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Sturms, Jason M. "Surficial mapping and kinematic modeling of the St. Clair thrust fault, Monroe County, West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5597.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 84 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78).
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McClay, K. R. "Structural geology and tectonics /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SD/09sdm126.pdf.
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Roberts, Gerald Patrick. "Deformation and diagenetic histories around foreland thrust faults." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6258/.
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This thesis is concerned with the relationship between deformation and fluid flow along thrust zones. The study was carried out in the Vercors, French Sub-Alpine Chains foreland thrust belt. Study of the thermal alteration of organic matter within the area suggests that prior to west-north-west directed thrusting within the Vercors basin in post middle Miocene times, the rocks now exposed at the surface had not been buried beneath a large thickness of foredeep sediments and remained within the diagenetic realm. Deeper buried levels within the stratigraphy passed into the hydrocarbon generation window prior to thrusting within the Vercors basin. The rocks presently exposed at the surface also remained in the diagenetic realm during and after the thrusting which suggests that thrust sheet loading did not significantly contribute to thermal alteration of organic matter. The structures of the thrust belt may have been possible structural traps for any hydrocarbons which underwent re-migration during the thrusting. The structures have been exhumed by erosion during isostatic uplift. The Rencurel Thrust and overlying Rencurel Thrust Sheet were selected for special study as they are of regional structural importance. The thrust emplaces Urgonian limestones onto Miocene molasse sediments at present erosion levels. The thrust sheet is internally deformed by thrusts and folds. Structural data indicate that the deformation within the thrust sheet and within the Rencurel Thrust Zone occurred during one kinematically linked phase of thrusting. The Rencurel Thrust Zone itself is around 100 metres thick. The higher part of the thrust zone is composed of an array of minor faults developed within the Urgonian. These fault zones are generally less than 10cm wide and are coated in fault gouge. This array of faults is underlain by a gouge zone along the thrust contact between the Urgonian and the Miocene which is several metres thick. The gouge zones were all formed during the action of diffusive mass transfer (DMT) and cataclasis as deformation mechanisms. The wall-rocks to the gouge zones are relatively undeformed by the action of cataclasis. Cataclasis is dilatant and produces fracture porosity which increases the permeability of the fault zones whilst DMT reduces the porosity and permeability of the fault zones due to cement precipitation and pressure dissolution. Cross- cutting relationships between the microstructures indicating the action of cataclasis and DMT, suggest that the porosity and permeability of the fault rocks changed in a complex manner during the incremental deformation. This has important implications for assessing syn-kinematic fluid migration through fault zones. The fault rocks exposed at the surface today are relatively impermeable compared to undeformed wall-rocks away from the fault zone which have permeabilities comparable to those found within hydrocarbon reservoirs. The thrust zone may have been a seal in the sub-surface after the cessation of thrusting but prior to uplift and erosion. Early distributed deformation produced an array of minor faults within the Urgonian. Cataclasis had ceased along these faults before later deformation became localised along the gouge zone which exists along the thrust contact between the Urgonian and the Miocene rocks. Early deformation was accompanied by the migration through fracture porosity of pore waters which were saturated with respect to calcite and had interacted with organic matter which was being thermally altered. This fluid flow system was not connected to fluid flow higher in the stratigraphy which resulted in the precipitation of ferroan calcite within fracture porosity in the Senonian limestones. Late deformation within the thrust zone was accompanied by the migration of hydrocarbons and pore waters saturated with respect to calcite and pyrite. All the pore waters involved in migration through the active thrust zone seem to have migrated up-dip. They migrated from levels in the stratigraphy where organic metamorphism and the maturation of hydrocarbons were occurring to levels in the deformed section which have always remained within the diagenetic realm. Ferroan calcite, pyrite and traces of hydrocarbons have not been found outside the gouge zone along the thrust contact between the Urgonian and Miocene. The fracturing which occurred to open this migration pathway did not re- fracture the inactive minor faults which were impermeable at this time. Fluid migration at this time was confined to beneath the zone of impermeable minor faults in the Urgonian and did not contribute to the diagenesis of the rocks above the thrust zone. Hydrocarbons could not have entered the hanging-wall anticline above the thrust zone from this migration pathway. The fracturing at this time did not produce connected fracture networks pervasively throughout the thrust zone which suggests that the deformation may not have released large amounts of energy in the form of seismic waves.
