Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Through the summer of 2019'

INTRODUCTION: The United States is currently experiencing a shortage of physicians that is projected to worsen substantially over the next decade. Rural regions are most affected by this shortage, with some statistics estimating that the physician-to-patient ratios reach 1 to 2500 in certain areas. While some measures have been taken to help combat this shortage, such as increases in medical school enrollment and the development of more residency training programs, additional interventions are needed that target rural regions specifically. One of the most powerful methods to improve this rural maldistribution of physicians is to make changes in medical education so that it trains and deploys more individuals who wish to practice in rural areas. The Quillen College of Medicine (QCOM) places tremendous focus on training rural physicians, with around 25% of students selecting an alternate educational curriculum that provides them with specific training in rural communities. To further QCOM’s commitment to improving rural healthcare, we hosted a no-cost, week-long camp for high school students. We specifically recruited students from the surrounding rural regions, as studies have demonstrated that students with rural origins are more likely to train in primary care and return to practice in rural areas. We hypothesize that earlier exposure to the medical field through summer camps is an effective method to increase the number of students from rural communities who wish to pursue careers in medicine. METHODS: The 2018 camp was held the week of June 4-8 and hosted 20 students from surrounding high schools. Throughout the week, the students engaged in a variety of fun and engaging activities that taught them about many important aspects of medicine such as proper patient care, communication skills, physical exam techniques, and critical thinking skills. We utilized both the Medical Simulation Lab and Standardized Patient Center at the Quillen College of Medicine, which allowed the students to interview, diagnose, and treat patients with various conditions in a simulated environment. Our objective was not to have the students accurately diagnose and treat the conditions, but rather to utilize teamwork, employ critical thinking skills, and enjoy doing it. Our data was collected pre- and post-surveys which contained closed-ended questions, Likert scales, and free-response questions. The surveys assessed demographic information, previous exposure to the medical field, interest in the medical field, and perceived potential obstacles in pursuing a career in medicine. RESULTS: Student feedback was positive overall. 65% of students stated they were more knowledgeable about the steps they needed to take to become a physician. 55% of participants reported an increased desire to pursue a career in healthcare. 45% of students reported an increased desire to become a physician. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that earlier medical exposure through summer camps is an effective method for increasing the number of students from rural East Tennessee who are interested in pursuing a career in medicine. We believe that similar opportunities should be offered to a greater degree in other areas to help combat the physician shortage affecting rural regions nationwide.

L’elaborato verte sulla traduzione istituzionale in contesti in cui l’inglese viene utilizzato come lingua franca e, partendo da una base teorica, si propone di analizzare un piccolo corpus di conferenze tramite le quali la BCE è solita a comunicare ai media le proprie decisioni in materia di politica monetaria. Da un’analisi del discorso di tipo qualitativo dei testi emergono caratteristiche lessico-grammaticali e strategie pragmatiche comuni in contesti ELF (English as a Lingua Franca); fra queste viene approfondito il processo di negoziazione di significato dell’espressione «through the summer of 2019». La tesi si articola in cinque capitoli, tre teorici e un case-study distribuito su due capitoli. Il primo capitolo descrive l’istituzione presa in esame e introduce alcuni temi che emergeranno nei capitoli 4 e 5. Il secondo capitolo si focalizza sull’ELF e partendo dalle origini del termine lingua franca delinea il campo di ricerca e illustra alcuni concetti chiave. Il terzo capitolo tratta di multilinguismo, traduzione ed ELF nelle istituzioni europee e funge da trait-d'union fra i capitoli precedenti e quelli successivi. Il quarto capitolo prende in esame una serie di conferenze stampa della BCE al fine di studiare la comunità ELF oggetto del presente elaborato. Il quinto capitolo illustra gli sviluppi del caso traduttivo a cui ha dato origine la frase «through the summer of 2019»; in particolare, presenta le risorse che sono state utilizzate per risalire alle ragioni che probabilmente hanno portato la BCE a modificare alcune versioni multilingue.

This thesis is concerned with architecture and its changes through four seasons. It is about drawing new images of a building in different seasons. Like trees change their leaves in seasons and like people change their clothes in seasons, this project is about architecture changing its architectural elements in four seasons. It all began with an imagination of how a building would respond differently in each of the four seasons. The project, located at the waterfront of Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia, is an Aquatic Center with swimming pools, changing areas, saunas, fitness area, and massage areas. The Aquatic Center creates different images to its visitors through surrounding natures and their changes, architectural elements and their movements, visitors and their activities. The goal was to provide people unique and different experiences every time they visit.
Master of Architecture

Doctor of Philosophy
Curriculum and Instruction Programs
F. Todd Goodson
Professional development of in-service teachers continues to increase, but not all programs are successful in promoting teacher learning and student improvement. This qualitative study offers an examination of how one professional development program, The National Writing Project, with its teachers-teaching-teachers model is making a difference. The National Writing Project is one of the longest running, most cost-efficient, and most successful professional development programs in education. The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing teacher transformation. Five areas were addressed: (1) the identification of transformation factors; (2) the relationship of personal literacy as it affects professional change; (3) being a member of a learning community and how it affects personal learning; (4) being a member of a learning community and how it affects professional learning; and (5) the role of spirituality in transformation. The setting was the National Writing Project's Invitational Summer Institute as it examined how fellows, first time participants, perceived their learning. Participants were from 17 different writing project sites across the United States. Data collection involved three distinct sources: (1) selection of participant and rationale provided by site directors of writing project sites; (2) audio-taped long interviews of each participant; and, (3) a follow-up focus group conducted in an electronic discussion board. The findings highlighted an interweaving of five factors influencing teacher transformation: (1) identification and application of knowledge for self and students; (2) reflection of learning and practice; (3) collaboration; (4) active and on-going involvement; and, (5) supportive and safe environment. When these five transformative factors are designed and implemented in the professional development of teacher in-service, teachers are provided an opportunity to personally learn which leads to professional learning and improved instruction for student learning. Excerpts from each data collection, recommendations for future research, and appendices to replicate the study are provided.

The purpose of this work was to investigate experiencing death and loss through school shootings from a developmental time period and theory-based perspective. This topic was chosen based on recent media coverage and controversy surrounding school shootings. This research looks at school shootings from the perspective of the Structural Functionalism Theory and applies the theory to recent situations of school shootings around the United States. From this theory, the developmental timing of loss following a school shooting was taken into account by observing the stages of development in which loss may have occurred and how each child may react to a school shooting based on their development. This research concluded that school shootings can extremely disruptive to the structure and the functioning of individuals in many roles within the school and community.

Since the preservation campaigns at Lee Tung Street, the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier that erupted in early to mid-2000s, Hong Kong participatory art has undertaken an increasingly proactive role in local spatial movements, which marks the organizational and strategical evolvements of this artistic category that differentiate it from earlier public and community art. While research initiatives after 2010 have identified regional geospatial politics as one major concern for local participatory art today, existing studies tend to take a contextual approach with main emphases on why art becomes involved in urban spatial struggles while rarely proceeding to investigate what strategies or modes of spatial practices have emerged from relevant projects and what implications they have on the material-social spaces of the city. This hesitation to forward an interpretive evaluation of the focused phenomenon stems from the absence of epistemological concreteness in participatory art theories and criticisms, which necessitates the introduction of new analytical tools in research on the subject. To answer the pending questions, this research employs Henry Lefebvre's theories of the social production of space to examine three representative projects selected from a preliminary survey of local participatory art programs/groups which involve spatial practices. In exploring the contents, strategies, and socio-spatial implications of these cases, it presents three models of spatially oriented participatory art. On this basis, a cross-case analysis is conducted to explore how participatory art in general offers counterforces against the neoliberalist social-material and aesthetic reprogramming of the city while laying the social foundation for the anticipated production of differential spaces. As more urban renewal and land resumption plans are anticipated to storm through the city in the coming decades, this research hopes to provide for practitioners, researchers, and local communities the discursive and conceptual tools to understand the role of art in preceding and future spatial contestations

This overview was made to discuss coping with families who have lost a child/sibling, specifically children in preschool and elementary school. This subject can be daunting and difficult to navigate for parents however, understanding the importance of communication, involvement, and proper coping techniques is vital to the child’s development and perception of death. This educational poster discusses ways to tackle the issues that come when losing a child and give parents further insight into young minds dealing with tragedy. We look at Family Stress Theory to further explain assumptions about families, how families manage conflict and stress, stressors family systems undergo, and other related concepts.

