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1
Joughin, Ian, David E. Shean, Benjamin E. Smith, and Dana Floricioiu. "A decade of variability on Jakobshavn Isbræ: ocean temperatures pace speed through influence on mélange rigidity." Cryosphere 14, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-211-2020.
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Abstract. The speed of Greenland's fastest glacier, Jakobshavn Isbræ, has varied substantially since its speed-up in the late 1990s. Here we present observations of surface velocity, mélange rigidity, and surface elevation to examine its behaviour over the last decade. Consistent with earlier results, we find a pronounced cycle of summer speed-up and thinning followed by winter slowdown and thickening. There were extended periods of rigid mélange in the winters of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, concurrent with terminus advances ∼6 km farther than in the several winters prior. These terminus advances to shallower depths caused slowdowns, leading to substantial thickening, as has been noted elsewhere. The extended periods of rigid mélange coincide well with a period of cooler waters in Disko Bay. Thus, along with the relative timing of the seasonal slowdown, our results suggest that the ocean's dominant influence on Jakobshavn Isbræ is through its effect on winter mélange rigidity, rather than summer submarine melting. The elevation time series also reveals that in summers when the area upstream of the terminus approaches flotation, large surface depressions can form, which eventually become the detachment points for major calving events. It appears that as elevations approach flotation, basal crevasses can form, which initiates a necking process that forms the depressions. The elevation data also show that steep cliffs often evolve into short floating extensions, rather than collapsing catastrophically due to brittle failure. Finally, summer 2019 speeds were slightly faster than the prior two summers, leaving it unclear whether the slowdown is ending.
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Kochtitzky, Will, Luke Copland, Moya Painter, and Christine Dow. "Draining and filling of ice-dammed lakes at the terminus of surge-type Dań Zhùr (Donjek) Glacier, Yukon, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 11 (November 2020): 1337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0233.
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Recent surges of Dań Zhùr (Donjek) Glacier have formed lakes at the glacier terminus that have drained catastrophically, resulting in hazards to people and infrastructure downstream. Here we use air photos and satellite imagery to describe lake formation, and the timing of filling and draining, since the 1930s. Between the 1930s and late 1980s, lakes were typically small (<0.6 km2), took many years to form after a surge event, and drained slowly as they were displaced by the glacier advancing in the next surge. However, since 1993, the lakes have become larger (>1 km2) and drain rapidly through or under the glacier by breaking a terminal ice dam. For the past two surges, since 2001, the lakes formed during or immediately after a surge in an increasingly larger basin between the Neoglacial maximum moraine and an increasingly smaller maximum terminus extent. Most recently, the 2012–2014 surge created a lake that drained in summer 2017, refilled, and drained again in both summer 2018 and summer 2019. The 2019 lake was 2.2 km2, the largest on record, and drained entirely within 2 days. While a lake is unlikely to form again before the next expected surge in the mid-2020s, future surges of Dań Zhùr Glacier are still likely to create terminal lakes, necessitating continued monitoring for surge activity and lake formation.
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Hall, Sarah B., Bulusu Subrahmanyam, Ebenezer S. Nyadjro, and Annette Samuelsen. "Surface Freshwater Fluxes in the Arctic and Subarctic Seas during Contrasting Years of High and Low Summer Sea Ice Extent." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081570.
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Freshwater (FW) flux between the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waterways, predominantly driven by wind and oceanic currents, influences halocline stability and annual sea ice variability which further impacts global circulation and climate. The Arctic recently experienced anomalous years of high and low sea ice extent in the summers of 2013/2014 and 2012/2016, respectively. Here we investigate the interannual variability of oceanic surface FW flux in relation to spatial and temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC), sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea surface temperature (SST), focusing on years with summer sea–ice extremes. Our analysis between 2010–2018 illustrate high parameter variability, especially within the Laptev, Kara, and Barents seas, as well as an overall decreasing trend of FW flux through the Fram Strait. We find that in 2012, a maximum average FW flux of 0.32 × 103 ms−1 in October passed over a large portion of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean at 53°N. This study highlights recent changes in the Arctic and Subarctic Seas and the importance of continued monitoring of key variables through remote sensing to understand the dynamics behind these ongoing changes. Observations of FW fluxes through major Arctic routes will be increasingly important as the polar regions become more susceptible to warming, with major impacts on global climate.
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Xie, Surui, Timothy H. Dixon, Denis Voytenko, Fanghui Deng, and David M. Holland. "Grounding line migration through the calving season at Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, observed with terrestrial radar interferometry." Cryosphere 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 1387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1387-2018.
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Abstract. Ice velocity variations near the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, were observed with a terrestrial radar interferometer (TRI) during three summer campaigns in 2012, 2015, and 2016. We estimate a ∼ 1 km wide floating zone near the calving front in early summer of 2015 and 2016, where ice moves in phase with ocean tides. Digital elevation models (DEMs) generated by the TRI show that the glacier front here was much thinner (within 1 km of the glacier front, average ice surface is ∼ 100 and ∼ 110 m above local sea level in 2015 and 2016, respectively) than ice upstream (average ice surface is > 150 m above local sea level at 2–3 km to the glacier front in 2015 and 2016). However, in late summer 2012, there is no evidence of a floating ice tongue in the TRI observations. Average ice surface elevation near the glacier front was also higher, ∼ 125 m above local sea level within 1 km of the glacier front. We hypothesize that during Jakobshavn Isbræ's recent calving seasons the ice front advances ∼ 3 km from winter to spring, forming a > 1 km long floating ice tongue. During the subsequent calving season in mid- and late summer, the glacier retreats by losing its floating portion through a sequence of calving events. By late summer, the entire glacier is likely grounded. In addition to ice velocity variation driven by tides, we also observed a velocity variation in the mélange and floating ice front that is non-parallel to long-term ice flow motion. This cross-flow-line signal is in phase with the first time derivative of tidal height and is likely associated with tidal currents or bed topography.
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Lukáč, Michal, Katarína Stachová, Zdenko Stacho, Gabriela Pajtinková Bartáková, and Katarína Gubíniová. "Potential of Marketing Communication as a Sustainability Tool in the Context of Castle Museums." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 8191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158191.
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Based on the OECD research from 2020, tourism is one of the biggest and fast-growing sectors of the world economy. Tourism plays a key role in job creation as well as in added value creation. In 2018, the revenue from tourism in Slovakia totaled EUR 2.7 billion, which is EUR 4.7% more than the year before, where the mentioned refers to 3% GDP and 27.6% of the services-related exports. The authors drew their attention to identifying some marketing communication tools’ impact on the castle museum attendance in Slovakia and analyzed the degree and dynamics of the communication structure implementation in the context of cultural heritage. In general, 5840 cultural tourists were interviewed during three restricted cycles: 2006–2009, 2011–2014, and 2016–2019; the interviewing was held through the questionnaires only during the summer seasons. The study herein shows that the quality perception of the carried out offline marketing communication activities and the visit intention itself have significant influence on the interest of customers in repeated visits to castle museums.
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Min, Chao, Longjiang Mu, Qinghua Yang, Robert Ricker, Qian Shi, Bo Han, Renhao Wu, and Jiping Liu. "Sea ice export through the Fram Strait derived from a combined model and satellite data set." Cryosphere 13, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 3209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3209-2019.
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Abstract. Sea ice volume export through the Fram Strait plays an important role in the Arctic freshwater and energy redistribution. The combined model and satellite sea ice thickness (CMST) data set assimilates CryoSat-2 and soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) thickness products together with satellite sea ice concentration. The CMST data set closes the gap of stand-alone satellite-derived sea ice thickness in summer and therefore allows us to estimate sea ice volume export during the melt season. In this study, we first validate the CMST data set using field observations, and then we estimate the continuous seasonal and interannual variations in Arctic sea ice volume flux through the Fram Strait from September 2010 to December 2016. The results show that seasonal and interannual sea ice volume export vary from about -240(±40) to -970(±60) km3 and -1970(±290) to -2490(±280) km3, respectively. The sea ice volume export reaches its maximum in spring and about one-third of the yearly total volume export occurs in the melt season. The minimum monthly sea ice export is −11 km3 in August 2015, and the maximum (−442 km3) appears in March 2011. The seasonal relative frequencies of sea ice thickness and drift suggest that the Fram Strait outlet in summer is dominated by sea ice that is thicker than 2 m with relatively slow seasonal mean drift of about 3 km d−1.
