way of formation English aviation abbreviations. When determining the original form of the English term, a translator should take into account that not only the first, but also the last component of the phrase can be subject to reduction. The translation specificity of homoacronyms that based on word-combinations in which one of the components is a concatenation-type composite is shown. Attention is paid to the availability of borrowings in English and Ukrainian aviation terminological systems. Identification of abbreviations-borrowings requires the use of French, German and other terminology dictionaries. It is important to distinguish elliptical abbreviations not only from the initial ones, but also from the reductions of the composites to the first letters of their components, to achieve an adequate translation. The terms-abbreviations that are formed by the reduction of current words were found. The choice of methods, types, ways to translate English aviation abbreviations (calquing of the original form, calquing with the following abbreviation, descriptive translation, etc.) depends on the structural type of the term. The required condition for an adequate translation of abbreviations is to take into account the broad context. The material was taken from dictionaries of aviation terms and original scientific texts.
23
Ramos-Vargas, Rigo E., Israel Román-Godínez, and Sulema Torres-Ramos. "Comparing general and specialized word embeddings for biomedical named entity recognition." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (February 18, 2021): e384. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.384.
Full textAbstract:
Increased interest in the use of word embeddings, such as word representation, for biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) has highlighted the need for evaluations that aid in selecting the best word embedding to be used. One common criterion for selecting a word embedding is the type of source from which it is generated; that is, general (e.g., Wikipedia, Common Crawl), or specific (e.g., biomedical literature). Using specific word embeddings for the BioNER task has been strongly recommended, considering that they have provided better coverage and semantic relationships among medical entities. To the best of our knowledge, most studies have focused on improving BioNER task performance by, on the one hand, combining several features extracted from the text (for instance, linguistic, morphological, character embedding, and word embedding itself) and, on the other, testing several state-of-the-art named entity recognition algorithms. The latter, however, do not pay great attention to the influence of the word embeddings, and do not facilitate observing their real impact on the BioNER task. For this reason, the present study evaluates three well-known NER algorithms (CRF, BiLSTM, BiLSTM-CRF) with respect to two corpora (DrugBank and MedLine) using two classic word embeddings, GloVe Common Crawl (of the general type) and Pyysalo PM + PMC (specific), as unique features. Furthermore, three contextualized word embeddings (ELMo, Pooled Flair, and Transformer) are compared in their general and specific versions. The aim is to determine whether general embeddings can perform better than specialized ones on the BioNER task. To this end, four experiments were designed. In the first, we set out to identify the combination of classic word embedding, NER algorithm, and corpus that results in the best performance. The second evaluated the effect of the size of the corpus on performance. The third assessed the semantic cohesiveness of the classic word embeddings and their correlation with respect to several gold standards; while the fourth evaluates the performance of general and specific contextualized word embeddings on the BioNER task. Results show that the classic general word embedding GloVe Common Crawl performed better in the DrugBank corpus, despite having less word coverage and a lower internal semantic relationship than the classic specific word embedding, Pyysalo PM + PMC; while in the contextualized word embeddings the best results are presented in the specific ones. We conclude, therefore, when using classic word embeddings as features on the BioNER task, the general ones could be considered a good option. On the other hand, when using contextualized word embeddings, the specific ones are the best option.
24
Kohlberger, Martin. "A cline between nouns and verbs: Nominalizations in Shiwiar (Chicham)." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 71, no. 1 (2018): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2018-0007.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDeverbal nominalizations are often said to occupy an intermediate position between nouns and verbs. Here I describe the morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of three deverbal nominalization strategies in Shiwiar, a Chicham language of Ecuador and Peru. Although nouns and verbs in Shiwiar are clearly distinguished in the grammar, deverbal nominalizations display a combination of both nominal and verbal traits. Furthermore, the three nominalizations types discussed here each have different proportions of noun-like and verb-like characteristics, thereby forming a gradient cline between the two major word classes.
25
Garabík, Radovan. "Word Embedding Based on Large-Scale Web Corpora as a Powerful Lexicographic Tool." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 46, no. 2 (2020): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.46.2.8.
Full textAbstract:
The Aranea Project offers a set of comparable corpora for two dozens of (mostly European) languages providing a convenient dataset for nLP applications that require training on large amounts of data. The article presents word embedding models trained on the Aranea corpora and an online interface to query the models and visualize the results. The implementation is aimed towards lexicographic use but can be also useful in other fields of linguistic study since the vector space is a plausible model of semantic space of word meanings. Three different models are available – one for a combination of part of speech and lemma, one for raw word forms, and one based on fastText algorithm uses subword vectors and is not limited to whole or known words in finding their semantic relations. The article is describing the interface and major modes of its functionality; it does not try to perform detailed linguistic analysis of presented examples.
