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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Through-the-cycle

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Academic literature on the topic 'Through-the-cycle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

1

Case, Patricia. "Nutrition Through the Life Cycle." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 48, no. 1 (January 2016): 84.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2015.08.002.

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Akay, Alpaslan, and Peter Martinsson. "Positional concerns through the life-cycle." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 78 (February 2019): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2018.12.005.

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Cassidy, Aedin, and Marian Faughnan. "Phyto-oestrogens through the life cycle." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 3 (August 2000): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000719.

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The growing interest in the role of phyto-oestrogens in human health has prompted scientists to evaluate the risk : benefit which would result from consuming high levels of these compounds at different stages of the life cycle. These compounds have been shown to exert a wide range of hormonal and non-hormonal activities in animals and in vitro, and these activities suggest plausible mechanisms for potential health effects in human subjects consuming phyto-oestrogen-rich diets. In addition, experimental and epidemiological data are available supporting the concept that phyto-oestrogen-rich diets exert physiological effects in vivo; however, their relative importance to human health remains to be elucidated. Our understanding of factors involved in their absorption and metabolism, including the role of intestinal microflora, is limited, and these factors together with dose-related effects may well be important in determining clinical efficacy.

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Danieley, Heidi. "Exploring Mitosis through the Learning Cycle." American Biology Teacher 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4449113.

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Chevallier, Julien, Mathieu Gatumel, and Florian Ielpo. "Commodity markets through the business cycle." Quantitative Finance 14, no. 9 (October 25, 2013): 1597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2013.842651.

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Altmann, Ros. "Encouraging savings through the life cycle." Journal of Financial Services Marketing 7, no. 4 (June 2003): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4770094.

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Chernoff, Ronni, and John L. McClellan Memorial. "Nutrition Support Through the Life Cycle." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 8, no. 5 (October 1993): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0115426593008005197.

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Bosveld, Bart. "The Environmental Quality Through Science Cycle." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 17, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4374.

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Messenger, A. G. "Hair through the female life cycle." British Journal of Dermatology 165 (December 2011): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10628.x.

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Kendrick, Mark A., Jon D. Woodhead, and Vadim S. Kamenetsky. "Tracking halogens through the subduction cycle." Geology 40, no. 12 (December 2012): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g33265.1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

1

Prasad, Aarathi. "Cell cycle regulation through the D-Type cyclins." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405947.

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Olofsson, Niclas. "Violence through the life cycle : A public health problem." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Socialmedicin och folkhälsovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77044.

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Background: Violence has probably always been part of the human experience. Its impact can be seen, in various forms, in all parts of the world. In 1996, WHO:s Forty-Ninth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution , declaring violence a major and growing public health problem around the world. Public health work centers around health promotion and disease prevention activities in the population and public health is an expression of the health status of the population taking into account both the level and the distribution of health. Exposure to violence can have many aspects, differing throughout the life course — deprivation of autonomy, financial exploitation, psychological and physical neglect or abuse — but all types share common characteristics: the use of destructive force to control others by depriving them of safety, freedom, health and, in too many instances, life; the epidemic proportions of the problem, particularly among vulnerable groups; a devastating impact on individuals, families, neighborhoods, communities, and society. Methods: Three different data sources were used in the four articles, three cross-sectional studies (“Life and Health in Norrland” and “Health on Equal Terms 2004 and 2006”) and one longitudinal (“Level-of-Living Survey”). Results: We present an important picture of the strong association between exposure to violence and ill health through the life cycle. A population-based study showed an increased risk of poorer physical and psychological health among boys and girls aged 0-18, as reported by their mothers exposed to violence. Further, a strong association between those exposed to violence and physical and mental ill health was demonstrated in young adults aged 18-25, also after adjusting for possible confounders, specifically for women. Even in an elder group aged 65-84, representative results showed an extensive negative health outcome panorama caused by fear of crime and exposure to abuse both in elderly men and women. Lastly, in trying to provide additional empirical support for the association between exposure to violence and ill health the prospective study demonstrated that violence exposure in adolescence and young adulthood presented a negative association to severe illness burden in adulthood for women but not men. Conclusion: Exposure to violence among both men and women is an important risk factor for ill health and should receive greater attention in public health work. A strong association between violence and various health outcomes was demonstrated in different time periods through the life cycle.