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Shiozawa, Yasuko, and Eucharia Donnery. "Overcoming Shyness: Promoting Leadership and Communication through English Drama Camp in Japan." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research XI, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.11.2.2.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe how drama-based pedagogies can meet Japanese university EFL students learner-needs within a short time-frame. It first describes the cultural and educational contexts of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) in Japan in general terms, before specifically outlining the aims and methodology of the 2014 and 2015 summer drama camps. The paper then moves into the crux, that of the aims, student profiles, methodology and results of the 2016 summer drama camp, which focused on the theme of homelessness. The paper concludes by arguing the validity for the more widespread adoption of drama-based pedagogies in the Japanese university EFL context.
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McCabe, Esther D., Mike E. King, Karol E. Fike, Maggie J. Smith, Kevin L. Hill, Glenn M. Rogers, and Kenneth G. Odde. "14 Effect of implant status and non-hormone treated cattle status on sale price of beef calves-Superior Livestock Video Auction." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.012.
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Abstract The objective was to determine the sale prices of beef calf lots enrolled in the non-hormone treated cattle (NHTC) program and those that received implants, sold through summer video auctions from 2010 through 2018. Data analyzed were collected from 67 summer livestock video auctions from 2010 through 2018. There were 40,941 lots of beef calves used in the analyses. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop multiple regression models that evaluated the effects of independent factors on sale price each year using a backwards selection procedure. A value of P < 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final models. The NHTC program is a USDA-approved program created in 1999, when the European Union and the United States agreed to control measures for trade of non-hormone treated beef. By definition, these cattle could not receive growth-promoting implants. The percentage of lots enrolled in the NHTC program grew from 5.2% to 23.8% from 2010 through 2018 (Table 1). The largest increase was 8 percentage points from 2017 to 2018. For seven of the nine years, premiums were associated with NHTC lots. The added value for a lot of beef calves enrolled in the NHTC program ranged from $1.02/45.36 kg in 2013 to $4.04/45.36 kg in 2014. In the nine years of analysis, implant status did not result in price reduction in any year. While the percentage of NHTC lots grew, we did not see a corresponding decline in the value of implanted lots.
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Jeansoulin, Robert. "Multi-Source Geo-Information Fusion in Transition: A Summer 2019 Snapshot." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080330.
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Since the launch of Landsat-1 in 1972, the scientific domain of geo-information has been incrementally shaped through different periods, due to technology evolutions: in devices (satellites, UAV, IoT), in sensors (optical, radar, LiDAR), in software (GIS, WebGIS, 3D), and in communication (Big Data). Land Cover and Disaster Management remain the main big issues where these technologies are highly required. Data fusion methods and tools have been adapted progressively to new data sources, which are augmenting in volume, variety, and in quick accessibility. This Special Issue gives a snapshot of the current status of that adaptation, as well as looking at what challenges are coming soon.
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Putri, Ayu Aprilia, and Suparno. "Recognize Geometry Shapes through Computer Learning in Early Math Skills." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.141.04.
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One form of early mathematical recognition is to introduce the concept of geometric shapes. Geometry is an important scientific discipline for present and future life by developing various ways that fit 21st century skills. This study aims to overcome the problem of early mathematical recognition of early childhood on geometry, especially how to recognize geometric forms based on computer learning. A total of 24 children aged 4-5 years in kindergarten has to carrying out 2 research cycles with a total of 5 meetings. Treatment activities in each learning cycle include mentioning, grouping and imitating geometric shapes. There were only 7 children who were able to recognize the geometric shapes in the pre-research cycle (29.2%). An increase in the number of children who are able to do activities well in each research cycle includes: 1) The activities mentioned in the first cycle and 75% in the second cycle; 2) Classifying activities in the first cycle were 37.5% and 75% in the second cycle; 3) Imitation activities in the first cycle 54.2% and 79.2% in the second cycle. The results of data acquisition show that computer learning application can improve the ability to recognize geometric shapes, this is because computer learning provides software that has activities to recognize geometric shapes with the animation and visuals displayed.
Keywords: Early Childhood Computer Learning, Geometry Forms, Early Math Skills
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Eddington, Laura. "Summer Travel." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 23, no. 7 (May 2018): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.23.7.0408.
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You are excited about taking a summer vacation with your three friends except for potentially waiting in line at the airport's security checkpoint. In December 2016, the Salt Lake City International Airport expected 23,000 passengers to depart its terminals each day (Lee 2016). As a concerned passenger who wants to spend as much time on the beach as possible, you want to figure out the best way to get through security as quickly as possible.
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Banwell, Alison F., Rajashree Tri Datta, Rebecca L. Dell, Mahsa Moussavi, Ludovic Brucker, Ghislain Picard, Christopher A. Shuman, and Laura A. Stevens. "The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula." Cryosphere 15, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 909–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-909-2021.
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Abstract. In the 2019/2020 austral summer, the surface melt duration and extent on the northern George VI Ice Shelf (GVIIS) was exceptional compared to the 31 previous summers of distinctly lower melt. This finding is based on analysis of near-continuous 41-year satellite microwave radiometer and scatterometer data, which are sensitive to meltwater on the ice shelf surface and in the near-surface snow. Using optical satellite imagery from Landsat 8 (2013 to 2020) and Sentinel-2 (2017 to 2020), record volumes of surface meltwater ponding were also observed on the northern GVIIS in 2019/2020, with 23 % of the surface area covered by 0.62 km3 of ponded meltwater on 19 January. These exceptional melt and surface ponding conditions in 2019/2020 were driven by sustained air temperatures ≥0 ∘C for anomalously long periods (55 to 90 h) from late November onwards, which limited meltwater refreezing. The sustained warm periods were likely driven by warm, low-speed (≤7.5 m s−1) northwesterly and northeasterly winds and not by foehn wind conditions, which were only present for 9 h total in the 2019/2020 melt season. Increased surface ponding on ice shelves may threaten their stability through increased potential for hydrofracture initiation; a risk that may increase due to firn air content depletion in response to near-surface melting.
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Seager, Richard, Lisa Goddard, Jennifer Nakamura, Naomi Henderson, and Dong Eun Lee. "Dynamical Causes of the 2010/11 Texas–Northern Mexico Drought*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-024.1.
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Abstract The causes of the Texas–northern Mexico drought during 2010–11 are shown, using observations, reanalyses, and model simulations, to arise from a combination of ocean forcing and internal atmospheric variability. The drought began in fall 2010 and winter 2010/11 as a La Niña event developed in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Climate models forced by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) produced dry conditions in fall 2010 through spring 2011 associated with transient eddy moisture flux divergence related to a northward shift of the Pacific–North American storm track, typical of La Niña events. In contrast the observed drought was not associated with such a clear shift of the transient eddy fields and instead was significantly influenced by internal atmospheric variability including the negative North Atlantic Oscillation of winter 2010/11, which created mean flow moisture divergence and drying over the southern Plains and southeast United States. The models suggest that drought continuation into summer 2011 was not strongly SST forced. Mean flow circulation and moisture divergence anomalies were responsible for the summer 2011 drought, arising from either internal atmospheric variability or a response to dry summer soils not captured by the models. The summer of 2011 was one of the two driest and hottest summers over recent decades but it does not represent a clear outlier to the strong inverse relation between summer precipitation and temperature in the region. Seasonal forecasts at 3.5-month lead time did predict onset of the drought in fall and winter 2010/11 but not intensification into summer 2011, demonstrating the current, and likely inherent, inability to predict important aspects of North American droughts.
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Smith, Jennifer, and Onnica Marquez. "Kids in the stacks: Summer camp at an academic library." College & Research Libraries News 82, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.82.4.190.
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It’s summer, and there are middle school students running around the university library. Why?St. Ambrose University (SAU) Library held summer camps for 6th- through 8th-grade students in 2018 and 2019. The first was Digital Film Camp, and the second was National History Day Boot Camp. If you work in higher education, chances are good that you’ve heard about the campus demographic cliff and been charged with doing your part to address this enrollment challenge. In alignment with a campus-wide initiative to bolster pre-college summer camps for potential students, the library hosted summer camps for middle school students as part of this community outreach and engagement strategy. The goal of these camps was to offer enriching experiences that create positive impressions of the campus and library.
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Liang, Laura E., Alexandra Zivkovic, and Marian R. Passannante. "A Public Health Summer Experience for High School Students." Pedagogy in Health Promotion 7, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23733799211017561.
