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Journal articles on the topic 'Thresher sharks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Estrada, James A., Aaron N. Rice, Molly E. Lutcavage, and Gregory B. Skomal. "Predicting trophic position in sharks of the north-west Atlantic Ocean using stable isotope analysis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 6 (December 2003): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008798.

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Trophic positions (TP) were estimated for the blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus), and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). The basking shark had the lowest TP (3·1) and δ15N value (10·4‰), whereas the thresher shark had the highest values (4·5, 15·2‰). Mako sharks showed considerable variation in TP and isotopic values, possibly due to foraging from both inshore and offshore waters. Thresher sharks were significantly more enriched in δ15N than blue sharks and mako sharks, suggesting a different prey base. The δ13C values of thresher sharks and mako sharks varied significantly, but neither was significantly different from that of blue sharks. No statistical differences were found between our TP estimations and those derived from published stomach contents analyses, indicating that stable isotope data may be used to estimate the trophic status of sharks.

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2

Cartamil, D., N. C. Wegner, S. Aalbers, C. A. Sepulveda, A. Baquero, and J. B. Graham. "Diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the Southern California Bight." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09153.

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The common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, is the basis of the largest commercial shark fishery in California waters. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of this species in the Southern California Bight (SCB), where commercial fishing for the common thresher shark is concentrated. Eight common threshers (fork length: 122–203 cm) were tagged with temperature and depth-sensing acoustic transmitters and tracked for periods ranging from 22 to 49 h. Tracked sharks preferentially utilized deep offshore waters, and avoided shallower waters over the continental shelf. Mean rate of movement (ROM ± s.d.) was 2.15 ± 0.46 km h−1. ROM and angular concentration (r, a measure of relative linearity) both showed a strong daytime pattern, with highest values at dawn that decreased throughout the day, whereas nocturnal ROM and r were less variable. Daytime vertical movements consisted of either vertical excursions below the thermocline or relatively level swimming within the upper portion of the thermocline. Nocturnally, all sharks remained within the mixed layer. These findings suggest that the common thresher shark is primarily a daytime predator, and have relevance for estimating how the alteration of the set depth of fishing-gear could affect catch rates of this species in the SCB.

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3

Varghese, Sijo P., N. Unnikrishnan, Deepak K. Gulati, and A. E. Ayoob. "Size, sex and reproductive biology of seven pelagic sharks in the eastern Arabian Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000217.

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Studies on reproduction in sharks are important for their management, since the attainment of sexual maturity has a substantial impact on their distribution, behaviour and biology. However, reproductive biology of large oceanic sharks is poorly studied in the Indian seas. In this study, the size structure, sex and maturity of pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus), bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus), oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), longfin mako (I. paucus) and blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the eastern Arabian Sea are described based on 1449 specimens collected from gillnet-cum-longline landings at the Cochin fisheries harbour during 2013–2014. Sex ratios of sampled specimens were biased to males in pelagic thresher, bigeye thresher, tiger shark and blue shark, while females dominated in the specimens of oceanic whitetip shark. Females matured at greater lengths than males in all species except oceanic whitetip shark. Lengths at maturity for males were in the range of 189.05–286.56 cm, whereas those of females were in the range of 187.74–310.69 cm. Litter sizes of both the thresher shark species were always two, while in oceanic whitetip shark, litter size was 3–9 and 22–51 in tiger shark. Seasonal reproduction was noticed in oceanic whitetip shark and tiger shark. Pregnant females were not found in the blue shark, shortfin and longfin makos sampled during the study period. Reproductive aspects of pelagic thresher, bigeye thresher, oceanic whitetip shark, tiger shark, shortfin mako, longfin mako and blue sharks in the eastern Arabian Sea are generally consistent with earlier reports from other regions of the world's oceans. These preliminary findings should be useful to identify suitable management measures for the above shark species.

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4

van Bergen, Y. "NOT ALL THRESHER SHARKS KEEP WARM." Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01937.

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5

Dharmadi, Dharmadi, Mahiswara Mahiswara, and Kamaluddin Kasim. "CATCH COMPOSITION AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SHARKS IN WESTERN SUMATERA WATERS OF INDONESIA." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 22, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.22.2.2016.99-108.

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This study was conducted in western Sumatera and since October 2013 to June 2014. The sampling locations in Banda Aceh and Sibolga-North Sumatera which were the largest base of fisheries in western Sumatera region. Shark landing recorded by enumerators was used as sampling data daily . This research aim to describ sex ratio, size composition, catch composition of sharks, and length at first maturity. In Banda Aceh, the sharks as target fish collected by sorting the bycatch from tuna longlines and tuna handlines. In Sibolga, sharks is bycatch from fish net, bottom gillnet and purse seine. Overall, there were 20 species of shark caught in west Indian Ocean and landed at those fish landing sites, dominated by Spot tail shark (23%) and Silky shark (13%), whereas Hammerhead shark contributed about 10% and Oceanic whitetip shark was only less than 1%. Almost of Spot tail shark, Silky shark, and Scalloped hammerhead that caught in that area were immature, while for the almost part of Tiger shark and Pelagic thresher were matured. The sex ratios for Spot tail shark, Silky shark, Tiger shark, Pelagic thresher, and Scalloped hammerhead caught and landed at Lampulo and Sibolga fish landing sites were not balance. The length at first maturity for Spot tail shark was Lm=87,1 cm and Lm = 213,2 cm total length for Tiger shark.

