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Journal articles on the topic 'Thrown'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Eggleton, Roger, and Krzysztof Ostaszewski. "The 6666 Problem." Mathematical Gazette 96, no. 535 (March 2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200003946.

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How many times must a die be thrown to get four consecutive sixes? More generally, and more precisely,Q1. What is the expected number of times we must throw a die to get n consecutive sixes?The answer, rather suggestively for the numerologically inclined, turns out to beA1. The expected number of throws is 6 + 62 + 63 + … + 6n.In some well-known dice games players throw several dice at the same time: in craps a pair (brace) of dice is thrown, while in yahtzee, yam and balut, up to five dice are thrown at a time. However, Q1 is not the same as

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2

Gao, Jianmin, and Huidong Qi. "Soil Throwing Experiments for Reverse Rotary Tillage at Various Depths, Travel Speeds, and Rotational Speeds." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12076.

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Abstract. Submerged reverse rotary tillage was presented decades ago as a way to save energy in deep tillage, but its application was limited because it throws the tilled soil forward. The forward-thrown soil gets re-tilled, resulting in wasted energy. To understand the soil throwing process during reverse rotary tillage, a theoretical soil throwing model was established, but that model was investigated by few tests. How soil is thrown by a submerged reverse rotary tillage system is, as yet, not clear. To optimally design a submerged reverse rotary tiller, it is necessary to reveal how soil is thrown by rotary blades operating in the reverse direction. In this study, a high-speed imaging system was used to track reverse rotary tilled soil particles. Trails of soil particles from the top and middle layers of tilling were computed by regression methods. Furthermore, the original soil throwing angles and the maximum soil throwing heights were acquired by the regression equations. Experimental results revealed that the depth of the rotor shaft strongly influenced the backward-thrown soil ratio, but the travel speed and rotational speed only slightly influenced the backward-thrown soil ratio. The average original soil throwing angle decreased with rotor depth. The soil clods in the top layer had a stronger backward trend. Furthermore, a soil throwing model of reverse rotary tillage is proposed. By applying this model, some phenomena (e.g., the ratio of backward-thrown soil to forward-thrown soil at varying rotor depths) could be interpreted. Test results indicated that the assumption that tilled soil clods would be thrown along their crack direction in a reverse tillage system may be reasonable. Keywords: Rotary tiller, Rotor shaft submerged depth, Soil throwing, Speed, Submerged reverse rotary tillage.

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3

Whiting, William C., Robert J. Gregor, and Marie Halushka. "Body Segment and Release Parameter Contributions to New-Rules Javelin Throwing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 7, no. 2 (May 1991): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.7.2.111.

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Eight male javelin throwers were filmed while throwing new-rules javelins during competition at five meets over a 2-year period. Body segment kinematics and javelin release parameters were assessed relative to their contribution to throwing performance. The data suggest that successful throws, as judged by distance thrown, are characterized by higher release speeds, longer last-step lengths, less flexion of the front-leg knee during the final plant phase, and an orderly progression of peak speeds at the hip, shoulder, and elbow from the onset of double leg support until release. Individual variability in performance was associated with differences measured between several throwing variables. Limitations inherent to two-dimensional analysis were identified that highlighted the need for three-dimensional investigation of the javelin throw.

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4

Luo, Xin, Qian Cheng, and Bin Hu. "Theoretical Analysis and Simulation on Seeds Throw Process of Seedling-Sowing Machine." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1398.

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For the technical problems that traditional Suction Plug Seedling -Sowing machine high positive hole rate which caused by the highly uneven rate of seeds " boiling ", and put forward the “boiling” way that the tray and seeds are throwing up boiling, innovative design of the thrown system which is compose of mechanical spring ,solenoid and suction cup , through to the theoretical analysis of the process of seeds thrown intrasystem,and established a mathematic model between seeds throw height and structural parameter, based on the SolidWorks software environment to build the multi-body system dynamics thrown model, to simulation and verification law of motion of tray and seeds intrasystem. The testing results show that the throw system can realize the "boiling" condition that seeds could adsorption, ensure that when the planter adsorbed seeds it could take a highly uniform on the thrown height, effectively reduce the positive hole rate, provides a new concept, structure and theory for design and research on the Suction Plug seedling-sowing machine seeds "boiling" system.