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Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, many high school students were unaware of careers in public health—that there are many options available for those interested in improving health and preventing disease beyond being a doctor or a nurse. The Rutgers School of Public Health (R-SPH) developed PHocus (Public Health: Outbreaks, Communities, and Urban Studies) to introduce high school students to the interdisciplinary field of public health as well as to promote population and individual health. The PHocus Summer Experience was designed for high school students to explore population health and learn about the fundamentals of epidemiology, the breadth of topics addressed by public health, and public health careers. R-SPH hosted PHocus as 1-week sessions in Summer 2018 and 2019, available at both the School’s Piscataway, New Jersey, and Newark, New Jersey, locations. The Newark sessions targeted recruitment from high schools with underserved, minority, and/or economically disadvantaged students, and tuition for these students was supported through external funding. Across 2018 and 2019 PHocus Summer Experiences, 130 students participated, representing 63 high schools, in four 1-week sessions. The experience was rated very highly by participants; on a 4-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree), the median score for the program being a worthwhile experience was 4.0. R-SPH faculty, staff, and students, as well as external stakeholders, eagerly volunteered to be part of the program, suggesting that this educational program can be reproduced at other schools and programs of public health.
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Moss, Alexandra, Toni Green, Simon Moss, Janique Waghorn, and Mary-Jessimine Bushell. "Exploring Pharmacists’ Roles during the 2019–2020 Australian Black Summer Bushfires." Pharmacy 9, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9030142.
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Background: Australians are no strangers to sudden natural disasters, such as bushfires. The effects of a natural disaster can devastate local communities and health care services. Currently, limited research has explored the role of the pharmacist during a natural disaster. This study explores the role of the Australian pharmacist during the 2019/2020 Black Summer Bushfires. Methods: Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with ten community pharmacists who worked through the Black Summer Bushfires whose daily tasks and work environment were directly affected by the bushfires. Thematic analysis using NVivo®, a qualitative data analysis software was conducted. Results: Analysis of the transcripts generated six main themes: collaboration; trauma and mental health; power and communication; acute presentations; triaging and emergency prescribing. Pharmacists worked in close collaboration with doctors and members of the local community. They provided triaging services, timely health advice about chronic health problems, and managed acute issues, including wound and burn management and mental health support in traumatic conditions, sometimes without power and communication amenities. The challenges presented to pharmacists during the bushfires warranted creative and flexible approaches at times. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for mental health support and training for pharmacists, provisional prescribing privileges, and a clearer set of contingency regulations and legislation related to emergencies and natural disasters. Further research is warranted to gain greater insight into the roles undertaken by Australian pharmacists during natural disasters and their autonomy in decision making processes during such times.
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Han, Han, Jane Liu, Huiling Yuan, Tijian Wang, Bingliang Zhuang, and Xun Zhang. "Foreign influences on tropospheric ozone over East Asia through global atmospheric transport." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19 (October 8, 2019): 12495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12495-2019.
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Abstract. Tropospheric ozone in East Asia is influenced by the transport of ozone from foreign regions around the world. However, the magnitudes and variations in such influences remain unclear. This study was performed to investigate the influences using a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, through the tagged ozone and emission perturbation simulations. The results show that foreign ozone is transported to East Asia (20–60∘ N, 95–150∘ E) mainly through the middle and upper troposphere. In East Asia, the influence of foreign ozone increases rapidly with altitude. In the middle and upper troposphere, the regional mean concentrations of foreign ozone range from 32 to 65 ppbv, being 0.8–4.8 times higher than its native counterpart (11–18 ppbv). Annually, ∼60 % of foreign ozone in the East Asian middle and upper troposphere comes from North America (5–13 ppbv) and Europe (5–7 ppbv), as well as from foreign oceanic regions (9–21 ppbv). Over the East Asian tropospheric columns, foreign ozone appears most in spring when ozone concentrations in the foreign regions are high and the westerlies are strong and least in summer when the South Asian High blocks eastward foreign ozone from reaching East Asia south of 35∘ N. At the East Asian surface, the annual mean of foreign ozone concentrations is ∼22.2 ppbv, which is comparable to its native counterpart of ∼20.4 ppbv. In the meantime, the annual mean of anthropogenic ozone concentrations from foreign regions is ∼4.7 ppbv, half of which comes from North America (1.3 ppbv) and Europe (1.0 ppbv). Seasonally, foreign ozone concentrations at the East Asian surface are highest in winter (27.1 ppbv) and lowest in summer (16.5 ppbv). This strong seasonality is largely modulated by the East Asian monsoon (EAM) via its influence on vertical motion. The large-scale subsidence prevailing during the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) favours the downdraft of foreign ozone to the surface, while widespread convection in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) blocks such transport. Interannually, the variation in foreign ozone at the East Asian surface is found to be closely related to the intensity of the EAM. Specifically, the stronger the EAWM is in a winter, the more ozone from North America and Europe reaches the East Asian surface because of the stronger subsidence behind the East Asian trough. In summer, ozone from South and South-east Asia is reduced in strong EASM years due to weakened south-westerly monsoon winds. This study suggests substantial foreign influences on ozone at the East Asian surface and in its tropospheric columns. It also underscores the importance of the EAM in the seasonal and interannual variations in foreign influences on surface ozone in East Asia.
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Kenea, Samuel Takele, Haeyoung Lee, Sangwon Joo, Shanlan Li, Lev Labzovskii, Chu-Yong Chung, and Yeon-Hee Kim. "Interannual Variability of Atmospheric CH4 and Its Driver Over South Korea Captured by Integrated Data in 2019." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122266.
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Understanding the temporal variability of atmospheric methane (CH4) and its potential drivers can advance the progress toward mitigating changes to the climate. To comprehend interannual variability and spatial characteristics of anomalous CH4 mole fractions and its drivers, we used integrated data from different platforms such as in situ measurements and satellites (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT)) retrievals. A pronounced change of annual growth rate was detected at Anmyeondo (AMY), Republic of Korea, ranging from −16.8 to 31.3 ppb yr−1 as captured in situ through 2015–2020 and 3.9 to 16.4 ppb yr−1 detected by GOSAT through 2014–2019, respectively. High growth rates were discerned in 2016 (31.3 ppb yr−1 and 13.4 ppb yr−1 from in situ and GOSAT, respectively) and 2019 (27.4 ppb yr−1 and 16.4 ppb yr−1 from in situ and GOSAT, respectively). The high growth in 2016 was essentially explained by the strong El Niño event in 2015–2016, whereas the large growth rate in 2019 was not related to ENSO. We suggest that the growth rate that appeared in 2019 was related to soil temperature according to the Noah Land Surface Model. The stable isotopic composition of 13C/12C in CH4 (δ13-CH4) collected by flask-air sampling at AMY during 2014–2019 supported the soil methane hypothesis. The intercept of the Keeling plot for summer and autumn were found to be −53.3‰ and −52.9‰, respectively, which suggested isotopic signature of biogenic emissions. The isotopic values in 2019 exhibited the strongest depletion compared to other periods, which suggests even a stronger biogenic signal. Such changes in the biogenic signal were affected by the variations of soil temperature and soil moisture. We looked more closely at the variability of XCH4 and the relationship with soil properties. The result indicated a spatial distribution of interannual variability, as well as the captured elevated anomaly over the southwest of the domain in autumn 2019, up to 70 ppb, which was largely explained by the combined effect of soil temperature and soil moisture changes, indicating a pixel-wise correlation of XCH4 anomaly with those parameters in the range of 0.5–0.8 with a statistical significance (p < 0.05). This implies that the soil-associated drivers are able to exert a large-scale influence on the regional distribution of CH4 in Korea.
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Zuidema, Paquita, Claudia Alvarez, Samantha J. Kramer, Lillian Custals, Miguel Izaguirre, Peter Sealy, Joseph M. Prospero, and Edmund Blades. "Is Summer African Dust Arriving Earlier to Barbados? The Updated Long-Term In Situ Dust Mass Concentration Time Series from Ragged Point, Barbados, and Miami, Florida." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 10 (October 2019): 1981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0083.1.
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AbstractSurface dust mass concentrations, extracted from filters collected at Miami, Florida, and Ragged Point, Barbados, since 1974 and 1973, respectively, provide a rare, unusual, and important metric of the intercontinental transport of North African dust. The daily-resolved time series, updated through December 2018 for Miami and through December 2015 along with May–September 2016 and January–March and June–August 2017 for Barbados, indicate summer-mean dust mass concentrations have mostly decreased this decade at Miami, but not at Barbados, where instead the events containing the highest dust mass concentration events may be shifting to earlier in the year.
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Kandiwa, Erick, Borden Mushonga, Oscar Madzingira, Alaster Samkange, Alec Bishi, and Dolly Tuaandi. "Characterization of Oestrus Cycles in Namibian Swakara and Damara Sheep through Determination of Circannual Plasma Progesterone Levels." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2019 (July 11, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5320718.