Enrollment of preschool aged children in childcare centers has risen drastically in the last few decades, and continues to rise. This presents a great opportunity for childcare providers to administer nutrition information to children during this optimal learning phase of their life, because information learned during this phase will influence a child’s behaviors and beliefs towards food for the rest of their life. Even with this opportunity, research has shown that many facilities are not including nutrition information in their curriculum. Barriers are often cost, training, and staffing. This understanding led to piloting this nutrition intervention using the age-appropriate USDA MyPlate eBooks. The aim of this research was to improve nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors in preschool-aged children, while further evaluating the validity and reliability of a scale designed by Johnson and Malkus to measure these constructs. Twenty-five preschool-aged children from two community childcare facilities were enrolled in the study. A pretest assessing performance on nutrition-related tasks was administered using the scale via iPad technology. During the intervention, this researcher read one new story each week for 6-weeks from the USDA’s Team Nutrition MyPlate eBook series. Topics included Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Dairy, Protein, and A MyPlate meal. The same assessment was administered post-intervention. Scores for individual subscales and a total score were tallied for each child. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Paired-samples t tests were conducted to determine if the intervention in this sample of preschoolers improved their performance on measures of nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors. The results indicated that mean scores on the food identification subscale (M= 6.12, SD = .83) were significantly greater post-intervention than pre-intervention (M = 5.12, SD = 1.3), t(24) = 5.22, p < .001. Mean scores on the food group categorization subscale (M= 10.96, SD = 2.5) were significantly greater post-intervention than pre-intervention (M = 8.88, SD = 2.4), t(24) = 4.278, p < .01. Mean scores on the total scale (M = 59.84, SD = 7.15) were significantly greater post-intervention than pre-intervention (M = 55.4, SD = 7.06), t(24) = 3.145, p < .01. Knowledge about the health of foods does not always predict behavior. It was not surprising that in this age group, mean scores on the behavior subscale were not significantly improved by the intervention; pre (M= 11.44, SD 2.70), post (M= 11.32, SD 3.10), t(24) = -0.166, p = 2.58. These results foster the theory that nutrition knowledge in preschool-aged children can be positively influenced with clear and age-appropriate education. It was also clear that affecting behavior is more difficult. When offered less healthy, but tasty, preferred foods, young children are less likely to choose healthy options. This further supports the understanding that the responsibility of adults is to provide healthy foods to children. Future research will include pre-post testing without intervention and comparison of results.

The essay represents the projector principle, on which, as the essay’s author believes, the narration of The Summer Lightning and Other Stories by Olive Senior is based. The projector principle illustrates the idea that little details and images in the text serve big purposes, for example, reflect the emotional state of the characters or how the characters construct their identity. The literary analysis of the present essay aims at exploring a complicated identity construction in the context of Jamaica with its half-lost indigenous and half-remained colonial legacies through the identity construction of adolescent Jamaican protagonists of the short stories.

Changes in climate result in wide-ranging economic impacts, especially for businesses that rely on consistent weather patterns. The North Carolina ski resorts (Beech Mountain Ski Resort, Appalachian Ski Resort, Sugar Mountain Ski Resort, Wolf Ridge Ski Resort, Cataloochee Ski Area, and Sapphire Valley Ski Area) are the southernmost resorts on the east coast in the US. They are able to stay in business because of the diverse terrain and elevation of the Appalachian Mountains where they can see low record temperatures of -34°F. Observable increases in temperature and less snowfall accumulations generate concern for these businesses that rely not only on snow but temperatures low enough to produce their own snow. To understand what may happen in the future, it is pertinent to examine past and ongoing trends. Yearly snowfall data from fall 2010 to spring 2018 were obtained from the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) and interpolated using ordinary kriging. Teleconnections (Arctic Oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation) were examined to help compare similar years to observe possible relationships. The stations that had data for all of the years observed were spatially analyzed through regression kriging (RK) to determine how climate change will affect those areas. A kernel density map was then created from active CoCoRaHS stations to observe which areas need more stations to generate better interpolation data for future years. The results are impactful for the ski resorts, helping them to make effective business decisions based on climate trends and to promote the use of citizen science to improve research efforts.

The achievement gap between African American students and other races was continuously widening. School districts across the country were examining several programs to address the issue. This study attempted to examine the overall benefit of summer school attendance on reading achievement. It evaluated the relationship between summer school attendance and lexile levels of African American students from a low socio-economical area, in grades one through four. Participants for the study were not recruited as secondary data was used for the research. The study site school district's secondary data from the summer school session of 2012 was analyzed. The data included the spring 2012 and fall 2012 AimsWeb RCBM scores, along with the lexile levels. The study site school district collected lexile level data before and after summer school instruction. The summer school program was a four-week program that focused on math and reading. The program was voluntary and any student in the school district was able to attend. Data from the AimsWeb RCBM Assessment provided two measures for analysis: fluency and lexile level. The central research question was "What effect will summer school attendance have on reading lexile levels for African American Students from a low socio-economic area?" This quantitative study explored whether attendance in summer school contributed to an increase in the reading level, decrease in the reading level, or no effect on the reading level. This study used secondary data from a controlled group of students who did not attend summer school and an intervention group of students who attended summer school during 2012. A stratified random sampling of 60 students from the school's population of 343 was used to conduct the research.

My art is an experimental exploration of new media using images and sounds, combined with technology to communicate messages both random and intentional. This thesis will document a contemporary method of creating art with computers, which results in disorganized images from the unique point of view of a dyslexic artist. This study will explain how art is randomized information and explain the didactic processes of my art. The concept of the work is to present old media in a new context and show how information is accumulated into a new understanding. Historically, my art builds on the Dadaist movement. Humor, excess, and performance are essential in my art because they connect to the audience. My library of videos comes from a society saturated with images, sound, and an avalanche of information. I have used art to process and create approximately 40,000 pieces that will be used in this work.

Depuis sa première isolation, les ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC) s’avèrent très utiles pour la coordination avec les métaux de transition ainsi que pour la catalyse. Étant abondant et moins onéreux, le fer en tant que catalyseur a connu un essor considérable au cours de ces dernières décennies. De nombreux Fe-NHCs ont été synthétisés, mais le Fe-NHC chiral utilisé pour la catalyse asymétrique en est encore à ses débuts. En comparaison avec les métaux rares, le cuivre en tant que métal de transition polyvalent et moins coûteux, a également suscité beaucoup d’attention. Cependant, le développement du Cu-NHC chiral en tant que catalyseur efficace reste difficile. Ainsi, plusieurs types de nouveaux précurseurs de ligand NHC chiral ont été synthétisés. Les synthèses de Fe-NHCs et de Cu-NHCs chiraux ont été initiées à partir des précurseurs chiraux. Il a été constaté que les Fe-NHCs et les Cu-NHCs se décomposent au contact de l’air. Les Fe-NHCs et Cu-NHCs chiraux générés in situ sont utilisés dans les réactions d'hydrosilylation, les réactions de Mukaiyama aldol, l'insertion de carbène métallique dans la liaison SiH et les réactions de type Heck. Les Fe- NHCs in situ se sont avérés non utilisables dans la réaction d'hydrosilylation de l'acétophénone. Pour les réactions de Mukaiyama aldol, les conditions d'utilisation de Fe-NHCs in situ ont permis d'obtenir les produits souhaités avec un rendement allant jusqu'à 88%. Cependant, aucune énantiosélectivité n'a été observée, probablement pour des raisons de désactivation du ligand NHC. La réaction d'insertion du métal-carbène dans la liaison SiH catalysée in situ par des Cu-NHCs a donné un rendement pouvant atteindre 84% et 24% ee de produit. En outre, les réactions de type Heck ont été testées avec un catalyseur chiral Pd-NHC, qui a aboutit à un rendement supérieur à 91% sans avoir fournir d’énantiosélectivité. De plus, les décompositions de différents types de Cu-NHCs et Ag-NHCs dans des solutions sous air humide ont été étudiées. L’hydrolyse et l’oxydation de Cu- NHCs ont généré, sous air, des imidazoliums et des dérivés d'urée. Les Ag-NHCs ont été hydrolysés pour donner des formamides ou des imidazoliums en solution sous air humide. Par la suite, une nouvelle méthode de synthèse du dérivé d'urée utilisant du cuivre et de l'air en tant qu'oxydant a été developpée. Elle a permis d'obtenir des rendements modérés voire même très bons pour des substrats sans encombrement stérique. Les conditions d'oxydation douces conviennent à la synthèse de dérivés d'urée possédant des groupes alkyle, benzyle, aryle, hydroxy primaire, un groupe tertbutyloxycarbonyle sensible aux acides et des groupes amine tertiaire. Dans le dernier projet, une synthèse générale et efficace des dihydroquinoxalinones énantiopures a été développée. La cyclisation réductrice de N-(o-nitroaryl)amino esters a été réalisée en utilisant du fer et du zinc métallique dans des conditions douces pour donner des dihydroquinoxalinones avec des rendements modérés à élevés et une pureté énantiomérique élevée.
Since its first isolation, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been found very useful to coordinate with metals and serve as ligand in catalysis. With the advantages of environmental friendliness, abundance and being less expensive, iron as a metal catalyst has received growing attention in recent decades. Despite that many Fe-NHCs have been synthesized, chiral Fe-NHC for asymmetric catalysis is still in its infancy. In comparison to precious metals, copper as a versatile and less expensive transition metal also has recieved much attention. However, the development of chiral Cu-NHC as efficient catalyst is still challenging. Thus, several types of novel chiral NHC ligand precursors have been synthesized. The synthesis of chiral Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs were attempted using those chiral precursors. It was found that the Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs would decompose under air. On the other hand, the applications of in situ generated generated chiral Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs were carried out for hydrosilylation reactions, Mukaiyama aldol reactions, insertion of metal-carbene into SiH bond and Heck-type reactions. The in situ generated Fe-NHCs were found not applicable in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. For the Mukaiyama aldol reactions, the conditions using in situ generated Fe-NHCs led to the desired products in up to 88% yield. However, no enantioselectivity was observed for all attempts, probably due to the deactivation of NHC ligand. The insertion reaction of metal-carbene into SiH bond catalyzed by in situ generated Cu-NHCs afforded up to 84% yield and 24% ee of product. Besides, the Heck-type reactions were tested using a chiral Pd-NHC as catalyst. The reactions afforded up to 91% yield, but no enantioselectivity was observed. Furthermore, the decompositions of different types of Cu-NHCs and Ag-NHCs in solutions under humid air were studied. The Cu-NHCs underwent hydrolysis and oxidation to generate imidazoliums and urea derivatives under air. The Ag-NHCs were hydrolyzed to yield formamides or imidazoliums in solution under humid air. Subsequently, a new synthetic method of urea derivative using copper and air as oxidant was developed, which provided moderate to very good yields for sterically unhindered substrates. The mild oxidation conditions are suitable for the synthesis of urea derivatives possessing alkyl, benzyl, aryl, primary hydroxy, acid-sensitive tertbutyloxycarbonyl group, and tertiary amine groups. In the last project, a general and efficient synthesis of enantiopure dihydroquinoxalinones has been developed. The reductive cyclization of N-(o-nitroaryl)amino esters was performed by using iron and zinc metal under mild conditions to afford dihydroquinoxalinones in moderate to high yields and high enantiomeric purity.

