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1
Sepriyatno, Riswan, Eko Siswanto, and Nurkholis Hamidi. "Performa pada Motor Bakar 6-Langkah dengan Langkah Power Ekspansi sampai Titik Mati Bawah." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 2 (2021): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.02.18.
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This study aims are to observe the performance of a six-stroke combustion motor and to analyze the thermodynamics of a six-stroke combustion engine with a power expansion step to the bottom dead center. The fuel used in this observation is pertalite with a RON 90 value. The method used is a true experimental method, with independent variables, namely 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% throttle openings with loading on the prony disc brake of 10 kg, 20kg, 30kg, 40kg, and 50kg. In the torque data, each throttle opening shows the highest number of 7.26 (Nm) with a load of 50kg and the lowest value of 2.01 (Nm) with a load of 10kg, for effective power the highest value is 8.47 (kW) at 50% throttle opening with load is 40kg and the lowest value is 2.49 (kW) at 35% throttle opening with a load of 10kg, while for the specific fuel consumption (SFC) the highest value is 4.28 (kg/Hp.h) at 40% throttle opening with a load of 10kg and the lowest value is 0.77 (kg/Hp.h) at 50% throttle openings with a load of 50kg, and for the thermal efficiency of the six-stroke motor, which means an average increase of 14.58% compared to the thermal efficiency of the conventional 4-stroke internal combustion engine.
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Fu, Yukun, Huiyun Ma, Chenggang Yu, et al. "Analysis of Effective Operation Performance of Wireless Control Downhole Choke." Shock and Vibration 2020 (November 12, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7831819.
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Wireless control downhole throttle is designed to control the opening of downhole throttle remotely by ground pressure wave signal to regulate downhole production in a wireless and intelligent manner. The throttle’s production regulation capability and the noise immunity of the signal receiver are the key factors affecting the reliability of the throttle operation. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory, the flow field of downhole throttle is simulated numerically to study the flow resistance characteristics of wireless control downhole throttle and the stability of flow field at signal receiver. Finally, the field test proves that the tool achieves the design capacity of production regulation and can accurately receive signals to regulate downhole production in a wireless and intelligent manner. The research content of this paper provides theoretical and experimental basis for the further improvement and optimization of the wireless control downhole throttle’s structure and has certain guiding significance for the field use of the throttle, achieving the purpose of downhole wireless intelligent production adjustment.
3
Mujtaba, Muhammad, Wang Cuntang, Faisal Muhammad Yasin, and Fangwei Xie. "Throttle Valve as a Heating Element in Wind Hydraulic Thermal System." Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2379) 5, no. 2 (2018): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmce.v5i2.304.
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A new energy conversion system is established which converts wind hydraulic energy directly to heat energy. For this purpose of conversion throttle valve considered as a heat generating source in the utilization ofwind energy to confine the wind energy into thermal energy. The use of throttle valve indicates to calculate the heat generation by using the simulation in Matlab and count the physical and mathematical model of the heating system. Various analyses are made on the basis of throttle valve parameters to compare the theoretical results on various values. To compute the effective results, needle valve used as a testing element in hydraulic system to change the opening of the throttle valve which estimates the heat generating capacity of the system. The opening degree and angle of the throttle valve are analyzed theoretically under the condition of constant flow rate. The effect of stiffness and other parameters on the heating system analyzed at the same time. The results show that the valve opening is responsible for the generation of the heat as more heat can be achieved in case of the small opening. Another analysis is made that the angle changed on throttle tip significantly affects the heat effect of the throttle valve. To ensure the stability of the system the stiffness of the throttle valve will be more conductive to ensuring a constant pressure across the valve port. The Matlab software is used to build a mathematical model for a proper analysis on throttle valve on various openings to check the pressure drop relationship with different parameters.
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Firsan, Muhammad, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and La Hasanudin. "Pengujian Eksperimental Perbandingan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar dan Emisi Gas Buang Dengan Beberapa Jenis Bahan Bakar Pada Sepeda Motor." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 7, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v7i1.24560.
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Air pollution is caused by the activities of motorized vehicles that emit exhaust gas emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, NOX, SOX, and particulates. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of fuel variations on the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions on motorcycles and to find out how the composition of mixing premium fuel with ethanol affects the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This study uses 4 types of fuel, namely premium, pertalite, E-5, and E-10 and tested using 3 variations of throttle openings. From the test results, it is found that the most fuel consumption is found in the wide throttle opening on premium fuel = 0.77 L/h. For the results of the lowest CO and HC exhaust emissions found in the wide throttle opening on the E-10 fuel where the emission value of CO = 1.98% and HC = 1425 ppm. So it can be concluded that in comparison with the time of fuel consumption, the higher the throttle opening, the faster the fuel consumption will be and for exhaust gas emissions, the higher the throttle opening, the lower the CO and HC emission values. Mixing premium fuel with ethanol can make the fuel consumption time slower than pure premium and can also reduce the content of CO and HC exhaust emissions.Key words: Fuel, Exhaust emissions, Fuel consumption
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Nussupbekov, B. R., M. S. Ovcharov, E. Z. Oshanov, et al. "Determination of the effects of the diameters of the throttle holes on the fluid flow of an inertial hydrodynamic installation." Bulletin of the Karaganda University "Physics Series" 112, no. 4 (2023): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023ph4/82-90.
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In the article, in order to solve environmental problems associated with heating buildings and structures, the methods of converting electrical energy into thermal energy and the processes occurring at the same time are considered. Well-known thermal installations, such as vortex, cavitation, cavitation-vortex, rotary, do not fully meet the requirements of consumers. In these conditions, the search for effective solutions is an urgent task. Such solutions include a method of obtaining thermal energy by creating pressure at the throttle openings by inertia forces of a rotating mass of liquid. To determine the flow of liquid through the throttle holes, an experimental stand was made. With the help of the stand, we determined the flow rate of liquid through throttle holes with a diameter of 1.5, 2, 3 mm. During the experiment, it was found that the larger the diameter of the throttle opening, the higher the fluid flow. However, it is impossible to excessively increase the diameter of the throttle opening, as this will complicate the creation of pressure at the throttle openings. It is found that with an increase in the angular velocity of the rotor, the fluid pressure at the throttle openings increases, and the proportion of fluid flow from the preliminary static pressure in the total flow decreases. It is certain that the preliminary static pressure in the supply line has a significant effect on the flow rate only at low rotor speeds (ω up to = 76 rad / s), and with increasing angular velocity, its influence decreases and the coefficient k tends to 1.
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Zhou, Chang Cheng, and Wei Xu. "Valve Parameters Design and Performance Test of Hydro-Pneumatic Spring with Trapezium Throttle Slice." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.409.
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With the mechanics model, the analytic formula of the deformation for the trapezium throttle slice was established. By the vehicle parameters and valve opening velocity, the formula of valve opening pressure was built. Based on this, through the relation of pressure with deformation and flux at valve opening, the design formula of throttle slice thickness and throttle-hole area were established, the influencing factors to the design parameters were analyzed. A practical example of design of hydro-pneumatic spring was given, and the performance test was conducted. The analysis and test results show that the design method is effective and the formulas for throttle slice thickness and throttle-hole area are accurate enough, and have important meaning for the hydro-pneumatic spring design.