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A year-long prospective study characterized the seasonality of oestrus cycles in primiparous, nonpregnant Swakara (n=8) and Damara (n=5) ewes through surveillance of plasma progesterone (P4) levels. During this period, Swakara and Damara groups evidently averaged 23 oestrus cycles with an average length of 17 days. Damara ewes showed greater mean peak plasma P4 levels (11.4±0.16ng/ml) than Swakara ewes (5.4±0.11ng/ml) (P<0.05). Oestrus cycles in Damara ewes showed relatively uniform plasma P4 peaks throughout the year ranging from 10.6±0.16 to 12.6±0.24ng/ml. In Swakara ewes, P4 peaks were highest in the autumn oestrus cycles (from 7.1±0.16 to 7.5±0.11ng/ml), rapidly declining through winter to 2.2±0.08ng/ml by midspring and then rapidly increasing to 4.9±0.37ng/ml at the commencement of summer, followed by a gradual increase from 5.7± to 7.1±ng/ml by the start of autumn. The annual mean area under the curve temporal progesterone measurements (AUCPM) in Damara ewes (115.9±18.6ng⁎day/ml) was greater than that in Swakara ewes (58.6±25.3ng⁎day/ml) (p<0.05). For Swakara ewes, the mean AUCPM in summer and autumn cycles (68.2±14.7 and 79.5±10.0ng⁎day/ml, respectively) were greater than those in spring and winter cycles (28.7±12.3 and 55.0±27.3ng⁎day/ml), respectively (P<0.05). There was no seasonal variation in the exposure of the Damara ewes to P4 in between seasons (P>0.05), though, however, the Damara ewes had greater P4 levels than the Swakara ewes (P<0.05). Progesterone profiles showed that Swakara ewes possessed ‘residual’ seasonality, whereas the Damara ewes were no longer seasonal. The implications of this disparity in the seasonal exposure of Swakara and Damara ewes to luteal P4 on fertility warrant further investigation.
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Zhang, Yongli, Hao Wei, Youyu Lu, Xiaofan Luo, Xianmin Hu, and Wei Zhao. "Dependence of Beaufort Sea Low Ice Condition in the Summer of 1998 on Ice Export in the Prior Winter." Journal of Climate 33, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0943.1.
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AbstractFour events of distinctly low summer ice coverage in the Beaufort Sea, in 1998, 2008, 2012, and 2016, have been identified using satellite-observed concentration between 1979 and 2017. Previous studies have revealed that these four minima were impacted by preconditioning of the ice cover, and specifically the 1998 event was preconditioned toward thinner ice by anomalous southeasterly winds during winter. This study further investigates the 1998 event through analyzing the solution of a coupled ocean and sea ice model. Compared with the mean condition during 1995–2015, the net ice loss in the melt season (May–September) of 1998 was not particularly high. In the preceding fall (October–December 1997), the ice conditions and processes contributing to ice changes were neither significantly different from the mean condition nor unique in the time series during 1995–2015. In the preceding winter (January–April 1998), over the southeastern part of the Beaufort Sea, the ice was 1.5 m thinner than the mean condition on average, and the increase in ice thickness due to freezing was nearly offset by the decrease due to lateral advection, which was the result of high westward ice export and limited southerly import. The dynamic process in preceding winter was also the cause of low ice in summer 2016 according to a recent study. Model analyses suggest that the 2008 event was due to the small regional ice volume at the end of summer 2007 and ice export during the preceding fall, whereas the 2012 event was caused by the excessive summer melting.
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Bice, Christopher M., Brenton P. Zampatti, and John R. Morrongiello. "Connectivity, migration and recruitment in a catadromous fish." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 11 (2018): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17388.
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Understanding the influence of river hydrology and connectivity on the migration and recruitment of diadromous fishes is fundamental for species management and conservation. We investigated the downstream catadromous spawning migration of adult female congolli (Pseudaphritis urvillii) using acoustic telemetry, and subsequent juvenile recruitment, in the lower reaches of the River Murray, Australia, in 2009–2011. The years 2009 and 2010 were characterised by diminished freshwater flow, closure of tidal barrages, and disconnection of freshwater and estuarine habitats; however, a navigation lock was operated to facilitate downstream fish passage in 2010. In both years, >70% of individuals tagged upstream undertook downstream migrations, in association with day-of-the-year (June–July) and moonphase (full), and accumulated upstream of the tidal barrages. In 2009, fish were unable to pass the barrages and remained upstream, but in 2010, an estimated >15000 individuals passed through the navigation lock, including 40% of individuals tagged upstream. These transitioned rapidly (<24h) through the estuary and into the ocean. In association, abundances of upstream migrant juveniles in spring–summer 2010–2011 were up to 180 times greater than in spring–summer 2009–2010. Our study illustrates the potential impact of tidal barriers on migrations and population dynamics of catadromous fish, and the importance of understanding species-specific migration ecology.
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Achille, C., F. Fassi, K. Marquardt, and M. Cesprini. "LEARNING GEOMATICS FOR RESTORATION: ICOMOS SUMMER SCHOOL IN OSSOLA VALLEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 17, 2017): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-631-2017.
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Documentation and preservation of widespread rural heritage are today possible only if you can activate processes of conservation headed by local communities, thereby recognizing the link between the communities and their culture. The cultural heritage places (villages, sites and landscapes) can take different values; action is needed respecting the right of communities to identify the values contained in them. ‘Collaborative networks should be set up at different levels among multiple stakeholders in order to address issues related to heritage and create new value chains through innovative synergies. Dynamic, flexible, inclusive and integrated processes of engagement need to be employed for assessing long-term social impacts of heritage conservation programmes’ (Icomos, 2014). <br><br> In 2011 the 3DSurvey Group of the Politecnico di Milano in collaboration with the Canova Association initiated an annual summer school program entitled ‘Laboratory of Places 2017, Ghesc and surroundings, History, survey, evolution Laboratory of Places'. The definition of “Laboratory of Places 2017, Ghesc and surroundings” links the idea of an inhabited space to an open space suitable for study, research, and an interactive absorption and confrontation of differing ideas. Founding elements of the project involve educational collaborations with university, but equally important will be the development of programs with local schools, associations, and public administration (Quaderni di Ghesc, 2010).
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Northcott, Celine, Rachel Curtis, Svetlana Bogomolova, Timothy Olds, Corneel Vandelanotte, Ronald Plotnikoff, and Carol Maher. "Seasonal Differences in the Cost and Engagement of Facebook Advertisements for a Physical Activity Smartphone App." American Journal of Health Promotion 35, no. 6 (March 1, 2021): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117121997304.
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Purpose: To evaluate the performance of Facebook advertisements for a physical activity smartphone app at different times of the year. Design: A repeated cross-sectional study examined the cost and engagement levels of advertisements during 3 time points: Post-Easter April-May 2019, Pre-Summer October 2019, and New Year January 2020 . Setting: Advertisements were delivered on Facebook. Subjects: The target population was Australian females aged 25-60 years. Measures: Cost was evaluated in terms of reach per dollar. Engagement was evaluated in terms of click-through and app downloads per reach. Analysis: ANOVA and Chi-square were used to assess differences in reach per dollar, click-through, and app downloads per reach between time points. Results: Reach per dollar was highest in Post-Easter, but declined in Pre-Summer and New Year (reach/$ 34.8 vs 31.5 vs 27.5; p = .004). Click-through was highest in New Year followed by Post-Easter, then Pre-Summer (click-through 3.2% vs 1.9% vs 1.2%; p < .001). New Year and Post-Easter advertisements achieved higher app downloads per reach than Pre-Summer (downloads 0.9% vs 0.7% vs 0.3%; p < .001). Conclusion: Facebook advertisements were cheaper in the first time-point, and appear to be getting more expensive (i.e. declining reach/$). Advertisements in the New Year achieved the highest click-through and app downloads per reach, suggesting a useful time of year to promote physical activity products.
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Joughin, I., and B. E. Smith. "Further summer speedup of Jakobshavn Isbræ." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 15, 2013): 5461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-5461-2013.
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Abstract. We have extended the record of flow speed on Jakobshavn Isbræ through the summer of 2013. These new data reveal large seasonal speedups, 30 to 50% larger than previous summers. At a point a few kilometres inland from the terminus, the mean annual speed for 2012 is nearly three times as large as that in the mid 1990s, while the peak summer speeds are more than a factor of 4 greater. These speeds were achieved as the glacier terminus retreated to the bottom of an overdeepened basin with a depth of ~ 1300 m below sea level. While retreat may slow slightly as the terminus retreats farther – to a moderate rise in the bed – it is likely to reach the deepest section of the trough within a few decades, at which point it should rapidly retreat to the shallower regions ~ 50 km farther upstream, potentially by the end of this century.