Social media today is a dominant communication tool, which structures not only our social interactions but also filter the information users are getting displayed. The big social media platforms use our interaction data to analyse our behaviour and sell the data for commercial interest. But not only the pure interaction data is valuable for these platforms. Also hidden information, which can be derived from our interactive networks, about our social structures, social classifications and social status are gathered and monetised. This research attempts on the one hand to uncover some of these methods used by social media platforms, and on the other hand, also wants to show how useful these new methods can be for research on social phenomena. Therefore, this study goes beyond the confining limits of traditional sociology, where either qualitative or quantitative methods are applied. Following the idea of Critical Realism, the positivist and constructivist methods are applied in combination in order to provide thick accounts of the studied material. In this study, varying socioeconomic classification systems (like the Sinus-Milieu models) are investigated and evaluated against the background of Bourdieu’s ideas on cultural and social forms of capital. The present study uses a mixed method approach (Social Network Analysis and Sentiment Analysis) to analyse quantitative data from Twitter conversations which were collected during the Austrian EU Election 2019. In conclusion, one could say that the overall purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of Critical Realism for social media research, since this approach can create a thicker account of the studied material than other, more traditional methods. This undertaking is demonstrated by the findings of the study. These findings are the building of specific sub-clusters of EU candidates which are not related to the same political background and traditional demographics but whose relation can be detected and described using Bourdieu’s concepts of social and cultural capital. As a mean for gathering empirical data, Twitter turned out to be a useful and accessible tool for this study.

Christopher Rouse (b. 1949), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for his Trombone Concerto (1993) and a Grammy award for his Concerto de Gaudi (1999), has come to the forefront as one of America's most prominent orchestral composers. Several of Rouse's works feature quotations of and strong allusions to other composers' works that are used both rhetorically and structurally. These borrowings range from a variety of different genres and styles of works, from Claudio Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea to Jay Ferguson's "Thunder Island." Due to the more accessible filtering and funneling methods of musical borrowings (proliferation of mass media), the weighty discourses attached to them, and their variety of functions (critiquing canons, engaging in an allusive tradition, etc.), quotation has become elevated to the most prominent of musical actors that trigger narrative listening strategies, which in turn have a stronger role in the formation of narratives about music as well as narratives of music. The primary aim of this study is to adapt and apply more recent methodological narrativity frameworks to selected instrumental compositions by Rouse containing quotations, suggesting that their manner of insertion, their method of disclosure, and their referential potential can benefit from being examined through various narrative lenses as well as reveal their participation in certain roles of narrative functions. For this study, I have chosen six instrumental works by Rouse for examination - the Violoncello Concerto, Symphony No. 1, Iscariot, String Quartet No. 2, Seeing, and Thunderstuck. On a more specific level, the aim of this study is to investigate the manner, meaning, and motive of the quoted material in a select group of Rouse's compositions through various narratological lenses. To accomplish this, I intend 1) to establish a context for understanding the musical borrowing procedures of Rouse; 2) to explore how works containing quotations can be examined through various narrativity frameworks; 3) to inspect the ways in which borrowings can enhance or clarify the structural design and stylistic musical features for which he is known; 4) to investigate the various meanings that are generated from his borrowings; 5) to consider the extent to which Rouse's musical borrowings comment on various discourses, and 6) to examine the psychological needs of certain narratives triggered by quotation and the various questions they pose. This study does not attempt to systematically unify the works of Rouse that contain borrowings under a kind of "grand theory" in narrativity or borrowing studies, but rather to examine each work individually, noting the particular roles that borrowings play in regards to narratives of and about music. Fundamentally, I claim that narrativizing about music is a foundational psychological and social impulse, aiding to serve our curiosities about music's otherness qualities. Using both narratives of and about music to frame analyses, I hope to make a small contribution to the growing methodological frameworks of narrativity by featuring works containing borrowings by one individual composer, suggesting that other comprehensive approaches in borrowing studies can used for future composers.

Au sein des écosystèmes côtiers, la composition, la distribution et la dynamique phytoplanctoniques sont influencées par les variations spatio-temporelles des structures hydrologiques et des para mètres biogéochimiques, sous les pressions naturelles et anthropiques. Les suivis de référence, de par leur faible résolution spatiale et temporelle, peuvent manquer des événements-clés comme l'initiation ou la fin des efflorescences ou nuisibles (du type Harmful Algal Blooms). Pour permettre leur détection et mieux comprendre la distribution et la dynamique de ce compartiment à la base des réseaux trophiques et acteur majeur des cycles biogéochimiques, l'utilisation d'approches automatisées à haute fréquence permet de compléter les approches taxonomiques par la caractérisation fonctionnelle de l'ensemble du spectre de taille du phytoplancton. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des caractéristiques morphologiques et physiologiques des groupes fonctionnels phytoplanctoniques définis à partir de leurs propriétés optiques à l'échelle de l'individu, rencontrés dans des mers épi-et intracontinentales contrastées en utilisant la cytométrie en flux automatisée de type "pulse-shape-recording". Tout d'abord, la distribution des groupes phytoplanctoniques et de leurs traits ont été explorés en Manche occidentale et centrale lors de la transition été-automne, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence la formation de patches d'abondance et de biomasse à proximité du front d'Ouessant et une structuration à sub-mésoéchelle. En deuxième lieu, la dynamique des groupes fonctionnels phytoplanctoniques en Manche orientale et sud Mer du Nord a été étudiée pendant la période de développement des blooms printaniers de diatomées et de Phaeocystis globosa, avec l'utilisation de la LCBD et de la SCBD permettant l'observation de ségrégation spatiale entre groupes phytoplanctoniques dont leur distribution est expliquées par les paramètres de niche (marginalité et tolérance). Enfin, l'étude des paramètres conditionnant la distribution spatiale verticale le long d'un gradient de salinité en Mer Baltique a été abordée pendant la période estivale, en relation avec les propriétés biogéochimiques des masses d'eaux, qui a permis d'identifier les caractéristiques des groupes phytoplanctoniques participant à la distribution des groupes phytoplanctoniques. Les variations des traits ressortent comme étant les meilleurs prédicteurs de la distribution horizontale et verticale vis-à-vis des paramètres de niche et des descripteurs spatiaux (dispersion, paramètres physiques et biologiques). L'approche par traits fonctionnels, dérivés des mesures optiques à haute résolution, couplée à l'analyse de niche permettent d'avancer dans la compréhension des réponses des communautés aux gradients environnementaux, elles-mêmes détectées par les mesures d'indices de diversité. Ce travail a bénéficié de l'appui des projets régionaux (CPER MARCO), nationaux (convention MTES-CNRS) et européens (JERICO-NEXT)
In coastal ecosystems, phytoplankton composition, distribution and dynamics are strongly influenced by spatial and temporal variations of hydrological structures and biogeochemical parameters, consequences of natural and anthropogenic pressures. Reference monitoring, due to its low spatial and temporal resolution, may fail to detect key events as the initiation and end of phytoplankton outbursts or harmful algal blooms (HABs). By increasing the spatial and/or temporal resolution as well as completing taxonomical counting by investigating the phytoplankton whole size spectra, the use of automated sensors may allow contributing to a better understanding of the distribution and dynamics of this major player in biogeochemichal cycles, at the basis of most foof webs. This thesis consists in studying the characteristics of phytoplankton functional groups defined from their optical properties at the single-cell level, in relation to spatio-temporal variability encountered in contrasting marginal seas, applying the pulse shape-recording automated flow cytometry. This functional classification reflects the diversity of particles according to morphological and physiological properties. First of all, the distribution of phytoplankton groups and their traits where explored in the Western and Central English Channel during the summer period. Most groups formed patches of abundance and biomass near the Ushant front and were structured at the sub-mesoscale. Secondly, phytoplankton functional groups dynamics was characterized in the Eastern English Channel and Southern North Sea during the development period of diatoms and Phaeocystis globosa spring groups, by calculating LCBD and SCBD, wich allowed the observation of spatial segregation between phytoplankton groups. Their distribution was explained by the niche parameters (marginality and tolerance). Finally, the vertical distribution of phytoplankton functional groups in a salinity gradient was addressed in the Baltic Sea, in relation to the biogeochemical properties of the water masses and the characteristics of each PFGs. The variations of the traits are thus stand out as the best predictors of the horizontal and vertical distribution of phytoplankton groups with the respect to niche parameters and spatial descriptors (dispersion, physical and biological parameters). The functional approach, derived from phytoplankton optical properties addressed by automated flow cytometry, coupled to the niche analysis, make it possible to better explain and predict community responses to environmental gradients, such responses being detected in parallel by diversity indices. This work benefited from the support of local (MARCO State-Region Plan Contract), national (CNRS-MTES convention) and international European H2020 JERICO-NEXT projects