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Xu, Jingyuan, Zhanghua Lian, Jian Hu, and Min Luo. "Prediction of the Maximum Erosion Rate of Gas–Solid Two-Phase Flow Pipelines." Energies 11, no. 10 (2018): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102773.
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Erosion is one of the important reasons for the thickness decrease and perforation of the pipe walls. Understanding the gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion mechanism is the basis for monitoring pipe erosion. According to the structural characteristics and working conditions of the gas–solid two-phase flow pipeline in a gas transmission station, a gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion finite element model was established and validated by combining it with field test data. Then, the gas–solid two-phase flow pipeline erosion characteristics under different pressures, solid contents, throttle valve openings, and pipe diameters were studied. On this basis, a maximum erosion rate prediction equation was put forward after verification by using actual wall thickness detection data. Results show the following: (1) The absolute error of the maximum erosion rate between the model results and the test datum is ≤10.75%. (2) The outer cambered surface of the bend after the throttle valve is the most seriously eroded areas. (3) The maximum erosion rate increases with pressure, solid content and throttle valve opening increasing, but, along with the change of the pipe diameter, the maximum erosion rate increases at first and then decreases with pipe diameter increasing for throttle valve openings of 20% and 30%, and it decreases with pipe diameter increasing for a throttle valve opening of 50%. (4) A maximum erosion rate prediction equation, involving pressure, solid content, opening of the throttle valve, and pipe diameter, is proposed and is verified that the absolute percentage error between the prediction equation calculation results and the field test datum is ≤11.11%. It would seem that this maximum erosion rate prediction equation effectively improves the accuracy of predicting the gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion rate in a gas transmission station.
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LI, BEIBEI, WENHUA LI, MINGLI JIAO, BINGYANG WANG, and XIUMEI LIU. "ANALYSIS OF CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN THROTTLE VALVE WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURE PARAMETERS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 03 (2016): 1750047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417500476.
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The pressure and cavitation characteristics of fluid through throttle valves with different structure parameters were investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics. The mass flow rate, pressure drop, and the volume fraction of the vapor in the single and two-step throttle valve were computed. The cavitation regions were mainly distributed on the top of the valve rod and the corner of the valve seat in both of the different throttle valves. The size of cavitation region at the corner of the channel grows firstly, and then decrease with the decreasing opening degree. Furthermore, the lowest pressure region, as well as the area and strength of cavitation region, in the two-step throttle valve were smaller than a single one at the same opening degree. The formula for equivalent orifice area of throttle valve was derived, in order to explain the effect of opening degree. The results indicated that the two-step throttle has high anti-cavitation capability.
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Kuznetsov, V. S., and V. V. Yarots. "Alternative method of geometric parameters measuring of throttle channels of circular cylindrical shape." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 4-1 (2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67171.
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The use of throttles as elements of control devices in hydraulic drives requires them to ensure the possibility of pressure dependence on the flow of the working fluid of the desired type. To establish this dependence it is necessary to know the area of the opening at the inlet of the throttling passage. However, the direct method to measure the actual value of this area resulting from the manufacture of the throttle channel is not always possible. The article presents the evaluation of the possibility of using the alternative method of determining the area of the entrance to the throttle channel of circu-lar cylindrical shape.
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Deng, Tao, Zhifei Li, and Yanli Yin. "Research on the novel discretized ratio control strategies and hardware-in-the-loop test for continuous variable transmission system." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 10, no. 03 (2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962319500120.
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Based on traditional continuous control strategy for Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) ratio, according to the principles of shift control strategy for stepped automatic transmission, the influences of throttle opening and external resistance or vehicle speed on CVT ratio control are analyzed on bumpy road. Under the same variation of external resistance condition, the differences between optimal economic control strategy and optimal dynamic control strategy are discussed. Then, the traditional continuous optimal dynamic and economic control lines are divided into multi-step upshift points. Meanwhile, the corresponding downshift points are set to avoid the interference near shift points. After that, the novel discretized ratio control methods for CVT system are proposed. By respectively discretizing throttle opening and vehicle speed, the discretized ratio control strategy for throttle opening, and the integrated discretized ratio control strategy for throttle opening and vehicle speed are further proposed and simulated. Furthermore, the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test system is built to further verify the feasibility and accuracy of discretized ratio control strategies. Both simulation and HIL test results show that the sensitivity of throttle opening and vehicle speed to ratio control is reduced dramatically, the fluctuation of ratio is decreased considerably, the transmission efficiency is increased significantly, and the jerk is declined moderately.
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Romandoni, Nanang, Noorsakti Wahyudi, Kholis Nur Faizin, and Firdho Putra Fadillah. "KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG PADA SI ENGINE 4 STROKE-LPG FUEL DENGAN VARIASI BUKAAN KATUP GAS." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 8, no. 1 (2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v8i1.5365.
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Abstract The use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines continues to be developed, including the use of converter kits as a conversion tool from gasoline to LPG. However, the use of converter kits is not optimal because the mixture of air and gas has not been mixed heterogeneously in the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the converter kits that speed up the mixing process between air and gas. This study aims to evaluate the use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines with converter kits on variations in throttle valve openings on exhaust gas emissions and exhaust gas temperatures. The research method used is an experiment with variations in the throttle valve opening on the engine are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Data that will be compared on the use of gasoline and LPG fuels include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and mean gas temperature. The results showed that the use of fuel between gasoline and LPG on exhaust gas emission levels in spark ignition engines with variations in throttle valve openings was able to reduce CO emissions by 92% on average, HC by 72%, and increase the mean average temperature by 17%. This shows that the use of converter kits at each valve opening is able to reduce levels of CO and HC exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. However, it is inversely proportional to the mean gas temperature, at each variation of the gas valve opening there is a significant increase in temperature. This is because the heating value of LPG is greater than that of gasoline.Keywords—Exhaust gas emission, spark ignition engine, throttle valve open
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Ren, Rina, Tiexiong Su, Fukang Ma, Wei Yang, Xin Zhao, and Chunlong Xu. "Research on the Effect of the Outlet Throttle Diameter Deviation on the Pressure Relief Rate of the Injector Control Valve." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010050.
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Common rail injector response characteristics depend on the control chamber pressure change rate, the outlet throttle diameter by manufacturing errors, or wear-induced deviations that affect the rate of pressure change in the control chamber, so the accuracy of the outlet throttle diameter directly affects the control valve response consistency. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the effect of the deviation of the outlet throttle diameter on the average mass flow rate of the outlet throttle during the opening of the spherical valve in order to reduce this difference and ensure uniform injection characteristics. The results illustrate that with the increase in outlet throttle diameter deviation, the volume of gas phase in the control valve increases and the rate of pressure reduction in the control chamber accelerates, and the sensitivity coefficient of the average mass flow rate of the outlet throttle to the outlet throttle diameter deviation remains unchanged at 24.77. Cavitation occurs in the area of the outlet throttle when the spherical valve lift is 0.045 mm. The increase in rail pressure not only leads to an increase in the low-pressure area on the inner wall of the outlet throttle, an increase in the volume share of the gas phase, and an increase in the hydraulic impact on the sealing wall but also makes the average mass flow rate of the outlet throttle and the rate of change of the control chamber pressure during the opening of the spherical valve more sensitive to the deviation of the outlet throttle diameter.