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Mahanta, SS Kalikinkar, Sharada Shrinivas Patil, Bhagirathi Mahanta, Kushalindu Biswas, Rojalin Sahu, Bhabani Shankar Panda, and Malaya Ranjan Mallik. "Influence of Meteorological Variables on Ambient Air Pollutants of a Coastal District in Eastern India." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370127.
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The study of various air pollutants and meteorological parameters are very important for all the researchers. Baleswar was known to be a seaside Districts of Odisha which is the economic and cultural heart of Northern Odisha. The aim of this study is to measure the air pollutants, meteorological parameters and to enumerate the air pollution index at three specific sites (Sahadevkhunta, Mallikashpur, Rasalpur) according to CPCB procedures. The air pollutants analysed by supplying through specific absorbing reagents and the pollutants were analysed up to 3 year (2017, 2018 and 2019) with a regularity of thrice per week. Analyses of our data sets showing that SO2 and NO2 concentration during summer, rainy and winter season are within the prescribe standard of NAAQS by CPCB but PM10 and PM2.5 are above the prescribed standard except PM2.5 concentration of rainy season in year 2019. Air pollution index is remaining in the condition between clean air (CA) to moderate air pollution (MAP) and it shows that the pollution index in all the sites are reducing from the year 2017 to 2019 may be due to enhancing technologies to reduce the pollutant concentration in air.
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Yao, Shiyin, Wei Wei, Shuiyuan Cheng, Yuan Niu, and Panbo Guan. "Impacts of Meteorology and Emissions on O3 Pollution during 2013–2018 and Corresponding Control Strategy for a Typical Industrial City of China." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050619.
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The air quality of Handan, a typical industrial city in China, has been significantly improved through atmospheric pollution control, except for ozone (O3) pollution. We found that, in summer, emissions of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx decreased yearly in Handan, but the O3 concentration significantly declined yearly during 2013–2015, whereas it experienced worsening O3 pollution after 2015. Therefore, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF–CMAQ) modeling system to simulate the influence of the meteorological conditions and emission changes in Handan during the typical period (June) of O3 pollution in 2013–2018. For benchmarked June 2013, the results showed that the reduction of the O3 concentration in June of 2014–2016 was mainly caused by emission reduction, while in June of 2017–2018, the combined effect of changes in emissions and meteorological conditions led to aggravated O3 pollution. Sensitivity analysis indicated that combined VOCs and NOx emission controls would effectively reduce incremental O3 formation when the abatement ratio of VOCs/NOx should be no less than 0.84, and we found that VOCs reduction would continusouly bring about O3 decreases under various NOx reductions, but its positive sensitivity to O3 would become smaller with NOx reduction. However, the positive influence of NOx reduction on O3 would happen until NOx reduction exceeding 45–60%. The findings will be helpful in formulating emission control strategies for coping with O3 pollution in an industrial city.
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Yuan, Yaochu, Guanghong Liao, Chenghao Yang, Zenghong Liu, Hong Chen, and Zhang-Gui Wang. "Summer Kuroshio Intrusion through the Luzon Strait confirmed from observations and a diagnostic model in summer 2009." Progress in Oceanography 121 (February 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.10.003.
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Joughin, I., B. E. Smith, D. E. Shean, and D. Floricioiu. "Brief Communication: Further summer speedup of Jakobshavn Isbræ." Cryosphere 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-209-2014.
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Abstract. We have extended the record of flow speed on Jakobshavn Isbræ through the summer of 2013. These new data reveal large seasonal speedups, 30 to 50% greater than previous summers. At a point a few kilometres inland from the terminus, the mean annual speed for 2012 is nearly three times as great as that in the mid-1990s, while the peak summer speeds are more than a factor of four greater. These speeds were achieved as the glacier terminus appears to have retreated to the bottom of an over-deepened basin with a depth of ~ 1300 m below sea level. The terminus is likely to reach the deepest section of the trough within a few decades, after which it could rapidly retreat to the shallower regions ~ 50 km farther upstream, potentially by the end of this century.
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Dmitrieva, L. V. "Children's immersive theater in the party practices of the museum." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2101-06.
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The publication was prepared on the basis of practical experience with the children's audience of the museum. Approaches and principles of immersive theater are considered, which are the basis for designing an interactive excursion-performance as a form of mastering the historical landscape through partisan cultural practices. The proposed project is the basic part of the program of summer visiting practice of students of the “Cultural Education” profile in the museum-reserve “Tauric Chersonesos” (2017–2019).
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Byun, Jaehak, Sangphil Kim, Changbyung Park, Jaekul Lee, Yongtae Shin, and Jong-Bae Kim. "Social Contribution Model through 2016 Rio Summer Olympic Sponsorship of Cisc." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2016.07.02.
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Wu, Jiaxi, Enyi Jen, and Marcia Gentry. "Validating a Classroom Perception Instrument for Gifted Students in a University-Based Residential Program." Journal of Advanced Academics 29, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932202x18764450.
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Summer enrichment and residential programs can provide gifted students with positive social interactions and challenging curricula. However, little research has focused on gifted students’ perceptions of the learning environment in such programs. This research project evaluated the psychometric properties and practical applications of the Student Perceptions of Classroom Quality ( SPOCQ) instrument. The two studies used a total sample of 1,492 diverse, gifted students in Grades 5 through 12 who participated in a university-based enrichment residential program from 2010 through 2013. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that although the original model was a moderately good fit for the gifted student participants in 2010 to 2011, some items on the SPOCQ were classroom specific and did not apply to residential programs. Therefore, those items were revised and retested, and results showed that the modified model was a better fit for gifted student participants in 2012 to 2013.
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Türke, Andreas, Marie D. Jackson, Wolfgang Bach, Wolf-Achim Kahl, Brian Grzybowski, Beau Marshall, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, and Steffen Leth Jørgensen. "Design of the subsurface observatory at Surtsey volcano, Iceland." Scientific Drilling 25 (June 12, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-57-2019.
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Abstract. Surtsey, the youngest of the islands of Vestmannaeyjar, is an oceanic volcano created by explosive basaltic eruptions during 1963–1967 off the southern coast of Iceland. The subsurface deposits of the volcano were first sampled by a cored borehole in 1979. In summer 2017, three cored boreholes were drilled through the active hydrothermal system of the volcano by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) SUSTAIN Expedition 5059. These cores are expected to provide the first glimpse of microbial life in very young and native basaltic tuff of the oceanic crust. To reduce the contamination of the subsurface environment, seawater circulating fluid was filtered and passed through two UV-sterilizing treatments. One of the boreholes has been equipped with a subsurface observatory dedicated in situ experiments for monitoring water–rock interactions and microbial processes in sterile, artificial basaltic glass and in olivine granules. With temperatures ranging from 25 to 125 ∘C, the subsurface observatory provides a precise geothermal window into an active hydrothermal system and thus represents an exceptional natural laboratory for studying fluid–rock–microbe interactions at different temperature regimes and facilitates experimental validation of active submarine microbial processes at the limit of functional life, about 121 ∘C. Comparisons with the 1979 and 2019 drill cores will provide time-lapse observations of hydrothermal processes over a 50-year timescale. Here, we present the technical design of the observatory and the incubation chamber experiments deployed from September 2017 to summer 2019.
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Howard, C., C. Rose, W. Dodd, P. Scott, A. Cunsulo-Willox, and J. Orbinski. "P062: SOS: Summer of Smoke--a mixed-methods, community-based study investigating the health effects of a prolonged, severe wildfire season on a subarctic population." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.264.
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Introduction: Between June 15 and Aug 31st 2014, Canada’s Northwest Territories (pop 44,000: Stats Can), a subarctic region which is over 2°C warmer than it was in the 1950’s, experienced an unprecedented number of forest fires, with 385 fires and approximately 3.4 million hectares of forest affected. This resulted in one of Canada’s most severe and prolonged urban smoke exposures for the capital city of Yellowknife and surrounding Aboriginal communities. Our objective was to obtain a big-picture sense of the health impact of the Summer of Smoke on the population of these communities through a mixture of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Methods: We analyzed PM2.5 levels, salbutamol dispensations, clinic and hospital cardiorespiratory variables, and in-depth video interviews with community members from Yellowknife, N’Dilo, Dettah and Kakisa. Results: 49% of days June15-Aug31 in 2014 had a PM2.5 over 30 mcg/m3, as compared to 3% in 2012 and 9% in 2013 and 2015. Max daily PM 2.5 in 2014 was 320.4 mcg/m3. There was a 22% increase in outpatient salbutamol dispensations in 2014 compared to the average of 2012, 2013 and 2015. More cough, pneumonia and asthma were seen in clinics compared to 2012-2015 (P<0.001). There was a 42% increase in respiratory ER visits in 2014 compared to 2012-13, but no change in cardiac variables. The respiratory effect was most pronounced in children 0-4 (114% increase in ER visits). Qualitative analysis demonstrates themes of fear, isolation, lack of physical activity, alteration of traditional summertime activities for both aboriginal and non-aboriginal subjects, elements of resilience and expectation for future smoky summers in the context of a changing climate. Conclusion: Prolonged wildfire seasons have a profound effect on overall wellbeing. Responses to help minimize mental and physical impacts such as the creation of clean-air community shelters, recreation programming, initiatives to support community cohesion, and “go outside when it is not smoky” messaging require further study.