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
設計系
107
The term “service design” gradually becomes popular in the wake of industry transformation. However, service design is still new in Taiwan, and people own very different opinions and interpretation to this concept. Therefore, DITLDESIGN decides to convey the concept of service design in a conference, hoping to enhance the interaction between service design, the society, and the industry. Thus, this research aims to design an innovative knowledge learning service through the concept and the approach of service design, and in the end evaluates and discusses the result and the influence. The research develops in 3 phases. In the first phase, research design and discussion. Establish the roadmap of the service through drawing up the team goals, customers’ demand inspection, and analysis of the stakeholders. In the second phase, Formulate the milestones of development and execution. Lay down design strategies through the result and research from the first phase. In the third phase, Evaluate the development of the service through Net Promoter Score, Kano Model, and interviews. At last, discuss the result of design. Ultimately, this research shows: (1) Applying the concept of service design to knowledge learning service can increase overall customer satisfaction effectively. (2) Designers can acknowledge customer satisfaction of each design solution and prioritize each demand by evaluating design strategy through Net Promoter Score, Kano Model, and interviews. (3) Applying the concept of service design can assist the team or the organization to reach a consensus and reduce communication cost. In conclusion, this research proves that developing knowledge learning service in the perspective of service design and using the related approach can indeed assist the team or the organization to explore and fulfill the concept of design and increase customer satisfaction.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
海洋環境科技研究所
97
The distribution of CO2 in the surface water and the sea-air flux exchange in the sea areas around Taiwan are investigated in this study, and to discuss the reason of variation and the relationship with the distribution of water mass. Automated Underway pCO2 System are used to detect the seawater and air fCO2 during the late spring and early summer of 2008, from May 28 to July 13, including the South China Sea(SCS), the West Philippine Sea(WPS), the Western Taiwan Coast(WTC), and the East China Sea(ECS). The range of the atmospheric fCO2 is 367.4~402.2 μatm and the peaks are found near lands (Taiwan, China, and Luzon Island), the difference of concentration up to 35 μatm. The ranges of the surface water fCO2 are as follows: SCS: 352.3~415.6 μatm(Avg.= 389.3±16.5, n=1400), WPS: 346.9~399.0 μatm(Avg.= 377.6±5.8, n=840), TS: 370.5~407.3 μatm(Avg.= 389.2±4.8, n=836), ECS: 162~707 μatm(Avg.=378±69, n=1497); and ECS has the highest variation up to 545 μatm. The lowest and second lowest values of fCO2(217、162 μatm) are found in Changjiang Plume and Minjiang Plume, increasing from west to east with longitude and opposite to the concentration of chl-a. It’s quite obvious that the gradient of seawater fCO2 increase with the decrease of the biomass of plankton. The high values of fCO2(707、676 μatm) are found in Changjiang Upwelling and Coastal Upwelling which have low temperature. These areas also have very low transmittance(13.9 %) and very high nutrients(NO2+NO3) and Chl-a(32.2 μM, 106.7 mg/m3). It’s speculated that the high fCO2 may come from the bottom water of Changjiang Upwelling and Coastal Upwelling. Water masses in SCS and WPS are more stable and have the fCO2 gradient increase from shelf to offshore because the low temperature and rich of chl-a in nearshore seawater make the fCO2 of water decrease. In offshore, the fCO2 of SCS and WPS are high in daytime and low at night(△fCO2 =7.9), mainly reflecting the temperature difference between day and night(0.2~0.3℃) because of low biological effect. The surface water fCO2 of WTC has few variations but the atmospheric fCO2 has regional peaks because it is influenced by terrigenous matter. Data in this study suggests that the sea areas around Taiwan served as a source of atmospheric fCO2 during late spring and early summer, and the sea-to-air CO2 flux in SCS is +1.74±2.06 mol C/m2/yr, in WPS is +0.54±0.59, in WTC is +0.29±0.18, and in the ECS is +0.28±4.94.

The question of how to design educational programs which are relevant to Native American Indians, has plagued both Indian and non-Indian educators for more than a century. How does an educational system provide instruction which is vital for survival in mainstream society and at the same time, maintain a Native student's rights to think and exist in the world as an indigenous person? The devastating shortage of Native American Indian teachers, and administrators, as well as the urgent need for bilingual education and culturally appropriate curriculum, continue as unresolved obstacles. Perhaps in order to constructively alleviate the dilemmas of contemporary Indian education, one must look to the past and determine where failings and successes occurred. Historically, a major contributor to the American Indian education of the twentieth century, has been the off-reservation boarding school system. Both the school system and the educational training programs have had a direct effect on Native American Indian cultures. The model for the off-reservation boarding school was established in 1878 at Hampton Agricultural and Normal School, in Hampton, Virginia. The Hampton Indian educational plan had two major components, the instruction of English and the development of vocational skills. In 1879, Hampton Institute established a summer outing system program. The study presents a historical record of the significant events which lead to the development of the Hampton Institute's outing program in western Massachusetts, its influences on Indian education and its historical connection to the Americanization policies for Native American Indians during the late nineteenth century. The time period examined by this research is from 1878 to 1912, the years during which Hampton's Indian educational program received funding from the United States government. The process of using education as a means of Americanizing Indian students continues to exist in contemporary times. The research conducted for this study further reveals and confirms this and provides some broad generalizations and recommendations which may lead to the development of Native and non-Native educators guiding principals for modification of current and future Indian educational programs.