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6

Rogers, Paul J., Charlie Huveneers, Brad Page, Derek J. Hamer, Simon D. Goldsworthy, James G. Mitchell, and Laurent Seuront. "A quantitative comparison of the diets of sympatric pelagic sharks in gulf and shelf ecosystems off southern Australia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 8 (July 24, 2012): 1382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss100.

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Abstract Rogers, P. J., Huveneers, C., Page, B., Hamer, D. J., Goldsworthy, S. D., Mitchell, J. G., and Seuront, L. 2012. A quantitative comparison of the diets of sympatric pelagic sharks in gulf and shelf ecosystems off southern Australia. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Predator–prey dynamics represent an important determinant in the functioning of marine ecosystems. This study provides the first quantitative investigation of the diets of sympatric pelagic shark species in gulf and shelf waters off southern Australia. Stomachs of 417 sharks collected from fishery catches between 2007 and 2011 were examined, including 250 bronze whalers, 52 shortfin makos, 49 dusky sharks, 39 smooth hammerheads, and 27 common threshers. Dusky sharks had the highest dietary diversity of the five species examined. We found overlap in the consumption of cephalopods, small pelagic teleosts, crustaceans, and benthic teleosts in bronze whalers, dusky sharks, and smooth hammerheads, and preliminary evidence of specialization in the highly migratory species, the common thresher and the shortfin mako. Findings were discussed and compared with previous studies in other temperate marine ecosystems. This study will significantly improve the understanding of the ecological roles of these top predators in the gulf and shelf habitats off southern Australia, and enhance the ecosystem models being developed for this unique bioregion.

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7

Syme, Douglas A., and Robert E. Shadwick. "Red muscle function in stiff-bodied swimmers: there and almost back again." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1570 (May 27, 2011): 1507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0322.

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Fishes with internalized and endothermic red muscles (i.e. tunas and lamnid sharks) are known for a stiff-bodied form of undulatory swimming, based on unique muscle–tendon architecture that limits lateral undulation to the tail region even though the red muscle is shifted anteriorly. A strong convergence between lamnid sharks and tunas in these features suggests that thunniform swimming might be evolutionarily tied to this specialization of red muscle, but recent observations on the common thresher shark ( Alopias vulpinus ) do not support this view. Here, we review the fundamental features of the locomotor systems in lamnids and tunas, and present data on in vivo muscle function and swimming mechanics in thresher sharks. These results suggest that the presence of endothermic and internalized red muscles alone in a fish does not predict or constrain the swimming mode to be thunniform and, indeed, that the benefits of this type of muscle may vary greatly as a consequence of body size.

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8

Bernal, Diego, Douglas Syme, Jeanine Donley, and Chugey Sepulveda. "Divergent locomotor muscle design among thresher sharks." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.013.

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9

Tsai, Wen-Pei, Kwang-Ming Liu, and Yi-Jay Chang. "Evaluation of Biological Reference Points for Conservation and Management of the Bigeye Thresher Shark, Alopias superciliosus, in the Northwest Pacific." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 8646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208646.

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Full stock assessment of sharks is usually hindered by a lack of long time-series catch and effort data. In these circumstances, demographic and per-recruit analyses may provide alternate approaches to describe population status because these methods can be applied to estimate biological reference points (BRPs) for shark stocks. However, the appropriate level of BRPs for sharks is difficult to determine, given the expected low reproductive rates. To determine which BRPs are most appropriate for the CITES-listed species—bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus, a stochastic demographic model with Monte Carlo simulations and per-recruit models were used to estimate BRPs in this study. The results indicated that conventional fishing mortality-based BRPs (FBRPs) derived from per-recruit models may result in a clear population decline. Our analyses also demonstrated that the bigeye thresher population in the Northwest Pacific will stabilize only if demographic-based FBRP is implemented. The FBRP estimated based on the stochastic demographic model was 0.079–0.139 y−1, which was equivalent to SPR = 50–70%. The findings strongly suggested that more conservative threshold FBRPs should be implemented to ensure sustainable utilization of the bigeye thresher stock. The present study provides new and strategically important information on the population dynamics of the bigeye thresher in the Northwest Pacific, which can be used to help fishery managers to adopt more efficient management measures for this stock. It is also suggested that this approach can be applied to other shark species with limited catch and effort data.

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10

Kabasakal, Hakan. "A Note on the Occurrence of the Thresher Shark, Alopias Vulpinus from South-Western Black Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 2 (May 1998): 685–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540004176x.

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On 8 November 1996, a female thresher shark (Figure 1) was caught in a purse seine full of bluefish (Pomatomus saltator), off Şile (41°15′24″N 29°35′30″E). The shark was photographed and tooth samples from lower and upper jaws were removed, and placed in the personal collection of the author. The total length of the shark was 453 cm.Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) is one of the three species of the family Alopiidae (Compagno, 1984). The thresher shark occurs worldwide, usually far offshore in temperate to tropical oceans, but where there are schools of bluefish, mackerel and squid, it may come close to the shore in pursuit. It is one of the most common shark species in the Mediterranean Sea (Quero, 1984). According to Devedjian (1926), Rhasis Erazi (1942) and Slastenenko (1955–1956) thresher sharks occur in the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Black Sea, however, over the last 40 years there have been no reports of this species in these areas (Ak§iray, 1987).