26
Sun, Zhewei, Richard Zemel, and Yang Xu. "A Computational Framework for Slang Generation." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 462–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00378.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Slang is a common type of informal language, but its flexible nature and paucity of data resources present challenges for existing natural language systems. We take an initial step toward machine generation of slang by developing a framework that models the speaker’s word choice in slang context. Our framework encodes novel slang meaning by relating the conventional and slang senses of a word while incorporating syntactic and contextual knowledge in slang usage. We construct the framework using a combination of probabilistic inference and neural contrastive learning. We perform rigorous evaluations on three slang dictionaries and show that our approach not only outperforms state-of-the-art language models, but also better predicts the historical emergence of slang word usages from 1960s to 2000s. We interpret the proposed models and find that the contrastively learned semantic space is sensitive to the similarities between slang and conventional senses of words. Our work creates opportunities for the automated generation and interpretation of informal language.
27
Suryadi, M., Riris Tiani, and Hana Faza Surya Rusyda. "The Combination of Natural Elements and Characteristic of Javanese Women in the Lexicon of the Traditional Household Equipment." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207033.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to describe the combination of non-metallic natural elements found in traditional household appliances on the character of Javanese women attached to the lexicon of traditional household appliances. The relationship between natural elements and traditional household appliances is adhered to when the equipment is made and the functions of the appliance. This combination holds the values of Javanese philosophy. This research uses observation and in-depth interviews which are reinforced by data triangulation. This research also uses a matched method (metode padan) as the analytical method which matches the combination of natural elements with the referential value contained in the lexicon of the traditional household equipment. The findings in this study are the natural elements used as the basis for making traditional household appliances chosen by considering three elements, namely religious elements, natural ecosystem elements, and health elements. These three elements are attached to three semantic components: word-concept-reference, which is used during the process of naming the identity of the lexicon of the traditional household equipment.
28
Mulawarman, Widyatmike Gede, and Yeri Iswanto. "Penerapan Teknik Bagi Unsur Langsung (BUL) pada Identifikasi Afiks Bahasa Dayak Benuaq." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 1, no. 1 (2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v1i1.5.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of affix attached to the basic form of Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of data analysis is BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) technique. This study was conducted in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. The research data is the entire word affixed spoken of native speakers Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, cakap libat semuka technique, and simak cakap technique. The results showed that the Dayak Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum has three forms affix, that is prefixes, suffixes, and combination of affixes. The prefixes are: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, {te-}, and {N-}. The suffixes are: {tn}. The combination of affixes are: {ke- + N-} and {sek + N-}. The affix converts the categories of adjectives into verbs, verbs into adjectives, nouns into verbs, and nouns into adjectives. The meaning of the affixation of the Benuaq Dayak’s basic word is to declare an action, result of, a job, and to say to do work.
29
Zaikina-Montgomery, Helen, and N. Clayton Silver. "An examination of icons, signal words, color, and messages in warnings for children on the Internet." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (2018): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621058.
Full textAbstract:
Most minors have unrestricted access to the Internet, which, along with educational content, contains deleterious content not appropriate for minors. A system of warnings targeting minors on the Internet was developed and tested. The present study examined selected icons in combination with signal words, color, and warning messages. Three hundred and fifty-three adults and ten children participated in the study. Five most effective icons from a previous study were paired with signal words (STOP and WARNING) printed in black and red, along with warning messages, ranging in severity and explicitness. Results indicated that the signal word STOP was rated higher overall than WARNING, red was rated higher than black, and ratings for warning messages increased as the message explicitness and severity increased across a range of dependent variables including understandability and carefulness. A four-way icon x color x signal word x warning message interaction was found. Implications for warning design are discussed.
30
Liu, Shuang, Nannan Tan, Yaqian Ge, and Niko Lukač. "Research on Automatic Question Answering of Generative Knowledge Graph Based on Pointer Network." Information 12, no. 3 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12030136.
Full textAbstract:
Question-answering systems based on knowledge graphs are extremely challenging tasks in the field of natural language processing. Most of the existing Chinese Knowledge Base Question Answering(KBQA) can only return the knowledge stored in the knowledge base by extractive methods. Nevertheless, this processing does not conform to the reading habits and cannot solve the Out-of-vocabulary(OOV) problem. In this paper, a new generative question answering method based on knowledge graph is proposed, including three parts of knowledge vocabulary construction, data pre-processing, and answer generation. In the word list construction, BiLSTM-CRF is used to identify the entity in the source text, finding the triples contained in the entity, counting the word frequency, and constructing it. In the part of data pre-processing, a pre-trained language model BERT combining word frequency semantic features is adopted to obtain word vectors. In the answer generation part, one combination of a vocabulary constructed by the knowledge graph and a pointer generator network(PGN) is proposed to point to the corresponding entity for generating answer. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve superior performance on WebQA datasets than other methods.