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Zhang, Huan, Carol Miles, Shuresh Ghimire, Chris Benedict, Inga Zasada, Hang Liu, and Lisa DeVetter. "Plastic Mulches Improved Plant Growth and Suppressed Weeds in Late Summer-planted Floricane-fruiting Raspberry." HortScience 55, no. 4 (April 2020): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14734-19.
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Planting floricane-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.) propagated through tissue culture (TC) is becoming increasingly popular in the Pacific Northwest. However, there is a challenge associated with their establishment compared with traditional planting materials (dormant roots and canes), especially regarding weed management due to their sensitivity to herbicides. In addition, there has been an increased interest in late summer planting compared with traditional spring planting because growers find improved establishment in late summer planting. Although polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) have demonstrated excellent weed control and increased plant growth and yield in spring-planted TC raspberry, their impacts in late summer plantings are still unknown. The overall objective of this study was to investigate whether PE mulch and BDMs have similar effects on weed management and raspberry growth and yield in late summer plantings as in spring plantings. One PE mulch, four BDMs (BASF 0.5, BASF 0.6, Novamont 0.5, and Novamont 0.6), and a bare ground (BG) control were evaluated in a commercial ‘WakeHaven’ raspberry field planted in Aug. 2017. Mulch performance [percent soil exposure (PSE)], mulch mechanical properties (elongation and breaking force), soil temperature and moisture, plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and weed suppression were measured from 2017 to 2019. Average PSE was 1.4% and 2.0% to 15.0% by Dec. 2017 in the PE and BDM treatments, respectively. PE mulch generally had greater elongation and breaking force than BDMs. All BDMs were removed by Mar. 2018 because of the damage caused by on-farm activities and strong winds. Although average primocane height was greater for plants grown with PE mulch compared with all the other treatments except BASF 0.5 in Sept. 2018, there was no difference in yield between PE and the BG treatments, potentially because of cold damage on the buds in PE plots. There were no weeds in any of the mulched treatments in Sept. and Oct. 2017 and in PE mulch in Sept. 2018. In contrast, the BG plots had 51, 51, and 266 weeds/m2, respectively, and required handweeding and herbicide applications. In addition, early season application of herbicides to suppress primocane emergence was not required in the PE plots. Overall, PE mulch could be a viable tool for growers planting raspberry in late summer. The suitability of BDMs with similar thicknesses and formulations as used in this experiment is uncertain for late summer plantings because of the damage caused by on-farm activities and strong winds.
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Strozzi, Tazio, Sofia Antonova, Frank Günther, Eva Mätzler, Gonçalo Vieira, Urs Wegmüller, Sebastian Westermann, and Annett Bartsch. "Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry for Surface Deformation Monitoring in Low-Land Permafrost Areas." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091360.
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Low-land permafrost areas are subject to intense freeze-thaw cycles and characterized by remarkable surface displacement. We used Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry (InSAR) in order to analyse the summer surface displacement over four spots in the Arctic and Antarctica since 2015. Choosing floodplain or outcrop areas as the reference for the InSAR relative deformation measurements, we found maximum subsidence of about 3 to 10 cm during the thawing season with generally high spatial variability. Sentinel-1 time-series of interferograms with 6–12 day time intervals highlight that subsidence is often occurring rather quickly within roughly one month in early summer. Intercomparison of summer subsidence from Sentinel-1 in 2017 with TerraSAR-X in 2013 over part of the Lena River Delta (Russia) shows a high spatial agreement between both SAR systems. A comparison with in-situ measurements for the summer of 2014 over the Lena River Delta indicates a pronounced downward movement of several centimetres in both cases but does not reveal a spatial correspondence between InSAR and local in-situ measurements. For the reconstruction of longer time-series of deformation, yearly Sentinel-1 interferograms from the end of the summer were considered. However, in order to infer an effective subsidence of the surface through melting of excess ice layers over multi-annual scales with Sentinel-1, a longer observation time period is necessary.
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Weiss, Hannah S., Paul R. Bierman, Yves Dubief, and Scott D. Hamshaw. "Optimization of over-summer snow storage at midlatitudes and low elevation." Cryosphere 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 3367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019.
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Abstract. Climate change, including warmer winter temperatures, a shortened snowfall season, and more rain-on-snow events, threatens nordic skiing as a sport. In response, over-summer snow storage, attempted primarily using woodchips as a cover material, has been successfully employed as a climate change adaptation strategy by high-elevation and/or high-latitude ski centers in Europe and Canada. Such storage has never been attempted at a site that is both low elevation and midlatitude, and few studies have quantified storage losses repeatedly through the summer. Such data, along with tests of different cover strategies, are prerequisites to optimizing snow storage strategies. Here, we assess the rate at which the volume of two woodchip-covered snow piles (each ∼200 m3), emplaced during spring 2018 in Craftsbury, Vermont (45∘ N and 360 m a.s.l.), changed. We used these data to develop an optimized snow storage strategy. In 2019, we tested that strategy on a much larger, 9300 m3 pile. In 2018, we continually logged air-to-snow temperature gradients under different cover layers including rigid foam, open-cell foam, and woodchips both with and without an underlying insulating blanket and an overlying reflective cover. We also measured ground temperatures to a meter depth adjacent to the snow piles and used a snow tube to measure snow density. During both years, we monitored volume change over the melt season using terrestrial laser scanning every 10–14 d from spring to fall. In 2018, snow volume loss ranged from 0.29 to 2.81 m3 d−1, with the highest rates in midsummer and lowest rates in the fall; mean rates of volumetric change were 1.24 and 1.50 m3 d−1, 0.55 % to 0.72 % of initial pile volume per day. Snow density did increase over time, but most volume loss was the result of melting. Wet woodchips underlain by an insulating blanket and covered with a reflective sheet were the most effective cover combination for minimizing melt, likely because the aluminized surface reflected incoming short-wave radiation while the wet woodchips provided significant thermal mass, allowing much of the energy absorbed during the day to be lost by long-wave emission at night. The importance of the pile surface-area-to-volume ratio is demonstrated by 4-fold lower rates of volumetric change for the 9300 m3 pile emplaced in 2019; it lost <0.16 % of its initial volume per day between April and October, retaining ∼60 % of the initial snow volume over summer. Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility of over-summer snow storage at midlatitudes and low elevations and suggest efficient cover strategies.
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Lupo, Anthony R., Igor I. Mokhov, Yury G. Chendev, Maria G. Lebedeva, Mirseid Akperov, and Jason A. Hubbart. "Studying Summer Season Drought in Western Russia." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/942027.
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During the 2010 summer, a severe drought impacted Western Russia, including regions surrounding Moscow and Belgorod (about 700 km south of Moscow). The drought was accompanied by high temperatures. Moscow recorded 37.8°C (100°F) for the first time in over 130 years of record keeping. The record heat, high humidity, dry weather, and smoke from forest fires caused increased human mortality rates in the Moscow region during the summer. The excessive heat and humidity in Western Russia were the result of atmospheric blocking from June through mid-August. The NCAR-NCEP reanalyses were used to examine blocking in the Eastern European and Western Russia sector during the spring and summer seasons from 1970 to 2012. We found that drier years were correlated with stronger and more persistent blocking during the spring and summer seasons. During these years, the Moscow region was drier in the summer and Belgorod during the spring seasons. In the Moscow region, the drier summers were correlated with transitions from El Niño to La Niña, but the opposite was true in the Belgorod region. Synoptic flow regimes were then analyzed and support the contention that dry years are associated with more blocking and El Niño transitions.
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Hibberd, Lynne, and Zoë Tew-Thompson. "Constructing memories of Holmfirth through Last of the Summer Wine." Memory Studies 11, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698016679222.