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11

Liu, Kwang-Ming, Lung-Hsin Huang, Kuan-Yu Su, and Shoou-Jeng Joung. "Vulnerability Assessment of Pelagic Sharks in the Western North Pacific by Using an Integrated Ecological Risk Assessment." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082161.

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The vulnerability of 11 pelagic shark species caught by the Taiwanese coastal and offshore longline fisheries in the western North Pacific were assessed by an ecological risk assessment (ERA) and 10 of the 11 species was assessed by using an integrated ERA developed in this study. The intrinsic rate of population growth was used to estimate the productivity of sharks, and the susceptibility of sharks was estimated by the multiplication of the catchability, selectivity, and post-capture mortality. Three indices namely, the IUCN Red List category, the body weight variation trend, and the inflection point of population growth curve coupled with ERA were used to conduct an integrated ERA. The results indicated that the scalloped hammerhead is at the highest risk (group 1), followed by the silky shark, and the spinner shark at high risk (group 2). The bigeye thresher, and sandbar shark fall in group 3, the smooth hammerhead falls in group 4, and the shortfin mako, pelagic thresher, oceanic whitetip, and dusky shark fall in group 5. Rigorous management measures for the species in groups 1 and 2, setting total allowable catch quota for group 3, and consistent monitoring schemes for groups 4 and 5 are recommended.

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12

Arostegui, MC, P. Gaube, ML Berumen, A. DiGiulian, BH Jones, A. Røstad, and CD Braun. "Vertical movements of a pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus): insights into the species’ physiological limitations and trophic ecology in the Red Sea." Endangered Species Research 43 (December 3, 2020): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01079.

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The pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus is an understudied elasmobranch harvested in commercial fisheries of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The species is endangered, overexploited throughout much of its range, and has a decreasing population trend. Relatively little is known about its movement ecology, precluding an informed recovery strategy. Here, we report the first results from an individual pelagic thresher shark outfitted with a pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tag to assess its movement with respect to the species’ physiology and trophic ecology. A 19 d deployment in the Red Sea revealed that the shark conducted normal diel vertical migration, spending the majority of the day at 200-300 m in the mesopelagic zone and the majority of the night at 50-150 m in the epipelagic zone, with the extent of these movements seemingly not constrained by temperature. In contrast, the depth distribution of the shark relative to the vertical distribution of oxygen suggested that it was avoiding hypoxic conditions below 300 m even though that is where the daytime peak of acoustic backscattering occurs in the Red Sea. Telemetry data also indicated crepuscular and daytime overlap of the shark’s vertical habitat use with distinct scattering layers of small mesopelagic fishes and nighttime overlap with nearly all mesopelagic organisms in the Red Sea as these similarly undergo nightly ascents into epipelagic waters. We identify potential depths and diel periods in which pelagic thresher sharks may be most susceptible to fishery interactions, but more expansive research efforts are needed to inform effective management.

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13

Oliver, Simon P., John R. Turner, Klemens Gann, Medel Silvosa, and Tim D'Urban Jackson. "Thresher Sharks Use Tail-Slaps as a Hunting Strategy." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (July 10, 2013): e67380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067380.

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14

González-Pestana, Adriana, Nicolas Acuña-Perales, Francisco Córdova, Javier Coasaca, Eliana Alfaro, Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto, and Jeffrey C. Mangel. "Feeding habits of thresher sharks Alopias sp. in northern Peru: predators of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000504.

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The stomach contents of thresher sharks (Alopias spp.; 162–385 cm total length) were collected from five landing points in northern Peru during 2015. A total of 128 thresher sharks were sampled, with 38 individuals identified as Alopias pelagicus and 90 aggregated to the genus level Alopias sp. to prevent any misidentification. The diet comprised 13 and 10 prey taxa for Alopias sp. and A. pelagicus, respectively. Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas dominated the diet of both groups, with only minor differences in the diet in relation to size classes and location. The diet of Alopias shows a high degree of specialization and the average trophic positions were high for both groups, A. pelagicus (4.4 ± 0.13) and Alopias sp. (4.5 ± 0.14).

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15

Pascoe, P. L. "Fish otoliths from the stomach of a thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, no. 2 (May 1986): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400042958.

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INTRODUCTIONOn the 16 June 1982 a thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788), became entangled in a gill net at Bigbury Bay, S. Devon. The stomach contents were found to consist solely of teleost otoliths. The soft tissues of prey taken by large marine predators are often macerated and digested very rapidly or, as in this case, regurgitated during capture or stranding. Identification of the prey is therefore only possible from the hard parts which often remain, e.g. teleost otoliths, bones and scales, and cephalopod beaks, statoliths and gladiuses. The regular seasonal occurrences in the waters off south-west England and south-west Ireland make the thresher the most common of the large sharks in this area. Their accidental capture or collisions with nets are not rare and they have been taken by rod and line on several occasions.

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16

PANAYIOTOU, NIKOLAS, SEBASTIΑN BITON PORSMOGUER, DIMITRIOS Κ. MOUTOPOULOS, and JOSEP LLORET. "Offshore recreational fisheries of large vulnerable sharks and teleost fish in the Mediterranean Sea: first information on the species caught." Mediterranean Marine Science 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.21938.