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5

Burton, Allen W., Nancy L. Greer, and Diane M. Wiese. "Changes in Overhand Throwing Patterns as a Function of Ball Size." Pediatric Exercise Science 4, no. 1 (February 1992): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.4.1.50.

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Ten males and 10 females in each of four grade/age groups threw styrofoam balls of six different diameters as hard as possible at a wall 6.7 m away. Each ball size was thrown four times. The first hypothesis, that the levels of the five components of the one-hand overhand throw would be quite stable for individuals for throws of a particular ball size, was supported. Ball sizes at which the component levels were unstable marked the beginning of a transition to a new component level 70.6% of the time. The second hypothesis, that five components would change from higher to lower levels for most of the subjects as ball size was scaled up, was supported only for the backswing and forearm components. These components were more likely to be affected by increasing ball size because the higher level components required a firm, one-hand grip on the ball, which became more difficult as ball diameters exceeded the subjects’ hand widths. The results indicate that practitioners need to recognize that different ball sizes may elicit different throwing patterns, and specifically that a critical ball diameter may be reached when it is equal to hand width.

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6

Liu, Fu Ju, Fu Li, and Xiao Hu. "Research on Application of Pedestrian Throw Distance Formula in GA/T643-2006." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1990.

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Based on CIDAS's resources of accident video data recording vehicles and pedestrians, this paper focuses on utilizing video image based calculating methods to research on application of pedestrian throw distance formula in GA/T643-2006.Our study shows that the results calculated from the pedestrian throw distance formula are partly inaccurate compared with actual car speed in cases that pedestrians are thrown after first collision with cars, and barely accurate to reflect the actual car speed in cases that pedestrians are thrown after second collision with cars. Therefore, it requires further adjustments on parameters identification and application scope of the pedestrian throw distance formula.

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7

Wang, Jianzhong, Jiadong Shi, and Tao Jiang. "Low Acceleration Overload Catapult Technique for Throwing the Small Scout Robot." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.9815.

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The small scout robot is generally thrown into the war zone by soldier. The short thrown distance and the danger of soldier exposed to the enemy limit the application of the small scout robot. So this paper presents a type of low acceleration overload catapult device of no flash, no smoke and no sound. It can throw the small scout robot covertly to long distances with low acceleration overload, and avoid the danger that soldier be exposed to the enemy when artificial throwing. The high and low pressure chambers of the catapult device achieve the low acceleration overload launching, and eliminate the risk of robot damaged by huge acceleration overload. The covert launching of no flash, no smoke and no sound is achieved by the piston to seal the gun propellant gas in barrel. Based on the interior ballistic model, the interior ballistic performance is calculated. The experiment for measuring the acceleration overload of the projectile is achieved by using the catapult device prototype and the measurement system developed by authors. The simulation and test results show that this catapult device can meet the requirement to throw the small scout robot into the war zone.

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8

Ver Planck, Neil R., and David W. MacFarlane. "Branch mass allocation increases wind throw risk for Fagus grandifolia." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 92, no. 4 (February 6, 2019): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz001.

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Abstract Wind is a major force of disturbance in forests throughout the world, causing trees to break or uproot and topple over, depending on tree morphology and growing conditions. Previous research has suggested that trees that are more massive or which have lower height–diameter ratios are less at risk to wind throw, but the influence of crown size and branching architecture has been more difficult to elucidate. In general, there has been more research on coniferous trees, which have more simplified and symmetrical crown structures, relative to broad-leaved, deciduous trees. Here, we modelled the probability of wind throw for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), a broad-leaved, deciduous species common in the eastern USA, for trees covering a broad range of sizes (5.6–79.8 cm, diameter at breast height), in two nearby stands, in an experimental forest in southwestern Michigan, USA, where a wind event occurred. After a major blow-down of more than 200 trees in one of the stands, a subset of trees was destructively sampled after the storm. Analysis of the characteristics of the wind-thrown versus non-wind-thrown, residual trees, indicated that a very large branch fraction of total tree mass was a key factor leading to toppling of the wind-thrown trees. This study provides new empirical data related to the characteristics of wind-thrown American beech trees and suggests a potentially important role for branch to stem mass ratios as a predictor of wind throw risk for this species and possibly other broad-leaved, deciduous tree species, with a deliquescent branching architecture.