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LIU, XIUMEI, JIE HE, JIYUN ZHAO, ZHENG LONG, WENHUA LI, and BEIBEI LI. "BIOFLUID FLOW THROUGH A THROTTLE VALVE: A COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS STUDY OF CAVITATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 03 (2016): 1650034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500342.
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Biofluid flow through a throttle valve is investigated numerically and experimentally in our paper. Numerical studies are performed in order to obtain the mass flow rate through the valve under different operating conditions. Pressure drop behind the throttle valve and formation of the vortex flow downstream has been evaluated. The vortices were mainly distributed on top of the valve rod, the corner of the channel and the corner of the valve seat. When valve opening increases, the vortices grow and cause higher pressure drop. In other words, more energy is lost due to these growing vortices and high viscosity of biofluid. Furthermore, experimental flow visualization is conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice using high-speed camera. The initial position of cavitation occurred near throttle orifice while cavitation zone downstream is caused by circulating bubbles clusters. As the opening of the valve is decreased, the area and strength of vortices in the corner of the channel grow and cause higher pressure drop firstly, then decrease. In addition, there are a lot of bubble clusters on top of the valve rod and the corner of the valve seat, which flowed downstream and collapsed, then filled the entire channel. In general, the valve opening plays very important role in the performance of a throttle valve. The results would help to observe, understand and manage the cavitation phenomenon in a throttle valve, and improve the performance of throttle valves.
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Zhao, Zhihui, Zhe Wu, Weiqiang Wang, et al. "CFD-DPM Model of Gas–Solid Two-Phase Flow Erosion of Needle Throttle Valve." Coatings 15, no. 2 (2025): 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020248.
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During shale gas field production, wellhead throttle valves are prone to erosion caused by solid particles carried in the gas stream, posing significant safety risks. Existing studies on erosion primarily focus on simple structure like elbows and tees, while research on gas–solid two-phase flow erosion in needle throttle valves remains limited. This paper establishes a numerical model based on the CFD-DPM approach, integrating actual shale gas field production conditions to investigate the erosion behavior of needle throttle valves under varying openings, particle sizes, inlet velocities, and particle mass flow rates. The results show that the valve spool consistently exhibits the highest erosion rate among all components, with the most severe erosion localized at its front end. At a 1/4 opening, particles colliding with the spool exhibit significantly increased frequency and energy when re-entering the upstream pipeline, raising the risk of blockages. Furthermore, when the opening exceeds 2/4, the valve chamber experiences higher erosion rates than the upstream and downstream pipelines. This study provides critical insights for optimizing valve design and maintenance strategies, thereby enhancing service life and ensuring safe shale gas production.
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Luo, Yan Lei, Cong Guo Xu, and Qiu Yan Zhang. "Research on Dynamic Characteristics of Anti-Reverse Valve for Hydraulic Excavator Rotary Motor." Advanced Materials Research 871 (December 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.871.290.
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Hydraulic excavator slewing system is an important component of the excavator and its core-component is the rotary motor. When the rotary hydraulic system starts, stops, and reciprocating works, dynamic characteristic of rotary motor anti-reverse valve has a great influence for working condition of the whole system. Through researching working principle of hydraulic system anti-reverse valve, establish dynamic mathematical model of anti-reverse valve, analyze dynamic response of the model, and get the theoretical foundation of the impact of anti-reverse valve middle chamber throttle opening on hydraulic system. According to the actual working condition of the excavator slewing hydraulic system, establish the system AMESim simulation model, take different parameters of the anti-reverse valve throttle opening, conduct simulation and analysis of the anti-reverse valve characteristics, and validate throttle opening has a great influence on dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic system.
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Kang, Zeyu, Yongmei Cheng, Xiaodan Cui, Hui Li, and Huibin Wang. "An Automatic Thrust Calculation Method in Case of Engine Gear Missing in Flight Control Simulation System." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 6 (2018): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183661116.
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The paper proposes an automatic thrust calculation method in the case of engine gear missing. The trimmed linearization method is used to calculate the equivalent throttle opening between the two gears. An automatic thrust calculation method is presented which uses the equivalent throttle opening as weight coefficient. The speed control system which has introduced the equivalent throttle opening is designed, and the speed is controlled through the combination of the speed control system and the vertical speed control system. In this way, four basic modes are realized in flight simulation——climb, glide, given the yaw angle, given the roll angle, and the special speed control mode. It takes A320 aircraft for an example, the aerodynamic parameters and the Idletrust and Miltrust coefficients are obtained from JSBSim. Carry out flight control simulation on the above modes by building aircraft flight simulation model through Simulink. The results of the flight speed control show that the proposed method can achieve precise control of the speed in multi-flight modes.
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XU, Changchun, and Haeng Muk Cho. "Research on the Effect of Engine Intake System and Cylinders with Different Surface Shapes on the Engine." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12417.
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In the present, the automobile is the popular tool in every family. In the DI diesel engine, about the intake system that this system can af-fect properties of the engine, such as change the air flow velocity and pressure into cylinders, and among the air through the pump or throttle body(throttle valve), the throttle body can make air to produce eddies and change the air flow pressure, because when air into cylinder, the air pressure is an important parameter, so the time of the throttle valve opening in very important(also say the angle of opening), we know the surface of the cylinder can affect the air and fuel mixing rate, so we have investigated the effect of different surface shape. Found the different surface can improve the engine combustion properties. In this article, we will combine the throttle valve and the different surface shapes of the cylinder, make a survey what find the effect of this combination at the constant revolutions per minute(RPM). We will set the velocity at 1000rpm by tentative and investigate the position of the piston at the same location(inhale status) when premix air and fuel into the cylinder.
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Ladommatos, N., and D. Rose. "Measurements of in-cylinder mixture strength and fuel accumulation in the inlet port of a gasoline - injected engine during very rapid throttle openings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 2 (1998): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525830.