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Large-sized pelagic sharks and teleost fish are vulnerable to overexploitation by professional fisheries but little is known about the species caught by recreational fishing. This study presents for the first time in the Mediterranean an evaluation of the catch of pelagic sharks and teleost fish being caught by recreational fishermen by analyzing publicly available videos posted on social media. The analysis reveals that several vulnerable species, including the blue shark Prionace glauca, the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus, the thresher shark Alopias vulpinus, the sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus, the swordfish Xiphias gladius, and the Mediterranean spearfish Tetrapturus belone are caught by offshore recreational fishermen, with the blue shark and the swordfish being the most commonly caught species. The majority of individuals caught are juveniles that are mostly released back to sea, issues that are in agreement with field studies. New measures related to handling practices are proposed to protect these species.

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17

Sepulveda, C. A. "The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family Alopiidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 4255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01898.

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18

Martinez-Steele, Laura, Chris G. Lowe, Mark S. Okihiro, and Renaud Berlemont. "Draft Genome Sequences of Nine New Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Strains Isolated from Diseased Sharks." Genome Announcements 6, no. 18 (May 3, 2018): e00354-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00354-18.

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ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequences of 9 strains of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (SK_LD1 to SK_LD3 and SK_AV1 to SK_AV6), a member of the Carnobacteriaceae family (phylum Firmicutes). These strains were isolated from the brain and the inner ear of three diseased thresher sharks and two diseased salmon sharks. The genome assembly resulted in an average of 3,306,205.9 ± 29,143.9 bp and 3,085 ± 32.67 coding DNA sequences (CDS).

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19

Calle-Morán, Marcos D., and Felipe Galván-Magaña. "Diet composition and feeding habits of the pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus in Eastern Central Pacific Ocean, Ecuadorian waters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000569.

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AbstractThe diet and feeding habits of the pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus were analysed based on 104 stomachs (N = 84 females, 20 males) collected off Santa Rosa de Salinas, in the Ecuadorian Pacific. The sharks were caught between February 2008 and January 2009 in artisanal fisheries. The trophic spectrum of A. pelagicus included 19 prey items (10 cephalopods and 9 teleost fishes), the main four prey were the red flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii, jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas, the purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis and the South Pacific hake Merluccius gayi. The trophic niche was narrow (Bi = 0.2), thus the pelagic thresher could be considered a specialist predator. The analysis of dietary overlap showed high similarity between the diets of females and males (Cλ = 0.99), immature and mature females (Cλ = 0.81), immature and mature males (Cλ = 0.72), sizes of 141–230 cm TL and 231–321 cm TL (Cλ = 0.97), as well as sharks in rainy season and dry season (Cλ = 0.77). Using canonical of correspondence analysis (CCA), we found similarities in the diet for all categories recorded (sex: canonical r = 0.38, P = 0.97; sexual maturity stage: canonical r = 0.54, P = 0.31; sizes: canonical r = 0.55, P = 0.26; seasons of the year: canonical r = 0.61, P = 0.75). The trophic level estimated for A. pelagicus was 5.0, which is typical of top predators (quaternary consumers or tertiary carnivores).

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20

Ichsan, M., S. Ula, B. Simeon, E. Muttaqin, and H. Booth. "Thresher sharks (Alopiidae) catch in the pelagic fisheries of Western Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 420 (February 20, 2020): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/420/1/012013.

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21

Patterson, James C., Chugey A. Sepulveda, and Diego Bernal. "The vascular morphology and in vivo muscle temperatures of thresher sharks (Alopiidae)." Journal of Morphology 272, no. 11 (June 17, 2011): 1353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10989.

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22

Preti, Antonella, Ken MacKenzie, Kate A. Spivey, Leslie R. Noble, Catherine S. Jones, Ralph G. Appy, and Graham J. Pierce. "Spiral valve parasites of blue and common thresher sharks as indicators of shark feeding behaviour and ecology." Journal of Fish Biology 97, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14363.

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23

Mohan, John A., Nathan R. Miller, Sharon Z. Herzka, Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki, Suzanne Kohin, Heidi Dewar, Michael Kinney, Owyn Snodgrass, and R. J. David Wells. "Elements of time and place: manganese and barium in shark vertebrae reflect age and upwelling histories." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (November 7, 2018): 20181760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1760.

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As upper-level predators, sharks are important for maintaining marine food web structure, but populations are threatened by fishery exploitation. Sustainable management of shark populations requires improved understanding of migration patterns and population demographics, which has traditionally been sought through physical and/or electronic tagging studies. The application of natural tags such as elemental variations in mineralized band pairs of elasmobranch vertebrae cartilage could also reveal endogenous and exogenous processes experienced by sharks throughout their life histories. Here, elemental profiles were characterized in vertebrae encompassing complete life histories (birth-to-death) of shortfin mako ( Isurus oxyrinchus ), common thresher ( Alopias vulpinus ) and blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) of known tag and recapture locations in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. All sharks were injected with oxytetracycline at initial capture, released and subsequently recaptured, with individual liberty times ranging from 215 days to 6 years. Vertebral band pairs forming over the liberty intervals were verified by counting the number of band pairs deposited since the oxytetracycline band. Regular oscillations in vertebrae manganese (Mn) content corresponded well with the number of validated band pairs, suggesting that Mn variation could be used to age sharks. Increases in vertebrae barium concentration were correlated with times when individuals occupied areas with high coastal upwelling indices, the timing and spatial intensity of which varied from year to year. Interspecific relationships were probably influenced by behavioural differences in horizontal and vertical habitat use, feeding habits and thermoregulatory physiology. These results indicate that vertebral sclerochronology has the potential to advance our knowledge of elasmobranch life history including age and growth estimation and environmental reconstruction.