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9

Peterson, Eric E., Patrick Handwork, Lonnie Soloff, Mark S. Schickendantz, and Salvatore J. Frangiamore. "Effects of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction on Pitch Selection in Major League Baseball Pitchers." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 232596711881000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118810003.

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Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries represent one of the most common impairments to the throwing arm of professional pitchers. Return to play and postoperative performance metrics have been studied extensively, but pitch selection before and after surgery has not been evaluated. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to characterize the effects of UCL reconstruction on pitch selection in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. We hypothesized that pitchers will throw fewer fastballs and a greater percentage of off-speed pitches after undergoing UCL reconstruction. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Using publicly available data, we evaluated MLB pitchers who underwent UCL reconstruction between 2003 and 2014. Pitching data were collected for the 2 seasons before UCL reconstruction as well as the first 2 seasons after reconstruction; the data consisted of the total number of pitches thrown and the percentage of fastballs, curveballs, changeups, and sliders. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used with post hoc least significant difference pairwise t tests to evaluate for statistical significance at P < .05. Results: Overall, 87 pitchers (mean age, 28.2 ± 3.5 years) met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant difference in the total number of pitches thrown before and after surgery ( P < .01) as well as in the percentage of fastballs thrown before and after surgery ( P = .02). There was also a statistically significant increase in the use of curveballs between 1 and 2 years postoperatively (7.5% and 8.8%, respectively; P = .01). No other findings were statistically significant. Conclusion: Pitchers who underwent UCL reconstruction were shown to have a statistically significant decline in the percentage of fastballs thrown postoperatively as compared with before injury, with a compensatory trend toward an increased use of curveballs and sliders.

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10

Borglund, Filip, Michael Young, Joakim Eriksson, and Anders Rasmussen. "Feedback from HTC Vive Sensors Results in Transient Performance Enhancements on a Juggling Task in Virtual Reality." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092966.

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Virtual reality headsets, such as the HTC Vive, can be used to model objects, forces, and interactions between objects with high perceived realism and accuracy. Moreover, they can accurately track movements of the head and the hands. This combination makes it possible to provide subjects with precise quantitative feedback on their performance while they are learning a motor task. Juggling is a challenging motor task that requires precise coordination of both hands. Professional jugglers throw objects so that the arc peaks just above head height, and they time their throws so that the second ball is thrown when the first ball reaches its peak. Here, we examined whether it is possible to learn to juggle in virtual reality and whether the height and the timing of the throws can be improved by providing immediate feedback derived from the motion sensors. Almost all participants became better at juggling in the ~30 min session: the height and timing of their throws improved and they dropped fewer balls. Feedback on height, but not timing, improved performance, albeit only temporarily.

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11

Wood, Justin N., David D. Glynn, and Marc D. Hauser. "The uniquely human capacity to throw evolved from a non-throwing primate: an evolutionary dissociation between action and perception." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (June 5, 2007): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0107.

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Humans are uniquely endowed with the ability to engage in accurate, high-momentum throwing. Underlying this ability is a unique morphological adaptation that enables the characteristic rotation of the arm and pelvis. What is unknown is whether the psychological mechanisms that accompany the act of throwing are also uniquely human. Here we explore this problem by asking whether free-ranging rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ), which lack both the morphological and neural structures to throw, nonetheless recognize the functional properties of throwing. Rhesus not only understand that human throwing represents a threat, but that some aspects of a throwing event are more relevant than others; specifically, rhesus are sensitive to the kinematics, direction and speed of the rotating arm, the direction of the thrower's eye gaze and the object thrown. These results suggest that the capacity to throw did not coevolve with psychological mechanisms that accompany throwing; rather, this capacity may have built upon pre-existing perceptual processes. These results are consistent with a growing body of work showing that non-human animals often exhibit perceptual competencies that do not show up in their motor responses, suggesting evolutionary dissociations between the systems of perception that provide understanding of the world and those that mediate action on the world.

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12

Souba, Wiley, and Matthew Souba. "The Thrown Leader." Open Journal of Leadership 06, no. 04 (2017): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2017.64010.