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The mixture strength in a cylinder of a port-injected gasoline engine was monitored continuously during very rapid throttle openings. The data on mixture strength were combined with other engine data collected in order to obtain for each successive engine cycle: the air—fuel ratio within the cylinder and the change in the fuel mass accumulating on the inlet port of the cylinder being monitored. The four-cylinder spark-ignition engine used had a displacement of 1.6 litre, four valves per cylinder and multipoint sequential fuel injection controlled by an electronic management system programmed for three - way catalyst operation. All tests were conducted with the engine coolant at the temperature of 90°C and at a constant engine speed of 2000 r/min. The engine transient involved very rapid throttle openings which were completed within about 15 ms. Small and large throttle openings were investigated along with the effect of altering the type and condition of the fuel injectors. The engine response to the fast throttle opening comprised a sharp rise in the air—fuel ratio (maximum gravimetric air—fuel ratio of around 25:1) which lasted for only a single cycle, followed by a drop in the air-fuel ratio (minimum air—fuel ratio of about 10:1) and, subsequently, a gradual rise towards a stoichiometric air—fuel ratio within about 10 engine cycles.
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He, Jie, Beibei Li, and Xiumei Liu. "Investigation of flow characteristics in the U-shaped throttle valve." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3 (2019): 168781401983049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019830492.
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Experimental and numerical analysis of cavitation flow in the U-shaped throttle valve is presented in this article. Cavitation flow has been analyzed numerically using the volume of fluid model while the pictures are captured by a high-speed camera. The results reveal that the distribution of pressure is extremely inhomogeneous, and the pressure drop zone is mainly distributed in the narrow U-shaped groove. Cavitation bubble occurs around the orifice and develops continuously since the pressure drops. The nascent, developed, and collapsed zone of the cavitation within U-shaped throttle valve are also presented. In addition, a high-speed jet flow is formed when the oil flows out the U-shaped orifice, a vortex appears and cavitation bubbles appear. Then, cavitation evolution and the effect of back pressure and the valve opening on cavitation behavior have been discussed. Increasing back pressure will weaken the cavitation intensity and suppress the cavitation effectively. The valve opening also affects the cavitation flow and performance of the U-shaped throttle valve. With the increase of valve opening, cavitation area first increases and then decreases. The results and conclusions presented in this article give the basis for better understanding the cavitation phenomenon in a throttle valve.
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Yang, Hong Yan, and Ge Jin Hu. "Compare the Dynamic Characteristics of Inlet and Outlet Throttle Speed-Regulating Hydraulic System." Advanced Materials Research 462 (February 2012): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.833.
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A comprehensive mathematical model of the hydraulic inlet and outlet throttle speed-regulating system was established that included most components’ dynamic characteristics such as the hydraulic cylinder, the throttle valve, the hydraulic pump, the relief valve. The simulink of matlab was used to emulate the equations. The system parameters for example throttle opening area, oil bulk modulus were analyzed how to influence the dynamic characteristics of throttle speed control system. How to correctly select circuit under working condition and how to improve equipment performance in the hydraulic system design are indicated through comparing the dynamic characteristics of inlet and outlet speed-regulating circuit.
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Liu, Wen Guang, Ren He, and Bo Jiang. "Integrated Shift Strategies of Automatic Mechanical Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1021.
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Driving intentions can not intervene in the shift curve according to the change rate of throttle opening and road information. Considered the change rate of throttle opening and road information, the fuzzy control method was used to amend the economic conditions of the shift curve. The results show that the fuzzy control method adding driving intention can amend shift curve of the economic conditions and taking into account economic and power performance requirements, in line with the driving intentions to operate shift curve in accordance with the road information.
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Zhang, Xiaobing, Zhenyu Wang, and Lidong Miao. "Research on automatic shifting of engineering vehicles based on fuzzy control." Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 10, no. 8 (2023): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10464162.
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<strong>Abstract </strong>Aiming at the problem of automatic transmission control of engineering vehicles, this paper adopts the fuzzy control method based on throttle opening and speed to control the vehicle shift. The engine, torque converter, transmission and vehicle models of engineering vehicles were modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that it is feasible to apply fuzzy control to automatic transmission and shift of engineering vehicles, and the fuzzy controller can adjust the change of the vehicle shift in time and accurately according to the change of throttle opening and speed.
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Wang, Baosheng, Liu Yang, Tianxiong Gao, Qingxin Meng, Shouwen Xiao, and Chao Ai. "Small Opening Flow Linearity Optimization of High-Pressure and Large-Flow Two-Way Proportional Throttle Valve." Machines 13, no. 5 (2025): 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13050354.
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As a key component of the die-casting machine, the flow linearity of the high-pressure, large-flow proportional throttle valve is a critical factor affecting injection accuracy at low openings. However, under existing main valve structures, flow linearity is typically nonlinear. To address this issue, this paper introduces a main valve structure designed to enhance flow linearity at low openings. Firstly, the working principle of the proportional throttle valve is explained, and the relationship between flow rate and spool displacement is calculated. Secondly, a finite element model of the proportional throttle valve’s main valve flow field is developed. The impact of four primary spool structures on flow linearity is examined, and a small rounded rectangular throttle orifice is proposed. Thirdly, the size of the spool orifice is optimized using an orthogonal test method, and the trend of how different structures’ orifice sizes influence flow linearity is investigated. Finally, a valve prototype is fabricated, and the optimization’s effectiveness is experimentally verified. The results of the throttle valve’s design and optimization provide guidance for future work.
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Li, Beibei, Ruirui Li, Xiumei Liu, Qiao Zhao, Jichao Ma, and Jie He. "Effects of operating parameters on flow force characteristics in a conical throttle valve." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 74, no. 2 (2022): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2020-0452.
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Purpose Flow force is one of the crucial factors affecting the performance of conical throttle valves. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the flow force and operating parameters of the conical throttle valve. Design/methodology/approach The flow force of the throttle valve can be obtained by the difference between the axial force and static pressure on the valve spool. In this paper, the internal fluid is divided into two regions and the axial force and static pressure are obtained, respectively. In addition, a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation model and experimental test are carried out to validate the results of the flow force. Findings It can be seen that the theoretical, simulation and experimental results exhibit high agreement with each other and the error between them decreases with the increase in the size of the opening. The curves of pressure distribution reveal that the pressure on the spool first decreases then increases when it reaches the minimum pressure at the orifice. Additionally, the minimum pressure decreases with the increase of opening and pressure difference. The results also indicate that the increase in the size of the opening and inlet pressure has a positive effect on the flow force. However, the increase in outlet pressure has a negative effect on the flow force. Originality/value In this paper, the flow force calculation model of conical throttle valve is established and the influence of operating parameters on the flow force of conical throttle valve is studied.
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Ye, Xian, Yi Qiang Peng, and Yan Cui Hui. "Comparison of Different Controllers for Automotive Electronic Throttle Based on Rapid Control Prototype Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1943.
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Due to some nonlinear factors and time delay in electronic throttle, the opening of electronic throttle is difficult to control. For overcoming these difficulties, in this paper a fuzzy adaptive PID controller is designed for an electronic throttle control system. The model of electronic throttle control system is built based on Matlab/Simulink and realized with a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, which is based on MACS565. Simulation research and experiment results show that, compared with PID control system, the fuzzy adaptive PID control system, has some advantages. The all performance index with the fuzzy adaptive PID control is better than that of the PID control.
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Supriyo, Bambang, Kamarul Baharin Tawi, Mohd Salman Che Kob, Izhari Izmi Mazali, and Yusrina Zainal Abidin. "Experimental Study of Position Controller for an Electro-Mechanical Throttle Actuator for Automotive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.223.