Tese de mestrado, Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
Pyranose 2-oxidases (P2Oxs) have a great potential to replace the typical glucose oxidases (GOxs) and glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs), specific for β-D-glucose anomer, in glycemia monitoring biosensors. P2Oxs are flavoenzymes mostly identified in Fungi that catalyzes the regioselective oxidation of C2 alcohol moiety of several aldopyranoses originating the correspondent keto-sugar with the concomitant reduction of O2 to H2O2. The use of O2 as cheap and clean oxidant and in particular the lack of D-glucose anomer preference represent very attractive points for the biotechnological application of P2Oxs. In this work, directed evolution (DE) methodologies were applied to improve the first identified bacterial P2Ox, from Pseudoarthrobacter siccitolerans, AsP2Ox, in its specificity and activity for D-glucose. This strategy was supported by transient-state analysis in combination with oxygen consumption steadystate kinetics showing that the reductive half-reaction (oxidation of D-glucose) is the limiting step of the catalytic mechanism. We first optimized and validated colorimetric screening enzymatic assays based on ‘activity-on-plate’ and 96-well plates using cell crude extracts. These screenings allowed analyze in a high-throughput mode, thousands of variants generated by error-prone PCR. The hit variant from the first-generation 1A1 harbors only one mutation, G366S, located close to the substrate binding site. Biochemical and kinetic analysis using purified enzyme showed that 1A1 has a 2-fold increased kcat (turnover number) and 2-fold higher protein production yields as compared with the wild type enzyme. In a second round of directed evolution a new hit variant 5D5 was selected, carrying four additional mutations (S22S, A75T, A206T, Q295H). The pH profile of 5D5 revealed an optimum pH shifted 1 unit towards the alkaline range, a 6-fold higher kcat and 3-fold production yields than the wild-type enzyme. The analysis of mutations using site-directed mutagenesis showed that both G366S and Q295H are key mutations, which under an epistatic effect contributed to the higher catalytic efficiency exhibited by 5D5 hit variant. The comparison of kinetic parameters of 5D5 variant with GOxs and GDHs show that its Km remains too high and the kcat too low in order to replace the traditional enzymes in biosensors. Therefore, the evolution of AsP2Ox must continue using 5D5 as the parent in new rounds of DE to achieve an improved variant exhibiting the properties that fit the desired application.
Piranoses 2-oxidases (P2Oxs) são enzimas que oxidam açúcares, nomeadamente D-glucose, no carbono C2, o que representa uma vantagem na substituição das atuais enzimas usadas em biossensores para monitorização da glicemia, as glucose oxidases (GOxs) e glucose desidrogenases (GDHs), que apenas oxidam no carbono C1, o anómero β-D-glucose. Como consequência, o uso das P2Oxs em biossensores poderá conduzir a uma medição mais sensível dos níveis de D-glucose no sangue. As P2Oxs são flavoenzimas que foram identificadas maioritariamente em fungos com funções relacionadas com a degradação da biomassa vegetal. Estas enzimas catalisam a oxidação seletiva do grupo álcool do carbono C2 de diversas aldopiranoses originando as respetivas ceto-piranoses. Como aceitador de eletrões, estas enzimas podem utilizar um vasto repertório de moléculas (como quinonas e radicais) mas a sua grande vantagem reside na utilização de oxigénio molecular, que é um oxidante barato e “limpo”, que é reduzido a peróxido de hidrogénio durante o seu ciclo catalítico. Este divide-se em duas semirreações, uma redutiva, relacionada com a redução do cofator FAD a FADH2 em consequência da oxidação do carbono C2 dos açúcares libertando como produto, o respetivo cetoaçúcar, e uma oxidativa, associada à reoxidação do FADH2 a FAD, na presença de um aceitador de eletrões, como o dioxigénio. Atualmente, para além das P2Oxs fúngicas, três P2Oxs de origem bacteriana foram caracterizadas entre as quais se destaca a AsP2Ox, da bactéria Pseudoarthrobacter siccitolerans por ter sido a primeira e cuja identificação foi realizada no laboratório de Tecnologia Microbiana e Enzimática do ITQB NOVA. A caracterização desta enzima revelou, no entanto, uma baixa afinidade para a D-glucose. Assim, este trabalho de dissertação teve como principal objetivo a aplicação de técnicas de evolução dirigida (DE) para melhorar a enzima AsP2Ox de modo a aumentar a sua especificidade e atividade para o uso da Dglucose como substrato de modo a que possa ser empregue em biossensores de monitorização da glicemia. Esta estratégia de engenharia foi eleita, uma vez que a ausência de uma estrutura cristalina da enzima ou de um modelo estrutural fidedigno, não é possível fazer previsões de melhoramento racional baseado em relações entre a estrutura e a função. A engenharia de enzimas por Evolução Dirigida requer a otimização de um número de parâmetros desde o crescimento das estirpes recombinantes, métodos de rutura celular até ao rastreio de atividade enzimática. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se, otimizou-se e validou-se duas metodologias para rastreios em larga escala (high-throughput screenings) que possibilitaram a análise de alguns milhares de variantes gerados por error-prone PCR nas duas gerações de evolução dirigidas efetuadas. Uma das metodologias utilizou como alvo colónias de células em placa de Petri (‘activity-on-plate’) e outra, extratos celulares brutos, após crescimento das colónias em meio líquido em placas com 96 poços. Uma das otimizações realizadas foi no método de deteção da atividade enzimática da AsP2Ox. Sendo o oxigénio molecular o aceitador final de eletrões pretendido, a atividade da enzima é medida através de uma reação acoplada utilizando uma peroxidase (e.g. Horseradish peroxidase, HRP), que consume o peróxido de hidrogénio formado pela AsP2Ox e oxida um substrato que origina um produto corado, cuja formação possa ser facilmente monitorizada num espectrofotómetro. Provou-se que o ABTS, substrato da HRP mais comumente utilizado neste tipo de reações acopladas, levava a medições subestimadas de atividade da AsP2Ox. Por conseguinte, testou-se um novo sistema de substratos baseado em dois compostos (AAP e DCHBS) que, por atividade da HRP e na presença de H2O2 origina um composto cor-de-rosa, doseado espetrofotometricamente a 515 nm que se revelou um método mais adequado para seguir a atividade da AsP2Ox. As biblioteca de variantes geradas por “error-prone PCR” foram rastreadas num primeiro passo através da metodologia ‘activity-on-plate’, que sendo qualitativa, permitiu identificar clones com atividade e diminuir o número de variantes a serem avaliados com maior rigor. O segundo screening, em placas de 96 poços, com carácter quantitativo, necessitou de ser exaustivamente otimizado de modo a diminuir o risco de se selecionar falsos positivos. Assim, observou-se que o uso da estirpe KRX de E. coli como estirpe de expressão da proteína de interesse, em placas de 96 poços de poços fundos e consequente disrupção dos pellets celulares recorrendo a lisozima era a combinação que conduzia a um coeficiente de variação (CV) para a atividade total da AsP2Ox menor, sendo por isso, aplicado na avaliação dos variantes selecionados por ‘Activity-on-plate’. Na primeira geração de DE, dos 7300 variantes analisados em ‘Activity-on-plate’, cerca de 100 foram inoculadas em placas de 96 poços de poços fundos e sujeitos a screenings, o que permitiu a identificação de um variante, 1A1, que continha uma mutação na posição 366 (glicina para serina), a cerca de 10 Å do N5 do cofator FAD e cuja atividade relativa ao wild-type era de 3.7 } 0.9 (em extratos celulares brutos). Posteriormente, numa segunda geração de DE, dos cerca de 900 variantes pré-selecionados para análise em placa de 96 poços, um, denominado de 5D5, apresentou atividade enzimática melhorada obtendo uma atividade relativa ao parente (1A1) de 5.0 } 0.9. Os resultados da sequenciação do variante 5D5 revelaram a existência de 4 mutações adicionais, sendo uma delas sinónima (S22S), duas localizadas na superfície da enzima (A75T e A206T) e uma (Q295H) dentro da suposta cavidade de ligação ao substrato distando cerca de 11 Å do N5 da molécula de FAD. A análise dos dois variantes obtidos durante a DE, após crescimento em escala grande e purificação, revelou que 1A1 apresenta um aumento nos níveis de produção da enzima (cerca de duas vezes) assim como do parâmetro kcat de duas vezes quando comparado com o wild-type. Já o mutante da segunda geração, 5D5, mostrou um desvio do pH ótimo de 7.5 para 8.5, um ligeiro aumento na produção de proteína funcional, e uma melhoria notória do kcat 6 vezes superior em relação ao wild-type, apresentando uma eficiência catalítica de 3.22 } 0.39 M-1 s-1. De modo a contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o mecanismo catalítico da AsP2Ox utilizou-se um aparelho de stopped-flow para determinar as constantes de segunda ordem das semirreações redutiva e oxidativa da AsP2Ox. Os resultados indicaram que a semirreação redutiva apresenta uma velocidade 6 ordens de magnitude mais lenta do que a semirreação oxidativa, fazendo com que o passo limitante do ciclo catalítico seja a oxidação da D-glucose justificando que o seu melhoramento seja um dos principais objetivos deste trabalho. A técnica de stopped-flow (seguindo a semirreação redutiva) e ainda cinéticas medindo diretamente o consumo de oxigénio num Oxygraph® permitiram ainda suportar os dados de estado estacionário garantindo que a evolução da proteína desde o wild-type até ao variante 5D5 foi bem sucedida. Finalmente, de modo a tentar entender o papel das mutações que foram introduzidas durante o processo evolutivo, recorreu-se à técnica de mutação dirigida para originar os mutantes simples (A75T, A206T e Q295H) e o mutante duplo (Q295H/G366S) que permitiu concluir que as mutações Q295H e G366S, que distam ~7 Å entre si, estão sob um efeito epistático envolvido na melhoria da atividade obtida no variante 5D5, uma vez que o efeito das duas mutações conjuntas é superior ao efeito individual de cada uma das mutações. Adicionalmente, concluiu-se que a mutação Q295H era a responsável pelo desvio de pH ótimo verificado no variante da ultima geração e que as mutações A75T e A206T, embora não desempenhem um papel ativo na melhoria cinética, podem estar relacionadas com os melhores rendimentos de produção proteica obtidos no ultimo variante. Uma comparação dos parâmetros cinéticos (estado estacionário) do último variante obtido, 5D5, com os das GOXs e GDHs, sugere que o Km da AsP2Ox permanece alto e o kcat baixo o que invalida, por enquanto, a sua aplicação em biossensores de rastreio da glicemia, motivando assim o grupo de investigação a continuar a evolução desta proteína, partindo do variante 5D5 como parente para novas rondas de evolução dirigida, de modo a encontrar uma enzima que cumpra os requisitos para a desejada aplicação.

abstract: This doctoral thesis investigates the predictability characteristics of floods and flash floods by coupling high resolution precipitation products to a distributed hydrologic model. The research hypotheses are tested at multiple watersheds in the Colorado Front Range (CFR) undergoing warm-season precipitation. Rainfall error structures are expected to propagate into hydrologic simulations with added uncertainties by model parameters and initial conditions. Specifically, the following science questions are addressed: (1) What is the utility of Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) for high resolution hydrologic forecasts in mountain watersheds of the CFR?, (2) How does the rainfall-reflectivity relation determine the magnitude of errors when radar observations are used for flood forecasts?, and (3) What are the spatiotemporal limits of flood forecasting in mountain basins when radar nowcasts are used into a distributed hydrological model?. The methodology consists of QPE evaluations at the site (i.e., rain gauge location), basin-average and regional scales, and Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPF) assessment through regional grid-to-grid verification techniques and ensemble basin-averaged time series. The corresponding hydrologic responses that include outlet discharges, distributed runoff maps, and streamflow time series at internal channel locations, are used in light of observed and/or reference data to diagnose the suitability of fusing precipitation forecasts into a distributed model operating at multiple catchments. Results reveal that radar and multisensor QPEs lead to an improved hydrologic performance compared to simulations driven with rain gauge data only. In addition, hydrologic performances attained by satellite products preserve the fundamental properties of basin responses, including a simple scaling relation between the relative spatial variability of runoff and its magnitude. Overall, the spatial variations contained in gridded QPEs add value for warm-season flood forecasting in mountain basins, with sparse data even if those products contain some biases. These results are encouraging and open new avenues for forecasting in regions with limited access and sparse observations. Regional comparisons of different reflectivity -rainfall (Z-R) relations during three summer seasons, illustrated significant rainfall variability across the region. Consistently, hydrologic errors introduced by the distinct Z-R relations, are significant and proportional (in the log-log space) to errors in precipitation estimations and stream flow magnitude. The use of operational Z-R relations without prior calibration may lead to wrong estimation of precipitation, runoff magnitude and increased flood forecasting errors. This suggests that site-specific Z-R relations, prior to forecasting procedures, are desirable in complex terrain regions. Nowcasting experiments show the limits of flood forecasting and its dependence functions of lead time and basin scale. Across the majority of the basins, flood forecasting skill decays with lead time, but the functional relation depends on the interactions between watershed properties and rainfall characteristics. Both precipitation and flood forecasting skills are noticeably reduced for lead times greater than 30 minutes. Scale dependence of hydrologic forecasting errors demonstrates reduced predictability at intermediate-size basins, the typical scale of convective storm systems. Overall, the fusion of high resolution radar nowcasts and the convenient parallel capabilities of the distributed hydrologic model provide an efficient framework for generating accurate real-time flood forecasts suitable for operational environments.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

The purpose of this research is to discover the extent to which there is a typology of students’ health risk behaviors and to what extent are those typologies associated with academic achievement using the 2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) dataset. This is a secondary data analysis study using a national representative sample (n=11,410) of high school students, grades 9 to 12, in the United States. YRBS is a national school-based, paper-based 99-item survey used to assess 121 health-related behaviors among all high school students in the United States and is biennially conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020). While research efforts on health and academic achievement is vastly growing, there is a limited number of studies that are analyzing multiple health-risk behaviors concurrently as well as exploring their potential impacts on educational outcomes. Furthermore, previous studies have utilized cluster and/ or factor analyses. However, this statistical approach will show how students are clustered into groups and does not provide information such as the probability that a given student is bullied or suicidal. A 3-step Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify and understand the various profiles of students who experienced and/ or were exposed to certain health-risk behaviors. The health-risk behaviors of interest, the latent variables, were school-related violence, physical activity, screen time, and sleep. Using LCA, results show that there are four significantly different typologies, or profiles, of student health-risk behaviors: Level 1 The Most Support Needed (TMSN), Level 2 Suicide Prevention Needed (SPN), Level 3 Coping Mechanism for Bullying Needed (CMBN), Level 4 Least Support Needed (LSN). In tandem, contextual factors such as age, sex, grade level, race and ethnicity were significantly associated with the odds of belonging to some of the groups. This study is connected to longer-term work. Implications of these groupings on school policies, student health outcomes, and building a school-based coordinated health system will be discussed.