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Wigginton, Sarah S. "The Influence of Mechanical Stratigraphy on Thrust-Ramp Nucleation and Propagation of Thrust Faults." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7344.
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Our current understanding of thrust fault kinematics predicts that thrust faults nucleate on low angle, weak surfaces before they propagate upward and forms a higher angle ramp. While this classic kinematic and geometric model serves well in some settings, it does not fully consider the observations of footwall deformation beneath some thrust faults. We examine an alternative end-member model of thrust fault formation called “ramp-first” fault formation. This model hypothesizes that in mechanically layered rocks, thrust ramps nucleate in the structurally strong units, and that faults can propagate both upward and downward into weaker units forming folds at both fault tips. To explore this model, we integrate traditional structural geology field methods, two dimensional cross section reconstructions, and finite element modeling. Field data and retro-deformable cross sections suggest that thrust faults at the Ketobe Knob, in Utah nucleated in strong layers and propagated upward and downward creating folds in weak layers. These findings support the hypothesis that thrust faults and associated folds at the Ketobe Knob developed in accordance with the ramp-first kinematic model.We can apply this understanding of the mechanics behind thrust fault nucleation and propagation in mechanically layered stratigraphy to a wide range of geological disciplines like structural geology and tectonics, seismology, and petroleum geology. By incorporating our knowledge of lithology into fault models, geologists are more likely to correctly interpret structures with limited data sets.
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Patthoff, D. Alex. "Structure and crustal balance of the Herald Arch and Hope Basin in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5888.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 106 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-103).
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Tully, Justin Edward. "Structural interpretation of the Elk Range thrust system, Western Colorado, USA." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/tully/TullyJ0509.pdf.
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The Elk Mountains of western Colorado expose Pennsylvanian-Permian strata that were deposited along the western margin of the Ancestral Central Colorado Trough. These rocks were displaced southwestward in Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene time along the northeast-dipping Elk Range thrust system. The thrust system trends southeast from Redstone, CO to the Fossil Ridge wilderness and includes the en echelon Elk Range and Brush Creek thrust faults. This thrust system represents the deeply eroded up-plunge core of a major Laramide basement-cored fold in western Colorado, the Grand Hogback monocline. The emergence of the thrust system from the fold's core is well documented at all scales of geologic mapping over the northwest end of the system. This surface relationship is undemonstrated in previous structural interpretations, which invoke a mechanism of gravity sliding within the sedimentary package, induced by vertical basement uplift. To the southeast a critical portion of the system had remained unmapped in any contiguous detail. This critical area exposes the basement roots of the thrust system, as it merges with the reverse-faulted southwestern margin of the Laramide Sawatch Range basement arch. This thesis presents a new structural architecture for the Elk Range thrust system through: 1) new 1:24,000 scale mapping of the emergent root zone, 2) regional balanced cross-section analysis 3) demonstration of a genetic relationship with the Grand Hogback monocline, and 4) consideration of contemporary basement-involved foreland contraction models. The fault system is a basement-rooted, right-stepping, en echelon thrust front. The Elk Range thrust sheet is truncated by high-angle reverse faults to the east and the Brush Creek thrust becomes steeper and merges with reverse faults to the southeast. The western Sawatch front shows evidence for late-stage, north-south directed contraction. Thus, the Elk Range thrust system represents an inverted segment of the western Ancestral Colorado Trough. Structurally, it represents a transitional deformation regime between fold-shortening (Grand Hogback monocline) and high-angle reverse-faulting (Sawatch arch). Together, this tectonic continuum marks Colorado's westernmost Laramide deformation front against the Colorado Plateau. Younger deformation is observed and discussed with respect to the region's dynamic transition from Laramide contraction to Rio Grande rifting.