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This paper introduces an electro-mechanical throttle actuator and presents its real time position controllers using a proportional-derivative-plus-conditional-integrator (PDPCI) controller. The throttle actuator is built using a linear actuation DC motor which is directly connected to the engine throttle using a metal cable. The throttle actuator system is remotely placed inside the control room for carrying out engine performance tests safely. A PC-based ratio controller system is implemented using Matlab/Simulink® software and a NI PCI-6259 data acquisition system card. Two sets of initial PID parameters, opening and closing, are determined experimentally using combination of relay feedback method and Ziegler Nicholl formula. The performance of the throttle actuator controller is assessed in terms of percent overshoot, settling time and steady state error.
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Sun, Xiao Na, Hong Guang Zhang, and Guo Yong Zheng. "Experimental Study on the Performance of a Natural Gas Engine." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1794.
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Power performance tests of natural gas engine were carried out using a self-dependent developed electronic injection system and ignition system, and a comparative analysis between the natural gas engine and original gasoline engine was conducted. The result shows that if the gasoline engine is fueled with NG torque of the engine decreases and with the throttle opening increases, the decrease amplitude increases. Developing a suitable electronic ignition system can recover engine torque to some extent. Under the conditions that both throttle opening and rotation speed of the engine are constant, MBT angle increases with the decrease of mixture concentration.
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Wang, Xiaoxian, Zhanwen Ye, Pingyang Wang, Yajun Huang, and Guomin Cui. "Modeling of Iodine Feeding System to Achieve Flow Control under the Coupling of Multiple Conditions." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i3.7360.
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The design of an iodine working medium storage and supply system is one of the key technologies for the electrical propulsion of iodine working medium. Solid iodine sublimates into a gaseous state in the storage tank, and is transported to the thruster through flow control through components such as a proportional valve or throttle tube. However, iodine working medium has corrosive properties and poor thermal conductivity, which can easily cause condensation in the throttle tube and throttle valve, affecting the accuracy of experimental results or blocking the pipeline, leading to the suspension of the experiment. Based on the system level modeling of the iodine working medium electric propulsion storage and supply system, and taking into account the impact of the coupling effects of various conditions such as the physical parameters of iodine vapor, storage tanks, pipelines, outlet conditions, and proportional valves on the outlet mass flow rate of the iodine storage and supply system, the control of the outlet mass flow rate is achieved by adjusting the valve opening of a comparative example, providing a reference for the selection of the size of the throttle tube in future ground experiments or the control of the proportional valve opening.
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He, Youguo, Xin Liu, Dapeng Wang, Chaochun Yuan, and Jie Shen. "Adaptive constrained control for automotive electronic throttle control system with experimental analysis." at - Automatisierungstechnik 70, no. 2 (2022): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2021-0061.
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Abstract This article proposes an adaptive constrained control strategy with state constraints and uncertain parameters for an electronic throttle control (ETC) system. Compared with the current control strategies for an ETC system, state constraints and parameter uncertainties are adequately considered in the proposed control strategy. First, the nonlinear dynamic model for control of an ETC is described. Second, the asymmetric Barrier Lyapunov Function (BLF) and a backstepping control algorithm are used to ensure that the throttle opening does not exceed the constrained boundary. A parameter adaptive law is given to estimate the unknown parameter and external disturbances with an ETC system. Third, the proposed BLF controller is compared with the existing Quadratic Lyapunov Function (QLF) controller by simulation and experiment. The results show that the proposed control algorithm not only ensure fast transient performance in the control response, but also avoid the out of bounds of the throttle opening. The proposed constrained control strategy can provide excellent control performance for an ETC system.
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Liu, Peng, Xiangyou Wang, and Chengqian Jin. "Bench Test and Analysis of Cleaning Parameter Optimization of 4 L-2.5 Wheat Combine Harvester." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (2022): 8932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12188932.
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Inaccurate and untimely adjustments of cleaning parameters during the operation of wheat combine harvesters lead to high cleaning losses and impurity rates. For this reason, a self-made 4 L-2.5 threshing and cleaning experiment table was employed for cleaning parameter optimization experiments for wheat combine harvesters in this paper. The influence of the cleaning parameters on the cleaning loss and impurity rates was analyzed, and the optimum combination of cleaning parameters was predicted and verified. The contribution hierarchy of cleaning parameters to cleaning loss rate is as follows: crank speed of shale shaker > opening of chaffer > operation speed > fan speed > throttle opening. Meanwhile, the contribution hierarchy of cleaning parameters to impurity rate is as follows: operation speed > fan speed > throttle opening > crank speed of shale shaker > opening of chaffer. The predicted optimum combination of cleaning parameters, i.e., when the cleaning loss and impurity rates are both at a minimum and the feed quantity is at the maximum, is as follows: operating speed—2.2 m/s; opening of chaffer—26 mm, throttle opening—20°; fan speed—1100 r/min; and Crank speed of shale shaker—350 r/min. With these settings, the cleaning loss rate was 1.5% and the impurity rate was 1.9%. In the validation experiment, the average cleaning loss rate was found to be 1.47%, the average impurity rate was 1.96%, and the relative error of the predicted values was 0.03% and 0.06%, respectively. Compared with the cleaning index of combine harvesters with commonly used parameters, the cleaning loss rate was reduced by 0.12% and the impurity rate was reduced by 0.19%.
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Ji, Hexi, Jiazhen Han, Yong Wang, et al. "Numerical Study on the Internal Flow Field Characteristics of a Novel High-Speed Switching Control Valve." Actuators 13, no. 6 (2024): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act13060213.
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Modern laver fluffiness is achieved by applying high-speed gas to a laver, which is generated by the opening and closing of a laver fluffiness control valve in a fluffiness system. To address the problems of the slow response speed and poor stability of valves used in the laver processing industry at present, this paper proposes a novel principle of a high-speed switching control valve, which has the advantages of a fast response speed, high stability, and long service life. The structure and working principle of the control valve are introduced, and the calculation equation of the valve’s flow area is established. The flow field inside the control valve with different openings was numerically calculated in this study using Fluent. The flow regulation characteristics and flow field performance of the control valve were also analyzed. The results show that, with an increase in the valve opening, the influence of the flow area at the valve throttle on the valve flow rate was weakened. When the valve was opened, a vortex appeared in both the upper and lower cavities, and jet flow occurred at the throttle of the middle flow channel. As the valve opening increased, the pressure in the upper cavity reduced, while the pressure in the lower cavity increased. The vortex in the flow field intensified, and the jet phenomenon at the valve throttle gradually disappeared. At the same time, the main stream in the lower cavity gradually changed from an annular flow to a direct flow toward the valve outlet. Furthermore, the impact, collision, and vortex formation of the fluid caused energy loss of the fluid, leading to a decrease in the outlet flow of the control valve.