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Dharmadi, Dharmadi, Suprapto Suprapto, and Agustinus Anung Widodo. "KOMPOSISI DAN FLUKTUASI HASIL TANGKAPAN IKAN CUCUT DOMINAN YANG TERTANGKAP RAWAI TUNA PERMUKAAN." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.14.4.2008.371-377.

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Perikanan rawai tuna memiliki kontribusi cukup besar terhadap hasil tangkapan ikan cucut (Requiem shark sp.) di perairan Samudera Hindia. Hasil tangkapan rawai tuna sebagian besar didaratkan di 2 pendaratan ikan utama yaitu Pelabuhan Perikanan Pelabuhan Ratu dan Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Cilacap. Kegiatan penelitian untuk mengetahui komposisi dan fluktuasi hasil tangkapan ikan cucut (Requiem shark sp.) dominan pada rawai tuna permukaan berbasis di 2 lokasi pendaratan ikan tersebut dilakukan pada tahun 2004. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi hasil tangkapan cucut (Requiem shark sp.) pada rawai tuna permukaan didominansi oleh jenis ikan cucut karet atau selendang (Prionace glauca) antara 40 sampai dengan 90%, sedangkan komposisi jenis ikan cucut lain seperti ikan cucut lanjaman (Carcharhinus falciformis dan Carcharhinus sorrah), cucut paitan (Alopias superciliosus), cucut tikusan (Alopias pelagicus), dan cucut mako (Isurus sp.) antara 3 sampai dengan 30%. Hasil tangkapan ikan cucut (Requiem shark sp.) terhadap hasil tangkapan total rawai tuna permukaan antara 5 sampai dengan 25% pada tahun 2004 dari rata-rata 85 unit kapal rawai tuna yang beroperasi di perairan Samudera Hindia. Hasil tangkapan ikan cucut (Requiem shark sp.) tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus. Hasil tangkapan ini berkaitan dengan kondisi cuaca (Requiem shark sp.) pada saat nelayan melakukan penangkapan ikan di laut. Tuna long lines fisheries have more contributed on the catch of shark (Requiem shark sp.) in the Indian Ocean. Most of catch from tuna long lines landed at two main landing sites of tuna long line which operated in the Indian Ocean were Pelabuhan Ratu and Cilacap. This study was conducted at that two landing sites during 2004. The result showed that shark (Requiemshark sp.) catch composition on tuna long line was dominated by blue shark, Prionace glauca (40 to 90%), while other sharks i.e. silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), spot tail shark (Carcharhinus sorrah), big eye thresher (Alopias superciliosus), pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus), and mako shark (Isurus sp.) between 3 to 30% from the total catch of shark (Requiem shark sp.). Percentage catch of sharks (Requiem shark sp.) againts total catch of tuna surface long line during 2004 was ranging 5 to 25% from everage of 85 unit of tuna long line boat that operated in the Indian Ocean. Catch fluctuation related with the weather conditon when the fishers are fishing activity at sea. The high catch of shark (Requiem shark sp.) was occur on July until August.

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Gonzalez-Pestana, Adriana, Carlos Kouri J., and Ximena Velez-Zuazo. "Shark fisheries in the Southeast Pacific: A 61-year analysis from Peru." F1000Research 3 (July 21, 2014): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4412.1.

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Peruvian waters exhibit high conservation value for sharks. This contrasts with a lag in initiatives for their management and a lack of studies about their biology, ecology and fishery. We investigated the dynamics of Peruvian shark fishery and its legal framework identifying information gaps for recommending actions to improve management. Further, we investigated the importance of the Peruvian shark fishery from a regional perspective. From 1950 to 2010, 372,015 tons of sharks were landed in Peru. From 1950 to 1969, we detected a significant increase in landings; but from 2000 to 2011 there was a significant decrease in landings, estimated at 3.5% per year. Six species represented 94% of landings: blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena), common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), smooth-hound (Mustelus whitneyi) and angel shark (Squatina californica). Of these, the angel shark exhibits a strong and significant decrease in landings: 18.9% per year from 2000 to 2010. Peru reports the highest accumulated historical landings in the Pacific Ocean; but its contribution to annual landings has decreased since 1968. Still, Peru is among the top 12 countries exporting shark fins to the Hong Kong market. Although the government collects total weight by species, the number of specimens landed as well as population parameters (e.g. sex, size and weight) are not reported. Further, for some genera, species-level identification is deficient and so overestimates the biomass landed by species and underestimates the species diversity. Recently, regional efforts to regulate shark fishery have been implemented to support the conservation of sharks but in Peru work remains to be done

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Gonzalez-Pestana, Adriana, Carlos Kouri J., and Ximena Velez-Zuazo. "Shark fisheries in the Southeast Pacific: A 61-year analysis from Peru." F1000Research 3 (April 12, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4412.2.