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13

Oltean, Roxana. "Thrown into Reality." Henry James Review 35, no. 2 (2014): E—7—E—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hjr.2014.0014.

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14

Makaryus, Amgad N., Sonia A. Henry, Bruce Rutkin, and Lawrence Boxt. "Thrown a Curve." American Journal of Medicine 120, no. 5 (May 2007): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.02.016.

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15

Ogawa, Kiyohisa, and Atsushi Yoshida. "Throwing Fracture of the Humeral Shaft." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021401.

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Ninety patients with humeral shaft fractures sustained during throwing were analyzed to determine what caused their injuries. All patients were recreational baseball players: 89 were men and 1 was a woman. The average age was 25 years (range, 12 to 43). The throwing style, type of pitch, fielding position, and type of ball used varied; however, the patients sustained their fractures while performing a hard throw in 87 (97%) of the occurrences. The actual courses of the balls thrown ranged from sideways to straight forward. All fractures were external rotation spiral fractures; 25 patients (28%) had a medial butterfly fragment, and 14 patients (16%) had radial nerve palsy. Fractures were most likely to have occurred in the distal half of the humerus, although they occurred frequently in the proximal half in patients in their early teens. We conclude that 1) the fracture can occur at any time during the acceleration phase before ball release, 2) this type of fracture can occur in any recreational baseball player attempting to perform a hard throw, and 3) the cause of this fracture is the throwing action itself.

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16

Zaremski, Jason L., Giorgio Zeppieri, Deborah L. Jones, Brady L. Tripp, Michelle Bruner, Heather K. Vincent, and MaryBeth Horodyski. "Unaccounted Workload Factor: Game-Day Pitch Counts in High School Baseball Pitchers—An Observational Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 232596711876525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118765255.

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Background: Throwing injuries are common in high school baseball. Known risk factors include excessive pitch counts, year-round pitching, and pitching with arm pain and fatigue. Despite the evidence, the prevalence of pitching injuries among high school players has not decreased. One possibility to explain this pattern is that players accumulate unaccounted pitch volume during warm-up and bullpen activity, but this has not yet been examined. Hypotheses: Our primary hypothesis was that approximately 30% to 40% of pitches thrown off a mound by high school pitchers during a game-day outing are unaccounted for in current data but will be revealed when bullpen sessions and warm-up pitches are included. Our secondary hypothesis was that there is wide variability among players in the number of bullpen pitches thrown per outing. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Researchers counted all pitches thrown off a mound during varsity high school baseball games played by 34 high schools in North Central Florida during the 2017 season. Results: We recorded 13,769 total pitches during 115 varsity high school baseball starting pitcher outings. The mean ± SD pitch numbers per game were calculated for bullpen activity (27.2 ± 9.4), warm-up (23.6 ±8.0), live games (68.9 ±19.7), and total pitches per game (119.7 ± 27.8). Thus, 42.4% of the pitches performed were not accounted for in the pitch count monitoring of these players. The number of bullpen pitches thrown varied widely among players, with 25% of participants in our data set throwing fewer than 22 pitches and 25% throwing more than 33 pitches per outing. Conclusion: In high school baseball players, pitch count monitoring does not account for the substantial volume of pitching that occurs during warm-up and bullpen activity during the playing season. These extra pitches should be closely monitored to help mitigate the risk of overuse injury.

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Liu, Rong, and Yuan Qu. "Transformation design of a miniature throw-able robot." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 41, no. 2 (March 11, 2014): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-05-2013-351.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a transformation mechanism designed for a miniature throw-able robot, including the mechanical model, related analysis and experiments. Design/methodology/approach – The robot can be thrown into suspicious areas. It keeps in a ball-shaped configuration during throwing and uses the driving motors to implement transformation of the mobile form. A foldable tail is also released out as a third point to guarantee the stability of the robot. Findings – By transformation, the robot possesses the overall shock protection like a regular spherical robot and also has detection ability and agile mobility as a two-wheeled robot. Originality/value – An innovative transformation mechanism was designed, analyzed and tested. The mechanism is suitable for a throw-able robot which is simple in structure, small in volume and light in weight. Effectiveness of the transformation design has been validated through experiments.

