Journal articles: 'Throwing and rebound task'

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Moore, Jane B., and T. Gilmour Reeve. "Effects of Task Demands on Throwing Performance of Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 2 (October 1987): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.503.

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This study examined the effects of cast demands on the throwing performance of 6 boys and 6 girls in each of three age groups: 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 yr. Each child was asked to throw a small yarnball five times in three conditions of no target, small target (30 cm diameter), and large target (46 cm diameter) from 8-ft. distance. Throwing accuracy was measured as vertical and horizontal deviations from the center of the throwing surface, or target, and expressed as radial error. A 3 (age group) × 2 (sex) × 3 (target size) analysis of variance with repeated measures on target size gave significant effects for age and sex. As expected, older children were more accurate than younger ones, and boys were more accurate than girls. Target size was nonsignificant. Radial error was decomposed into the horizontal and vertical deviations from center. The youngest children had greater horizontal deviation to the right than the older children. The older children showed least vertical deviation. Boys tended to underthrow the target consistently while younger girls' throwing undershot target but the older ones overshot. Throwing accuracy did not vary with target size and so the size of the target was not an important feature of the task.

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Moreno, Francisco J., David Barbado, Carla Caballero, Tomás Urbán, and Rafael Sabido. "Variations induced by the use of unstable surface do not facilitate motor adaptation to a throwing skill." PeerJ 11 (January 13, 2023): e14434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14434.

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Induced variability by the use of unstable surfaces has been proposed to enhance proprioceptive control to deal with perturbations in the support base better. However, there is a lack of evidence about its benefits facilitating motor adaptions in upper body skills. In this experiment, practice on an unstable surface was applied to analyze the adaptations in an upper limb precision throwing skill. After a pretest, twenty-one participants were randomly allocated into two groups: one group practiced the throwing task on a stable surface and the other group practiced the same task on an unstable support base. Differences in throwing performance between pre- and post-practice were analyzed in accuracy, hand movement kinematics and variability of the throw in both surface conditions. Fuzzy entropy of the horizontal force was calculated to assess the complexity dynamics of postural sway. Participants improved their performance on the stable and the unstable surface. Induced variability using an unstable surface reduced participants’ variability and the complexity of postural sway, but it did not facilitate a superior adaptation of the throwing task. The results suggest that the variations induced by unstable surfaces would fall far from the family of specific motor solutions and would not facilitate additional motor performance of the throwing task.

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Enticott, Peter G., and Ron S. Gold. "Contrasting the Ironic Monitoring and Motivational Explanations of Postsuppressional Rebound." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.447.

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Suppressing a thought often results in postsuppressional rebound, that is, a subsequent increase in the incidence of the suppressed thought. The present study was designed to distinguish between two explanations of rebound: Wegner's 1994 ironic monitoring theory and Liberman and Forster's 2000 motivational account. Participants (99 Deakin University students) first suppressed, then expressed, thoughts of a white bear. In some conditions, a delay—presented as occurring either intentionally or unintentionally—between suppression and expression was introduced. In other conditions, participants concurrently completed a memory task and were encouraged to attribute the difficulty of suppression either to this task or to the requirement of suppression. An intentional delay, but not an unintentional delay, reduced rebound, while attributing difficulty to the suppression requirement was associated with greater rebound than was attributing it to the memory task. The results are interpreted as supporting Liberman and Forster's motivational account of rebound.

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Ghorbani, Saeed, and Andreas Bund. "Throwing Skills." Perceptual and Motor Skills 124, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517689972.

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Traditionally, motor learning scientists have evaluated the process of learning a new motor skill by considering the skill as a whole. Yet, motor skills comprise various phases, and in the motor learning literature, it is not clear whether new learners show similar or different learning across various phases. We provide exploratory data on learning movement phases by novices, using baseball pitching as the learning task. Eight participants (four male, four female, M age = 23.7 years, SD = 2.4) performed five trials each in the pretest followed by three blocks of 10 trials each in the acquisition phase. Finally, two retention tests of five trials were conducted by each participant 10 minutes and seven days after the last acquisition block, respectively. Intra- and interlimb coordination of upper and lower body segments were measured as dependent variables. We found significant differences between the stride phase and the other phases at pretest, during the acquisition phase, and on both retention tests across all kinematic variables. Participants experienced more trouble coordinating the stride phase than the other phases of pitching, perhaps because the stride phase is the only phase in which the participants had to move their upper and lower body parts simultaneously. We discuss implications for motor learning generally.

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Arbinaga, Félix, Nehemías Romero-Pérez, Lidia Torres-Rosado, Eduardo J. Fernández-Ozcorta, and María Isabel Mendoza-Sierra. "Influence of Music on Closed Motor Skills: A Controlled Study with Novice Female Dart-Throwers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114146.