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Cazier, Paul S. "Foreign assistance dependency breaking the cycle through advanced education." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5036.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
This thesis addresses the importance of foreign assistance to U.S. national security. The history of U.S. foreign assistance suggests that a lack of consistent objectives is one of the primary challenges facing effective U.S. aid operations. Strategic aid planners can increase operational effectiveness by focusing on the following four planning considerations: (1) maintaining focus on recipient objectives, (2) stable funding, (3) making programs self-sustaining, and (4) minimizing dependency on U.S. appropriations or NGO donations. This thesis evaluates these factors in the context of three higher education foreign assistance programs. The Ford Foundation's International Fellowship Program offers an example of an international nonreligious NGO. The USAID-Higher Education for Development Training, Internships, Exchanges and Scholarships partnership in Mexico provides an example of a bilateral foreign assistance program. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Perpetual Education Fund offers an illustration of the humanitarian operations of an international religious organization.

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Demertzi, Martha. "Evaluation of the cork sector’s environmental performance through life cycle assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16824.

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Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente
A relevância do setor corticeiro do ponto de vista ambiental tem vindo a aumentar graças à transição, quer da indústria quer dos consumidores, para um mercado mais sustentável. A avaliação do impacte ambiental dos produtos de cortiça pode ser feita através da avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) para identificar as etapas e os processos mais influentes ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. Atualmente, existem poucos estudos de ACV disponíveis e a maioria deriva de dois países, Portugal e Espanha (os líderes do setor da cortiça). No entanto, os estudos existentes muitas vezes excluem a etapa de fim-de-vida ou quando ela é incluída consideram apenas um destino final, nomeadamente o aterro sanitário. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos existentes não considera a emissão e remoção de carbono biogénico no cálculo da pegada de carbono porque estas emissões são consideradas neutras (todo o carbono sequestrado na floresta vai ser emitido durante as etapas de fabrico, uso e fim-de-vida). Adicionalmente os estudos atuais consideram que todas as emissões ocorrem num tempo específico que pode não ser muito realista uma vez que as emissões podem ocorrem ao longo do tempo considerado no ciclo de vida do sistema. A presente tese tem o objetivo de enriquecer e ampliar o conhecimento do setor corticeiro. Vários estudos de caso de produtos de cortiça representativos (rolhas de cortiça natural, pavimento flutuante de cortiça, placas e regranulado de cortiça expandida) estão incluídos nesta tese a fim de identificar as etapas e os processos mais influentes em cada caso do ponto de vista ambiental. A contribuição dos produtos de cortiça para várias categorias de impacte ambiental é feita através do uso de ACV. Adicionalmente, a etapa de fim-de-vida das rolhas de cortiça natural é avaliada separadamente considerando várias alternativas e cenários para identificar a melhor opção em termos ambientais. Além disso, é desenvolvido e apresentado um modelo de simulação para o cálculo da pegada de carbono do setor corticeiro na sua totalidade. O objetivo deste modelo é facilitar a avaliação de todo o setor da cortiça, não só por etapa e processo, mas também por produto e na sua totalidade. Assim, este vem apoiar a tomada de decisões do setor, a fim de melhorar a sua pegada de carbono total. Adicionalmente uma abordagem de ACV mais recente é aplicada, a avaliação dinâmica do ciclo de vida. Ao contrário da abordagem tradicional (estática), que considera que todas as emissões e alterações climáticas ocorrem num tempo específico (geralmente 20, 100 ou 500 anos), a abordagem dinâmica considera as emissões e alterações climáticas que ocorrem em cada ano do horizonte temporal escolhido para o estudo. A consideração da abordagem dinâmica é aplicada pela primeira vez neste setor e fornece mais uma alternativa na avaliação da pegada de carbono do setor corticeiro. A presente tese destaca a importância da inclusão do carbono biogénico sequestrado e emitido no cálculo da pegada de carbono. Quando é incluído o setor é um sumidouro de carbono (pegada de carbono igual a -956,042 t CO2 eq. por ano) e quando é excluído é uma fonte de carbono (pegada de carbono igual a 172,844 t CO2 eq. por ano).