Tese de mestrado, Biologia da Conservação, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
A perturbação humana em animais selvagens é uma ameaça que causa crescente preocupação. Apesar da perturbação poder ter causas naturais (e.g. eventos climáticos), esta está mais frequentemente relacionada com actividades humanas, como lazer, caça, ruído associado a centros urbanos e alterações ao nível da paisagem. O rápido crescimento da população humana, consequente expansão de meios urbanos e urbanização de meios rurais, leva a que o contacto entre seres humanos e animais selvagens seja mais frequente, aumentando o risco de perturbação da fauna. A perturbação pode desencadear respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais, podendo causar alterações no comportamento alimentar, sucesso reprodutivo, condição corporal, ou mesmo levar à morte dos indivíduos. Desta forma, a perturbação pode conduzir mudanças na abundância, distribuição e riqueza das espécies. Apesar da ameaça que representa, o estudo da perturbação em animais selvagens continua a revelar-se um desafio para a comunidade científica. Em parte, porque as respostas à perturbação tendem a ser específicas de cada espécie, mas também devido a limitações metodológicas. Actualmente, muitos dos estudos sobre perturbação da fauna, avaliam a perturbação através de alterações comportamentais nos indivíduos, uma vez que as respostas comportamentais à perturbação são as mais comuns e facilmente identificáveis. Dentro das respostas comportamentais, a fuga - que em morcegos e aves se traduz em voo - é a resposta mais frequentemente utilizada. Este comportamento é muitas vezes identificado através de observação directa, ainda que seja reconhecido que a presença do observador pode também causar perturbação, enviesando os resultados. Novos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos permitem identificar e quantificar as reacções à perturbação através de telemetria e detectores de movimento por infravermelhos, removendo assim o impacto da presença do observador. Além disso, o contínuo desenvolvimento dos dispositivos e tecnologia de bio-logging permite a recolha remota de dados, num grande leque de espécies e em habitats que de outra forma seriam inacessíveis. Os dispositivos utilizados permitem a recolha de dados de GPS e aceleração tri-axial, e a integração destes dois tipos de dados permite contextualizar espacialmente os dados de comportamento, fornecendo informação sobre os uso de habitat e a identificação de áreas importantes para as espécies, como as áreas de alimentação, abrigo e reprodução. Dado que os voos são uma resposta comum à perturbação em aves e morcegos, e dada a capacidade da aceleração tri-axial para discriminar este comportamento, é possível fazer uso desta tecnologia para identificar voos e utilizá-los como proxy de perturbação. A perturbação pode afectar especialmente animais nocturnos e gregários, uma vez que o pico da actividade humana ocorre durante o dia, que corresponde ao período de repouso destes animais, e também porque estes tornam mais conspícuos quando agregados em colónias. Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792) é uma espécie de morcego frugívoro da família Pteropodidae, que se distribui amplamente pela África subsariana. Esta espécie forma colónias com milhares, em alguns casos milhões, de indivíduos, e tem actividade crepuscular e nocturna, sendo por isso um bom modelo para avaliar perturbação em abrigos diurnos. É capaz de grandes migrações e de percorrer longas distâncias para se alimentar, sendo uma espécie-chave para a dispersão de sementes em África. Actualmente, encontra-se classificada como “Quase Ameaçada” pela IUCN, em grande parte devido à sua caça. Este estudo tem como principal objectivo identificar as principais causas de perturbação de E. helvum nos seus abrigos, utilizando voos diurnos, identificados a partir de aceleração tri-axial, como proxy de perturbação. Além disto, espera-se avaliar a influência da perturbação no comportamento alimentar e utilização de locais de repouso diurno. Para concretizar estes objectivos, foram estudados morcegos em cinco colónias em África continental - duas em Kibi (Gana), uma em Accra (Gana), uma em Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), e uma no Parque Nacional de Kasanka (Zâmbia). Os morcegos foram capturados nos abrigos, quando regressavam de se alimentar, e foi-lhes aplicado um datalogger que recolhia dados de GPS e aceleração tri-axial. No total, foram obtidas 167 observações a partir de 46 indivíduos. Os dados de aceleração tri-axial foram utilizados para identificar voos durante o dia, em detrimento de outros comportamentos. Os voos diurnos foram transformados numa variável binária, de presença/ausência de voos durante o dia, usada como proxy de perturbação. As localizações exactas dos abrigos foram obtidas através dos dados GPS, que permitiram identificar 25 novos abrigos (abrigos secundários) para além dos cinco abrigos principais, onde os morcegos foram capturados. Um conjunto de variáveis ambientais, climáticas e intrínsecas aos animais, assim como o tipo de abrigo (principal ou secundário), e a ocorrência de sessões de captura de morcegos para instalação de dataloggers, foram extraídas e utilizadas para modelar a presença de voos diurnos nos abrigos de E. helvum. O tipo de abrigo, principal ou secundário, mostrou ser um importante preditor para a presença de perturbação, e a probabilidade de voos diurnos foi maior nos abrigos principais. É possível que este resultado se deva a diferenças de conspicuidade entre tipos de abrigo. Embora nada se saiba sobre os abrigos secundários descobertos, é possível que estes locais sirvam de abrigos temporários para pequenos grupos, perto das áreas de alimentação. Em contraste, os abrigos principais albergavam grandes colónias de E. helvum, muito conspícuas e consequentemente mais susceptíveis a predação e perseguição humana. As sessões de captura para aplicação dos dataloggers nos abrigos principais também revelaram ser um bom preditor da presença de perturbação, sendo que a probabilidade de voos diurnos foi maior nos dias em que decorreram capturas. Este resultado é esperado, uma vez que as capturas podem causar uma perturbação directa nos morcegos, o que simultaneamente valida a abordagem metodológica usada neste estudo. O vento e a energia solar têm também algum poder preditivo na presença de voos diurnos, embora este seja mais evidente quando o efeito das sessões de capturas é removido da análise. O vento teve um efeito negativo e a energia solar um efeito positivo na presença de voos diurnos. Menor velocidade do vento pode levar a que os morcegos não consigam dissipar energia de forma tão eficiente, da mesma forma que maior energia solar pode aumentar o ganho de energia por radiação. Desta forma, a maior probabilidade de voos diurnos pode dever-se a comportamentos de termorregulação, em que os morcegos mudam de posições no abrigo, de forma a encontrarem refúgio em partes com maior ensombramento. Ao contrário do esperado, a perturbação (i.e., presença de voos diurnos) não parece ter efeito na distância percorrida na noite seguinte, nem parece explicar as mudanças de abrigo registadas neste estudo. Tanto a mudança de abrigo como a distância percorrida podem estar relacionadas com a disponibilidade de recursos, nomeadamente de áreas de alimentação, uma vez que parece haver uma relação entre a localização dos recursos alimentares e a localização dos abrigos noutras espécies de morcegos e de aves. Contudo, isto não significa que a perturbação não tem efeitos negativos nestes morcegos. A perturbação pode provocar outros efeitos nos indivíduos, como alterações no metabolismo, sistema imunitário ou reprodução, que não são identificáveis pelos parâmetros testados. Este estudo fornece uma avaliação da perturbação em abrigos diurnos de E. helvum e dos seus principais preditores, e revela 25 novas localizações de abrigos diurnos. Desta forma, os resultados deste estudo podem ser utilizados para aumentar a vigilância em abrigos principais, e servem de base para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a perturbação em abrigos de E. helvum e contribuir para a sua protecção. Por fim, este estudo fornece uma nova abordagem metodológica para identificar perturbação em abrigos diurnos, que pode ser aplicada em outras espécies de Pteropodidae ou mesmo noutras espécies coloniais, e assim avaliar uma das maiores ameaças que enfrentam: a perturbação.
Disturbance of wildlife is a threat of growing concern. It can be caused by natural effects, such as climatic events and by human related activities. It can negatively impact wildlife, causing changes in body condition, activity patterns, foraging behaviour, and can lead to changes in species distribution and richness. Assessing disturbance on wildlife has proven to be challenging, as different species can have different responses to disturbance. However, behavioural responses are the most common and have been widely used to assess disturbance in birds and bats. This has been done mostly through direct observation, which may result in disturbance caused by the observer. Advances in bio-logging allow the remote collection of GPS and tri-axial acceleration data, removing the effect of the observer. Tri-axial acceleration can provide valuable information on behaviour, and its integration with GPS data may be used to identify important habitat areas (e.g. foraging and roosting areas). As flight is a common response to disturbance in bats and birds, and tri-axial data can discriminate flight behaviour, daytime flights may be used as a proxy for disturbance. Therefore, this study aims to assess disturbance of straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in day roosts across continental Africa and its most important predictors, using daytime flight as a proxy of disturbance. Tri-axial acceleration and GPS data was retrieved from 46 bats captured in five different colonies, located in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Zambia. In addition to the five main roosts where bats were captured, 25 other roosting locations were found and classified as secondary roosts. The results show that main roosts are good predictors of daytime disturbance, possibly due to increased conspicuousness and consequent human predation. Capture events for bat sampling were also good predictors, and the probability of daytime flight was higher in days when captures were conducted. Wind speed had a negative effect, and solar energy a positive effect on presence of daytime flights. Lower wind speed and higher solar energy may lead bats to exhibit thermoregulatory behaviours, translated in flights to change towards more shaded positions in the roost. Disturbance, as measured, appears to have no effect on the distance travelled by the bat in the following night, nor could it explain the changes of roost recorded. This study was able to successfully identify day roost disturbance in E. helvum, using daytime flights as a proxy, and to identify important predictors of disturbance. Ultimately, it provides a new methodological approach to assess day roost disturbance, which can be applied to other Pteropodidae or other colonial species.