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The influence of music heard at different tempos is analyzed during the execution of a dart-throwing task. The sample consisted of 56 female university students (Mean age = 23.38, SD = 6.773). The participants were randomly assigned to GC (group control without music; n = 18), GS (group with slow-paced music at a tempo of 60 BPM; n = 19) and GF (group with fast-paced music at a tempo of 105 BPM; n = 19). All participants performed a dart-throwing task in two phases. Analysis of the scores obtained during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of dart throwing (examining both between-group differences and within-group differences, i.e., changes in scores from Phase 1 to Phase 2 using a mixed factorial ANOVA) revealed no differences in dart-throwing scores. There were, however, differences in execution time, where the participants in GS needed more time to complete the task than those in GF (F(2,55) = 4.426, p = 0.017) with a large effect size (ŋ2p = 0.143), although neither of these groups differed from GC. The results are discussed in terms of the role of music in precision tasks and the synchronization of the task with the pace of the music.

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TOKUMOTO, Hitomi, Yumiko MATSUBARA, Hitomi AWAI, Goro KIMURA, Hiroaki KONNO, Shu TAKAHASHI, and Makoto SASAKI. "Effect on the Far Throwing Task of Execution of PNF Incorporating Throwing Movement Characteristics." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 19, no. 4 (2004): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.19.311.

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Russell, Robert, Jared Porter, and Olivia Campbell. "An External Skill Focus is Necessary to Enhance Performance." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 2, no. 2 (June 2014): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2014-0038.

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This study examined the interaction between a skill/extraneous attentional focus and an internal/external focus of attention using a dual-task paradigm. Thirty-two low-skill participants completed a primary dart-throwing task with their dominant arm while simultaneously performing a secondary arm-stabilizing task with their nondominant arm. Two aspects of the participants’ attentional focus were manipulated: skill versus extraneous focus and external versus internal focus. Participants completed 120 trials across four conditions created by combining the dimensions of the two variables. Performance on the primary task was assessed by measuring throwing accuracy and the kinematics of the throwing action. Results indicated that accuracy improved under the external, skill-oriented condition relative to all other conditions; no differences between the remaining conditions were observed. These findings suggest that an external, skill-oriented focus of attention is needed to facilitate performance improvements in novices.

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Juras, Grzegorz, and Kajetan Słomka. "Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Dart Throwing." Journal of Human Kinetics 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0023.

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The aim of this study was to explore the effects of accuracy constraints on the characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) in a task that involves a movement consisting of a controlled phase and a ballistic phase. It was hypothesized that APA scaling with task parameters (target size) would be preserved even when the task is performed by muscles that have no direct effects on APA. Sixteen healthy right handed subjects participated in the study. All participants had no prior experience in dart throwing. Subjects’ average age was 24.1 ± 1.9 years. A force platform and a motion capture system were used to register kinetics of the body and kinematics of the throwing arm and throwing accuracy. The experiment consisted of six series of twenty consecutive dart throws to a specified target. Target sizes (T2-T6) were set at 25%, 50%, 75%, 125% and 150% of target 1 (T1) initially set as the spread of the last 20 throws in a 50 throw training session. This allowed to distinguish six indexes of difficulty (ID’s) ranging from 2,9 to 5,9. A one-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Results of ANOVA showed a significant effect of target size at Constant Error but no effect at APA time. There were also no significant differences between hit and miss throws. From a control perspective, it can be stated that changes in central commands did not lead to changes in APA time in the analyzed motor task.

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Casabona, Antonino, Luciano Lombardo, Matteo Cioni, and Maria Stella Valle. "Delayed Benefits from Spaced Training When Learning a Precision Throwing Task." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122359.

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Spaced training produces gains in performance associated with memory consolidation, which develops between sessions (offline gain). Learning motor skills that require many repetitions may generate a delay in memory formation and in offline gain. We tested the presence of this delay by studying a precision throwing task. Sixteen participants performed 1020 underarm precision throws distributed over four sessions. Eight participants spaced the training by 40-min between-session intervals, while the remaining subjects distributed the practice with 1-day intervals. Memory retention was tested 15 days after training. Differences in accuracy over groups, sessions, directions of throwing movements and blocks of throws were evaluated by analysis of variance. The 40-min group had better performance than the 1-day group after the first two sessions. As the level of skill stabilized, the 1-day group exhibited offline gains, with significant performance improvements during the fourth and retention session. Both medial-lateral and antero-posterior movement directions of throwing contributed to the performance. Initial decrements in performance appeared within sessions for both groups. Overall, when learning a precision throwing task, benefits from spaced training is delayed and occurs as the skill stabilizes. These findings may help to optimize training distribution schedules, particularly for precision motor skills requiring extensive practice.

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Cruz Ruiz, Ana Lucia, Charles Pontonnier, and Georges Dumont. "Low-Dimensional Motor Control Representations in Throwing Motions." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2017 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3050917.