The relevance of the cork sector from an environmental point of view is currently increasing thanks to the transition, both of industry and the consumers to a more sustainable market. The evaluation of the environmental impact of the cork products can be done through life cycle assessment (LCA). This is a tool used for the evaluation of the entire life cycle of a product (from the extraction of the raw materials to the final disposal of the product) in order to identify the most influential stages and processes along the life cycle. Currently, there is a limited number of LCA studies ON cork found in literature and the majority derives from two countries, Portugal and Spain (the leaders of the cork sector). Those studies, usually exclude the end-of-life stage and when it is included they only consider one destination, namely landfilling. The majority of the existing studies doesn’t consider the emission and removal of biogenic carbon in the calculation of the carbon footprint since they are considered neutral (all biogenic carbon sequestered at the forest will be completely emitted during the stages of manufacturing, use and end-of-life). Additionally, the current studies consider that all the emissions occur in a specific time (reference year) and this might not be very realistic since the emissions may occur along the time considered in the life cycle of the system under study and this may influence the final conclusions reached. The present Ph.D. thesis aims to enrich and extend the knowledge of the cork sector. Different case studies of the most representative cork products (natural cork stoppers, cork floating floor, expanded cork slab and regranulates) are included in this thesis in order to identify the most influential stages and processes in each case from an environmental point of view. The contribution of the cork products for various environmental impact categories is done through the use of LCA. Additionally, the end-of-life stage for used natural cork stoppers is evaluated separately considering various alternatives and scenarios in order to identify the most efficient option from an environmental point of view. Moreover, a simulation model for the calculation of the carbon footprint of the entire cork sector is developed and presented. The goal of this model is to facilitate the evaluation of the entire cork sector not only per stage and process but also per product and as a total. Thus, it can be very useful for the decisionmaking of the sector in order to decrease its total carbon footprint. Additionally, a more recent approach is applied as well, the dynamic life cycle assessment. On the contrary of the traditional (static) approach that considers that all the emissions and climate change impacts occur on a specific time (usually 20, 100 or 500 years), the dynamic approach considers the emissions and impacts occurring in each year for the temporal horizon chosen for the study. The dynamic life cycle approach is applied for the first time on the cork sector and provides another alternative for the carbon footprint evaluation of the cork sector. The present thesis highlights the importance of including the sequestered and emitted biogenic carbon in the carbon footprint calculation of the cork sector. When biogenic carbon is included in the calculations, the cork sector is a carbon sink (carbon footprint equal to -956,042 t CO2 eq. per year) and when it is excluded the cork sector is a carbon source (carbon footprint equal to 172,844 t CO2 eq. per year).

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Hallblad, Jessica. "The Multi-year Through-the-cycle and Point-in-time Probability of Default." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102823.

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Woodford, Spencer. "The Minimisation of Combat Aircraft Life Cycle Cost through Conceptual Design Optimisation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3496.

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In an effort to increase the cost-effectiveness of military equipment, a method has been developed to perform conceptual studies on combat aircraft, resulting in designs of specified capability optimised for minimum Life Cycle Cost (LCC). Consequently, the cost design loop can be considered as being closed, allowing the automated production of a consistent set of cost and performance data for different aircraft solutions. The design engineer can thus make informed, unbiased, design decisions, leading to a more efficient use of shrinking Defence budgets. Because of the vast scale to which the cost model could be developed, 'deep overheads' are not included, restricting the use of the tool to the comparison of similar weapons systems (combat aircraft), with a common set of design objectives and performance constraints. The aircraft conceptual design tool is based on classical design methods, recently adapted and updated, and validated with existing aircraft data. The engine performance and sizing modules have been developed from detailed thermodynamic models, whilst the LCC model is an amalgamation and update of several different methods, each written for a different phase in the system life cycle. The aircraft synthesis models, opfimisation tool and LCC algorithms are described, and validation results are presented where possible. The software cost model was used to generate a series of results, mimicking the early stages of an aircraft design selection procedure, and allowing a demonstration of the various trade-off studies that can be performed. Results from the selection process are presented and discussed, overall study conclusions arc drawn, and areas for further work suggested. Published data for real aircraft and engines are included in the Appendices, together with detailed aircraft parameter and cost output data generated by the model.