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Last of the Summer Wine (BBC, 1973–2010) was filmed in Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, UK, for 37 years. Consequently, it has affected collective memories of the space and place of the region. Summer Wine has become embedded into the area and exists as part of everyday communicative memory in which fictional representations, oral histories, embodied practices, sensory engagements and lived experiences collide. In examining Summer Wine’s continued presence in Holmfirth even after it has ceased production, we investigate how the series as a text, institution and brand serves to spatially inform Holmfirth and construct, embed and inform cultural memory.
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T. Sadeghi, Tootle, Elliott, Lakshmi, Therrell, and Kalra. "Implications of the 2015–2016 El Niño on Coastal Mississippi-Alabama Streamflow and Agriculture." Hydrology 6, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6040096.
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In this paper, we evaluate the impacts of historic strong El Niño events on the coastal Mississippi-Alabama (MS-AL) hydroclimate. The normal physical association is that the increase in soil moisture, as a result of greater precipitation, is also associated with increased streamflow. When compared to the historic (1960–2015) long-term average, January through August streamflow volumes for five unimpaired streamflow gages located in coastal MS-AL exhibit an average increase of ~20% following a strong El Niño event. This overall increase was due to above-average precipitation during the winter-spring (January through April) season, with the corresponding average increase in streamflow volume for the five gages ~32%. In evaluating the temporal (monthly) variability of streamflow, we observe that the summer (June through August) season was dry following strong El Niño events, with streamflow volumes for the five gages decreasing by an average of ~21%. The agricultural industry in coastal MS-AL produces a variety of crops including cotton and peanuts. The typical planting season for these crops ends in mid-June with harvesting occurring in early September. Thus, the primary growing season for these crops is June–August. Given the lack of impoundments and irrigated lands in coastal MS-AL, the agricultural sector would be severely impacted by an El Niño driven drier summer. When evaluating the influence of the 2015–2016 El Niño on January through August 2016 streamflow, a similar pattern was observed in which high winter–spring streamflow was followed by diminished summer streamflow.
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Peña-Ortiz, Cristina, David Barriopedro, and Ricardo García-Herrera. "Multidecadal Variability of the Summer Length in Europe*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 5375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00429.1.
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Abstract This study analyzes the multidecadal variability of the European summer timing and length. The dates of the summer onset and end are computed through an objective algorithm based on locally defined temperature thresholds applied to the European daily high-resolution gridded dataset (E-OBS) during the period 1950–2012. The results reveal a European mean summer lengthening of 2.4 days decade−1 for the period 1950–2012. However, this trend is confined to the post-1979 period, when lengthening rates range between 5 and 12 days decade−1 over western Europe and the Mediterranean region. In contrast, a widespread summer shortening occurred for the 1950–78 period. The reported changes in the summer length are in agreement with temperature trends during June and September, which affect the summer onset and end dates. It is shown that the shortening and lengthening with a turning point around 1979 is a leading mode of the summer length multidecadal variability. The trends in the summer length can be explained by the superposition of an Atlantic multidecadal oscillation signal and a long-term trend toward more persistent summers in Europe associated with global warming.
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Singleton, Judith A., Sherley Khng, Elizabeth M. McCourt, Kaitlyn E. Watson, and Esther T. L. Lau. "Still Burning: An Exploration of the Impacts of the 2018/2019 Tasmanian Summer Bushfires on Community Pharmacy Operations in Affected Communities." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 6 (September 10, 2020): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20001077.
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AbstractIntroduction:Human-induced climate change is increasing the likelihood and severity of wildfires across the globe. This has negative consequences for the health of affected communities through the loss of health systems’ infrastructure and disrupted health services. Community pharmacies are a central hub between patients and the health care system and can provide continuity of care during wildfires. However, there is little in peer-reviewed literature about the impacts of wildfires on community pharmacy operations.Study Objective:The aim of this study was therefore to explore the impacts of the 2018/2019 summer bushfires in Tasmania, Australia on community pharmacy operations in affected areas.Methods:Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with four community pharmacists who were working in the affected region during the bushfires. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data were analyzed using two methods– manual coding utilizing NVivo software and Leximancer analysis. Inter-rater reliability was ensured by two researchers analyzing the data independently. Differences in coding were discussed and agreement reached through negotiation amongst the research team.Results:From the manual coding analysis, five key themes emerged – communication and collaboration; support; patient health challenges; pharmacist experiences in delivering health care; and future planning. These aligned with the five themes that emerged from the Leximancer analysis – community; local; town; patients; and work. Participants described working during the wildfires as difficult, with multiple challenges reported including communication difficulties, operational barriers such as power cuts, legislative barriers, logistical issues with obtaining and storing medication supplies, and lack of preparation, support, and funding. They highlighted a lack of operational and financial support from the government and received most assistance from local council bodies and local branches of professional pharmacy organizations.Conclusion:During disasters, community pharmacies help reduce the burden on public hospitals by maintaining medication supplies and treating patients with minor ailments. However, increased support and inclusion in disaster management planning is needed to continue this role.
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Hafez, Y. Y., and M. Almazroui. "The Role Played by Blocking Systems over Europe in Abnormal Weather over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Summer 2010." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/705406.
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The present paper investigates the role played by blocking high systems over Europe in abnormal weather over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in summer 2010. The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data of several meteorological elements such as surface air temperature, wind, sea level pressure, relative humidity, outgoing long wave radiation, precipitation rate, and geopotential height at level 500 hpa) for summer seasons for the period 1948–2012 and in particular of summer 2010 have been used and analyzed through the present work. Furthermore, the corresponding daily and monthly mean values of climatic indices NAO index, SOI, and El-Nino3.4 have been analyzed. The results uncovered that air current in the upper atmosphere over Europe and NAO, SOI and El-Nino3.4 have impacts on the weather conditions over KSA through the study period 1948–2012. During the period of persistence of blocking system over Europe in summer 2010, results revealed that; weather in KSA was fully controlled by two abnormal weather regimes. The first one is the European blocking system and negative anomaly of NAO from the north. The second one is the positive anomaly of SOI and negative anomaly of El-Nino3.4.
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Placke, M., P. Hoffmann, and M. Rapp. "First experimental verification of summertime mesospheric momentum balance based on radar wind measurements at 69° N." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 9 (September 10, 2015): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1091-2015.
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Abstract. Gravity waves (GWs) greatly influence the background state of the middle atmosphere by imposing their momentum on the mean flow upon breaking and by thus driving, e.g., the upper mesospheric summer zonal wind reversal. In this situation momentum is conserved by a balance between the vertical divergence of GW momentum flux (the so-called GW drag) and the Coriolis acceleration of the mean meridional wind. In this study, we present first quantitative mean annual cycles of these two balancing quantities from the medium frequency Doppler radar at the polar site Saura (SMF radar, 69° N, 16° E). Three-year means for 2009 through 2011 clearly show that the observed zonal momentum balance between 70 and 100 km with contributions from GWs only is fulfilled during summer when GW activity is strongest and more stable than in winter. During winter, the balance between GW drag and Coriolis acceleration of the mean meridional wind is not existent, which is likely due to the additional contribution from planetary waves, which are not considered by the present investigation. The differences in the momentum balance between summer and winter conditions are additionally clarified by 3-month mean vertical profiles for summer 2010 and winter 2010/2011.
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Azad, M. A. K., M. Ali, F. Yasmine, and M. Kamruzzaman. "BULB AND SEED YIELD POTENTIALS OF SUMMER ONION VARIETY DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUCED MUTATION." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v30i1.36532.