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In this study, we identified a low-dimensional representation of control mechanisms in throwing motions from a variety of subjects and target distances. The control representation was identified at the kinematic level in task and joint spaces, respectively, and at the muscle activation level using the theory of muscle synergies. Representative features of throwing motions in all of these spaces were chosen to be investigated. Features were extracted using factorization and clustering techniques from the muscle data of unexperienced subjects (with different morphologies and physical conditions) during a series of throwing tasks. Two synergy extraction methods were tested to assess their consistency. For the task features, the degrees of freedom (DoF), and the muscles under study, the results can be summarized as (1) a control representation across subjects consisting of only two synergies at the activation level and of representative features in the task and joint spaces, (2) a reduction of control redundancy (since the number of synergies are less than the number of actions to be controlled), (3) links between the synergies triggering intensity and the throwing distance, and finally (4) consistency of the extraction methods. Such results are useful to better represent mechanisms hidden behind such dynamical motions and could offer a promising control representation for synthesizing motions with muscle-driven characters.

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Kudo, Kazutoshi, Seijiro Tsutsui, Tadao Ishikura, Tomoki Ito, and Yuji Yamamoto. "Compensatory Coordination of Release Parameters in a Throwing Task." Journal of Motor Behavior 32, no. 4 (December 2000): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222890009601384.

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Venkadesan, M., and L. Mahadevan. "Optimal strategies for throwing accurately." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 170136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170136.

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The accuracy of throwing in games and sports is governed by how errors in planning and initial conditions are propagated by the dynamics of the projectile. In the simplest setting, the projectile path is typically described by a deterministic parabolic trajectory which has the potential to amplify noisy launch conditions. By analysing how parabolic trajectories propagate errors, we show how to devise optimal strategies for a throwing task demanding accuracy. Our calculations explain observed speed–accuracy trade-offs, preferred throwing style of overarm versus underarm, and strategies for games such as dart throwing, despite having left out most biological complexities. As our criteria for optimal performance depend on the target location, shape and the level of uncertainty in planning, they also naturally suggest an iterative scheme to learn throwing strategies by trial and error.

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Ribeiro, Gabriel A., Pedro H. B. F. Spinola, Helga T. Tucci, and Raquel P. Carvalho. "Manipulation of task constraints on throwing of amateur handball athletes." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v15i2.198.

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BACKGROUND: In handball, speed and accuracy are essential characteristics for the performance of throwing. AIM: To verify the effects of manipulation of task constraints during the throws on kinematic variables in amateur handball players. METHOD: 18 amateur handball players (18-27 years) made 10 throws to the target with a focus on speed and 10 throws with a focus on accuracy. The kinematic analysis of the throwing was performed, and the Student's t-test was used. RESULTS: Greater velocity, and hand, acromion, and iliac spines trajectories for throws with a focus on speed in cocking phase was observed. During the acceleration phase, there was greater velocity, and trajectory of the right upper posterior iliac spine, and less time and hand, acromion, and left upper posterior iliac spines trajectories for throws with a focus on speed. The throw with a focus on speed showed greater shoulder and elbow angles at the beginning, and greater elbow angle at the end of throwing. CONCLUSION: The manipulation in the focus of the throw influenced the movement strategy from the cocking phase to the acceleration phase according to the movement intentionality, with most of the variables presenting greater values in the throw with a focus on speed.

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Soto, Diego, Juan Antonio García-Herrero, and Rodrigo J. Carcedo. "Well-Being and Throwing Speed of Women Handball Players Affected by Feedback." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 6064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176064.

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This research aims at studying the effect of feedback on well-being (vitality, and positive and negative affect), competence valuation, perceived competence, motivation, and performance (throwing speed and accuracy) in a throwing task. Thirty nine expert women handball players, with experience in international handball competitions, participated in this study. They were indiscriminately ascribed to one of three different experimental conditions measuring feedback: (positive, negative, and none). Significant differences in well-being (positive affect) and throwing speed were found among the three feedback groups. More concretely, higher levels of positive affect and throwing speed were found in the negative feedback group in comparison with the other two groups (positive and no-feedback). These results have important implications for athletes’ well-being and performance, and for coaches’ training programs.

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Surburg, Paul R., David L. Porretta, and Vins Sutlive. "Use of Imagery Practice for Improving a Motor Skill." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 12, no. 3 (July 1995): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.12.3.217.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of imagery practice as supplementary practice in the performance of a throwing task. A secondary purpose was to ascertain if different cognitive demands of a motor task affected the use of this supplementary practice. Forty adolescents with mild mental retardation were randomly assigned to the following groups: low cognitive loading-physical practice, low cognitive loading-imagery and physical practice, high cognitive loading-physical practice, high cognitive loading-imagery and physical practice. Subjects engaged in seven practice sessions during which performance scores of a throwing task were recorded. Groups supplemented with imagery practice were superior in performance to nonimagery groups. A higher cognitive loading of the task did not enhance the use of this type of supplementary practice more than a lower loading. The results of this study reflect the efficacy of imagery practice as a means to improve motor performance of students with mild mental retardation.

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Taylor, P., R. Landeo, K. Lee, and D. O’Meara. "Required task repetitions for kinematic variable stability in overarm throwing." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.028.

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HosseiniZarch, S. H., S. Arsham, S. F. Tabatabaei Ghomshe, and M. H. Honarvar. "Identifying control structure of multi-joint coordination in dart throwing: the effect of distance constraint." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 23, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0601.

