Academic literature on the topic 'Throwing and rebound task'

This study examined the effects of cast demands on the throwing performance of 6 boys and 6 girls in each of three age groups: 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 yr. Each child was asked to throw a small yarnball five times in three conditions of no target, small target (30 cm diameter), and large target (46 cm diameter) from 8-ft. distance. Throwing accuracy was measured as vertical and horizontal deviations from the center of the throwing surface, or target, and expressed as radial error. A 3 (age group) × 2 (sex) × 3 (target size) analysis of variance with repeated measures on target size gave significant effects for age and sex. As expected, older children were more accurate than younger ones, and boys were more accurate than girls. Target size was nonsignificant. Radial error was decomposed into the horizontal and vertical deviations from center. The youngest children had greater horizontal deviation to the right than the older children. The older children showed least vertical deviation. Boys tended to underthrow the target consistently while younger girls' throwing undershot target but the older ones overshot. Throwing accuracy did not vary with target size and so the size of the target was not an important feature of the task.

Induced variability by the use of unstable surfaces has been proposed to enhance proprioceptive control to deal with perturbations in the support base better. However, there is a lack of evidence about its benefits facilitating motor adaptions in upper body skills. In this experiment, practice on an unstable surface was applied to analyze the adaptations in an upper limb precision throwing skill. After a pretest, twenty-one participants were randomly allocated into two groups: one group practiced the throwing task on a stable surface and the other group practiced the same task on an unstable support base. Differences in throwing performance between pre- and post-practice were analyzed in accuracy, hand movement kinematics and variability of the throw in both surface conditions. Fuzzy entropy of the horizontal force was calculated to assess the complexity dynamics of postural sway. Participants improved their performance on the stable and the unstable surface. Induced variability using an unstable surface reduced participants’ variability and the complexity of postural sway, but it did not facilitate a superior adaptation of the throwing task. The results suggest that the variations induced by unstable surfaces would fall far from the family of specific motor solutions and would not facilitate additional motor performance of the throwing task.

Suppressing a thought often results in postsuppressional rebound, that is, a subsequent increase in the incidence of the suppressed thought. The present study was designed to distinguish between two explanations of rebound: Wegner's 1994 ironic monitoring theory and Liberman and Forster's 2000 motivational account. Participants (99 Deakin University students) first suppressed, then expressed, thoughts of a white bear. In some conditions, a delay—presented as occurring either intentionally or unintentionally—between suppression and expression was introduced. In other conditions, participants concurrently completed a memory task and were encouraged to attribute the difficulty of suppression either to this task or to the requirement of suppression. An intentional delay, but not an unintentional delay, reduced rebound, while attributing difficulty to the suppression requirement was associated with greater rebound than was attributing it to the memory task. The results are interpreted as supporting Liberman and Forster's motivational account of rebound.

Traditionally, motor learning scientists have evaluated the process of learning a new motor skill by considering the skill as a whole. Yet, motor skills comprise various phases, and in the motor learning literature, it is not clear whether new learners show similar or different learning across various phases. We provide exploratory data on learning movement phases by novices, using baseball pitching as the learning task. Eight participants (four male, four female, M age = 23.7 years, SD = 2.4) performed five trials each in the pretest followed by three blocks of 10 trials each in the acquisition phase. Finally, two retention tests of five trials were conducted by each participant 10 minutes and seven days after the last acquisition block, respectively. Intra- and interlimb coordination of upper and lower body segments were measured as dependent variables. We found significant differences between the stride phase and the other phases at pretest, during the acquisition phase, and on both retention tests across all kinematic variables. Participants experienced more trouble coordinating the stride phase than the other phases of pitching, perhaps because the stride phase is the only phase in which the participants had to move their upper and lower body parts simultaneously. We discuss implications for motor learning generally.

The influence of music heard at different tempos is analyzed during the execution of a dart-throwing task. The sample consisted of 56 female university students (Mean age = 23.38, SD = 6.773). The participants were randomly assigned to GC (group control without music; n = 18), GS (group with slow-paced music at a tempo of 60 BPM; n = 19) and GF (group with fast-paced music at a tempo of 105 BPM; n = 19). All participants performed a dart-throwing task in two phases. Analysis of the scores obtained during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of dart throwing (examining both between-group differences and within-group differences, i.e., changes in scores from Phase 1 to Phase 2 using a mixed factorial ANOVA) revealed no differences in dart-throwing scores. There were, however, differences in execution time, where the participants in GS needed more time to complete the task than those in GF (F(2,55) = 4.426, p = 0.017) with a large effect size (ŋ2p = 0.143), although neither of these groups differed from GC. The results are discussed in terms of the role of music in precision tasks and the synchronization of the task with the pace of the music.