31
Adnyani, Ni Luh Putu Sri. "EARLY SYNTACTIC ACQUISITION IN A BALINESE SPEAKING CHILD." Linguistik Indonesia 38, no. 1 (2020): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v38i1.93.
Full textAbstract:
This article addresses the acquisition of syntax in a Balinese monolingual child at the age of 2;5 until 2;7. The data was collected in natural setting when the child involved in spontaneous interaction with adults. The speech produced by the child was segmented based on the utterances. The speech produced by the child was transcribed orthographically, along with the phonetic transcription. Besides, every utterance produced by the child accompanied by contextual description and explanation. The data was coded and glossed according to the parts of speech, and grammatical functions. The results show that at this stage, even though the child goes through early sentence or word combinations stage, the child still produces single-word utterances at the onset as well. The words belong to noun, verb, adjective, adverb and particle. Words combination produced can be classified into declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. Initially, the child frequently omit subject. The fact that in colloquial adult’s conversation in Balinese omitting subject is acceptable may contribute to the subject omission. In two words combinations NP and VP occurred and in three or more words utterances S-P, S-P-O and S-P-C starting to be produced. In making questions kije‘where’, ape ‘what’, encen ‘which one’ and nyen ‘whose’ are used. In question, the child also applied rising intonation when question words are not applied. The child is also able to express tag question. In imperative sentences, the child is able to use command, request, and invitation. This study implies the role of adult’s input in children language acquisition as shown in subject omission and the flexible word order.
32
Gustafson, Stefan, Linda Fälth, Idor Svensson, Tomas Tjus, and Mikael Heimann. "Effects of Three Interventions on the Reading Skills of Children With Reading Disabilities in Grade 2." Journal of Learning Disabilities 44, no. 2 (2011): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219410391187.
Full textAbstract:
In a longitudinal intervention study, the effects of three intervention strategies on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2 were analyzed. The interventions consisted of computerized training programs: One bottom-up intervention aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second intervention focused on top-down processing on the word and sentence levels, and the third was a combination of these two training programs ( n = 25 in each group). In addition, there were two comparison groups, 25 children with reading disabilities who received ordinary special instruction and 30 age-matched typical readers. All reading disabled participants completed 25 training sessions with special education teachers. All groups improved their reading skills. The group who received combined training showed higher improvements than the ordinary special instruction group and the typical readers. Different cognitive variables were related to treatment gains for different groups. Thus, a treatment combining bottom-up and top-down aspects of reading was the most effective in general, but individual differences among children need to be considered.
33
Vanden Wyngaerd, Emma. "The adjective in Dutch-French codeswitching: Word order and agreement." International Journal of Bilingualism 21, no. 4 (2016): 454–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916632302.
Full textAbstract:
Aims and Objectives: This paper investigates the word order and adjectival agreement patterns in French-Dutch codeswitched Determiner Phrases (DPs). It examines the predictions made by two theoretical points of view: the approach by MacSwan (2009) within the Minimalist Program (MP) and the Matrix Language Framework (MLF) (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2009). Methodology: The predictions of these frameworks are compared to data gathered in a grammaticality judgment task. In total, 120 codeswitched sentences were presented aurally to participants, who were asked to rate the sentences on a three-point scale. Originality: While some previous work on word order within codeswitched DP’s exists, this paper is the first study investigating the adjectival agreement patterns in codeswitching. Data and Analysis: Statistical analysis of the data showed that the MacSwan approach is a better predictor for the grammaticality judgments, as sentences predicted to be grammatical by the MP were rated higher than sentences predicted to be ungrammatical by the same model. This difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in rating for the predictions of the MLF. Conclusions: The results of the judgment task in combination with the results of previous research on codeswitching highlight the importance of a combination of data from both naturalistic and experimental settings. Implications: The predictions of the Minimalist approach have the upper hand over the predictions of the MLF. However, it remains is important to integrate results from other experimental methodologies, such as naturalistic data and results from psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies.
34
Savic, Maja, Darinka Andjelkovic, Nevena Budjevac, and der Van. "Phonological complexity and prosodic structure in assessment of Serbian phonological development." Psihologija 43, no. 2 (2010): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1002167s.