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Background: This study used the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach to study joint coordination underlying the control of task-related variables important for success at dart throwing skill. Success at a task can be achieved, in principle, by always adopting a particular joint combination. In contrast, we adopt a more selective control strategy: variations of the joint configuration that leave the values of essential task variables unchanged are predicted to be less controlled (i.e., stabilized to a lesser degree) than joint configuration changes that shift the values of the task variables. Objectives: How this abundance of motor solutions is managed by the nervous system and whether and how the throwing in different distances affects the solution to joint coordination was investigated in this study. Methods: Our experimental task involved dart throwing to a target under three conditions (standard, short and long distance) that it performed by fifteen dart professional and semiprofessional athletes. The four joint angles of the arm were obtained from the recorded positions of markers on the limb segments. The variability of joint configurations was decomposed into components lying parallel to those sets and components lying in their complement with respect to control of the path of the arm’s center of mass and spatial position of the hand. Results: When performing the task in all three different conditions, fluctuations of joint configuration that affected arm’s center of mass and spatial position variables were much reduced compared with fluctuations that did not affect these variables. The UCM principle applied to arm’s center of mass and spatial position thus captures the structure of the motor control system across different parts of joint configuration space as the movement evolves in time. Moreover, constraints representing an invariant arm’s center of mass or the spatial position structured joint configuration variability in the early and mid-portion of the movement trajectory, but not at the time of throwing. This specific control strategy indicate a target can be hit successfully also by controlling irrelevant directions in joint space equally to relevant ones. Conclusion: The results suggests a specific control strategy in which changes of joint configuration that are irrelevant to success at the task are selectively released from control. As a result, the method can be successfully used to determine the structure of coordination in joint space that underlies the control of the essential variables for a given task.

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Williams, Sarah, and Jennifer Cumming. "Challenge vs. threat: Investigating the effect of using imagery to manipulate stress appraisal of a dart throwing task." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2012): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2012.8.1.4.

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The study aimed to investigate the use of imagery to prompt a challenge or threat appraisal of a dart throwing task, and examine the resulting effect on psychological responses and performance. Seventy participants (30 females, 40 males; Mage=19.33 years, SD=.53) were randomly assigned to either a challenge or threat group. Measures of stress appraisal, anxiety intensity and direction, self-efficacy, perceived control, predicted performance, and actual performance of the dart throwing task were obtained before and after participants received either a challenge or threat imagery script. Following imagery, the threat group perceived the task to be significantly more of a threat and their cognitive anxiety symptoms to be more debilitative towards performance compared to the challenge group. Moreover, they felt significantly less in control than the challenge group and believed they would perform significantly worse. Results, therefore, support using imagery to facilitate adaptive stress-appraisal of an actual situation.

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Tahmasebi, Farshid, Sayed Kavos Salehi, and Mehdi Pak. "The Effect of Manipulating Task and Environment Constraints on Performance of Selected Fundamental Movement Skills." Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2022.v05i02.004.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of task and environment manipulation on the performance of selected basic motor skills. For this purpose, 30 children aged 4 to 6 years were selected using the available sampling method. First, the pre-test of over hand throwing was performed using the accuracy of throwing and kicking, and then the participants were randomly divided into 3 groups: manipulation of task restraints, environment constraints, and control. According to the research plan, the intervention groups performed the program for 6 weeks and two 60-minute sessions each week. The task constraint group practiced according to the task ecological analysis method, the environment constraint manipulation group practiced in the based on enrichment of the environment and the control group had no activity. After the last training session, a post-test was performed and the results were recorded. The data were analyzed with analysis of covariance test and Bonferroni was used for paired comparisons. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the remaining mean scores of kicking and over hand throwing of the subjects in terms of group membership (experimental and control groups) (P <0.05). Also, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the groups of manipulation of task constraints and performance environment had better than the control group in the studied skills, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P <0.05). The finding generally support and provide an insight into the idea of the effect of constraints manipulation on performance. Therefore, when teaching and working with children, manipulation of task constraints and environment can be used to improve the performance of children's fundamental movement skills.

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Maurer, Heiko, Lisa Katharina Pendt, and Hermann Müller. "Sensitivity to Error Tolerant Solutions in a Redundant Virtual Throwing Task." BIO Web of Conferences 1 (2011): 00059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20110100059.

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Hansen, Clint, Nasser Rezzoug, Philippe Gorce, and Brice Isableu. "Is the time of release during a precision throwing task, predictable?" Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 15, sup1 (September 2012): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2012.713660.

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McDonald, P. V., R. E. A. van Emmerik, and K. M. Newell. "The Effects of Practice on Limb Kinematics in a Throwing Task." Journal of Motor Behavior 21, no. 3 (September 1989): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1989.10735480.

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Gao, Zan, Maria Kosma, and Louis Harrison. "Ability Beliefs, Task Value, and Performance as a Function of Race in a Dart-Throwing Task." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80, no. 1 (March 2009): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599536.