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18

Demirel, Nurcan. "The Impact of Therapeutic Recreational Gymnastic Exercise on Basic Motor Skills of Hearing-Impaired Children Aged Between 6 and 9 Years." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3.3048.

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Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of therapeutic recreational gymnastic exercises on basic motor skills of hearing-impaired children aged between 6-9 years.Material and Method: 18 students (12 boys; 6 girls) between the ages of 6-9 years participated in the study. 9 of these students were determined as experimental group (3 girls; 6 boys), and the other 9 were determined as control group (3 girls; 6 boys). Before and after the trainings, gross motor development tests (25m. walking, running, jumping, gallop jumping, standing long jump, dribbling, throwing tennis ball, catching the thrown ball, kicking the thrown ball, kicking the still ball) were applied to all the students in the experimental and control group, and the data were recorded. “Special movement training programme” was prepared for the trainings. The trainings were performed for 50-75 minutes twice a week for ten weeks. After the ten-week training programme, gross motor development tests were reapplied to the children as post-test.Analysis: The obtained data were analysed using SPSS.20, and of frequency, arithmetic mean and nonparametric tests, Mann Whitney U- test was applied as analysis method and the findings were tabulated.Results and Discussion: As a result of the study, significant developments (p>0,01) were found in gross motor development tests (25 m. walking, jumping, gallop jumping, standing long jump, throwing tennis ball, catching the thrown ball, kicking the still ball) of the children in the control group. Positive developments were not observed in the tests of 25 m. running, standing dribbling, kicking the thrown ball, and no significant developments (p>0,01 ) were observed in children in the control group.

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19

Nabavinik, Mahdi, and Hamideh Abdolzadeh. "Moderate movement variability is optimal in massive practiced dart throws." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 24, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0604.

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Background and Study Aim. Movement variability is one of the fundamental topics concerning the control of human movement. In recent years, researches have focused on various aspects of variability, which has changed the noise to useful variable on human movement. Present study investigated movement variability level in high skilled dart players that repeated throws over many years. Material and Methods. Seven experienced dart players (three women and four men) were threw 36 darts in three sets (each set 12 throws) from a standard distance (2.37 meters), while the kinematic features of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist were recorded during the throws. Qualisys motion capture system with six cameras was used to record the kinematics of the elbow. Results: entropy analysis revealed that greater variability in movement angle, velocity and acceleration resulted in better dart throwing performance but after reach to this level, throw variability was decreased. The remarkable point in these findings was that variability was constant across all samples despite the varied range of experience in throwing darts from 2.37 meters distance. Entropy analysis showed that in the throws of highly experienced individuals, variation led to greater throwing efficiency. Conclusions: these findings suggest that variability in a throwing activity, which revealed that moderate movement variability results in optimal throwing performance when dart throw has massive amount of practice during many years.

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20

van Bottenburg, Maarten. "Thrown for a Loss?" American Behavioral Scientist 46, no. 11 (July 2003): 1550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764203046011007.

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21

Sjöblom, Yvonne. "Runaway or Thrown Out?" YOUNG 12, no. 2 (May 2004): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308804042103.

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22

Ramji, N. "Thrown into the rose." Canadian Medical Association Journal 184, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101609.

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23

Spieszny, Michal, and Mateusz Zubik. "Modification of Strength Training Programs in Handball Players and its Influence on Power During the Competitive Period." Journal of Human Kinetics 63, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0015.

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AbstractA high level of muscle power is necessary for the effective use of technique during handball competitions. The presented research concentrated on comparing the effectiveness of two training modes directed towards the development of muscle power – plyometric and traditional strength training. Furthermore, we evaluated whether resistance training performed twice a week was sufficient to guarantee an increase in muscle power of handball players. We also investigated whether strength training designed according to the “waving” model (one training session per week oriented towards the development of maximal strength and one towards the development of power) was sufficient to increase muscle power in handball players. The study included 28 professional handball players who were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 subjected to additional strength training (8 individuals), Group 2 subjected to traditional plyometric training (8 individuals) and Group 3 following standard training (12 individuals). Research was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the 1st round of competitions and consisted of the following measurements: CMJ (countermovement jump) and SJ (squat jump), a 10-s trial on a cycle-ergometer and ball-throwing velocity. Analysis of the results showed that both the plyometric and strength training programs induced a statistically significant increase in jumping height and generated power during the CMJ. The group subjected to additional strength training achieved greater increases in CMJ power than the group carrying out plyometric training, which in case of the CMJ peak power turned out to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Different results were obtained when studying changes in the flight speed of the thrown ball; the group undergoing plyometric training registered minor increases (significant in the standing throw ), and there were decreases in the flight speed of the thrown ball (significant in the leaning back throw) in the group following the traditional strength training program.