Full textAbstract:
In this research we investigate the relevance of phonological parameters in acquisition of Serbian language. Implementation of British Test of Phonological Screeing (TOPhS, van der Lely and Harris, 1999) has revealed that phonological complexity (syllabic and metrical structure) influences accuracy in non-word repetition task and could be used in assessment of phonological development of typically developing children, as well as of children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI) (van der Lely and Harris, 1999; Gallon, Harris & van der Lely, 2007). Having in mind phonological properties of Serbian language (Zec, 2000, 2007), we hypothesized that several parameters can be used in assessment of phonological development in Serbian: a. onset (consonants cluster at the beginning of syllable; b. rime (consonant at the end of syllable). c. word of three syllables, and d. placement of stressed syllable in a word. Combination of these parameters gave us a list of 96 pseudo words of different levels of complexity. Participants were 14 adults and 30 children from kindergarten divided into three age groups (3, 4 and 5 years). Task for the participants was to loudly repeat every pseudo-word, and their reproduction was recorded. Transcription of their answers and coding of errors allowed us to analyze impact of different parameters on accuracy of phonological reproduction in children of different ages. The results indicate that the ability for reproduction of Serbian phonological properties develops in early preschool period. The most difficult is cluster of consonants at the beginning of syllable, and consonant at the end of syllable. These two parameters are even more difficult for reproduction in three-syllable words or in words that have more then one parameter marked. Placement of stress in a word is acquired even before 3 years. In other words, the results have shown that investigated features could be good indicators in assessment of early phonological development of typically developing children. Delay in their acquisition could reveal possible developmental difficulties.
35
Sundqvist, Martina, Alexandre Routier, Bruno Dubois, Olivier Colliot, and Marc Teichmann. "The White Matter Module-Hub Network of Semantics Revealed by Semantic Dementia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 7 (2020): 1330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01549.
Full textAbstract:
Cognitive neuroscience exploring the architecture of semantics has shown that coherent supramodal concepts are computed in the anterior temporal lobes (ATL), but it is unknown how/where modular information implemented by posterior cortices (word/object/face forms) is conveyed to the ATL hub. We investigated the semantic module-hub network in healthy adults ( n = 19) and in semantic dementia patients ( n = 28) by combining semantic assessments of verbal and nonverbal stimuli and MRI-based fiber tracking using seeds in three module-related cortices implementing (i) written word forms (visual word form area), (ii) abstract lexical representations (posterior–superior temporal cortices), and (iii) face/object representations (face form area). Fiber tracking revealed three key tracts linking the ATL with the three module-related cortices. Correlation analyses between tract parameters and semantic scores indicated that the three tracts subserve semantics, transferring modular verbal or nonverbal object/face information to the left and right ATL, respectively. The module-hub tracts were functionally and microstructurally damaged in semantic dementia, whereas damage to non-module-specific ATL tracts (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus) had more limited impact on semantic failure. These findings identify major components of the white matter module-hub network of semantics, and they corroborate/materialize claims of cognitive models positing direct links between modular and semantic representations. In combination with modular accounts of cognition, they also suggest that the currently prevailing “hub-and-spokes” model of semantics could be extended by incorporating an intermediate module level containing invariant representations, in addition to “spokes,” which subserve the processing of a near-unlimited number of sensorimotor and speech-sound features.
36
Grieve, Jack, Dirk Speelman, and Dirk Geeraerts. "A statistical method for the identification and aggregation of regional linguistic variation." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 2 (2011): 193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439451100007x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper introduces a method for the analysis of regional linguistic variation. The method identifies individual and common patterns of spatial clustering in a set of linguistic variables measured over a set of locations based on a combination of three statistical techniques: spatial autocorrelation, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. To demonstrate how to apply this method, it is used to analyze regional variation in the values of 40 continuously measured, high-frequency lexical alternation variables in a 26-million-word corpus of letters to the editor representing 206 cities from across the United States.
37
Shibayama, Sotaro, Deyun Yin, and Kuniko Matsumoto. "Measuring novelty in science with word embedding." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254034.
Full textAbstract:
Novelty is a core value in science, and a reliable measurement of novelty is crucial. This study proposes a new approach of measuring the novelty of scientific articles based on both citation data and text data. The proposed approach considers an article to be novel if it cites a combination of semantically distant references. To this end, we first assign a word embedding–a vector representation of each vocabulary–to each cited reference on the basis of text information included in the reference. With these vectors, a distance between every pair of references is computed. Finally, the novelty of a focal document is evaluated by summarizing the distances between all references. The approach draws on limited text information (the titles of references) and publicly shared library for word embeddings, which minimizes the requirement of data access and computational cost. We share the code, with which one can compute the novelty score of a document of interest only by having the focal document’s reference list. We validate the proposed measure through three exercises. First, we confirm that word embeddings can be used to quantify semantic distances between documents by comparing with an established bibliometric distance measure. Second, we confirm the criterion-related validity of the proposed novelty measure with self-reported novelty scores collected from a questionnaire survey. Finally, as novelty is known to be correlated with future citation impact, we confirm that the proposed measure can predict future citation.