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Ferretti, Patrich, Elena Fusari, Giulia Alessandri, Marco Freddi, and Daniela Francia. "3D printed custom gas cam for race bike application using Progrip® lock on grips mod.708." F1000Research 11 (October 11, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125184.1.
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Background: The “drive by wire” mechanism for managing the throttle is not applied to every modern motorcycle, but it is often managed through a steel wire. Here, there is a cam on the throttle control. Its shape allows the throttle opening to be faster or slower and its angle of rotation, required for full opening, to be greater or less. The maximum angle a rider's wrist can withstand depends on numerous musculoskeletal mobility factors, often limited by falls or surgery. Methods: Using a Progrip knob with interchangeable cams allows the customization of a special cam profile, to ensure the best engine response to throttle rotation and ergonomics for the rider. The use of FEA software and lattice structures, allows to realize a lightweight and efficient design, targeted for fabrication with additive manufacturing technologies. Results: The cam was manufactured by exploiting MSLA technology. Finally, a dimensional inspection procedure was performed before assembly. The main result is to have obtained a lighter and cheaper component than the original. Conclusions: This study has allowed the design of a mechanical component consisting of innovative shape, light weight, and ergonomics. Furthermore, it demonstrates the effectiveness in the use of lattice structures to enable weight optimization of a component while minimizing the increase in its compliance.
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Ferretti, Patrich, Elena Fusari, Giulia Alessandri, Marco Freddi, and Daniela Francia. "Stress-Based Lattice Structure Design for a Motorbike Application." F1000Research 11 (November 29, 2023): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125184.2.
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Background The “drive by wire” mechanism for managing the throttle is not applied to every modern motorcycle, but it is often managed through a steel wire. Here, there is a cam on the throttle control. Its shape allows the throttle opening to be faster or slower and its angle of rotation, required for full opening, to be greater or less. The maximum angle a rider’s wrist can withstand depends on numerous musculoskeletal mobility factors, often limited by falls or surgery. Methods Using a Progrip knob with interchangeable cams allows the customization of a special cam profile, to ensure the best engine response to throttle rotation and ergonomics for the rider. The use of FEA software and lattice structures, allows to realize a lightweight and efficient design, targeted for fabrication with additive manufacturing technologies. Results The cam was manufactured by exploiting MSLA technology. Finally, a dimensional inspection procedure was performed before assembly. The main result is to have obtained a lighter and cheaper component than the original. Conclusions This study has allowed the design of a mechanical component consisting of innovative shape, light weight, and ergonomics. Furthermore, it demonstrates the effectiveness in the use of lattice structures to enable weight optimization of a component while minimizing the increase in its compliance.
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Kang, Huai Liang, Jie Gong, Ding Xuan Zhao, and Tian Yu Li. "Optimal Efficiency Shift Schedule of Automatic Transmission for Construction Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2403.
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The working conditions for construction vehicles (wheel loader, bulldozer, etc.) are very complicated and the operating loads change frequently and sharply. This result will lead to lower powertrain efficiency. In order to maintain the high efficiency of construction vehicles equipped with automatic transmission, an optimal efficiency shift (OES) schedule with 3-parameter (vehicle speed, throttle opening, and hydraulic pump pressure) is proposed and designed by creating and analyzing the powertrain model. A dynamic simulation model using the OES schedule for the construction vehicle has been established by MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the 3-parameter shift (3PS) schedule is superior to the 2-parameter (vehicle speed and throttle opening) shift (2PS) schedule in energy saving.
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Hu, Di, Jingbo Zhao, Jianfeng Zheng, and Haimei Liu. "An Adaptive Cruise Control Strategy for Intelligent Vehicles Based on Hierarchical Control." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 11 (2024): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110529.
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To minimize the occurrence of traffic accidents, such as vehicle rear-end collisions, while enhancing vehicle following, stability, economy, and ride comfort, a hierarchical adaptive cruise control strategy for vehicles is proposed. The upper-level controller computes the desired vehicle output acceleration based on model predictive control and switches between speed and spacing control in accordance with driving conditions. The brake/throttle opening switching model, brake control inverse model, and throttle opening inverse model in the lower-level controller of ACC are designed to obtain the desired throttle opening and braking pressure of the vehicle, thereby achieving control of the vehicle. A joint simulation platform was established using PreScan, CarSim and Matlab/Simulink. Finally, simulations for three typical working conditions were conducted in Simulink to verify the performance of the adaptive cruise control strategy. The results indicate that, in both the constant-speed cruise and vehicle-following cruise conditions, the vehicle can rapidly and stably follow the set initial speed and consistently maintain a safe distance from the preceding vehicle. Under the emergency braking condition, the vehicle can promptly respond with deceleration, ensuring driving safety. The proposed control strategy can accurately and safely track the target vehicle in diverse driving conditions and can concurrently fulfill the requirements of economy and comfort during vehicle travel.
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Urban, Boris, and Stephanie Althea Townsend. "Queen Ndlovu: opening the throttle on her drone business." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 13, no. 4 (2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2023-0318.
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Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to evaluate the journey of launching a business in an emerging market context and judge how opportunities and challenges can be navigated to build sustainable enterprises; assess the relevance of individual attributes and process skills that are necessary for entrepreneurial agency to transform social structures through entrepreneurial action; formulate an argument highlighting the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in growing a competitive business in an emerging market context; make an informed decision and critique how accelerators and incubators affect the development of ideas and access to finance in South Africa; and propose various strategic options available for technology entrepreneurs, considering the challenges they face in emerging economies. Case overview/synopsis In April 2023, Queen Ndlovu, CEO and founder of QP Drone Tech, a provider of drone business solutions, was considering options to fulfil her original dream of manufacturing drones in South Africa. She had encountered obstacles to achieving the same in 2019, and had decided to focus on providing commercial drone consulting services. However, her dream had not extinguished, and in 2022, she decided to restart her efforts. She found practical support from The Innovation Hub, an incubator that was supporting her business, which enabled her to enhance the prototype of her drone. She then had to think about how she would manufacture drones locally by ensuring she had access to production infrastructure, funding, partners and customers. Would she be able to gain a competitive advantage that would differentiate her from competitors? Or should she reconsider whether she should be manufacturing in the first place, as there are risks and benefits for smaller businesses in this regard. Complexity academic level This case is intended for discussion in postgraduate diploma in business and Master of Business Administration courses. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Wei, Lai, and Nan Li. "A Project of Energy Saving Control on Air Separation Cooling Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1398.
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The cooling water flow of air separation cooling tower is controlled by the throttle valve opening, part of the shaft power must be consumed in the resistance of the throttle valve baffle, cause a waste of energy. Therefore propose a method of regulating the cooling water pump motor speed to regulate the cooling water flow, reduce system energy consumption, the results show that the system is simple and effective, with good dynamic performance.
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Tian, G., Z. Wang, Q. Ge, J. Wang, and S. Shuai. "Control of a spark ignition homogeneous charge compression ignition mode transition on a gasoline direct injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (2007): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto434.