This study examined the interaction between a skill/extraneous attentional focus and an internal/external focus of attention using a dual-task paradigm. Thirty-two low-skill participants completed a primary dart-throwing task with their dominant arm while simultaneously performing a secondary arm-stabilizing task with their nondominant arm. Two aspects of the participants’ attentional focus were manipulated: skill versus extraneous focus and external versus internal focus. Participants completed 120 trials across four conditions created by combining the dimensions of the two variables. Performance on the primary task was assessed by measuring throwing accuracy and the kinematics of the throwing action. Results indicated that accuracy improved under the external, skill-oriented condition relative to all other conditions; no differences between the remaining conditions were observed. These findings suggest that an external, skill-oriented focus of attention is needed to facilitate performance improvements in novices.

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of accuracy constraints on the characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) in a task that involves a movement consisting of a controlled phase and a ballistic phase. It was hypothesized that APA scaling with task parameters (target size) would be preserved even when the task is performed by muscles that have no direct effects on APA. Sixteen healthy right handed subjects participated in the study. All participants had no prior experience in dart throwing. Subjects’ average age was 24.1 ± 1.9 years. A force platform and a motion capture system were used to register kinetics of the body and kinematics of the throwing arm and throwing accuracy. The experiment consisted of six series of twenty consecutive dart throws to a specified target. Target sizes (T2-T6) were set at 25%, 50%, 75%, 125% and 150% of target 1 (T1) initially set as the spread of the last 20 throws in a 50 throw training session. This allowed to distinguish six indexes of difficulty (ID’s) ranging from 2,9 to 5,9. A one-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Results of ANOVA showed a significant effect of target size at Constant Error but no effect at APA time. There were also no significant differences between hit and miss throws. From a control perspective, it can be stated that changes in central commands did not lead to changes in APA time in the analyzed motor task.

Spaced training produces gains in performance associated with memory consolidation, which develops between sessions (offline gain). Learning motor skills that require many repetitions may generate a delay in memory formation and in offline gain. We tested the presence of this delay by studying a precision throwing task. Sixteen participants performed 1020 underarm precision throws distributed over four sessions. Eight participants spaced the training by 40-min between-session intervals, while the remaining subjects distributed the practice with 1-day intervals. Memory retention was tested 15 days after training. Differences in accuracy over groups, sessions, directions of throwing movements and blocks of throws were evaluated by analysis of variance. The 40-min group had better performance than the 1-day group after the first two sessions. As the level of skill stabilized, the 1-day group exhibited offline gains, with significant performance improvements during the fourth and retention session. Both medial-lateral and antero-posterior movement directions of throwing contributed to the performance. Initial decrements in performance appeared within sessions for both groups. Overall, when learning a precision throwing task, benefits from spaced training is delayed and occurs as the skill stabilizes. These findings may help to optimize training distribution schedules, particularly for precision motor skills requiring extensive practice.

In this study, we identified a low-dimensional representation of control mechanisms in throwing motions from a variety of subjects and target distances. The control representation was identified at the kinematic level in task and joint spaces, respectively, and at the muscle activation level using the theory of muscle synergies. Representative features of throwing motions in all of these spaces were chosen to be investigated. Features were extracted using factorization and clustering techniques from the muscle data of unexperienced subjects (with different morphologies and physical conditions) during a series of throwing tasks. Two synergy extraction methods were tested to assess their consistency. For the task features, the degrees of freedom (DoF), and the muscles under study, the results can be summarized as (1) a control representation across subjects consisting of only two synergies at the activation level and of representative features in the task and joint spaces, (2) a reduction of control redundancy (since the number of synergies are less than the number of actions to be controlled), (3) links between the synergies triggering intensity and the throwing distance, and finally (4) consistency of the extraction methods. Such results are useful to better represent mechanisms hidden behind such dynamical motions and could offer a promising control representation for synthesizing motions with muscle-driven characters.