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Watkins, Hannah E. "Characterising and predicting fracture patterns in a sandstone fold-and-thrust belt." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227123.
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Fracture distribution in a fold and thrust belt is commonly thought to vary depending on structural position, strain, lithology and mechanical stratigraphy. The distribution, geometry, orientation, intensity, connectivity and fill of fractures in a reservoir are all important influences on fractured reservoir quality. The presence of fractures is particularly beneficial in reservoirs that contain little matrix porosity or permeability, for example tight sandstones. In these examples fractures provide essential secondary porosity and permeability that enhance reservoir production. To predict how reservoir quality may fluctuate spatially, it is important to understand how fracture attributes may vary, and what controls them. This research aims to investigate the influence of structural position on fracture attribute variations. Detailed fracture data collection is undertaken on folded sandstone outcrops. 2D forward modelling and 3D model restorations are used to predict strain distribution in the fold-and-thrust belt. Relationships between fracture attributes and predicted strain are determined. Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modelling is then undertaken to predict fracture attribute variations. DFN modelling results are compared with field fracture data to determine how well fractured reservoir quality can be predicted. Field data suggests strain is a major controlling factor on fracture formation. Fractures become more organised and predictable as strain increases. For example in high strain forelimb regions, fracture intensity and connectivity are high, and fracture orientations are consistent. In lower strain regions, fracture attributes are much more variable and unpredictable. Fracture variations often do not correspond to strain fluctuations, and correlations can be seen between fracture intensity and lithology. Reservoir quality is likely to be much more variable in low strain regions than high strain regions. DFN modelling is also challenging because fracture attribute variations in low strain regions do not correspond to strain, and therefore cannot be predicted.
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Lock, Jane. "Interpreting how low-temperature thermochronometric data in fold-and-thrust belts : an example from the Western Foothills, Taiwan /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6698.
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Hoehn, Jack R. "Low-Temperature Deformation of Mixed Siliciclastic & Carbonate Fault Rocks of the Copper Creek, Hunter Valley, and McConnell Thrusts." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1400002733.
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Camanni, Giovanni. "The structure of the south‐central Taiwan thrust belt." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284852.
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The Taiwan thrust belt is generally thought to develop above a shallow, through-going basal detachment confined to within the sedimentary cover of the Eurasian continental margin. A number of data sets, however, such as surface geology, earthquake hypocentre, and seismic tomography data among others, suggest that crustal levels below the interpreted location of the detachment are also currently being involved in the deformation. In this thesis, new surface geology data were combined with several available geophysical data sets to find a model for the structure of the south-central part of the thrust belt that takes into account deformation taking place at depth. Results of this thesis indicate that beneath the internal Hsuehshan and Central ranges the structural development of the south-central Taiwan thrust belt is controlled by steeply dipping and deep-penetrating faults that are currently inverting pre-existing basement faults inherited from the Eurasian continental margin. Basement rocks are uplifted along these faults to form a basement culmination in the interior of the thrust belt. Beneath the more external Coastal Plain and Western Foothills, however, most of the deformation appears to be taking place near the basement-cover interface, which is acting as an extensive level of detachment and still preserves the extensional geometry inherited from the Eurasian margin.La estructura de la cordillera de Taiwán se considera constituida por un sistema de cabalgamientos y pliegues desarrollados sobre un despegue basal con suave inclinación, situado en la cobertera sedimentara de la margen continental Euroasiática. Una cantidad creciente de datos de sismicidad y de geología de superficie, sin embargo, indican la existencia de actividad generalizada de fracturas en la corteza media e inferior y sugieren que los niveles de la corteza por debajo de la ubicación del despegue basal también están actualmente involucrados en la deformación. En esta tesis, nuevos datos de geología de superficie se combinaron con varios conjuntos de datos geofísicos disponibles para encontrar un modelo para la estructura de la parte sur-central de la cordillera de Taiwán. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que debajo de la parte interna de la área de estudio el desarrollo estructural de la cordillera de Taiwán esta controlado por fallas mayores con alta inclinación, que penetran hasta partes profundas de la corteza, y que están reactivando fallas preexistentes heredadas de la margen continental Euroasiática. Rocas de basamento están elevadas a lo largo de estas fallas y forman una culminación por debajo de las partes internas de la cordillera. Por debajo de el Coastal Plain y de las Western Foothills en la parte externa de la área de estudio, sin embargo, la mayor parte de la deformación parece estar teniendo lugar cerca de la interfaz basamento-cobertera, que está actuando como un amplio nivel de despegue basal y aún conserva la geometría extensional heredada de la margen continental Euroasiática.