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Kondo, Hitoshi. "Changes in the Ground Reaction Force, Lower-Limb Muscle Activity, and Joint Angles in Athletes with Unilateral Ankle Dorsiflexion Restriction During A Rebound-Jump Task." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 3, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3040052.

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Background: This study compared differences between a control group and a group with unilateral ankle dorsiflexion restriction in the ground reaction force (GRF), angles of the lower limbs joints, and muscular activity during a rebound-jump task in athletes who continue to perform sports activities with unilateral ankle dorsiflexion restriction. Methods: The athletes were divided into the following two groups: The dorsiflexion group included those with a difference of ≥7° between bilateral ankle dorsiflexion angles (DF), and the control group included those with a difference of <7° between the two ankles (C). An ankle foot orthosis was attached to subjects in group C to apply a restriction on the right-angle dorsiflexion angle. The percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) of the legs musculature, components of the GRF, and the hip and knee joint angles during the rebound-jump task were compared between groups DF and C. Results: Group DF showed increased %MVC of the quadriceps muscle, decreased upward component of the GRF, decreased hip flexion, and increased knee eversion angles. Conclusions: This study highlighted that athletes with ankle dorsiflexion restriction had significantly larger knee eversion angles in the rebound-jump task. The reduced hip flexion was likely caused by the restricted ankle dorsiflexion and compensated by the observed increase in quadriceps muscle activation when performing the jump.

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Goode, Sinah L., Harry J. Meeuwsen, and Richard A. Magill. "Benefits of Providing Cognitive Performance Strategies to Novice Performers Learning a Complex Motor Skill." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 976–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.976.

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Verbal reports were collected from experienced performers during acquisition trials of a novel throwing task and summarized as cognitive performance strategies. These strategies were incorporated in the practice regimen of 8 novices with no sport experience who learned the same task. A control group of 8 novices practiced the task without the experts' cognitive performance strategies. The performance of the novices who used the strategies was similar to that of the experts and significantly better than the performance of the control novices.

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Syaranamual, Jusak, Johni Melvin Tahapary, and Welem Arawaman Lolangluan. "The Influence Of Eye Coordination Training On Capture Skills In Softball Games On 2014 Penjaskesrek Students." Biofaal Journal 1, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biofaal.v1i1pp9-14.

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This study aims to determine: the effect of coordination training on capture throwing skills on student penjaskesrek force 2014. that the student penjaskesrek force 2014 has not been able to throw a good rebound sometimes throws not to friends and throws soar also sometimes passing from a teammate so that the opponent with can easily seize the ball. Population and Sample used in this research is student of Penjaskesrek Study Program class of 2014. The sampling above is based on pertimbanagan cost and time of research. Populations that have been grouped so that the sample of the population is classified as restricted random sample. Furthermore Roscoe in (2000) confirmed the number of sample members for a simple experimental study with a rigorous experimental control to be successful if samples were 10 to 20 people.

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van den Tillaar, Roland, and Gertjan Ettema. "Influence of Instruction on Velocity and Accuracy of Overarm Throwing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 2 (April 2003): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.423.

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This study investigated the influence of instruction on the ball velocity and accuracy of a goal-directed overarm throw. 9 experienced Norwegian male team handball players executed a throwing task randomly seven times under 5 different instructions varying from emphasizing speed to accuracy. When instructions increasingly emphasized accuracy, velocity decreased. However, accuracy did not improve when subjects were instructed to focus on it. A possible explanation for this finding could lie in the specific subject group. The subjects were highly experienced team handball players with an average of 12 years in the sport. Thus, the accuracy they demonstrated at high velocity might actually be already extremely high and difficult to improve upon when reducing throwing velocity. Further, the velocity of throwing when instruction emphasized accuracy was approximately 85% of the maximal velocity, indicating that experienced team handball players are trained to throw accurately at relatively high velocity.

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Sorgente, Vincenzo, Erez James Cohen, Riccardo Bravi, and Diego Minciacchi. "The Best of Two Different Visual Instructions in Improving Precision Ball-Throwing and Standing Long Jump Performances in Primary School Children." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010008.

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Two observational learning approaches have been shown to be successful in improving children’s motor performances: one is “technique-focused”, another is “goal-focused”. In this study, we sought to compare the effectiveness of these two strategies, thus testing for the more efficient method of observational learning to enhance motor skills in primary school children. To this end, two experiments were designed. Experiment 1 involved a precision ball throwing task. Experiment 2 involved a standing long jump task. A total of 792 subjects (aged 6–11) participated in this study and were divided into technique-focus (Experiment 1 n = 200; Experiment 2 n = 66), goal-focus (Experiment 1 n = 195; Experiment 2 n = 68), and control groups (Experiment 1 n = 199; Experiment 2 n = 64). The experiments were divided into pretest, practice, and retention phases. During the practice phase, the technique-focus and goal-focus groups were given different visual instructions on how to perform the task. The results showed that children aged 10–11 belonging to the technique-focus group performed significantly better in the practice phase than both the goal-focus and the control group (p < 0.001), but only for the precision ball throwing task. These findings could be useful for training adaptation in the context of motor learning and skills acquisition.