This study was designed to determine if long term training of mental imagery skills is more beneficial to an athlete than immediate imagery rehearsal practiced only prior to an event. Subjects were thirty male high school baseball athletes who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (1) long term imagery training and practice; (2) immediate imagery practice only; and (3) control. An accuracy relay-throwing test was performed with pre-test, mid-test, and post-test performance trials. Results of the study revealed no statistically significant differences over the three test periods for any of the treatment conditions. Thus, long term imagery combined with immediate imagery practice, immediate imagery practice and control groups performed equally well on the baseball throwing task.

The suppression of unwanted thoughts is an effortful process. An ironic effect of this process is that the unwanted thoughts can become hyper-accessibility after a period of their suppression, known as “post-suppression rebound”. In the present study the impact of providing energy (through a glucose drink) on post-suppression rebound was investigated. One hundred and twenty participants participated in the main study, and another 30 participants served as a baseline group. Half of the participants in the main study were given a drink containing glucose and the other half was given a placebo drink containing an artificial sweetener. All participants wrote a passage about a “day in the life” of a gay male, with half the participants directed to avoid using stereotypes. A subsequent lexical decision task measured activation of stereotypes. Finally, a measure of prejudice was given to account for individual differences. Neither the direction to avoid using stereotypes nor the glucose resulted in lower stereotypicality of the “day in life” passages. Furthermore, response times during the lexical decision task did not differ between any of the main conditions or the baseline condition. However, the combination of both glucose and directed suppression did result in more positive passages, suggesting that the combination assists in reducing negative stereotype usage. Results are discussed in terms of stereotype usage and suppression and prejudice level.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the feedback schedule controlled by the learner created an optimal environment for retention of motor skills. Two experiments were conducted and participants were randomly assigned to a Control (100% KR), 20% RF KR, Self-controlled and Yoked conditions. In experiment one an anticipation timing task and in experiment two a ball throwing task was used. The second experiment also included a transfer test in order to measure the persistence of the acquired capability for performance. Absolute constant error (&
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) and variable error (VE) were calculated for four blocks of ten trials in acquisition phase and two blocks of ten trials in retention and transfer phases to analyze the subject&rsquo
s performances by repeated measures ANOVA. Experiment one analysis indicated significant main effects for groups in &
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and VE. Participants in the self-controlled condition performed significantly better on retention test than the control group. Contrary to the expectations, experiment two analysis showed no significant differences between the groups in acquisition and retention tests. Group differences were only observed in transfer test between the 20% RF KR and Yoked conditions. There was an improvement in the performance by groups as they progressed through the acquisition trials. The results of the experiment were not consistent with regard to effects of KR on learning. The reasons might be attributed to several factors such as the age and the motivation of the subjects, and the nature of the task.

Knowing where and when to look is critical for effective performance of visually guided tasks. A gaze strategy termed the quiet eye (QE; the final gaze before the onset of a critical movement) is strongly associated with motor skill proficiency, with earlier and longer QE periods leading to improved visuomotor control. Children with poor motor proficiency, such as those with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), have impairments in the pick-up and processing of visual information, translating into poorly coordinated movements. The purpose of this project therefore was to perform the first examination of the QE strategy in children of different motor coordination abilities and furthermore to investigate the efficacy of task-specific QE training (QET) to improve the skills of children with and without DCD beyond the effects of a standard coaching technique. Study 1 determined that children with low motor coordination had later, shorter QE durations in comparison to coordinated children and as a result, performed worse in a specified motor task (throwing and catching). Study 2 therefore performed two experiments aimed at developing an appropriate but brief QET protocol for children to improve their throwing and catching ability. These experiments found that typically developing children were able to increase their QE durations with QET and this was reflected in a durable improvement in their motor skill execution. The final study examined this QET intervention in children with DCD. This was the first application of QET in a clinical population, and found that children with DCD were able to improve their QE durations, and make robust changes to their visuomotor control. These studies associate a longer QE with motor skill proficiency in children, and provide an important adjunct to current therapeutic intervention for children with poorly developed motor skills.