Forschung und Wissenschaft sind wichtige Standbeine einer modernen Hochschule. Sie stellen eine Grundlage für die primäre Aufgabe der Hochschulen dar, die praxisnahe und berufsbefähigende Lehre auf dem aktuellen Stand der Technik und Wissenschaft. Mittlerweile widmen sich auch die Hochschulen der Ausbildung von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs. Prosperierende Forschungsarbeit ist dafür ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil. Der Leitgedanke „Interdisziplinäre Forschung – Chancen und Herausforderungen“ des BIH-Treffens 2019 soll zum fachübergreifenden Austausch von Know-how in Forschungs- und Lehrmethoden anregen. Eine große Bandbreite an Fachbeiträgen bietet spannende Einblicke in die Arbeit der Kolleginnen und Kollegen in den unterschiedlichen Fachbereichen des Bauwesens der zahlreichen deutschen Hochschulen. Dazu gehören Beiträge zu modernen Messmethoden in der Geotechnik und dem Bahnbau ebenso wie Forschungsergebnisse aus dem konstruktiven Ingenieurbau, der Baukonstruktion, der Haustechnik und der Verkehrsplanung und nicht zuletzt Erfahrungen zu interdisziplinären Lehrmethoden.:Einfluss der Nachverdichtung granularer Böden auf die Phasengeschwindigkeiten von Rayleighwellen Sommerliche Überhitzung in Wohngebäuden – Baukonstruktive und haustechnische Anpassungsmaßnahmen Die „Hochschulweite Interdisziplinäre Projektwoche (HIP)“ an der TH Köln – andere Welten kennenlernen! Forschungsprojekt „Duale Radlösung“ – Wahlfreie Führung als Mittel der Radverkehrslösung Zwang in Hochbaudecken aus Stahlbeton (Kooperative Promotion) Robustheit und Vulnerabilität der Wasserstraßeninfrastruktur Vergleichbarkeit der Messsysteme an Zug- und Biegeproben aus den Werkstoffen Stahl und Holz Entwicklung einer Messmethodik zur Bestimmung der Schienenbewegung unter dem rollenden Rad
Research and science are important mainstay of a modern university. They provide a basis for the primary task of the universities, the practical and occupational teaching on the current state of technology and science. In the meantime, the universities are also dedicating themselves to the training of junior scientists. Prospering research is an indispensable part of this. The guiding idea 'Interdisciplinary Research - Opportunities and Challenges' of the BIH meeting 2019 is intended to stimulate the interdisciplinary exchange of expertise in research and teaching methods. A wide range of specialist contributions provides exciting insights into the work of colleagues in the various specialized fields of civil engineering at numerous German universities. This includes papers to modern measuring methods in geotechnical engineering and railway construction, as well as research results from structural engineering, building construction, building technology and traffic planning, and last but not least, experience in interdisciplinary teaching methods.:Einfluss der Nachverdichtung granularer Böden auf die Phasengeschwindigkeiten von Rayleighwellen Sommerliche Überhitzung in Wohngebäuden – Baukonstruktive und haustechnische Anpassungsmaßnahmen Die „Hochschulweite Interdisziplinäre Projektwoche (HIP)“ an der TH Köln – andere Welten kennenlernen! Forschungsprojekt „Duale Radlösung“ – Wahlfreie Führung als Mittel der Radverkehrslösung Zwang in Hochbaudecken aus Stahlbeton (Kooperative Promotion) Robustheit und Vulnerabilität der Wasserstraßeninfrastruktur Vergleichbarkeit der Messsysteme an Zug- und Biegeproben aus den Werkstoffen Stahl und Holz Entwicklung einer Messmethodik zur Bestimmung der Schienenbewegung unter dem rollenden Rad

abstract: The Dhofar Cloud Forest is one of the most diverse ecosystems on the Arabian Peninsula. As part of the South Arabian Cloud Forest that extends from southern Oman to Yemen, the cloud forest is an important center of endemism and provides valuable ecosystem services to those living in the region. There have been various claims made about the health of the cloud forest and its surrounding region, the most prominent of which are: 1) variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon threatens long-term vegetation health, and 2) human encroachment is causing deforestation and land degradation. This dissertation uses three independent studies to test these claims and bring new insight about the biodiversity of the cloud forest. Evidence is presented that shows that the vegetation dynamics of the cloud forest are resilient to most of the variability in the monsoon. Much of the biodiversity in the cloud forest is dominated by a few species with high abundance and a moderate number of species at low abundance. The characteristic tree species include Anogeissus dhofarica and Commiphora spp. These species tend to dominate the forested regions of the study area. Grasslands are dominated by species associated with overgrazing (Calotropis procera and Solanum incanum). Analysis from a land cover study conducted between 1988 and 2013 shows that deforestation has occurred to approximately 8% of the study area and decreased vegetation fractions are found throughout the region. Areas around the city of Salalah, located close to the cloud forest, show widespread degradation in the 21st century based on an NDVI time series analysis. It is concluded that humans are the primary driver of environmental change. Much of this change is tied to national policies and development priorities implemented after the Dhofar War in the 1970’s.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2015

碩士
國立臺東大學
兒童文學研究所
96
“The garden” can be seen everywhere in our daily life. It is a space that really exists, and contains the significance of a person’s creativities. To understand the significance and influence of the garden to a person—particularly to a growing youth, the researcher traces to the source of the garden history, penetrates the tread of thought of literature to look on the image that a garden presents, and conducts the research through discussing the novels, "Secret Garden", "Tom's Midnight Garden" and "The Summer Tale" which take the gardens as the background. The novels selected were published for about 50 years of time interval. The researcher explains the significance and attempts to figure out the value evolvement of the garden through authors in different times. In order to figure out the uniqueness of the space of garden, the researcher adopts the following methods: reading the text attentively, comparing related literature works, and utilizing human geography, environmental psychology and other academic concepts and theories. The research induces the variations and the commonness, analyzes the varied features of the gardens, finds out that the garden is a place where contains happiness, growth, collection, shelter, recovery and so on. Moreover, the private characteristics of the gardens give us a sense of belonging. The young adult novels always emphasize the enlightenment and the growth of the youth. From entering to leaving the garden, children also learn to open their minds from a close state to a breakthrough and sharing status. Then they will advance to a wider world. So, the greatest function of the garden is that people will always find their strength. The research points out that the actual influence of the development of urbanization is that, the private garden has narrower space, or may transform to a park. Besides, the more attention paid to ecological protection and the rising notion of organic garden provides us a new point of view of garden. At last, the research hopes that the readers will learn to coexist with nature harmoniously and carry out the garden spirit in daily life through reading the novels.

In the recent scenario of climate change, the natural variability and uncertainty associated with the hydrologic variables is of great concern to the community. This thesis opens up a new area of multi-disciplinary research. It is a promising field of research in hydrology and water resources that uses the information from the field of atmospheric science. A new way to identify and capture the variability and uncertainty associated with the hydrologic variables is established through this thesis. Assessment of hydroclimatic teleconnection for Indian subcontinent and its use in basin-scale hydrologic time series analysis and forecasting is the broad aim of this PhD thesis. The initial part of the thesis is devoted to investigate and establish the dependence of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) on large-scale Oceanic-atmospheric circulation phenomena from tropical Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean regions. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the well established coupled Ocean-atmosphere mode of tropical Pacific Ocean whereas Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode is the recently identified coupled Ocean-atmosphere mode of tropical Indian Ocean. Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation (EQUINOO) is known as the atmospheric component of IOD mode. The potential of ENSO and EQUINOO for predicting ISMR is investigated by Bayesian dynamic linear model (BDLM). A major advantage of this method is that, it is able to capture the dynamic nature of the cause-effect relationship between large-scale circulation information and hydrologic variables, which is quite expected in the climate change scenario. Another new method, proposed to capture the dependence between the teleconnected hydroclimatic variables is based on the theory of copula, which itself is quite new to the field of hydrology. The dependence of ISMR on ENSO and EQUINOO is captured and investigated for its potential use to predict the monthly variation of ISMR using the proposed method. The association of monthly variation of ISMR with the combined information of ENSO and EQUINOO, denoted by monthly composite index (MCI), is also investigated and established. The spatial variability of such association is also investigated. It is observed that MCI is significantly associated with monthly rainfall variation all over India, except over North-East (NE) India, where it is poor. Having established the hydroclimatic teleconnection at a comparatively larger scale, the hydroclimatic teleconnection for basin-scale hydrologic variables is then investigated and established. The association of large-scale atmospheric circulation with inflow during monsoon season into Hirakud reservoir, located in the state of Orissa in India, has been investigated. The strong predictive potential of the composite index of ENSO and EQUINOO is established for extreme inflow conditions. So the methodology of inflow prediction using the information of hydroclimatic teleconnection would be very suitable even for ungauged or poorly gauged watersheds as this approach does not use any information about the rainfall in the catchment. Recognizing the basin-scale hydroclimatic association with both ENSO and EQUINOO at seasonal scale, the information of hydroclimatic teleconnection is used for streamflow forecasting for the Mahanadi River basin in the state of Orissa, India, both at seasonal and monthly scale. It is established that the basin-scale streamflow is influenced by the large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena. Information of streamflow from previous month(s) alone, as used in most of the traditional modeling approaches, is shown to be inadequate. It is successfully established that incorporation of large-scale atmospheric circulation information significantly improves the performance of prediction at monthly scale. Again, the prevailing conditions/characteristics of watershed are also important. Thus, consideration of both the information of previous streamflow and large-scale atmospheric circulations are important for basin-scale streamflow prediction at monthly time-scale. Adopting the developed approach of using the information of hydroclimatic teleconnection, hydrologic variables can be predicted with better accuracy which will be a very useful input for better management of water resources.