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24

Weinstein, L., G. A. Prather, and A. F. De Man. "College Baseball Pitchers' Throwing Velocities as a Function of Awareness of Being Clocked." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1987): 1185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3c.1185.

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The differences in velocity of fastballs thrown by 14 college pitchers with and without known presence of a “scout” (the experimenter) with speedgun was investigated. Each pitcher threw 40 fastballs in a game situation. The first 20 were measured with the pitchers seeing the experimenter measuring their velocity with a speed gun. The next 20 were measured without the pitchers seeing the speedgun or the experimenter. Analysis shows that with known presence of scout and speedgun, the average fastball among the 14 pitchers was clocked at 75.6 mph. Without known presence, the speed for the same 14 pitchers was measured at 79 mph. This finding questions the validity of a scout's or coach's measurements of a pitcher's true throwing velocity.

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25

Wang, Wei, Shilin Wu, Peihua Zhu, and Xuepeng Li. "Design and experimental study of a new thrown robot based on flexible structure." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 42, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2015-0049.

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Purpose – The paper aims to present a new thought for design of a thrown robot based on flexible structures. The aim of the design is to reduce the weight and improve the anti-impact capability for mini thrown robot. Design/methodology/approach – A mass-spring wheeled robot model is proposed and an impact analysis is given in this paper. Some principia were derived for configuration design and material choice to get a light and robust thrown reconnaissance robot. Based on the theoretical analysis, flexible elements like flexure hinges or rubber shell were utilized to build two generation of robots that both showed excellent performances of anti-impact ability. Findings – A second-generation thrown robot (2,050 g) was developed, which could survive dropping from the height of 6 m more than 10 times without apparent damage. Originality/value – The method based on the flexible structure provides the thrown robot with high survivability from impact, as well as light weight. It can be used in the design of the mini thrown reconnaissance robot at low cost.

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26

Seidler, Michael. ""Unregarded Age in Corners Thrown"." Modern Schoolman 64, no. 4 (1987): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/schoolman198764459.

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27

Swischuk, Leonard E. "Thrown Out of a Pickup." Pediatric Emergency Care 21, no. 11 (November 2005): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pec.0000186438.12581.9c.

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28

Leslie, Mitch. "Thrown for a D-loop." Journal of Cell Biology 176, no. 2 (January 8, 2007): 129a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1762iti3.

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29

Haber, James E. "Telomeres Thrown for a Loop." Molecular Cell 16, no. 4 (November 2004): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.11.006.

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30

Burg, Janet K. "Chance thrown by inaccurate dice." Nature 493, no. 7433 (January 2013): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/493480f.

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31

Grundlingh, Johann, Gareth Grier, and Karim Ahmad. "Pneumorrhachis from a thrown knife." Emergency Medicine Journal 29, no. 9 (July 25, 2012): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2012-201640.

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32

Stafford, Ned. "Reactors thrown an extended lifeline." Physics World 23, no. 10 (October 2010): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/23/10/11.

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33

Williams, Nigel. "Gauntlet thrown on climate challenge." Current Biology 17, no. 24 (December 2007): R1027—R1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.038.

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34

Dempsey, P. "Thrown into relief [3D TV]." Engineering & Technology 5, no. 15 (October 9, 2010): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2010.1503.

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López-Moliner, Joan, Eli Brenner, Stefan Louw, and Jeroen B. J. Smeets. "Catching a gently thrown ball." Experimental Brain Research 206, no. 4 (September 23, 2010): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2421-1.

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36

Melugin, Heath P., Dirk Larson, Glenn S. Fleisig, Stan Conte, Stephen Fealy, Joshua S. Dines, John D’Angelo, and Christopher L. Camp. "Does Perceived Effort Match Actual Measured Effort During Baseball Long Toss Programs?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00393.