Tennis at the elite level is a sport that is intermittent in nature and requires proficiency across a number of key performance attributes; physical, technical, tactical and psychological (Fernandez-Fernandez, Sanz-Rivas, & Mendez-Villanueva, 2009; Hornery, Farrow, Mujika, & Young, 2007a; Kovacs, 2006, 2007; Unierzyski, 2002). The diverse skill set required for success in tennis poses a problem for practitioners attempting to identify and develop talent at an early age. The current methods of talent identification in tennis are largely based on ranking and tournament results despite reported low success rates (Brouwers, De Bosscher, & Sotiriadou, 2012). These methods represent an evaluation of current performance, often overlooking the capacity for further development, which is essential in any talent identification/development program (Martindale, Collins, & Daubney, 2005). Movement and skill adaptability (used interchangeably with the term adaptability herein) is an individual’s ability to acutely adjust their performance based on the changing constraints within the performance environment (Martin, Nejad, Colmar, & Liem, 2012; Newell, 1986). This definition has merit for use in tennis as optimal performance requires a player must be able to acutely modify their game in relation to the changing stimuli. Adaptability is relevant for talent identification purposes as it is representative of the dynamic, unpredictable nature of the sporting environment. To progress from a theoretical concept, development of adaptability metrics is required combined with evidence of its impact as a training mechanism. Therefore, two novel measures of adaptability; the throwing and rebound task (TRT) and the continuous rebounding task (CRT) were created. Construct and face validity of both tasks was established, as was reliability via a test-retest method. Adaptability explained a higher percentage of tennis performance (assessed via a volley test), when compared to anthropometric, maturation, physical performance and general motor skill variables. This demonstrates the importance of adaptability in junior tennis performance. In contrast to the volley test, coaches’ subjective stroke evaluation reported no significant relationships. Adaptability was compared to a conventional tennis training program, with both groups reporting significant improvement on a number of variables (best TRT, average TRT, sum CRT, KörperKoordinations Test Für Kinder [KTK] and forehand stroke evaluation). Importantly, only the adaptability group improved on a timed, tennis-specific accuracy task and reported higher levels of enjoyment than the conventional tennis training group. These findings provide evidence for potential inclusion of the TRT and CRT into tennis talent identification programs. Additionally, the importance of adaptability as a theoretical construct which can develop junior players has been established. More broadly, the theoretical concepts underpinning adaptability as a testing mechanism (TRT and CRT) and training method could be applied to other sports where time constrained perception-action is required.

We are investigating how to program robots so that they learn tasks from practice. One method, task-level learning, provides advantages over simply perfecting models of the robot's lower level systems. Task-level learning can compensate for the structural modeling errors of the robot's lower level control systems and can speed up the learning process by reducing the degrees of freedom of the models to be learned. We demonstrate two general learning procedures---fixed-model learning and refined-model learning---on a ball-throwing robot system.

碩士
國立體育大學
運動科學研究所
97
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences under different visual condition for dart-throwing. Methods: Twenty-one subjects voluntarily participated this study. In order to obtain throwers’ performance both in segmental motion and dart location, present study used high speed camera (100Hz) to collect data. The study adapted the repeated one-way ANOVA (α＝.05) and qualitative analysis to compare the difference among three different visual condition. Results: The results showed that the dart location of binocular vision were more accuracy and stable than that of advantage vision. The throwing motion of binocular vision and monocular vision weren’t significantly different. The horizontal deviation of dart location of monocular vision was higher than that of binocular vision. The vertical deviation of dart location of monocular vision was also higher than that of binocular vision. Conclusion: The throwing motion of different visual constraint weren’t significantly different, but the information from monocular vision were harmful for judgment including horizontal and vertical direction of judgment. The accuracy and stable of dart location were affected by monocular vision.

Marketplace ethical behaviour is quite difficult to practice because it stands at cross purposes with commercial objectives. Both companies and consumers look for short term benefits in preference over practices that are sustainable or planet friendly. The thinking that dominates development economics globally is to buy, use and throw. Companies like to launch new products all the time encouraging consumers to buy new and bigger models, packaged attractively, on which margins are higher, throwing away perfectly fine and working products. Ethical behaviour – whether it is sourcing of raw materials to paying workers adequately – entails additional costs and efforts. Modifying behaviour or inculcating long term thinking is not an easy task. This chapter looks at existing behaviour both of companies and consumers. It also describes ways in which business and government policy needs to change to encourage long-term thinking in society to change lifestyles across the board.