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Ward, Emily M. Geraghty. "Development of the Rocky Mountain foreland basin combined structural, mineralogical, and geochemical analysis of basin evolution, Rocky Mountain thrust front, northwest Montana /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09262007-094800/.
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Goddard, James V. "Internal Deformation, Evolution, and Fluid Flow in Basement-Involved Thrust Faults, Northwestern Wyoming." DigitalCommons@USU, 1993. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6697.
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An integrated field , microstructure, fracture statistic , geochemistry , and laboratory permeability study of the East Fork and White Rock fault zones , of similar age and tectonic regime but different structural level and hydrogeologic history , provides detailed information about the internal deformation and fluid flow processes in fault zones . The primary conclusions of this research are: 1) Fault zones can be separated into subzones of protolith, damaged zone , and gouge /cataclasite , based on physical morphology and permeability structure . At deep structural levels, gouge/cataclasite zones are more evolved (thicker with increased grain size reduction) due to strain localization , higher pressure and temperature, and fluid/rock interaction ; 2) Deformation mechanisms evolved from primarily brittle fracturing and faulting in the damaged zone to extreme, fluid-enhanced chemical breakdown and cataclasis which localized strain in the fault core. Deformation in the deep-level-fault core may be a combination of frictional and quasiplastic mechanisms, and is largely controlled by extremely fine-grained clays, zeolites , and other phyllosilicates that may have acted as a thermally pressurized, fluid-saturated lubricant; 3) Permeability in fault zones was temporally heterogeneous and anisotropic (permeability of damaged zone>protolith>gouge /cataclasite, permeability along fault> permeability across fault); 4) Volume loss was concentrated in the fault cores and was negligible at intermediate structural
levels and high at deep structural levels in the semi-brittle to brittle regime ; 5) Fluid flow and solute transport were concentrated upwards and subparallel to the fault in the damaged zone ; 6) Faults at both the local and regional scale acted as fluid flow conduit/barrier systems depending upon the evolutionary stage and interval in the seismic cycle ; 7) Fluid/rock volume ratios , fluid flux , and fluid/rock volume ratios over time ranged from ⋍ 103 to 104, 10-6 ms-1 to 10-9 ms-1, and 0.05 L/m3 rock•yr to 0.50 L/m3 rock•yr, respectively, suggesting that enormous quantities of fluids passed through the fault zones; 8) Box counting fractal analyses of fault zone fractures showed that fracture spatial and density distribution is scale-invariant at the separate scales of outcrop , hand-sample , and thin section, but self-affine from outcrop to thin-section scale; 9) Linear fractal analysis depicts clustering and density distribution as a function of orientation, and may be a quick, robust method of estimating two-dimensional fracture permeability; and 10) Fractal analysis of fractures is not a comprehensive statistical method, but can be used as another supplemental statistical parameter.
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Forest, Richard C. "Structures and metamorphism of Ptarmigan Creek area, Selwyn Range, B.C." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63337.
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Hansen, Ashley D. "Reservoir characterization and outcrop analogs to the Navajo sandstone in the Central Utah thrust belt exploration play /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1919.pdf.