38
Medad, Amine, Mauro Gaio, Ludovic Moncla, Sébastien Mustière, and Yannick Le Nir. "Comparing supervised learning algorithms for Spatial Nominal Entity recognition." AGILE: GIScience Series 1 (July 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-1-15-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Discourse may contain both named and nominal entities. Most common nouns or nominal mentions in natural language do not have a single, simple meaning but rather a number of related meanings. This form of ambiguity led to the development of a task in natural language processing known as Word Sense Disambiguation. Recognition and categorisation of named and nominal entities is an essential step for Word Sense Disambiguation methods. Up to now, named entity recognition and categorisation systems mainly focused on the annotation, categorisation and identification of named entities. This paper focuses on the annotation and the identification of spatial nominal entities. We explore the combination of Transfer Learning principle and supervised learning algorithms, in order to build a system to detect spatial nominal entities. For this purpose, different supervised learning algorithms are evaluated with three different context sizes on two manually annotated datasets built from Wikipedia articles and hiking description texts. The studied algorithms have been selected for one or more of their specific properties potentially useful in solving our problem. The results of the first phase of experiments reveal that the selected algorithms have similar performances in terms of ability to detect spatial nominal entities. The study also confirms the importance of the size of the window to describe the context, when word-embedding principle is used to represent the semantics of each word.
39
Marciniak, Malgorzata, and Agnieszka Mykowiecka. "Nested term recognition driven by word connection strength." Terminology 21, no. 2 (2015): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.2.03mar.
Full textAbstract:
Domain corpora are often not very voluminous and even important terms can occur in them not as isolated maximal phrases but only within more complex constructions. Appropriate recognition of nested terms can thus influence the content of the extracted candidate term list and its order. We propose a new method for identifying nested terms based on a combination of two aspects: grammatical correctness and normalised pointwise mutual information (NPMI) counted for all bigrams in a given corpus. NPMI is typically used for recognition of strong word connections, but in our solution we use it to recognise the weakest points to suggest the best place for division of a phrase into two parts. By creating, at most, two nested phrases in each step, we introduce a binary term structure. We test the impact of the proposed method applied, together with the C-value ranking method, to the automatic term recognition task performed on three corpora, two in Polish and one in English.
40
Cabezas-García, Melania, and Pamela Faber. "Semantic prosody and semantic preference in multi-word terms." Fachsprache 41, no. 1-2 (2019): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41i1-2.1598.
Full textAbstract:
Multi-word terms (MWTs), in the form of noun compounds (NCs), are frequently used in specialized texts (Nakov 2013). They consist of juxtaposed terms with underlying semantic structures that limit the combination of arguments (Pinker 1989). However, NCs formed by more than two terms have received little attention. This study focused on English and Spanish three-term endocentric NCs used in Coastal Engineering. To explore the presence of semantic preference and semantic prosody in these MWTs, a set of terms was extracted from a Coastal Engineering corpus. The structure of the MWTs was disambiguated and the semantic relations between their components were specified. Verb paraphrases were also elicited from field experts and the web, and then semantically analyzed. The results showed that semantic preference and semantic prosody play an important role in the formation of MWTs and should be taken into account when rendering a text into another language.
41
Jaworski, Adam. "Word cities and language objects." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 1, no. 1-2 (2015): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.05jaw.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this paper is on language objects in contemporary ‘word cities’, or urban landscapes, shaped by art and consumer culture. I define ‘language objects’ as two- or three-dimensional pieces of writing (e.g. needlework samplers, fridge magnets, wooden or metal sculptures, etc.) that do not serve any apparent informational or utilitarian purpose, i.e. they are not ‘attached’ to or displayed on any objects with identifiable practical functions, e.g. buildings, t-shirts, mugs, paper weights, and so on. Two specific language objects considered here are Robert Indiana’s LOVE sculpture and a Marks & Spencer ‘love letters decoration’. It is suggested that such language objects perform largely Jakobson’s (1960) poetic function with its key focus on form. Yet, they are also instances of linguistic performances with complex trajectories of appropriation and recontextualization of prior cultural and linguistic material (Bauman, 2001; Bauman & Briggs, 1990), while their appropriation for specific ‘personal’ uses is best explained by treating them as ‘shifters’ — referential indexes, or signs constituted by the combination of their symbolic value and the communicative act itself (or ‘rules of use’) (Jakobson, 1971; Silverstein, 1976).