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The hybrid combustion mode is an ideal operation strategy for a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. A stable and smooth spark ignition (SI)/HCCI switch has been an issue in the research on multimode combustion. In this paper, the switch process has two key issues; the cam profile and throttle opening. With the developed two-stage cam system, the valve phase strategy can be switched within one engine cycle, from the normal cam profile for the SI mode to a negative valve overlap (NVO) profile for the HCCI mode, or vice versa. For a smoother and more stable switch, the throttle change was separated from the cam profile switch, which was called the stepped switch. The effect of throttle opening on HCCI combustion was studied, and the results showed that the concept of the stepped switch was reliable. With gasoline direct injection (GDI) the combustion mode switches from both SI and HCCI sides were smooth, rapid, and robust, without any abnormal combustion such as knocking and misfiring.
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Wan, Jun Li, Shi Run Cheng, and Hao Liu. "The Electronic Throttle PID Control System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.367.
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With Bosch company DV - E5 type throttle as control object，the hardware and software of the control system has been designed based on PID control algorithm. System uses TT89C51 microcontroller as the main control unit, using LMD18200 chip to drive DC motor in the throttle, at the same time, using PCF8591 as the AD conversion chip, using LCD1602 to display the dynamic control parameters. The system control software has been written by C language, The main software modules have been simulated on Proteus, an PID control experimental platform of the electronic throttle has been built, Test and the experiments of the opening degree position control on the throttle have been completed, the experimental results show that the system step response time is about 300ms, the steady-state error is less than 1%, hysteresis and overshoot is not obvious.
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Liu, Yong Gang, Da Tong Qin, Zhen Zhen Lei, and Rui Ding. "Intelligent Correction of Shift Schedule for Dual Clutch Transmissions Based on Different Driving Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 3982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3982.
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This paper focuses on intelligent correction of shift schedule for dual clutch transmissions based on different driving conditions. The problem of standard shift schedule has been presented, and the strategy has also been proposed to avoid shift hunting and unexpected shift. The driver’s intention and driving environment have been unified recognized as different driving conditions. A fuzzy logic technology has been used in driver’s attention recognition based on the throttle opening and its derivative. The standard shift schedule has been intelligently corrected at different driving condition separately. An algorithm based on correction coefficient of throttle opening and vehicle speed is proposed for intelligent correction. The corrected shift schedule can be directly used in real time shift control with suitable correction coefficient.
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Zhu, Wei Bing, Sheng Ren Zhou, and He Shun Wang. "Performance of Externally Pressurized Dry Gas Seal." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.610.
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By adding the flow rate of throttle orifice to conventional stable externally pressurized gas lubrication equation, the Reynolds equation for externally pressurized dry gas seal with orifice compensation is established. The solution of the equation is studied by functional extremum algorithm and finite element method, and the computer numerical simulation is carried out in Matlab software. The effects of air supply pressure, numbers and diameter of throttle orifice, on face opening force and gas film stiffness are discussed in detail.
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Yamada, Hayato, Masamune Kobayashi, Yusuke Ebashi, et al. "Basic Study on Operation Control Systems of Internal Combustion Engines in Hybrid Small Race Cars to Improve Dynamic Performance." Vehicles 7, no. 2 (2025): 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020041.
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Hybrid vehicles utilize multiple power sources, making them energy-efficient and enhancing both fuel efficiency and dynamic performance. As a result, hybrid vehicles have recently been adopted as race cars, which demand high powertrain performance. The hybrid vehicle system comprises two power sources: an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor, both of which require precise control. Controlling the output of the internal combustion engine is particularly challenging. This study investigated the dynamic response of an actuator in an electronic throttle system. The experimental results demonstrated that optimized parameters significantly improved the dynamic response. As a result, we propose a mechanism for hybrid vehicle performance and report the characteristics of an electronic throttle. The improvement in throttle opening can be verified by adjusting the P term.
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Podevin, Pierre, Amélie Danlos, Michaël Deligant, Plamen Punov, Adrian Clenci, and Guillaume De La Bourdonnaye. "Automotive compressor: effect of an electric throttle in the upstream circuit on the surge limit." MATEC Web of Conferences 234 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823403006.
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On vehicles equipped with a turbocharged engine, there is a risk of compressor surge. This surge generates instabilities that lead to driving inconvenience, or even mechanical failure of the supercharging system. In general, the surge appears rather in transient operation: sudden closing of the throttle valve on gasoline engine, regulation of the EGR on diesel engine linked also to turbine regulation (VNT device or Waste Gate). On a turbocharger test stand, we set up the surge line in a “conventional way”: stationary experiments. Then we set up this line in transient conditions for different positions of an electric throttle placed upstream the compressor. It appears that: the surge limit is pushing back to lower flow rates when it is determined in transient; the surge limit is pushing back to lower flow rates when closing the throttle valve. The tests were carried on by the transient analysis of the surge during a quick closing-opening of the electric throttle valve.
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Bozza, Roberto, Vincenzo De Bellis, Stefano Fantoni, and Donato Colangelo. "CFD 3D Analysis of Charge Motion and Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine under Close-to-Idle Condition." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706011.
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The increasingly stringent limitations on noxious missions of transport sector highly affect the development of new engines. The operating conditions of the engine at low-load and idle play a relevant role along the regulatory homologation cycles, contributing to overall emissions. In this work, the effectiveness of some solutions to improve the behaviour under close-to-idle operation of a Spark-Ignition motorcycle engine are compared by 3D CFD analyses. Specifically, the effects of two designs of the intake port and of the opening direction of the throttle valve, either clockwise or counterclockwise, are investigated. Multi-cycle simulations are carried out, under motored and fired conditions, for a single close-to-idle operating point. The various designs are compared in terms of capability to generate a stable tumble vortex during the intake phase and to produce an adequate turbulence level at the beginning of the combustion process. The analyses revealed that a clockwise throttle opening can produce enhanced turbulence levels at the end of the compression stroke, especially in a close-to-spark region (increase of about 5% and 27 % at the TDC at a global and local level, respectively, compared to the base configuration). Additional limited improvements are obtained with the high tumbling design, where, however, a penalty on the maximum power output could emerge. The flow and turbulence motion differences among the tested geometries reflect on combustion development in its early stage, and on its degree of completeness at the exhaust valve opening. A clockwise opening of the throttle valve leads to an increase of the mass fraction burned of 5 percent points, compared to the base configuration.