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Wilkinson, Craig. "Understanding the catalytic cycle of membrane pyrophosphatases through structural and functional studies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19131/.

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Membrane pyrophosphatases (M-PPases) couple pyrophosphate hydrolysis to the translocation of sodium ions/protons, using the resulting ion gradients to drive abiotic stress resistance and in the infectivity of protozoan parasites. I have solved two M-PPase structures in different catalytic states, combining these with previous structures to update the model of the catalytic cycle of M-PPases. These new structures confirm previous findings that substrate binding breaks interactions between K12.50 and D6.43 due to motion of helix 12, leading to a rearrangement of helix 6 and priming the enzyme for hydrolysis. Previously this information was only visible between the structures of two-distinct M-PPases, a H+-PPase and Na+-PPase. The current structures allow for comparisons to be made between structures of the same type of M-PPase. Electrometric data was acquired using the Nanion SURFE2R technique, which showed a proton-pumping signal was generated by the non-hydrolysable inhibitor, imidodiphosphate. This provided sufficient information to update the model of the complete catalytic cycle, favouring the hypothesised Binding change mechanism, in which substrate binding induces a series of conformational changes during which ion pumping occurs first, followed by substrate hydrolysis. Additionally, crystal optimisation techniques improved the resolution of the Pyrobaculum aerophilum M-PPase structure to 3.8, providing an overview of the K+-independent M-PPase. The hydrolytic centre and ion gate regions showed similar coordination to previous structures, with differences seen in the conformation of several outer ring helices, potentially linked to K+-independence. I also carried out mutational studies investigating K12.46 and T12.49, both involved in K+-independence and found that both mutations were required to generate a K+-dependent variant of PaPPase. Overall, this information has improved our understanding of the structure and function of the membrane pyrophosphatases, providing a basis for drug-design programmes targeting protozoan parasites, to which the membrane pyrophosphatases are a vital part of growth and infectivity.

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Guidosh, Jacob A. "The use of life cycle assessment through an objective framework constructed by simulation /." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1252941644.

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Amato, Alberto. "The sexual cycle of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia : from morphology through biology to genes." Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446308.

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Austvold, Stephen P. "Leading the Two Harbors Evangelical Free Church through the adjustment stage of the conflict cycle." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.

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Books on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

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Nutrition through the life cycle. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, CENGAGE Learning, 2011.

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Shetty, Prakash, ed. Nutrition Through the Life Cycle. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847559463.

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Balogh, André, Louis J. Lanzerotti, and Steven T. Suess. The Heliosphere through the Solar Activity Cycle. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74302-6.

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Balogh, A. Heliosphere through the solar activity cycle. [S.l.]: Springer, 2007.

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Duffin, Naylor Mary, and Hayman Laura Lucia, eds. Fluids and electrolytes through the life cycle. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1985.

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McCurry, Larry. Managing inventory through the product life cycle. [s.l: The Author], 1993.

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Nagin, Daniel. The effect of conviction on income through the life cycle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Breaking the vicious cycle: Intestinal health through diet. Kirkton, Ontario: Kirkton Press, 1994.

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The adoption life cycle: The children and their families through the years. New York: Free Press, 1992.

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Sucsan: La symbolique du cycle de la vie = the life cycle through symbols. Pointe-Claire [Quebec]: Roussan, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

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Brabazon, Tara. "Urban Living Through the Life Cycle." In SpringerBriefs in Geography, 81–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-269-2_6.

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von Steiger, Rudolf. "The solar wind throughout the solar cycle." In The Heliosphere through the Solar Activity Cycle, 41–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74302-6_3.