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Lim Yong-Hyun and 김남균. "Effects of task and environmental constraints on postural control in dart throwing." Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2018.30.2.001.

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Hung, Ya-Ching, T. R. Kaminski, Julie Fineman, Jane Monroe, and A. M. Gentile. "Learning a multi-joint throwing task: a morphometric analysis of skill development." Experimental Brain Research 191, no. 2 (August 1, 2008): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1511-9.

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Hoshizaki, T. Blaine, and T. Gallivan. "An analysis of trajectory control strategies in a goal oriented throwing task." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90288-1.

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Choi, Seung-oh, Harry J. Meeuwsen, Ron French, Claudine Sherrill, and Rozie McCabe. "Motor Skill Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer in Adults with Profound Mental Retardation." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 18, no. 3 (July 2001): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.18.3.257.

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The purpose was to examine whether adults with profound mental retardation (PMR) have the ability to learn and transfer a motor skill to a novel situation. In Experiment 1, novel task transfer performance was examined. Six male adults with PMR threw beanbags three different distances during acquisition, followed by four novel transfer distances and a novel implement (a horse shoe). In Experiment 2, a 48-hr and a 1-week delayed retention test was used with 6 different males with PMR who practiced three beanbag-throwing distances and then performed two familiar and two novel distances for each retention test. Analyses indicated that, with concurrent visual information of the target, adults with PMR can throw accurately on retention and transfer tests and can generalize beanbag throwing skill to horseshoe-throwing. The prototype model of memory representation seems to explain the findings better than the exemplar model. In addition, random practice of skill variations appears to be an effective teaching strategy.

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Fleury, Lisa, Léa Dreyer, Rola El Makkaoui, Elise Leroy, Yves Rossetti, and Christian Collet. "Inter-Task Transfer of Prism Adaptation through Motor Imagery." Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010114.

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Prism adaptation (PA) is a useful method to investigate short-term sensorimotor plasticity. Following active exposure to prisms, individuals show consistent after-effects, probing that they have adapted to the perturbation. Whether after-effects are transferable to another task or remain specific to the task performed under exposure, represents a crucial interest to understand the adaptive processes at work. Motor imagery (MI, i.e., the mental representation of an action without any concomitant execution) offers an original opportunity to investigate the role of cognitive aspects of motor command preparation disregarding actual sensory and motor information related to its execution. The aim of the study was to test whether prism adaptation through MI led to transferable after-effects. Forty-four healthy volunteers were exposed to a rightward prismatic deviation while performing actual (Active group) versus imagined (MI group) pointing movements, or while being inactive (inactive group). Upon prisms removal, in the MI group, only participants with the highest MI abilities (MI+ group) showed consistent after-effects on pointing and, crucially, a significant transfer to throwing. This was not observed in participants with lower MI abilities and in the inactive group. However, a direct comparison of pointing after-effects and transfer to throwing between MI+ and the control inactive group did not show any significant difference. Although this interpretation requires caution, these findings suggest that exposure to intersensory conflict might be responsible for sensory realignment during prism adaptation which could be transferred to another task. This study paves the way for further investigations into MI’s potential to develop robust sensorimotor adaptation.

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Letarte, Hélène, Robert Ladouceur, Mark Freeston, and Josée Rhéaume. "Incentive to Suppress a Neutral Thought." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 3 (July 1997): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246580001852x.

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A suppression-mention task was used to evaluate the influence of increasing the incentive to suppress on subsequent enhancement and/or rebound effects. The experimental group suppressed neutral thoughts with a financial incentive for performance. A bogus pipeline was used to control for honesty. Two control groups, one with the bogus pipeline and one without, were asked to suppress the thought without the possibility of financial reward contingent on performance. Results showed that the group with a possible financial reward, although more successful in suppressing the thought, were still unable to suppress the thought. No enhancement or rebound effects were observed.

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Kerner, Christoph, and Thomas Brudermann. "I Believe I Can Fly—Conceptual Foundations for Behavioral Rebound Effects Related to Voluntary Carbon Offsetting of Air Travel." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 4774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094774.

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Voluntary carbon offsets (VCO) have been introduced as a means of compensating personal carbon emissions related to travelling. Purchases of VCO have remained low in the past, but might increase in the future due to rising awareness about climate change. VCO have been assumed to increase the acceptability of flying among eco-minded people. Therefore, VCO might not only be a tool to offset emissions but also to compensate for “flight shame”. Much research has been carried out to detect VCO purchasers’ motives, but none has explored the potential behavioral rebound effects of VCO with regard to flying. This article contributes to the debate by presenting a conceptual framework that was developed to investigate these rebound effects. First, we present the motives that travelers have for offsetting their flight emissions. These motives already indicate the possibility of a rebound effect. Second, we discuss several conceptual ideas which should be considered for the design of empirical studies. Overall, we argue that the use of VCO might lead to unintended carbon emissions; however, isolating the specific role of VCO remains a difficult task. Nevertheless, research on behavioral rebound effects is needed to clarify whether VCO counteract sustainability in the transport sector.