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Nakamura, Yohei, Yosuke Inoue, and Makoto Fujikubo. "Tumble Flow Enhancement Applied for Low-Load Condition of Engines by Utilizing Reverse Flow Phenomenon in Intake Port." SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility 2, no. 2 (2020): 985–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-32-0509.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">We established a technology that can enhance the tumble flow in the cylinder only in a partial load range of the engine without the need to use any intake path switching mechanisms.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Firstly, we attempted to understand the basic phenomena of intake flow by using a CFD model, while using a butterfly throttle valve in a straight pipe. By doing this, we were able to observe the reverse flow of intake air that appears after the intake air has passed the throttle valve when the throttle valve opening is 30% or less. This reverse flow is generated mainly in the flow that has passed the trailing edge of the throttle valve. At both sides of the trailing edge opening, the flow is slowed down by diffusing. The flow is then pulled into the low-pressure zone created behind the throttle valve. In addition, a part of the reverse flow merges with the air flowing on the leading-edge side.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Next, we confirmed that installing a flow separator behind the throttle valve that vertically divides the flow can successfully capture the reverse flow into one of the two flow paths. Furthermore, we confirmed that optimizing the separator position can capture most of the flow into one path, thereby gaining the required amount of flow that can generate tumble in the combustion chamber.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">By applying the above results to an actual engine, we validated the effect through a CFD flow analysis and also steady flow tests. As a result, we confirmed that this system can enhance tumble within a partial load range of the engine to a level that is equivalent to that obtained by a tumble port that has a flow path switching mechanism.</div></div>
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Suhariyanto, Suhariyanto, Heru Mirmanto, Azlan Arifin Khan, and Rohmadoni Rohmadoni. "Experimental design of steel bearings and ceramic bearings to find efficient energy consumption." International Journal of Industrial Optimization 4, no. 2 (2023): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/ijio.v4i2.7137.
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A bearing is a vital machine component that supports shafts, enabling smooth rotation and minimizing friction. The level of friction is determined by the coefficient of friction, which varies based on the bearing material. In this study, we evaluated two types of bearings: steel and ceramic, with the aim of identifying the one with the lowest frictional force and, consequently, the least input power required. To conduct a comprehensive comparison, we performed comparative tests on the Nogogeni Evo V vehicle, analyzing the energy consumption impact of both steel and ceramic bearings. The tests involved measuring the input power of each bearing type at various throttle openings, ranging from 10% to 100%. The results revealed that ceramic bearings exhibited superior energy efficiency compared to their steel counterparts. At all throttle openings, the ceramic bearings consistently demanded lower input power, indicating their higher efficiency. For instance, at 100% throttle opening, the input power for steel bearings was 17,939 watts, while ceramic bearings required only 17,290 watts, representing a 3.6% reduction. Moreover, ceramic bearings achieved higher rotation speeds, with the ceramic bearing rotating at 598 rpm, a 3.5% increase compared to the steel bearing's 577 rpm. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of ceramic bearings would significantly enhance the energy efficiency of the Mobil Nogogeni Evo V electric motor. Therefore, for improved performance and reduced energy consumption, we recommend the incorporation of ceramic bearings in the vehicle's design.
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Sun, Ying Jie, Yang Li, Chun Yu Wang, Yao Chun Li, and Yun Feng Liang. "Research of Working Mode Conversion Based on GDI Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.546.
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This paper designs the control strategy of working mode conversion from stoichiometric homogeneous mixture to lean homogeneous mixture. First of all, after the types and parameters of electric hardware were selected in this system, a complete circuit layout of engine control system was designed, which used microcontroller named MC9S12XDP512 as control chip and the test bench was built. Then, we adjust the fuel injection pulse width and throttle opening to realize lean burn (lambda = 1.4) of torque being 40N.m at speed of 2500 r / min, and adjust injection timing to find the best injection timing which is 350 crank angle degree, and adjust the ignition advance angle to find the best ignition advance angle which is 13 crank angle degree. Finally, the work mode conversion was completed by the optimal parameters linear interpolation, reducing the fuel injection pulse width and increasing the throttle opening at the same time.
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Bikai, Zhu, Huang Yan, Zhang Tiehua, and Li Zhuangyun. "Experimental investigation of the flow characteristics of small orifices and valves in water hydraulics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 216, no. 4 (2002): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440802321194512.
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This paper describes an experimental investigation of the flow characteristics of water passing through small sharp-edged cylindrical orifices and valves of different shapes in water hydraulics. The test results using orifices with aspect ratios, l/d, of 1–15 and diameters of 0.8-3 mm show that the flow coefficients in the case of non-cavitating flow are larger than those of flow with cavitation and decrease with increase in the aspect ratio. However, the flow coefficients of flow with cavitation tend to be of constant value close to the contraction coefficient, Cc at small aspect ratios. Orifices with large aspect ratios have the effect of suppressing cavitation. Experimental results concerning the spool valve illustrate that the sharp-edged valve is less cavitation stricken at large opening than at small opening. Throttles with a triangular notch have better anticavitation ability than those with a square notch. The flow of the throttle with a square notch is significantly affected by the flow direction and the shape of the flow passage.
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Huang, Guo Qin, Ying He, and Jin Yu. "Numerical Simulation and Vibration Analysis of Inner Flow Field for Lage-Sized Throttle Valve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.154.
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Based on the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) technique, the three-dimensional inner flow field of a large-sized throttle valve was built and the dynamics characteristics of the control valve were analyzed. The results indicate that the main reason for the spool and valve vibration was the cavitations at the spool and the whirlpool flow at the outlet of the valve, and the fluid velocity rises as the decreasing of the flow area at the same opening. The research f indings will provide the theory basis for the later throttle valves development and optimization with littler vibration and higher efficiency.
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Kaspul Anuar, Musthafa Akbar, Hanif Abdul Aziz, and Agung Soegihin. "Experimental Test on Aerodynamic Performance of Propeller and Its Effect on The Flight Performance of Serindit V-2 UAV." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 91, no. 2 (2022): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.91.2.120132.
Full textAbstract:
The Serindit V-2 is a flying vehicle (UAV) that was successfully developed to participate in the Indonesian Flying Robot Contest with a mission to fly at high speed and acceleration. The purpose of this research is to obtain the optimum aerodynamic performance of the propeller and its effect to the flight performance of the Serindit V-2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The study began by testing the aerodynamic performance of propellers (static thrust value, time consumed, and power consumed) with different sizes of propellers, ranging from 8 inches to 12 inches. From the test results, the 12-inch propeller at 100% throttle generates the highest thrust value of 29.607 N, time consumed of 4.91 minutes, and power consumed of 717.57 Watt. The study was continued by calculating the flight performance with the results that the maximum speed value was 24.11 m/s, the rate of climb was 3.347 m/s, and the stall speed was 14.6 m/s. Finally, the Serindit V-2 UAV was tested to fly using a propulsion system with a 12-inch propeller and varied throttle opening from 50% to 100%. The test results show the vehicle's maximum speed of 24,562 m/s is obtained at a throttle opening of 100%. The climb rate and the flight time at 100% throttle opening is 2,656 m/s and 3 minutes 27 seconds, while the vehicle's stall speed during cruising flight (angle of attack at 1 degree) is 13 m/s. The difference between the theoretical calculation results and the actual test is at least caused by 2 factors. The first is the aerodynamic factor, in theoretical calculations, the overall aerodynamic design of the aircraft is considered very smooth/seamless. This has an impact on the fluid flow that occurs on the aircraft. On the actual conditions, the vehicle has several parts that cause drag, such as the pitot sensor located at the tip of the right-wing, and the ballast located on the left-wing.