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Rakotoarivelo, Thierry, Guillaume Jourjon, Olivier Mehani, Max Ott, and Michael Zink. "A Walk Through the GENI Experiment Cycle." In The GENI Book, 407–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33769-2_17.

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Heber, B. "Cosmic Rays Through the Solar Hale Cycle." In Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere, 265–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9200-9_19.

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Yardley, Bruce W. D. "The Evolution of Fluids Through the Metamorphic Cycle." In Fluid Flow and Transport in Rocks, 99–121. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1533-6_6.

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Dasso, Mary, Carl Smythe, Kim Milarski, Sally Kornbluth, and John W. Newport. "DNA Replication and Progression Through the Cell Cycle." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 170 - Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, 161–86. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470514320.ch11.

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Yamamoto, Harry Y. "A Random Walk To and Through the Xanthophyll Cycle." In Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment, 1–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_1.

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Veiga, Amélia. "Researching the Bologna Process through the Lens of the Policy Cycle." In European and Latin American Higher Education Between Mirrors, 91–108. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-545-8_7.

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Kodera, Kunihiko. "Influences of the Solar Cycle on Climate Through Stratospheric Processes." In The Stratosphere and Its Role in the Climate System, 83–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03327-2_7.

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Temmer, M., A. M. Veronig, N. Gopalswamy, and S. Yashiro. "Relation Between the 3D-Geometry of the Coronal Wave and Associated CME During the 26 April 2008 Event." In Energy Storage and Release through the Solar Activity Cycle, 115–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4403-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

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Hopkins-Hurt, D. "Scenarios through the system life-cycle." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000501.

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Korn, J. "Scenarios through linguistic modelling." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000500.

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Armstrong, S. "Visualizing requirements: modelling the user's routine." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000502.

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Alexander, I. "Scenarios in systems engineering." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000498.

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Maiden, N. A. M. "Scenario-driven systems engineering." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000499.

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Hughes, J. "Informing requirements: ethnography and social activities." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000503.

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Potter, J. "Using scenarios in defence projects." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000504.

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Cox, K. "Taking to scenarios to improve the requirements process: an experience report." In IEE Seminar Scenarios through the System Life Cycle. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000505.

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Satter, Abdus. "Asset Management through the Reservoir Life Cycle." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/15082-ms.

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Briggs, Ted L., Burt Gischner, Pete Lazo, Mike Olson, Jim Vicedomine, and Ken Wolsey. "Enabling Interoperability through the Ship Life Cycle." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2008-p10.

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Shipyards are increasingly responsible for the life cycle support of ships, including maintenance and logistics data over the life of the ship. Hence, it has become important for shipyards to efficiently integrate acquisition product model data with the lifecycle support product model data. The use of Integrated Data Environments (IDE) for Navy ship programs has fostered the integration of design, logistics, and production information for the ship. However, it has not been possible to exchange this integrated data set; rather, different data is typically transferred at different times often resulting in inconsistency. The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) STEP standard (ISO 10303-239) for logistics data and life cycle support provides the capability to exchange logistics data linked back to design data. The standard was developed and has been implemented by the aerospace and defense industry. The ISE-6 project demonstrated the feasibility of using the PLCS standard for naval shipbuilding. This approach should also enable interoperability of life cycle data with other defense programs. The ISE-6 team mapped naval shipbuilding requirements into PLCS, while preserving compatibility with existing PLCS implementations. A unique feature was the automated mapping via template expansion and identification. The ISE-6 team conducted a demonstration of this capability, exchanging data between two Integrated Data Environments (IDE) and a Knowledge Management tool, which was used to modify and update the data for the receiving IDE. During the next phase of the project, the ISE-6 team will be investigating interoperability using the S1000D Specification for the procurement and production of technical publications.

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Reports on the topic "Through-the-cycle"

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Nagin, Daniel, and Joel Waldfogel. The Effect of Convicton on Income Through the Life Cycle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4551.

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Avila-Montealegre, Oscar, and Carter Mix. Common Trade Exposure and Business Cycle Comovement. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1149.