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Objectives: Progressive throwing programs are a mainstay of rehabilitating the throwing athlete after injury or surgery. Athletes are commonly asked to throw at reduced levels of effort (i.e. “50% effort”, ”75%,” etc) to minimize stress to healing tissues. However, it is unknown whether players’ perceived exertion matches actual exertion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether decreased effort correlates with decreased throwing metrics, whether metrics decrease to a predictable degree, and to quantify variability of these metrics within a given athlete when attempting to throw at sub-maximal effort. Methods: Sixty healthy, high school and collegiate baseball pitchers participated in a structured throwing program. After warming up, each pitcher was asked to throw five, max effort long toss throws at a distance of 120 feet. Afterwards, they were asked to give 5 throws at both 75% effort and 50% effort from the same distance. A motusBASEBALL sleeve (Motus Global, Inc.; Massapequa, NY) was worn by all players, which measured arm slot, velocity, shoulder rotation, and elbow varus torque (Nm). Ball velocity was measured in miles per hour (MPH) using a radar gun. The observed changes in throwing metrics were compared to one another across each of the throwing scenarios using a general estimating equation to control for multiple comparisons. They were also compared to the expected change to see if a decrease from 100% effort to 75%, and then to 50% resulted in proportional decreases in elbow torque and ball velocity. Intra-thrower variability was determined for each throwing metric at each degree of effort, and these results are reported using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) where an ICC > 0.75 was considered to represent excellent agreement. Results: Mean elbow torque decreased as players decreased their perceived effort from 100% (72.7 Nm) to 75% (67.3 Nm) to 50% (62.s Nm) (p<0.001). Mean ball velocity also decreased as they progressed from 100% effort (77.8 MPH) to 75% effort (66.5) to 50% effort (60.3 MPH) throws (p<0.001). However, these observed decreases in torque and velocity were much smaller in magnitude than the decreases in perceived effort. During the 75% effort throws, torque and velocity were not reduced to 75% of max. Instead, elbow torque was only reduced to 93.3% of max, and velocity dropped to 86.1% of max. Similarly, for the 50% effort throws, torque remained 86.5% of max effort torque, while velocity remained 78.1% of max. Accordingly, for every 25% decrease in perceived effort, torque only decreased 7%, and velocity only decreased 11%. These observed differences were all significantly different than the expected differences (p<0.001 for all). Intra-thrower reliability was considered excellent for all metrics within each throwing scenario: max effort, 75% effort, and 50% effort (ICC>0.75 for all). Conclusion: Measured effort was significantly greater than perceived effort during this standardized throwing program for all metrics tested. This is especially true for ball velocity and varus elbow torque. Ultimately, when players throw at what they perceive to be “reduced effort,” their actual throwing metrics do not decrease at the same rate as their perceived exertion. This has significant implications for throwers during the rehabilitation process as their elbows are likely experiencing more stress than desired. Clinicians and coaches must be aware and may want to consider transitioning to more objective measures of effort during rehabilition.

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Etnyre, Bruce R. "Accuracy Characteristics of Throwing as a Result of Maximum Force Effort." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1211.

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Fitts' law predicts the accuracy of movement to a target decreases as the velocity of the movement increases. This speed-accuracy tradeoff has been examined under numerous conditions. During some tasks, however, increased force to nearly maximal level decreases the variability of the movement (Sherwood & Schmidt, 1980). This condition apparently produced results different from what would be predicted by Fitts' law. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of maximal force on dart throwing accuracy and variability. 54 subjects were categorized into groups based upon their experience with dart throwing: Advanced, Intermediate, or Beginners. Each subject performed two sessions of 15 trials. Subjects were instructed to “throw normally” for one session and “throw as hard as you can” for the other session. Distances from the target (triple-20 area) on the regulation dart board were measured and recorded after each of three darts was thrown. Average Error and Variable Error were calculated for each condition for each subject. The Average Error and Variable Error were greatest for the Beginner group and least for the Advanced group. For all three experience categories both Average Error and Variable Error were significantly greater when subjects performed with maximal force. The greater average error for the maximal force for all subjects suggested the speed-accuracy tradeoff applied to this aiming task. The greater variability in accuracy with maximal force suggested a ceiling effect, which reduced variability in previous studies, was not achieved.