Marketplace ethical behaviour is quite difficult to practice because it stands at cross purposes with commercial objectives. Both companies and consumers look for short term benefits in preference over practices that are sustainable or planet friendly. The thinking that dominates development economics globally is to buy, use and throw. Companies like to launch new products all the time encouraging consumers to buy new and bigger models, packaged attractively, on which margins are higher, throwing away perfectly fine and working products. Ethical behaviour – whether it is sourcing of raw materials to paying workers adequately – entails additional costs and efforts. Modifying behaviour or inculcating long term thinking is not an easy task. This chapter looks at existing behaviour both of companies and consumers. It also describes ways in which business and government policy needs to change to encourage long-term thinking in society to change lifestyles across the board.

This chapter illustrates Elizabeth Gaskell's originality and success, and shows how she used her understanding of literary tradition to articulate and develop her new female point of view on the new urban poverty caused by industrialization. Her consciousness of isolation in her task led her to draw on both earlier and contemporary writers for support and motivated her to provide her successors and contemporaries with models and encouragement. As the chapter shows, Mary Barton emerged from Gaskell's wide reading, her habit of regular writing, with a Unitarian sense of duty and the obligation to tell the truth. It was also motivated by the hope of distracting herself from the personal tragedy of her baby son Willie's death in 1845. At the same time, Gaskell made tradition part of the subject matter of her novel when she showed Mary Barton throwing off the expectations about female behavior which had constrained her and when she dramatized John Carson's religious obligation to forgive John Barton.

Field experts take numerous approaches to modeling how culture influences groups in dealing with interpersonal conflict and its dynamics. Researchers investigate cultural traits that may predict a range of cultural conflict behaviors. In addition, anecdotal evidence shows that researchers continue to take up a constructivist approach of identifying the centrality of cultural influence that causes work related conflicts. This study attempts to determine the different types and levels of conflicts within a multicultural workforce by considering various factors such as ethnicity and geographic and lingual diversities within the global context. The scope is to find possible solutions to reduce and/or eliminate group related and, to a certain extent, individual conflicts within the work place, which have become a matter of concern for any international organization. The findings reveal systematic conflicts between and within work-groups and suggest that regardless of type, relationship, and process, conflicts are detrimental to the operation and total outcome. Those conflicts have a negative impact on performance in the production, especially when they escalate. Displays of interpersonal hostility (yelling, name-calling, throwing things at people and making derogatory inferences about others’ own cultures) prevent productive work in all groups, which are inefficient and do not seem motivated to complete their tasks. Increased bickering and hostile behaviour inhibits talking about and working on the immediate task. To a certain extent, the situation could be described as a “toxic working environment.” A key finding reveals through interviews and participative and non-intrusive observations demonstrated that members of these work-groups are psychologically distressed when there are frequent arguments about interpersonal issues. Consequently, the intrinsic problems which escalate over a five year period, together with extrinsic economic problems due to the global economic downturn, cause the company to have high cost of labor and material. With less than expected sales and, operational destruction due to distress about going concern, PTI is put to challenge. Hence, PTI faces a serious test in solving the existing group conflicts. Failure to improve the working relationships could jeopardize the strategic going concern of the company.

Field experts take numerous approaches to modeling how culture influences groups in dealing with interpersonal conflict and its dynamics. Researchers investigate cultural traits that may predict a range of cultural conflict behaviors. In addition, anecdotal evidence shows that researchers continue to take up a constructivist approach of identifying the centrality of cultural influence that causes work related conflicts. This study attempts to determine the different types and levels of conflicts within a multicultural workforce by considering various factors such as ethnicity and geographic and lingual diversities within the global context. The scope is to find possible solutions to reduce and/or eliminate group related and, to a certain extent, individual conflicts within the work place, which have become a matter of concern for any international organization. The findings reveal systematic conflicts between and within work-groups and suggest that regardless of type, relationship, and process, conflicts are detrimental to the operation and total outcome. Those conflicts have a negative impact on performance in the production, especially when they escalate. Displays of interpersonal hostility (yelling, name-calling, throwing things at people and making derogatory inferences about others’ own cultures) prevent productive work in all groups, which are inefficient and do not seem motivated to complete their tasks. Increased bickering and hostile behaviour inhibits talking about and working on the immediate task. To a certain extent, the situation could be described as a “toxic working environment.” A key finding reveals through interviews and participative and non-intrusive observations demonstrated that members of these work-groups are psychologically distressed when there are frequent arguments about interpersonal issues. Consequently, the intrinsic problems which escalate over a five year period, together with extrinsic economic problems due to the global economic downturn, cause the company to have high cost of labor and material. With less than expected sales and, operational destruction due to distress about going concern, PTI is put to challenge. Hence, PTI faces a serious test in solving the existing group conflicts. Failure to improve the working relationships could jeopardize the strategic going concern of the company.