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A large empirical literature has shown that countries that trade more with each other have more correlated business cycles. We show that previous estimates of this relationship are biased upward because they ignore common trade exposure to other countries. When we account for common trade exposure to foreign business cycles, we find that (1) the effect of bilateral trade on business cycle comovement falls by roughly 25 percent and (2) common exposure is a significant driver of business cycle comovement. A standard international real business cycle model is qualitatively consistent with these facts but fails to reproduce their magnitudes. Past studies have used models that allow for productivity shock transmission through trade to strengthen the relationship between trade and comovement. We find that productivity shock transmission increases business cycle comovement largely because of a country-pair's common trade exposure to other countries rather than because of bilateral trade. When we allow for stronger transmission between small open economies than other country-pairs, comovement increases both from bilateral trade and common exposure, similar to the data.

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Kim, Changmo, Ghazan Khan, Brent Nguyen, and Emily L. Hoang. Development of a Statistical Model to Predict Materials’ Unit Prices for Future Maintenance and Rehabilitation in Highway Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1806.

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The main objectives of this study are to investigate the trends in primary pavement materials’ unit price over time and to develop statistical models and guidelines for using predictive unit prices of pavement materials instead of uniform unit prices in life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for future maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects. Various socio-economic data were collected for the past 20 years (1997–2018) in California, including oil price, population, government expenditure in transportation, vehicle registration, and other key variables, in order to identify factors affecting pavement materials’ unit price. Additionally, the unit price records of the popular pavement materials were categorized by project size (small, medium, large, and extra-large). The critical variables were chosen after identifying their correlations, and the future values of each variable were predicted through time-series analysis. Multiple regression models using selected socio-economic variables were developed to predict the future values of pavement materials’ unit price. A case study was used to compare the results between the uniform unit prices in the current LCCA procedures and the unit prices predicted in this study. In LCCA, long-term prediction involves uncertainties due to unexpected economic trends and industrial demand and supply conditions. Economic recessions and a global pandemic are examples of unexpected events which can have a significant influence on variations in material unit prices and project costs. Nevertheless, the data-driven scientific approach as described in this research reduces risk caused by such uncertainties and enables reasonable predictions for the future. The statistical models developed to predict the future unit prices of the pavement materials through this research can be implemented to enhance the current LCCA procedure and predict more realistic unit prices and project costs for the future M&R activities, thus promoting the most cost-effective alternative in LCCA.

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Einhorn, Robert, Dina Esfandiary, Anton Khlopkov, Grégoire Mallard, and Andreas Persbo. From the Iran nuclear deal to a Middle East Zone? Lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ. Edited by Chen Zak and Farzan Sabet. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/2021/jcpoa1.

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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) explicitly states that it “should not be considered as setting precedents for any other state or for fundamental principles of international law.” However, its unique negotiations process, provisions, and implementation created an important set of tools that could provide valuable insights and lessons for a Middle East Weapons of mass Destruction Free Zone (ME WMDFZ). Understanding these tools in a regional context based on the JCPOA experience could provide ME WMDFZ negotiators and researchers important additional tools, ideas, and lessons learned on the road toward negotiating a Zone treaty. This series explores lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ through essays focusing on five key themes, including the Iran nuclear deal’s negotiating process, structure and format; nuclear fuel cycle activities and research; safeguards and verification; nuclear cooperation; and compliance and enforcement.

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Krishnamurthy, Ranjani, Gayathri Sarangan, Abhilaasha Nagarajan, Reeba Devaraj, Rajesh Ramamoorthy, Blessy Oviya, and Nandini Natarajan. Gender and Social Inclusion Across the Sanitation Chain in Tamil Nadu – Assessment and Strategy. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/gsiatnas10.2019.