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Hussein, Affan O. "Effect of Straw Throwing Method and Some Operational Parameters on the Performance of a Small Rectangular Baler." Polytechnic Journal 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n2y2020.pp21-26.

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The experiment was carried out on a private farm in Karak village in 2017 to study the effects of the method of throwing the straw behind the combine harvester and some operational factors on the performance of a small rectangular baler. The field was planted with wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). A small rectangular baler type (Ćicoria 454), Italian made was used to pick up and bale the straws, which were thrown as heaps and windrows in the field. The results obtained showed that picking up the straw as windrows improved the baler’s performance over the heaps in terms of number of mechanical units stops, time require for baling, fuel consumption, baler’s throughput capacity, and baler’s throughput efficiency, on the other hand, the forward speed also affected the baler’s performance when the straw was thrown as windrows; By increasing the forward speed, the slippage percentage increased but the fuel consumption, baler’s throughput efficiency, and baler’s throughput capacity decreased.

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Gao, Dengliang, Thomas Donahoe, Taizhong Duan, and Peter Sullivan. "Acadian hinterland-vergent detachment structures in the southwestern Appalachian Plateau: Implications for the Marcellus Shale gas exploration and production." Interpretation 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): SN85—SN99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0036.1.

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Three-dimensional seismic data in southwestern Pennsylvania in the Appalachian Plateau demonstrate that the structural style in the Devonian section is dominated by east-vergent folds and reverse faults, which contrasts with that in the Valley and Ridge Province where west-vergent folds and thrusts dominate. Vertical (cross-stratal) variations in fold curvature and fault throw indicate that the intensity of shortening increases from the Salina (Upper Silurian) to the Onondaga (Middle Devonian) and then decreases from the Onondaga to the Elk (Upper Devonian). Lateral (along-stratal) variations in fold curvature and fault throw indicate that the folds and faults tend to propagate in the cross-strike and along-strike directions. Isochron thickness below the Onondaga increases on the anticlinal, up-thrown side of the faults, whereas isochron thickness above the Onondaga increases to the synclinal, down-thrown side of the faults. In concert with seismic structure and isochron thickness, seismic facies see vertical and lateral variations that are spatially and temporally related to folds and faults. Four years of gas production data from the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale show that the gas productivity drops near the regional reverse faults, whereas regional drilling patterns from a broader perspective of the Plateau reveal operational gaps near major cross-regional wrench faults. These observations are indicative of the dynamic interplay among hinterland-vergent detachment deformation, syntectonic sedimentation, and shale gas preservation during the Acadian (Middle Devonian–Early Mississippian).

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Sylvester, Julie. "Thrown into the new melting pot." Primary Health Care 1, no. 10 (November 1991): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.1.10.3.s1.

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Szuromi, P. D. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Thrown for a Dislocation." Science 290, no. 5497 (December 1, 2000): 1655c—1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1655c.

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REHM, SUSAN J., and THOMAS M. FILE. "The pneumococcal gauntlet has been thrown." Family Practice News 43, no. 2 (February 2013): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(13)70053-7.

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43

Goodman, Frank O. "Mud thrown from a wheel again." American Journal of Physics 63, no. 1 (January 1995): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17774.

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44

Jabaly, P. "Cool water thrown on repackaging retailer." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5, no. 1 (December 3, 2009): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp196.

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Spurgeon, D. "Treatment for osteoarthritis thrown into question." BMJ 325, no. 7357 (July 27, 2002): 182b—182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7357.182/b.

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Richards, T. "Challenge is thrown to Europe's GPs." BMJ 311, no. 7012 (October 21, 1995): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7012.1043.

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47

Budiansky, Stephen. "US creationism: Louisiana law thrown out." Nature 313, no. 6000 (January 1985): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313257a0.

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Adams, Anthony J. "Myopia: the Gauntlet is Thrown Down." Optometry and Vision Science 86, no. 2 (February 2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e318199748a.

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Dickson, Neil T. R. "A STONE THROWN IN THE WATER." Baptist Quarterly 45, no. 3 (July 2013): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bqu.2013.45.3.003.

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Fraser, Peter. "Transcriptional control thrown for a loop." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 16, no. 5 (October 2006): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2006.08.002.

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