42
Туарменская, А. В. "Phraseologization of English Set Expressions with the Word Man." Иностранные языки в высшей школе, no. 2(53) (September 17, 2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.53.2.013.
Full textAbstract:
В статье предпринята попытка описать процесс образования фразеологического значения, принимая во внимание когнитивные аспекты речемыслительной деятельности человека. Фразеологизация английских устойчивых выражений со словом man происходит на трех уровнях, каждый из которых связан с разной степенью семантического переосмысления. Соответственно метафорическому и/или метонимическому переносу могут подвергаться отдельные слова в составе фразеологической единицы, переменное словосочетание или фразеологизм в целом. Концептуальная композиционность, характерная для первого уровня фразеологизации, позволяет определить вклад в результативное значение каждого компонента в составе фразеологической единицы. Концептуальная интеграция на втором и третьем уровнях дает возможность проследить дальнейшее развитие фразеологического значения за счет взаимодействия значения прототипа фразеологизма, продуцируемого им образа, экстралингвистических знаний и метафорического/метонимического переноса. The article attempts to describe the process of forming a phraseological meaning, taking into consideration the cognitive aspects of human speech activity. Phraseologization of English Set Expressions with the Word Man can take place at three levels, each of them being associated with a different degree of a semantic change. Accordingly, metaphorical and / or metonymic transference may touch upon individual words in a word group, a free word combination or a phraseological unit as a whole. The principle of conceptual compositionality, which is characteristic of the first level of phraseologization, makes it possible to determine the contribution of each component of a word group into the resultant phraseological meaning. And the analysis of conceptual integration at the second and third levels allows to trace the further development of a phraseological meaning by means of the interaction between the meaning of the phraseological prototype, the image produced by it, extralinguistic knowledge and metaphorical / metonymic transference.
43
Garba, Adamu, Shah Khalid, Irfan Ullah, Shah Khusro, and Diyawu Mumin. "Embedding based learning for collection selection in federated search." Data Technologies and Applications 54, no. 5 (2020): 703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-01-2019-0005.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThere have been many challenges in crawling deep web by search engines due to their proprietary nature or dynamic content. Distributed Information Retrieval (DIR) tries to solve these problems by providing a unified searchable interface to these databases. Since a DIR must search across many databases, selecting a specific database to search against the user query is challenging. The challenge can be solved if the past queries of the users are considered in selecting collections to search in combination with word embedding techniques. Combining these would aid the best performing collection selection method to speed up retrieval performance of DIR solutions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose a collection selection model based on word embedding using Word2Vec approach that learns the similarity between the current and past queries. They used the cosine and transformed cosine similarity models in computing the similarities among queries. The experiment is conducted using three standard TREC testbeds created for federated search.FindingsThe results show significant improvements over the baseline models.Originality/valueAlthough the lexical matching models for collection selection using similarity based on past queries exist, to the best our knowledge, the proposed work is the first of its kind that uses word embedding for collection selection by learning from past queries.
44
Zhanpeis, U., N. Ozekbayeva, and Zh Kuanyshbayevа. "ACCOUNTING OF THE INTRA-LEXIC SYSTEM IN THE PRACTICAL COURSE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (2020): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.53.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with issues related to the system structure of the language and the system relations between language units. The authors proceed from the modern understanding of the definition of the lexical-semantic system, which is generally accepted. Three main dimensions of lexical consistency are described: paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and derivational. the basic elements of the linguistic term system are the terms “syntagmatics” and “paradigmatics”. The essence of paradigmatic relations is the similarity of units under one family and opposites - for others. Syntagmatic relations in the vocabulary are manifested in the vocabulary in the rules of word combination, in their connection with other lexical units within specific utterances. The article offers a model of lexical presentation taking into account intra-lexical consistency. The functional level of the lexical unit implementation is conditionally accepted as the activity form of the word. Indicators of word assimilation in the process of its gradual transition from the subject form to the activity form were lexical operations that are part of the actions for the perception and generation of speech utterance. The authors describe the experience of developing and using training tasks for the C1 level in accordance with the requirements of the new standard curriculum.
45
Minnie, Karin, Hester Klopper, and Christa Van der Walt. "Factors contributing to the decision by pregnant women to be tested for HIV." Health SA Gesondheid 13, no. 4 (2008): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v13i4.404.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to explore and describe the factors that influence the decision by pregnant women to be tested for HIV. This was achieved through a qualitative research study that was exploratory, descriptive and contextual in nature. A sample of 13 pregnant women participated. Data obtained from semi-structured interviews was analysed according to a protocol based on a combination of methods of analysis. The three main themes, namely factors that contribute to the decision by pregnant women to be tested for HIV, factors that contribute to the decision by pregnant women not to be tested for HIV and organisational factors that influence the decision by pregnant women to be tested for HIV, were divided into nine subthemes. Conclusions and recommendations to promote counselling to pregnant women being tested for HIV are provided.