Having considered the recent reclamation of Native American traditional gender roles mixing masculine and feminine in the United States and Canada and the urgency of paying attention to the voices of marginalized minorities under the pan-Indian term, the Two-Spirit gender spectrum and its manifestations through time were the main subject of a multidisciplinary analysis, grounded on culture and post-colonial studies, whose purpose was to contest the legitimacy of Western hegemony concerning gender and sexuality, and to propose a culturally hybrid and non-Eurocentric alternative contemplating the ever-changing reality of the post-colonial present. Gender binarism was questioned through the comparison of two glossaries, one examining recurrent anglophone gender and sexuality terms, the other unpacking the umbrella term Two-Spirit by describing some non-binary traditional genders specific to most of the tribes. Analyses concluded that the fan of possibilities for gender roles might be just as vast as cultural diversity itself. Besides, while Western terminology tended to distinguish gender from sexuality, Native Americans blended gender, sexuality and vocational roles. Ensuing, observations on European voyagers’ accounts on their first contacts with non-heteronormative Native Americans, reflections on homosexuality in New England, and the impacts of colonization and the forced assimilation imposed on Indigenous peoples. Furthermore, established patterns for both male and female-assigned Two-Spirits exposed mutual domestic, economic and mythological means of validation of system of multiple genders in their respective societies. The situation of modern-day Two-Spirit people and their intersections with the LGBT were also studied and exemplified by samples of their artistic self-representation and resignification. Ultimately, new questions arose regarding the impact of social media on the propagation and authenticity of knowledge about Two-Spirit roles, on new points of convergence and divergence between Native American and Western gender spectra resulting from the upcoming stages of Two-Spirit cultural recovery in post-colonial and globalized scenarios.
Abordam-se as questões de gênero e sexualidade das pessoas Two-Spirit (lit. Dois- Espíritos) pertencentes às populações indígenas da América do Norte nos atuais Estados Unidos da América e Canadá, com o objetivo de debater a hegemonia do pensamento ocidental acerca da generalidade das questões supramencionadas, assim como propor uma alternativa híbrida, não-eurocêntrica, e ponderada à realidade culturalmente mutável do presente pós-colonial, e à divisão binária dos gêneros entre ‘masculino’ e ‘feminino’. O termo Two-Spirit, que atualmente designa a generalidade culturalmente híbrida de populações indígenas LGBT que reivindicam uma identidade de gênero mista ligada à maioria das tribos norte-americanas, outrora designava indivíduos cujas identidades de gênero e sexualidade eram tão vastas e singulares quanto a diversidade das tribos e de seus antigos territórios. A pesquisa, alicerçada nos estudos da cultura, aborda de forma multidisciplinar, aspectos linguísticos, históricos, antropológicos e filosóficos do espectro de gênero e sexualidade das pessoas Two-Spirit desde o período colonial à atualidade, fornece um quadro comparativo entre um glossário terminológico anglófono sobre gênero e sexualidade, e outro na forma de um resgate de termos indígenas tradicionais nas suas respectivas línguas e especificidades relativas às tribos estudadas. O quadro expõe os pontos de divergência e interseção entre os vocábulos ocidentais e indígenas, ou seja, como um tende a significar gênero e sexualidade de uma forma mais distintiva, binária e heteronormativa, ao passo que as culturas com identidades Two-Spirit tendem a interlaçar gênero, sexualidade e papéis sociais e religiosos na forma identidades que exercem funções comumente associadas tanto ao masculino quanto ao feminino em graus variáveis. Propõem-se também reconstruções de perfis padrões de pessoas Two-Spirit de sexo masculino e feminino, o que tinham em comum, assim como os fatores mitológicos e econômicos que sancionavam essas identidades, concluindo que um espectro de múltiplos gêneros não é um fenômeno exclusivo de sociedades economicamente igualitárias. Contempla-se a estrutura familiar tradicional homoafetiva de pessoas Two-Spirit e como a sua identidade e abandono de funções reprodutivas preponderavam em relação à sua anatomia embora não se lhes ignorassem nem o sexo nem a sexualidade. Ademais, analisam-se diversos contatos com a colonização europeia, e o subsequente amalgamento cultural da assimilação forçada que expansão euroamericana impôs aos índios. Tais fenômenos produziram, como primeiro resultado, a extinção das pessoas Two-Spirit em favor de uma ideologia de gênero europeia, cristã e patriarcal institucionalizada. Contudo, verificou-se, a partir de meados do século XX, o resgate cultural de uma identidade então entregue ao apagamento histórico. Não obstante, a reivindicação das identidades Two-Spirit não eliminou a cultura anglo-americana presente no quotidiano dos povos nativos, tampouco os estigmas do racismo, machismo, homo e transfobia de que ainda têm sido vítimas. Surgiram, portanto, identidades culturalmente híbridas entre categorias Two-Spirit e LGBT, cujo um número de expressões e representações artísticas na dança, na pintura, na literatura e nas performances drag foi analisado. Tais identidades encontraram, na sua condição de alteridade interseccional e culturalmente mais ou menos decentralizada, um campo propício para subverter a própria semiótica, contrariando ideias de um presente naturalizado, de culturas estáticas, entre os opostos binários “eu/outro” e “agora/então” através da ressignificação de si mesmos e dos espaços ocupados pelas pessoas Two-Spirit. Avança-se a hipótese, segundo a qual, partindo do pressuposto que, onde quer que nasça, uma criança vem ao mundo num estado de tabula rasa, ou ky’apin segundo os Zunis, as possibilidades de construção de papéis de gênero são tão variáveis quanto as respectivas culturas de que fazem parte. Da reflexão, permanecem, como objeto de futura pesquisa, os próximos estágios da regeneração cultural Two-Spirit num contexto pós-colonial e globalizado, bem como o papel das redes sociais na propagação do conhecimento sobre as identidades Two-Spirit, e a autenticidade de tal conhecimento. Finalmente, também continuam abertos os debates quanto às relações entre o passado e o presente das tradições Two-Spirit e a respeito do próprio significado do termo.

This thesis studies Aesthetics and Politics in Eighteenth Century Women’s Travel Writings to Ottoman Empire. This thesis argues that a comprehensive understanding of the representation of the Ottoman Empire in eighteenth-century English women’s travel writing requires a new perspective through an analysis of cultural and political changes in the eighteenth century from Enlightenment to Romanticism. Of the only two eighteenth-century authors in the sample (Melman, 1995: 48) Lady Mary Montagu and Elisabeth Craven are two of the earliest English women travellers to Ottoman Empire; they both travelled in the eighteenth century and wrote several letters throughout their journeys. Nevertheless, their travel accounts portray conflicting visions of Ottoman culture. Placing great emphasis on Ottoman women and domestic culture, the former portrays an unbiased, open-minded, tolerant view about the Ottoman East whereas the latter is highly critical about Ottoman world, despises Ottoman women and culture while praising picturesque landscapes. Within this framework, Lady Mary Montagu’s The Turkish Embassy Letters (1994) from the Ottoman Empire between the years 1716 and 1718 reflect the cultural upheaval of Enlightenment, whereas Elisabeth Craven’s A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople. In a Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI (1789) from almost the exact same spots in 1786 hint at the characteristics of the increasing imperial thought and Romanticism in England.
A presente dissertação estuda a Literatura de Viagem sobre o Império Otomano de autoria feminina segundo uma perspectiva estética e política. Esta tese defende que uma abordagem abrangente do representação do Império Otomano na escrita de viagens das mulheres inglesas do século XVIII requer uma nova perspectiva através de uma análise das mudanças culturais e políticas no século XVIII, do Iluminismo ao Romantismo. As duas únicas autoras do século XVIII nesta amostragem, (Melman, 1995: 48) Lady Mary Montagu e Elisabeth Craven, são duas das primeiras mulheres britânicas viajantes para o Império Otomano; ambas viajaram no século XVIII e escreveram várias cartas ao longo de suas viagens. No entanto, os seus relatos retratam visões díspares da cultura otomana. Colocando grande ênfase nas mulheres otomanas e na cultura doméstica, a primeira adopta uma visão imparcial, aberta e tolerante sobre o Oriente Otomano , enquanto a segunda é extremamente crítica sobre o mundo otomano, despreza as mulheres e a cultura otomanas enquanto elogia paisagens pitorescas. Neste contexto, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1994) sobre o Império Otomano entre os anos 1716 e 1718 reflectem a agitação cultural do Iluminismo, enquanto A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople. In a Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI (1789), respeitante quase exatamente aos mesmos locais em 1786, aponta para as características do crescente pensamento imperial e do Romantismo em Inglaterra.