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With a view to improve bulb and seed yield potentials of summer onion, seeds of BARI Piaz-2 were irradiated with 75 Gy, 100 Gy and 125 Gy doses of gamma rays from a 60Co source in 2006.Fifty four days old seedlings were transplanted on 20 January 2007.Thirteen, 12 and 9 M1 plants, respectively, from 75 Gy, 100 Gy and 125 Gy dosesproduced fertile seeds which were kept separately dose wise. In M2 generation, seedlings of 13 progenies from 75 Gy, 10 from 100 Gy and 7 from 125 Gy were transplanted on 15 December 2008 in plant- progeny- rows and 11, 7 and 6, respectively, were selected based on higher percentage of seed producing plants compare to parent BARI Piaz-2.In M3and M4 generations, 13 progenies, 6 each from 75 Gy and 100 Gy and the other from 125 Gy were further selected based on higher seed yield than the parent. Additionally, in M3 generation, observation trial with the above 13 mutant lines for bulb yield potential in Kharif-I seasonin 2011 revealed the mutant lines BP2/75/5 and BP2/100/2 had significantly higher fresh and dry bulb yield than BARI Piaz-2 and that of BP2/75/2 had not differed significantly. Shelf life expressed here as rate of weight loss on storage for 2.0 months under ambient condition exhibited all the 13 mutants had longer shelf life than the parent and the check variety. The mutant BP2/100/2 had the longest shelf life followed by BP2/125/1 and BP2/100/12 and BP2/75/13. Preliminary yield trial for seed yield potential in M4 generation in winter season of 2011-2012 showed all the 13 mutant lines could produce seed from seed in the same season but the parent BARI Piaz-2 failed. In advance yield trial for bulb yield potential in Kharif-II season of 2012, the mutants BP2/75/2, BP2/75/5 and BP2/100/2 produced significantly higher bulb yields atIshurdi and Magura than the check variety BARI Piaz-3.Unlike Kharif-I season the shelf life of the bulbs of mutants and the check variety did not differ significantly in Kharif-II although yield was almost double. Advance yield trial for seed yield potentialsin 2012-13 of five selected mutants showed all the mutant lines produced sufficient seeds from seed in the same season like preliminary yield trial. Seed production of the mutants ranged from 798-1193 kg/ha with the highest being in BP2/75/3 followed by BP2/75/2 while the parent BARI Piaz-2 produced the lowest seed yield of all.
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Zaki, Wafaa H. A. "The Impact of Sunspots Number on Critical Frequencies foF2 for the IONOSPHERIC Layer-F2 Over Erbil Station During the Down Phase of Solar Cycle 24." NeuroQuantology 19, no. 8 (September 4, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.8.nq21128.
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The ionosphere layer (F2) is known as the most important layer for High frequency (Hf) radio communication because it is a permanent layer and excited during the day and night so it is able to reflect the frequencies at night and day due to its high critical frequency, and this layer is affected by daily and monthly solar activity. In this study the characteristics and behavior of F2 layer during Solar cycle 24 were studied, the effect of Sunspots number (Ri) on the critical frequency (foF2), were investigated for the years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) which represents the down phase of the solar cycle 24 over Erbil station (36° N, 44° E) by finding the critical frequency (foF2) values, the layer’ s impression times are determined for the days of solstice as well as equinox, where the solar activity was examined for the days of the winter and summer solstice and the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes for a period of 24 hours by applied the International Reference Ionosphere model IRI (2016). The output data for foF2 were verified by using the IRI-Ne- Quick option by specifying the time, date and Sunspot number parameters. Statistical analysis was caried out through the application of the Minitab (version 2018) in order to find the correlation between the critical frequency (foF2) of Ionospheric layer F2 and Sunspot number. It was concluded that the correlation is strong and positive, this indicate that critical frequency (foF2) increase with increasing Sunspots number (Ri) for solar cycle 24.
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Zhou, Zhen-Qiang, Shang-Ping Xie, and Renhe Zhang. "Historic Yangtze flooding of 2020 tied to extreme Indian Ocean conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 8, 2021): e2022255118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022255118.
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Heavy monsoon rainfall ravaged a large swath of East Asia in summer 2020. Severe flooding of the Yangtze River displaced millions of residents in the midst of a historic public health crisis. This extreme rainy season was not anticipated from El Niño conditions. Using observations and model experiments, we show that the record strong Indian Ocean Dipole event in 2019 is an important contributor to the extreme Yangtze flooding of 2020. This Indian Ocean mode and a weak El Niño in the Pacific excite downwelling oceanic Rossby waves that propagate slowly westward south of the equator. At a mooring in the Southwest Indian Ocean, the thermocline deepens by a record 70 m in late 2019. The deepened thermocline helps sustain the Indian Ocean warming through the 2020 summer. The Indian Ocean warming forces an anomalous anticyclone in the lower troposphere over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region and intensifies the upper-level westerly jet over East Asia, leading to heavy summer rainfall in the Yangtze Basin. These coupled ocean-atmosphere processes beyond the equatorial Pacific provide predictability. Indeed, dynamic models initialized with observed ocean state predicted the heavy summer rainfall in the Yangtze Basin as early as April 2020.
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Pierse, Abigail, Ireland Flores Rae, Hunter Welch, Amanda Milo, Gennete Saciri, Emily Lesco, Faith Roop, Heather Schier, Carolyn Gunther, and Laura Hopkins. "Summertime Compared to School Year Weight Status Among Middle and High Schoolers: Results From NHANES 2015–2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab055_049.
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Abstract Objectives The summer is a window of risk for unhealthy weight gain in elementary school-aged children, however little is known about older school-aged children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine weight status among a nationally representative sample of middle and high schoolers during the summertime compared to the school year. Methods Data from the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used. Participants included individuals aged ≤18 years in grades 5 through 12. A two-group analysis was conducted based on data collection time period, i.e., the school year (November through April) and summer (May through October). A descriptive analysis – means and frequencies - of demographic characteristics, including sex, age (years), race/ethnicity, income (lower-income [family income ≤ 185% of the federal poverty line (FPL)] and non-lower-income [family income > 185% FPL]), as well as weight status (BMI z-score [zBMI]), was conducted and ttests and Chi2 were used to compare summer vs. school groups. Multiple linear regression was utilized to compare mean zBMI of participants by summer vs. school group controlling for race/ethnicity and income. All analyses were conducted for both age groups: 1) middle (grades 5–8) and 2) high school (grades 9–12). Results Participants included 881 middle and 716 high schoolers. Middle schoolers were 13.82 ± 0.04 years (mean), 48.24% (n = 425) female, and had a mean zBMI of 0.72 ± 0.04. High schoolers were 16.58 ± 0.03 years (mean), 50.42%(n = 361) female, and had a mean zBMI of 0.67 ± 0.04. Middle schooler zBMI was lower (−0.14 ± 0.08 (P = 0.07) and high schooler zBMI was higher (0.08 ± 0.09 (P = 0.40) in the summer vs. school year groups. Conclusions Preliminary data from this study demonstrate that high schoolers, but not middle schoolers are at risk for weight gain during the summertime when school is out of session. Future research is needed confirm findings from this study. Funding Sources None.
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Abdallah, Mohamed A. B., Nicole Durfee, Ricardo Mata-Gonzalez, Carlos G. Ochoa, and Jay S. Noller. "Water Use and Soil Moisture Relationships on Western Juniper Trees at Different Growth Stages." Water 12, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061596.
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An enhanced understanding of plant water uptake is critical for making better-informed management decisions involving vegetative manipulation practices aimed to improve site productivity. This is particularly true in arid and semiarid locations where water is a scarce, yet precious commodity. In this project, we evaluated the interannual and seasonal variability of soil moisture and transpiration in sapling, juvenile, and mature western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) trees in a semiarid rangeland ecosystem of central Oregon, USA. Transpiration levels were greatest in mature juniper trees in an untreated juniper watershed (Jensen WS), while the lowest transpiration levels were observed in juniper saplings in a treated watershed (Mays WS) where most mature juniper trees were removed in 2005. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in leaf water potential levels observed between predawn and midday readings for all juniper growth stages indicated water is lost over the course of the day. Results showed seasonal precipitation was highly variable over the course of the study (2017 through 2019) and this was reflected in soil water available for tree uptake. This resulted in considerable intra- and inter-annual variation in transpiration. In years with greater winter precipitation amounts (2017 and 2019), juniper transpiration rates were highest during the summer, followed by spring, autumn, and winter. On average, transpiration rates during the summer in the wettest (329 mm) year 2017 were 115 and 2.76 L day−1 for mature and sapling trees, respectively. No data were collected for juvenile trees in 2017. In the drier (245 mm) year 2018, higher transpiration rates were observed in the spring. On average, spring transpiration rates were 72.7, 1.61, and 1.00 L day−1 for mature, juvenile, and sapling trees, respectively. Study results highlight the sensitivity of western juniper woodlands to variations in seasonal precipitation and soil moisture availability.
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Lee, Dong-Hun, Mia Kim Torchetti, Kevin Winker, Hon S. Ip, Chang-Seon Song, and David E. Swayne. "Intercontinental Spread of Asian-Origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds." Journal of Virology 89, no. 12 (April 8, 2015): 6521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00728-15.
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Phylogenetic network analysis and understanding of waterfowl migration patterns suggest that the Eurasian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus emerged in late 2013 in China, spread in early 2014 to South Korea and Japan, and reached Siberia and Beringia by summer 2014 via migratory birds. Three genetically distinct subgroups emerged and subsequently spread along different flyways during fall 2014 into Europe, North America, and East Asia, respectively. All three subgroups reappeared in Japan, a wintering site for waterfowl from Eurasia and parts of North America.