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Peruvian waters exhibit high conservation value for sharks. This contrasts with a lag in initiatives for their management and a lack of studies about their biology, ecology and fishery. We investigated the dynamics of Peruvian shark fishery and its legal framework identifying information gaps for recommending actions to improve management. Further, we investigated the importance of the Peruvian shark fishery from a regional perspective. From 1950 to 2010, 372,015 tons of sharks were landed in Peru. From 1950 to 1969, we detected a significant increase in landings; but from 2000 to 2011 there was a significant decrease in landings, estimated at 3.5% per year. Six species represented 94% of landings: blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena), common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), smooth-hound (Mustelus whitneyi) and angel shark (Squatina californica). Of these, the angel shark exhibits a strong and significant decrease in landings: 18.9% per year from 2000 to 2010. Peru reports the highest accumulated historical landings in the Pacific Ocean; but its contribution to annual landings has decreased since 1968. Still, Peru is among the top 12 countries exporting shark fins to the Hong Kong market. Although the government collects total weight by species, the number of specimens landed as well as population parameters (e.g. sex, size and weight) are not reported. Further, for some genera, species-level identification is deficient and so overestimates the biomass landed by species and underestimates the species diversity. Recently, regional efforts to regulate shark fishery have been implemented to support the conservation of sharks but in Peru work remains to be done.

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Tsai, Wen-Pei, Kwang-Ming Liu, and Shoou-Jeng Joung. "Demographic analysis of the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, in the north-western Pacific using a stochastic stage-based model." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 9 (2010): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09303.

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The pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, like most large sharks produces a low number of offspring (two embryos per litter). However, there is no accurate information on its population status. To improve the accuracy of population simulations, a stochastic stage-based birth-flow model was constructed to assess the stock status of the pelagic thresher in the north-western Pacific. Based on the best biological information available, its life history was represented as four stages: neonates, juveniles, subadults, and adults. Results indicated that, without mortality from fishing, the stock would clearly increase (mean annual population growth rate (λ) = 1.058 year–1, 95% CI = 1.014–1.102 year–1). When current fishing mortality was taken into account, a decrease in population was indicated (λ = 0.979 year–1, 95% CI = 0.921–1.030 year–1) with a projected reduction of 34.3% over 20 years. These results suggest that the stock is overexploited. Simulations using various management measures showed that the population will remain steady under these protection options. However, this species is extremely vulnerable to overexploitation and is especially sensitive at the juvenile and adult stages, implying that nursery closures or size limit management measures are urgently needed to ensure the sustainable utilisation of the stock.

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Preti, Antonella, Candan U. Soykan, Heidi Dewar, R. J. David Wells, Natalie Spear, and Suzanne Kohin. "Comparative feeding ecology of shortfin mako, blue and thresher sharks in the California Current." Environmental Biology of Fishes 95, no. 1 (February 2, 2012): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-012-9980-x.

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GIMSA, JAN, ROBERT SLEIGH, and ULRIKE GIMSA. "The riddle of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus’ dorsal sail." Geological Magazine 153, no. 3 (November 17, 2015): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000801.

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AbstractSpinosaurus aegyptiacus was probably the largest predatory dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. A new study shows that it was a semiaquatic hunter. The function of Spinosaurus’ huge dorsal ‘sail’ remains unsolved, however. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (1) thermoregulation; (2) humpback storage; or (3) display. According to our alternative hypothesis, the submerged sail would have improved manoeuvrability and provided the hydrodynamic fulcrum for powerful neck and tail movements such as those made by sailfish or thresher sharks when stunning or injuring prey. Finally, it could have been employed as a screen for encircling prey underwater.

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30

Cadwallader, H. F., J. R. Turner, and S. P. Oliver. "Cleaner wrasse forage on ectoparasitic digeneans (phylum Platyhelminthes) that infect pelagic thresher sharks (Alopias pelagicus)." Marine Biodiversity 45, no. 4 (December 3, 2014): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0290-8.

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31

Hight, Barbara V., David Holts, Jeffrey B. Graham, Brian P. Kennedy, Valerie Taylor, Chugey A. Sepulveda, Diego Bernal, Darlene Ramon, Randall Rasmussen, and N. Chin Lai. "Plasma catecholamine levels as indicators of the post-release survivorship of juvenile pelagic sharks caught on experimental drift longlines in the Southern California Bight." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 1 (2007): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05260.

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Between 1983 and 2004, nearly 12 000 shortf in mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), common thresher (Alopias vulpinus) and blue (Prionace glauca) sharks were tagged in the Southern California Bight; however, only 1.97% of these have been returned. One possible reason for this low return rate could be post-release mortality caused by capture stress from the experimental longline. Plasma catecholamine levels were analysed to evaluate stress levels in longline-captured, rod-and-reel-captured and unstressed docile sharks. The mean catecholamine values determined for the three tag–release species ranged from 6539 to 22 079 pg mL–1. The level of adrenaline found in moribund I. oxyrinchus (94 807 pg mL–1) was much higher than in either P. glauca (46 845 pg mL–1) or A. vulpinus (36 890 pg mL–1). In contrast, blood obtained from sharks that were landed within minutes had lower catecholamine values (P. glauca, 889 and 1347 pg mL–1; I. oxyrinchus, 2960 and 3946 pg mL–1, adrenaline and noradrenaline respectively). Among the nine I. oxyrinchus specimens that were recaptured long after their longline capture and release, the highest adrenaline level measured just before release was 33 352 pg mL–1. Because these mako sharks survived sufficiently long to be recaptured, their time-of-release catecholamine levels provide a conservative estimate of ~80% viability on the longline-captured and released population.