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Frid, Emma, Jonas Moll, Roberto Bresin, and Eva-Lotta Sallnäs Pysander. "Haptic feedback combined with movement sonification using a friction sound improves task performance in a virtual throwing task." Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 13, no. 4 (May 9, 2018): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12193-018-0264-4.

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Kanode, Jacquelynn O., and V. Gregory Payne. "Effects of Variable Practice on Retention and Motor Schema Development in down Syndrome Subjects." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 1 (August 1989): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.211.

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Portions of Schmidt's schema theory, the effects of variable practice on retention and ability to learn a novel motor task, were tested using Down syndrome subjects. 23 subjects ranged in mental and chronological ages from 3.0 to 5.1 yr. and 4.6 to 22 yr., respectively. IQs ranged from 32 to 62. The two throwing tasks were closed, discrete movements requiring no feedback or error detection during movement. Subjects were randomly assigned to a specific-practice, variable-practice, or control group. Specific group subjects practiced 100 trials from the test-target location. Variable-practice subjects also practiced 100 trials but from four different practice locations. The control group practiced an unrelated kicking activity. All subjects participated in identical pretests, posttests, and retention tests to assess accuracy on these throwing tasks. A standard archery target was used to score tosses. To examine the effects of practice on a novel task, two target conditions, or tasks, were employed. On Task A the subject tossed a bean bag at the archery target placed flat on the floor. For Task B, the novel task, the target was placed upright on the wall. Subjects were assigned higher scores for tosses landing closer to the center of the target. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between groups on Task A pretest or posttest. Significance was detected for the main effect of group for Task B. However, the Scheffé post hoc test indicated that the simple main effects were nonsignificant. This research did not support Schmidt's schema theory. However, the lack of significant differences between variable- and specific-practice conditions supports the notion that variable practice may be no less effective than specific practice in the instruction of movement skills to subjects with Down syndrome.

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Tanaka, Yoshifumi, Kenta Karakida, Takayuki Murayama, Yufu M. Tanaka, and Kana Goto. "Size perception and performance outcome in a dart-throwing task under psychological pressure." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 63, no. 1 (June 10, 2018): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.17120.

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Zhang, Hang, Mila Kulsa, and Laurence Maloney. "Acquisition and transfer of models of visuo-motor uncertainty in a throwing task." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.976.

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Coca-Ugrinowitsch, Alessandra Aguilar, Rodolfo Novellino Benda, Layla Maria Aburachid, André Gustavo Pereira De Andrade, Pablo Juan Greco, Hans-Joacmn Karl Menzel, and Herbert Ugrinowitsch. "Bandwidth Knowledge of Results on the Learning of the Saloon Dart Throwing Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 118, no. 2 (April 2014): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/25.23.pms.118k17w9.

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41

Makki, Rezvaneh, Maryam Abdoshahi, and Saeed Ghorbani. "Effects of self-controlled knowledge of performance on motor learning and self-efficacy: A kinematic study." Biomedical Human Kinetics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0023.

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Abstract Study aim: To evaluate the effects of providing the learners with self-controlled knowledge of performance (KP) on motor learning and self-efficacy (SE) in a dart-throwing motor task. Material and methods: The participants were thirty female university students who were divided into two groups including self-control and yoked groups. Participants performed five blocks of five trials in the acquisition phase, and retention and transfer tests of 10 trials one day later. Intra-limb coordination patterns (movement pattern), throwing scores, and SE (both movement pattern and movement outcome) were measured as dependent variables. Independent t test and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used as statistical tests. Results: The self-controlled group performed significantly better than yoked group on movement pattern during the acquisition phase (F1,28 = 24.239, p = 0.001) and the retention test (t28 = –3.074, p = 0.007). However, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of throwing scores and SE during the acquisition, retention, and transfer phases (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Providing self-controlled KP can improve learning of movement pattern in the novices but do not necessary increase movement outcome or SE.

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42

DONALDSON, MORAG L., and LYNN S. M. COOPER. "Children's production of verb-phrase anaphora in a spoken task." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (October 21, 2008): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008957.

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ABSTRACTTo investigate the influence of semantic/pragmatic variables on children's production of verb-phrase anaphora (VPA), a spoken sentence completion task (e.g. John is throwing a ball and … Mary is too) was administered to four-, seven- and ten-year-olds. The frequency of VPA production was affected by whether the two clauses had the same or different polarity and by whether the actions were portrayed as simultaneous or sequential. These effects interacted in complex ways with age and with the presentation order of the polarity types. We speculate that developmental changes in the influence of semantic/pragmatic factors may be linked to increases with age in the strength of syntactic priming effects.

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43

Zhang, Zhaoran, and Dagmar Sternad. "The primacy of rhythm: how discrete actions merge into a stable rhythmic pattern." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2018.