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The Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) has prioritised the full sanitation chain, including the strengthening of septage management as an economical and sustainable complement to networkbased sewerage systems. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) is supporting the GoTN to achieve the Sanitation Mission of Tamil Nadu through the Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Support Programme (TNUSSP). TNUSSP Phase I (2015-2018) was designed to support GoTN and selected cities in making improvements along the entire urban sanitation chain. In the second phase (2018– 2020), TNUSSP seeks to go one step further and integrate a gender and social inclusion (GSI) perspective within its interventions at two sites – the city of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy), and the two town panchayats (TPs) of Periyanaicken-Palayam (PNP) and Narasimhanaicken-Palayam (NNP) in Coimbatore district – along the urban sanitation cycle and in its support provided at the State level.

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Heresi, Rodrigo. Reallocation and Productivity during Commodity Cycles. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003203.

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I study the firm-level dynamic response of a commodity-exporting economy to global cycles in commodity prices. To do so, I develop a heterogeneous-firms model that endogenizes declines in aggregate productivity through reallocation towards less productive firms. Within a given sector, commodity booms reallocate market share away from exporters because of currency appreciation and away from capital-intensive firms because of the increase in capital cost. I provide empirical evidence for these channels using microdata for Chile, the worlds largest copper producer. When fed with the commodity super-cycle of 2003-2012, the calibrated model generates about 50% of the observed productivity decline.

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Abdellatif, Omar S., and Ali Behbehani. The Bahamas COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/bhs0501.

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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, countries agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Busso, Matías, Julian P. Cristia, and Sarah D. Humpage. Research Insights: Can Reminders Boost Vaccination Rates? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001935.

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While families in rural Guatemala recognize the value of vaccination and mostly vaccinate their children at early ages, they often fail to follow through with the course of treatment, drastically reducing the probability of immunization. To encourage members of underserved communities to complete the vaccination cycle, community health workers were given monthly lists of children due for vaccination at the clinic, enabling them to send timely reminders to families. Reminders increased the likelihood that children completed their vaccination treatment by 2.2 percentage points in the treatment communities. For children in treatment communities who were due to receive a vaccine, and whose parents were expected to be reminded of the due date, the probability of vaccination completion increased by 4.6 percentage points.

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Herbert, Siân. Donor Support to Electoral Cycles. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.043.

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This rapid literature review explains the stages of an election cycle, and how donors provide support to electoral cycles. It draws mainly on policy guidance websites and papers due to the questions of this review and the level of analysis taken (global-level, donor-level). It focuses on publications from the last five years, and/or current/forthcoming donor strategies. The electoral cycle and its stages are well-established policy concepts for which there is widespread acceptance and use. Donor support to electoral cycles (through electoral assistance and electoral observation) is extremely widespread, and the dominant donors in this area are the multilateral organisations like the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), and also the United States (US). While almost all bilateral donors also carry out some work in this area, “almost all major electoral support programmes are provided jointly with international partners” (DFID, 2014, p.5). Bilateral donors may provide broader support to democratic governance initiatives, which may not be framed as electoral assistance, but may contribute to the wider enabling environment. All of the donors reviewed in this query emphasise that their programmes are designed according to the local context and needs, and thus, beyond the big actors - EU, UN and US, there is little overarching information on what the donors do in this area. While there is a significant literature base in the broad area of electoral support, it tends to be focussed at the country, programme, or thematic, level, rather than at the global, or donor, level taken by this paper. There was a peak in global-level publications on this subject around 2006, the year the electoral cycle model was published by the European Commission, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This review concludes by providing examples of the electoral assistance work carried out by five donors (UN, EU, US, UK and Germany).

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Montiel Olea, César E., and Leonardo R. Corral. Text Analysis of Project Completion Reports. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003611.

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Project Completion Reports (PCRs) are the main instrument through which different multilateral organizations measure the success of a project once it closes. PCRs are important for development effectiveness as they serve to understand achievements, failures, and challenges within the project cycle they can feed back into the design and execution of new projects. The aim of this paper is to introduce text analysis tools for the exploration of PCR documents. We describe and apply different text analysis tools to explore the content of a sample of PCRs. We seek to illustrate a way in which PCRs can be summarized and analyzed using innovative tools applied to a unique dataset. We believe that the methods presented in this investigation have numerous potential applications to different types of text documents routinely prepared within the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

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