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Muallil, Richard N., and Mohammad Gafor N. Hapid. "Preliminary report on an artisanal fishery for thresher sharks (Alopias spp) in Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines." Marine Policy 117 (July 2020): 103894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103894.

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33

Wootton, Thomas P., Chugey A. Sepulveda, and Nicholas C. Wegner. "Gill morphometrics of the thresher sharks (GenusAlopias): Correlation of gill dimensions with aerobic demand and environmental oxygen." Journal of Morphology 276, no. 5 (February 20, 2015): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20369.

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34

McClusky, Leon Mendel, and James Sulikowski. "A Comparative Study of Intratesticular Ductules in the Spermatogenically Active Testes of Shortfin Mako and Thresher Sharks." Anatomical Record 299, no. 10 (August 18, 2016): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23456.

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35

Cartamil, Daniel P., Chugey A. Sepulveda, Nicholas C. Wegner, Scott A. Aalbers, Andres Baquero, and Jeffrey B. Graham. "Archival tagging of subadult and adult common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) off the coast of southern California." Marine Biology 158, no. 4 (January 14, 2011): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1620-4.

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36

Sepulveda, C. A., C. Heberer, S. A. Aalbers, N. Spear, M. Kinney, D. Bernal, and S. Kohin. "Post-release survivorship studies on common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) captured in the southern California recreational fishery." Fisheries Research 161 (January 2015): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.06.014.

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37

Kinney, MJ, D. Kacev, T. Sippel, H. Dewar, and T. Eguchi. "Common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus movement: Bayesian inference on a data-limited species." Marine Ecology Progress Series 639 (April 2, 2020): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13271.

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Within the fields of biology and ecology, animal movement is arguably one of the most basic, and yet, often one of the most difficult areas of study. Where and why animals migrate, and what patterns can be derived from individual movements in order to make population-level inferences are key areas when attempting to define basic population dynamics. These questions are of equal interest to biologists and managers, with many species assessments identifying improvements in the understanding of population-level movement as a key research need. We aimed to improve our understanding of population level movement for common thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus by leveraging the largest satellite tagging dataset available for this species. Using a Bayesian approach specifically designed to address population-level questions with sparse telemetry data, we identified that A. vulpinus off the west coast of North America are partial migrators which conditionally migrate, based on a combination of fixed intrinsic states (size, sex) and variable extrinsic states (e.g. season, environment). Waters of the Southern California Bight were identified as an area where, seasonally, a large variety of sizes of A. vulpinus can be found. While smaller juveniles can be found throughout the year, larger sub-adults and adults often move out of the Bight during certain seasons (spring and winter). Knowledge of how A. vulpinus distribute along the coast, and that season, size, and to some extent sex, play important roles in where and what type of animals are likely to be found, are key pieces of information when attempting to accurately characterize basic biological parameters like age, growth, and reproduction, as well as understanding the effects of variable fishing pressures across the species’ range.

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Sepulveda, C. A., M. Wang, and S. A. Aalbers. "Post-release survivorship and movements of bigeye thresher sharks, Alopias superciliosus, following capture on deep-set buoy gear." Fisheries Research 219 (November 2019): 105312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105312.

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39

Caira, J. N., K. Jensen, A. Waeschenbach, and D. T. J. Littlewood. "An enigmatic new tapeworm, Litobothrium aenigmaticum, sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes : Cestoda : Litobothriidea), from the pelagic thresher shark with comments on development of known Litobothrium species." Invertebrate Systematics 28, no. 3 (2014): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13047.

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An enigmatic new tapeworm is described from pelagic thresher sharks in México and Taiwan. While lsrRNA (D1-D3) data robustly place it in the Litobothriidea, it bears essentially no morphological resemblance to other members of the order. Instead it superficially resembles the freshwater fish-inhabiting Caryophyllidea. Its scolex consists of a simple dome-shaped scolex proper and an extensive cephalic peduncle housing four distinct tissue types. It is hyperapolytic, thus reproductive anatomy is unknown. Developmental data show typical litobothriideans bear basic elements of their adult scolex upon entering the definitive host, undermining the notion that the new cestode represents a distinct litobothriidean life cycle stage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the new species shares bands of distinctive microtriches with its congeners. In combination these data justify establishment of Litobothrium aenigmaticum, sp. nov.; the generic, familial and ordinal diagnoses are emended accordingly. Unlike typical litobothriideans, each worm is associated with a mucosal expansion at its attachment site, like those seen in some caryophyllideans. This pathological change may represent a worm-induced host response serving to reinforce attachment of the simple scolex to the mucosa. If so, the convergence of this litobothriidean on a morphology like that seen in the distantly related Caryophyllidea is a result of similarity in mode of attachment.