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This study examined how humans spontaneously merge a sequence of discrete actions into a rhythmic pattern, even when periodicity is not required. Two experiments used a virtual throwing task, in which subjects performed a long sequence of discrete throwing movements, aiming to hit a virtual target. In experiment 1, subjects performed the task for 11 sessions. Although there was no instruction to perform rhythmically, the variability of the interthrow intervals decreased to a level comparable to that of synchronizing with a metronome; furthermore, dwell times shortened or even disappeared with practice. Floquet multipliers and decreasing variability of the arm trajectories estimated in state space indicated an increasing degree of dynamic stability. Subjects who achieved a higher level of periodicity and stability also displayed higher accuracy in the throwing task. To directly test whether rhythmicity affected performance, experiment 2 disrupted the evolving continuity and periodicity by enforcing a pause between successive throws. This discrete group performed significantly worse and with higher variability in their arm trajectories than the self-paced group. These findings are discussed in the context of previous neuroimaging results showing that rhythmic movements involve significantly fewer cortical and subcortical activations than discrete movements and therefore may pose a computationally more parsimonious solution. Such emerging stable rhythms in neuromotor subsystems may serve as building blocks or dynamic primitives for complex actions. The tendency for humans to spontaneously fall into a rhythm in voluntary movements is consistent with the ubiquity of rhythms at all levels of the physiological system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When performing a series of throws to hit a target, humans spontaneously merged successive actions into a continuous approximately periodic pattern. The degree of rhythmicity and stability correlated with hitting accuracy. Enforcing irregular pauses between throws to disrupt the rhythm deteriorated performance. Stable rhythmic patterns may simplify control of movement and serve as dynamic primitives for more complex actions. This observation reveals that biological systems tend to exhibit rhythmic behavior consistent with a plethora of physiological processes.

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Mizuguchi, Nobuaki, Takashi Katayama, and Kazuyuki Kanosue. "The Effect of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on A Throwing Task Depends on Individual Level of Task Performance." Neuroscience 371 (February 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.048.

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45

Morrison, S. "The performance of goal-directed movements: The relationship between limb kinematics and task accuracy during a dart throwing task." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)91014-6.

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46

Colino, Enrique, Lis Corral-Gómez, David Rodríguez-Rosa, Sergio Juárez-Pérez, Jorge García-Unanue, Antonio González-Rodríguez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, and Fernando Jose Castillo-García. "Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061688.

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Assessing and keeping control of the mechanical properties of sport surfaces is a relevant task in sports since it enables athletes to train and compete safely and under equal conditions. Currently, different tests are used for assessing athlete- and ball-surface interactions in artificial turf pitches. In order to make these evaluations more agile and accessible for every facility, it is important to develop new apparatus that enable to perform the tests in an easier and quicker way. The existing equipment for determining the vertical ball behavior requires a complex and non-easily transportable device in which the ball must be fixed to the upper part of the frame in a very precise position by means of a magnet. The rebound height is determined by capturing the acoustic signal produced when the ball bounces on the turf. When extended tests are conducted, the time required to evaluate a single field is too high due to the non-valid trials. This work proposes a novel methodology which allows to notoriously decrease the time of testing fields maintaining the repeatability and accuracy of the test method together with a compact device for improving its mobility and transport. Simulations and experiments demonstrates the repeatability and accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed device, which decreases the non-valid trials and notoriously reduces the time for field evaluation.

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Bruggeman, Hugo, and William H. Warren. "The Direction of Walking—but Not Throwing or Kicking—Is Adapted by Optic Flow." Psychological Science 21, no. 7 (May 28, 2010): 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610372635.

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Optic flow is known to adapt the direction of walking, but the locus of adaptation remains unknown. The effect could be due to realignment of anatomical eye, head, trunk, and leg coordinate frames or to recalibration of a functional mapping from the visual direction of the target to the direction of locomotion. We tested whether adaptation of walking to a target, with optic flow displaced by 10°, transfers to facing, throwing, and kicking a ball to the target. A negative aftereffect for initial walking direction failed to transfer to head orientation or throwing or kicking direction. Thus, participants effectively threw or kicked the ball to the target, and then walked in another direction to retrieve it. These findings are consistent with recalibration of a task-specific visuo-locomotor mapping, revealing a functional level of organization in perception and action.

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Kimura, Arata, Leon Omura, Shinsuke Yoshioka, and Senshi Fukashiro. "Identifying coordination between joint movements during a throwing task with multiple degrees of freedom." Human Movement Science 77 (June 2021): 102799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102799.

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KANNOU, Fumiya, Shuhei IKEMOTO, and Koh HOSODA. "1A2-O03 Throwing task of musculoskeletal robot arm driven by pneumatic actuator(Humanoid(2))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2012 (2012): _1A2—O03_1—_1A2—O03_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2012._1a2-o03_1.

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Foxe, John J., Jeremy W. Murphy, and Pierfilippo De Sanctis. "Throwing out the rules: anticipatory alpha-band oscillatory attention mechanisms during task-set reconfigurations." European Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 11 (April 1, 2014): 1960–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12577.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Throwing and rebound task'

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