 
 Opsomming
 Die doel van die studie was om die faktore wat die besluit van swanger vroue om vir MIV getoets te word, te verken en beskryf. Dit is gedoen deur middel van verkennende, beskrywende, kontekstuele kwalitatiewe navorsing. ’n Steekproef van 13 swanger vroue het deelgeneem. Inligting is verkry deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Hierdie inligting is ontleed aan die hand van ’n protokol gebaseer op ’n kombinasie van ontledingsmetodes. Die drie hooftemas, naamlik faktore wat bydra tot swanger vroue se besluit om vir MIV getoets te word, faktore wat bydra tot swanger vroue se besluit om nie vir MIV getoets te word nie en organisatoriese faktore wat swanger vroue se besluit beïnvloed om vir MIV getoets te word, is in nege subtemas onderverdeel. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings ter bevordering van berading van swanger vroue vir MIV-toetsing, word verskaf.
46
Halyan, Oksana. "Formation and functioning of initial abbreviations in physical terminology (on the french language material)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.01.
Full textAbstract:
In the French language, the number of new terminology units has increased significantly, enriching the vocabulary and increasing the intensity of information exchange between communicators in the scope subsystems. In linguistics, the principle of linguistic economy is used to order the flow of information conveyed with the minimum number of linguistic characters. A large number of abbreviated word forms, which is a feature of modern language systems, is appearing. In terminology, the largest number of shortened form of a word is in initial abbreviations. Physical Terminology (PhT) uses the abbreviation for unitary, complex words, and combinations of terms. Structurally heterogeneous lexems are usually denoted by two linguistic characters that represent prefixes or root morphemes. The largest number of initial abbreviations are in two- and three-component terms. An important characteristic of all initial abbreviations is that they do not reveal the semantics of physical terms and that there are no "recognizable" segments from the original lexical units. The internal structure in newly formed physical shortened words appears when an initial abbreviation is combined with another way of forming term elements. The process of combining a truncation with an initial abbreviation is considered, as a result of which structurally complex word forms are formed. The classification of initial abbreviations is carried out according to a formal attribute - the number of characters that correspond to the number of components of the correlative combination. In the aspect of functioning, the abbreviation in physical texts is divided into generally accepted (standard), which for many decades has been used in special literature and occasional (introduced by the author, often used within the publication). An analysis of abbreviations of the physical terms indicates that the initial abbreviation appears at the phonetic, graphic and grammatical levels.
47
Nobili, Stefania, Daniele Lavacchi, Gabriele Perrone, et al. "Vinorelbine in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Real-World Data From a Single-Institution Experience." Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics 28, no. 3 (2020): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096504019x15755437099308.
Full textAbstract:
The use of vinorelbine as a single agent or in combination regimens in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with satisfactory clinical activity. However, the role of vinorelbine-based chemotherapy in chemonaive locally advanced unresectable or metastatic NSCLC patients, according to real-world treatment patterns, has still not been widely explored. Eighty-one patients treated at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-seven received standard first-line single-agent vinorelbine, and 44 received vinorelbine plus platinum drugs, based on physician’s choice; 61.7% were older than 70 years, and 60.5% were affected by ≥2 comorbidities. Sixty-three patients were evaluable for objective response: 22% achieved partial response and 41% stable disease. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.4 months. A benefit in PFS was observed in patients treated with combinations vs. single-agent vinorelbine (6.7 vs. 3.5 months, p = 0.043). Median overall survival (OS) was 10.4 months without a statistically significant difference between treatments (12.4 vs. 7.5 months). In 55 stage IV patients, OS was positively correlated with combination regimens, M1a stage, or ≤2 metastatic lesions. Grade 3‐4 toxicity occurred in 33% of patients, and dose reduction in 11%. A statistically significant higher incidence of toxicity was observed in patients receiving combinations, in women, in patients younger than 75 years, or patients with metastases. In this real-word analysis, we confirmed the efficacy and tolerability of vinorelbine as a single agent or combined with platinums in patients usually underrepresented in controlled clinical trials. Single-agent vinorelbine may represent a suitable option in elderly or unfit NSCLC patients and warrants investigation as a potential drug candidate for immunochemotherapy combination regimens.