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Cartamil, D., J. Wraith, NC Wegner, D. Kacev, CH Lam, O. Santana-Morales, O. Sosa-Nishizaki, et al. "Movements and distribution of juvenile common thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus in Pacific coast waters of the USA and Mexico." Marine Ecology Progress Series 548 (April 21, 2016): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11673.

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41

Bernal, Diego, Jeanine M. Donley, David G. McGillivray, Scott A. Aalbers, Douglas A. Syme, and Chugey Sepulveda. "Function of the medial red muscle during sustained swimming in common thresher sharks: Contrast and convergence with thunniform swimmers." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 155, no. 4 (April 2010): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.005.

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42

Natanson, Lisa J., Li Ling Hamady, and Brian J. Gervelis. "Analysis of bomb radiocarbon data for common thresher sharks, Alopias vulpinus, in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean with revised growth curves." Environmental Biology of Fishes 99, no. 1 (September 7, 2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0452-y.

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43

Páez-Rosas, Diego, Paul Insuasti-Zarate, Marjorie Riofrío-Lazo, and Felipe Galván-Magaña. "Feeding behavior and trophic interaction of three shark species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve." PeerJ 6 (May 25, 2018): e4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4818.

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There is great concern about the future of sharks in Ecuador because of the lack of biological knowledge of most species that inhabit the region. This paper analyzes the feeding behavior of the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus), the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) through the use of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N), with the aim of determining the degree of interaction between these species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. No interspecific differences were found in use of oceanic vs. inshore feeding areas (δ13C: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.09). The position in the hierarchy of the food web where A. pelagicus feeds differed from that of the other species (δ15N: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in δ13C and δ15N values between males and females of the three species (Student’s t-test, p > 0.05), which suggests that both sexes have a similar feeding behavior. A specialist strategy was observed in P. glauca (trophic niche breadth TNB = 0.69), while the other species were found to be generalist (A. pelagicus TNB = 1.50 and C. falciformis TNB = 1.09). The estimated trophic level (TL) varied between the three species. C. falciformis occupied the highest trophic level (TL = 4.4), making it a quaternary predator in the region. The results of this study coincide with the identified behavior in these predators in other areas of the tropical Pacific (Colombia and Mexico), and suggest a pelagic foraging strategy with differential consumption of prey between the three species. These ecological aspects can provide timely information when implementing in conservation measures for these shark species in the Tropical Pacific and Galapagos Marine Reserve.

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Benz, George W., and Sidonie Anne Margaret Adamson. "Disease caused by Nemesis robusta (van Beneden, 1851) (Eudactylinidae: Siphonostomatoida: Copepoda) infections on gill filaments of thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1758)), with notes on parasite ecology and life history." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-175.

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Thresher shark gill filaments infected with the copepod Nemesis robusta exhibited a diseased state. Tissue erosion seemingly associated with the rasping effects of various copepod appendages and feeding activity was evident. Host response to parasites was grossly seen as swollen and blanched zones about infected regions. Histologically the host response consisted of proliferated epithelial and underlying connective tissue layers surrounding the efferent branchial arterioles at the gill filaments' free distal tips. Copepod attachment close to secondary lamellae was associated with proliferation of both respiratory epithelium and epithelium between the secondary lamellae. Tissue proliferation partially or completely occluded interlamellar water channels and probably compromised respiratory efficiency by blocking water passage between secondary lamellae. The abnormal thickness of affected secondary lamellae probably further reduced respiratory ion exchange.

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45

Heberer, C., S. A. Aalbers, D. Bernal, S. Kohin, B. DiFiore, and C. A. Sepulveda. "Insights into catch-and-release survivorship and stress-induced blood biochemistry of common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) captured in the southern California recreational fishery." Fisheries Research 106, no. 3 (December 2010): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2010.09.024.

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46

Olson, P. D., and J. N. Caira. "Two new species of Litobothrium Dailey, 1969 (Cestoda: Litobothriidea) from thresher sharks in the Gulf of California, Mexico, with redescriptions of two species in the genus." Systematic Parasitology 48, no. 3 (March 2001): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006422419580.

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47

Ritter, Erich Kurt. "Coasting of pelagic thresher sharks, alopias pelagicus, in comparison to two other species of the same ecomorphotype, and the limitation of video capturing in natural settings." Environmental Sciences 2 (2014): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/es.2014.452.

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48

Visser, Ingrid N. "First Observations of Feeding on Thresher (Alopias vulpinus) and Hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) Sharks by Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Specialising on Elasmobranch Prey." Aquatic Mammals 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2005): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.31.1.2005.83.

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49

Borucinska, J. D., K. Kotran, M. Shackett, and T. Barker. "Melanomacrophages in three species of free-ranging sharks from the northwestern Atlantic, the blue sharkPrionacae glauca(L.), the shortfin mako,Isurus oxyrhinchusRafinesque, and the thresher,Alopias vulpinus(Bonnaterre)." Journal of Fish Diseases 32, no. 10 (October 2009): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01067.x.

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Borucinska, J. D., and M. Tafur. "Comparison of histological features, and description of histopathological lesions in thyroid glands from three species of free-ranging sharks from the northwestern Atlantic, the blue shark,Prionace glauca(L.), the shortfin mako,Isurus oxyrhinchusRafinesque, and the thresher,Alopias vulpinus(Bonnaterre)." Journal of Fish Diseases 32, no. 9 (September 2009): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01056.x.

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