An optimal motion planning formulation of throwing for a biped human mechanism is proposed as an extension of a previous study. The unique characteristics of the throwing task—highly redundant, highly nonlinear, and highly dynamic—are addressed in this presentation within the framework of multibody dynamics and optimization. To generate physically feasible throwing motions in a fully predictive method without input reference, rigorous dynamic models are associated with the constraints. Given the target location and the object mass, the algorithm outputs the motion, required actuator torques, release parameters, balance criterion, and ground reaction forces. Overarm and sidearm throwing motions are generated as optimal solutions, which demonstrate valid kinematic and kinetic cause-effect relations.

Advances in hardware and learning for control are enabling robots to perform increasingly dextrous and dynamic control tasks. These skills typically require a prohibitive amount of exploration for reinforcement learning, and so are commonly achieved by imitation learning from manual demonstration. The costly non-scalable nature of manual demonstration has motivated work into skill generalisation, e.g., through contextual policies and options. Despite good results, existing work along these lines is limited to generalising across variants of one skill such as throwing an object to different locations. In this paper we go significantly further and investigate generalisation across qualitatively different classes of control skills. In particular, we introduce a class of neural network controllers that can realise four distinct skill classes: reaching, object throwing, casting, and ball-in-cup. By factorising the weights of the neural network, we are able to extract transferrable latent skills, that enable dramatic acceleration of learning in cross-task transfer. With a suitable curriculum, this allows us to learn challenging dextrous control tasks like ball-in-cup from scratch with pure reinforcement learning.

In this paper, we develop a class of discrete dynamical systems for modeling repeated, goal-directed, kinematically redundant human movements. The approach is based on a mathematical definition of movement tasks in terms of goal functions. Each goal function can give rise to an associated goal equivalent manifold (GEM), which contains all body states that exactly satisfy the task requirements. A hierarchical control scheme involving in-trial action templates and inter-trial stochastic optimal error correction is included to generate a nonlinear map for the repeated execution of the task. A simple throwing task is used to illustrate the underlying concepts and to develop a model problem for further study. The performance at the goal level, as measured by the root mean square error, is shown to result from factors that are measures of passive sensitivity, the magnitude of body fluctuations, the orientation of fluctuations with the GEM, and the stability properties of the inter-trial controller. The action of the inter-trial controller developed for our model system is simulated and is shown to agree with the mathematically predicted performance.

The suspension systems generally installed in road racing motorcycles make it possible to fine tune the damping characteristics through a wide range of adjustments, so that the amount of force delivered for low and high suspension shaft speed, in both compression and rebound states, can be independently set by the user. Nevertheless, the optimal choice of suspension tuning parameters is a difficult task, normally affecting the vehicle dynamic behavior and its handling characteristics, and technical literature lacks procedures being developed and adopted in practice for this purpose. In this paper a handling-oriented algorithm for the optimization of the suspension damping parameters of a passively suspended racing motorcycle is presented. An optimization function is proposed for two significant maneuvers in road racing, such as high lean angle cornering and braking. The related objective functions are based on the minimization of the fluctuating component of the vertical front tire-ground force, allowing the tire to maximize the friction contact actions, that is maximizing the vehicle’s ability to accelerate. The above maneuvers are simulated by means of a multibody motorcycle model where the suspensions non-linearity is taken into account. The experimental damping force versus suspension shaft speed relationship is modeled by means of a non-parametric B-spline piecewise function, whose coefficients are determined by a mixed interpolation-approximation procedure, and their choice and values are restrained by manufacturability constraints. This makes it possible to properly model the effects of the tuning control parameters and of the dry friction with a minimum number of parameters. Moreover, it is shown that a computationally efficient optimization can be performed using this properly designed B-spline coefficients as optimization variables.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. 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