48
McClurg, Patricia A., and Nancy Kasakow. "Wordprocessors, Spelling Checkers, and Drill and Practice Programs: Effective Tools for Spelling Instruction?" Journal of Educational Computing Research 5, no. 2 (1989): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5kux-xupl-b42r-7u2e.
Full textAbstract:
This experimental study examined the effects of combining word processors, spelling checkers, and spelling drill and practice programs to individualize spelling instruction for fifth and sixth grade students. The three treatment conditions considered included: 1) a wordprocessing, spelling checker, computer drill and practice combination; 2) a textbook pretest, computer drill and practice combination; and 3) a traditional textbook approach. A significant treatment effect in favor of the experimental conditions was found in the analysis of covariance. The vocabulary level of words identified and studied by students in the wordprocessing group was equivalent to the vocabulary level of the traditional spelling book. The 17 percent difference on the long-term measure in favor of the wordprocessing group suggests this approach may be an effective method of spelling instruction. Suggestions for software development which would make these methods a viable alternative for the classroom teacher are included.
49
Fedor I., Rozhanskiy. "VOTIC-INGRIAN CONVERGENCE AND INTRA-IDIOLECTAL CONTINUUM (A CASE STUDY OF A CHAIN RUNE)." Ural-Altaic Studies 40, no. 1 (2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2500-2902-2021-40-1-61-76.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyses different variants of the Votic chain rune Kuza piippu? “Where is the pipe?” in the context of Votic-Ingrian convergent processes. The main focus is made on the alternation between the lexemes “granary” and “fence”, and the structure of postpositional phrases containing these lexemes. The analysis is based on 13 variants of the rune published by several researchers, and three variants of the same rune recorded by the author in the village of Luuditsa of the Kingisepp region. In different variants of Kuza piippu?, three lexemes alternate within the same line: ratiz ‘granary’, aitta ‘granary’, and aita ‘fence’. The paper concludes that the first variant is the original Votic lexeme meaning ‘granary’, the second one is an Ingrian word that was not fully adopted by Votic, and the third variant emerged as a substitution of the unfamiliar Ingrian word with the phonetically closest Votic word. The Ingrian influence is observed also in the postpositional phrase with the discussed lexemes (‘under the granary ~ fence’). In the earlier versions of the rune, one finds the postposition alla ‘under’ as a separate word. In more recent variants, the head noun and postposition are usually written together as one word, with a formative n between them. This n is the Ingrian marker of the genitive case that was later re-analyzed as the initial consonant of the postposition (alla > nalla). The research has revealed that even in the variants recorded from the same speaker, the combination of Votic and Ingrian elements is almost arbitrary. The Votic-Ingrian ratio is not as much a characteristic of the idiolect, but rather a characteristic of a particular text. Therefore, the idiolect cannot be considered as a minimal sociolinguistic object. The author introduces the notion of “variolect” as a language variant with a particular ratio of languages in contact that characterizes a given speech sample. The mixing of Votic and Ingrian in the western Votic villages is a vivid example of iterative convergence. The Lower Luga Ingrian that emerged as a convergent variety on the basis of several Finnic languages (Ingrian and Votic, most of all), gives birth to new contact varieties when acquired by Votic speakers.
50
Bertin, Thomas. "À contrecœur ‘unwillingly’, de bon cœur ‘heartily’, de tout cœur ‘with all my heart’: On the compositionality of idioms." Kalbotyra 74 (September 15, 2021): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2021.74.1.
Full textAbstract:
This study deals with meaning construction in idiomatic phrases (locutions figées/figements). We focus on three French idioms involving the word cœur (à contrecœur, de bon cœur, de tout cœur). To begin, we give a brief account of idiomaticity’s typical criteria, insisting on the common idea that idioms are semantically opaque (non-compositional): their meanings are not a combination of literal meanings (Gross 1996). We argue that another point of view is productive. Indeed, using the notion of “holistic compositionality” (Gosselin 2013), we investigate the way meaning may arise from the combination of words’ abstract semantic contributions (compositionality principle) and take shape contextually (contextuality principle). The primary goal of the study is to analyze the meaning of à contrecœur, de bon cœur, de tout cœur using this approach – which happens to be more accurate than the literal meaning combination approach. To achieve this goal for each of these three idioms: (1) we examine a sample of 200 utterances (and the contexts in which they occur) coming from a large data-source (frWaC) and (2) we take advantage of previous semantic descriptions of cœur (Bertin 2018, 2019), contre (Amiot & De Mulder 2003; Paillard 2003), bon (Katz 1964) and tout (Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot 1995). These two methodological tools shed light on the operation of the semantic mechanism and emphasize the relevance of the “holistic compositionality” approach when applied to idioms’ meaning construction.