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May, Bryce Derrick. "Comparative geomorphology of two active tectonic structures, near Oxford, North Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1521.
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The North Canterbury tectonic setting involves the southward propagating margin of easterly strike-slip activity intersecting earlier thrust activity propagating east from the Alpine Fault. The resulting tectonics contain a variety of structures caused by the way these patterns overlap, creating complexities on the regional and individual feature scale. An unpublished map by Jongens et al. (1999) shows the Ashley-Loburn Fault System crossing the plains from the east connected with the Springfield Thrust Fault in the western margins, possibly the southern limit of the east-west trending strikeslip activity. Of note are two hill structures inferred to be affected by this fault system. View Hill to the west, is on the south side of this fault junction, and Starvation Hill further east, was shown lying on the north side of a left stepover restraining bend. During thrust uplift and simple tilting of the View Hill structure, at least two uplift events post date last Pleistocene aggradation accounting for variations in scarp morphology. Broad constraints on fault dip and the age of the displacement surface suggest that slip-rates are in the order of 0.5 mm/year. East from View Hill, the strike-slip fault was originally thought to curve northeast, around the southeast of Starvation Hill. But there is neither evidence of a scarp, nor other clear evidence of surface faulting at Starvation Hill, which poses the question of the extent to which folding may reflect both fault geometry and fault activity. Starvation Hill is a triangular shape, with a series of distinctive smooth, semi-planar surfaces, lapping across both sides of the hill at a range of elevations and gradients. These surfaces are thought to be remnants of old river channels, and are indicative of tilting and upwarping of the hill structure. 3D computer modelling of these surfaces, combined with studies of the cover sequence on the hill, resulted in inferences being drawn as to the location of hinge lines of a dual-hinged anticline and an overview of the tectonic history of the hill. This illustrates the potential to apply topographical and geomorphic studies to the evolution of geometrically complex structures Starvation Hill is interpreted to be the result of two fault-generated folds, one fault trending north, the other, more recent fault, trending east. These two faults are thought to be sequentially developed segments of the original fault zone inferred by Jongens et al. (1999) but with reinterpreted location and mechanism detail. The presence of two faults has resulted in overprinted differential uplift of the structure, which has been significantly degraded, especially in the southwest corner of the hill. The majority of the formation of the northerly trending structure of Starvation Hill is inferred to be pre-Otiran, with uplift of the later east trending structure continuing into the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
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Krauss, Jason B. "High-pressure (HP), granulite-facies thrusting in a thick-skinned thrust system in the eastern Grenville Province, central Labrador /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2002. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,42716.
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Kendrick, Richard D. "Magnitude of Displacement and Styles of Deformation on the Paris and Laketown Thrust Faults, Northern Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1994. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6783.
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Surface geology is combined with abundant industry seismic-reflection and drill-hole data in the central Bear River Range and Bear Lake Plateau to depict the forms and interactions of the Paris-Woodruff-Willard, Laketown-Meade-Home Canyon, and Crawford thrust faults. Displacement on the Paris thrust diminished to the south, and died out in splays where displacement was transferred to the Willard thrust. West of Woodruff, Utah, splays of the Laketown thrust deformed a complex footwall imbricate of the Willard thrust. To the east, a major northeast-striking Crawford thrust splay exhibits a change in slip vectors from east to southeast. Reorientation of these slip vectors is recorded by an imbricate stack of thrusts in the Willard thrust footwall to the west. The sharp bend in the surface trace of the Crawford normal fault southeast of Randolph, Utah, reflects the separation of the south-southeast-trending surface traces of the Crawford thrust and this northeast-trending splay.
Cross sections indicate that the Sheep Creek thrust, a major splay off the basal decollement at the base of the Crawford thrust sheet, accommodated displacement during the transition from thrusting on the western thrust system (Paris-Woodruff-Willard, and Laketown-Meade-Home Canyon) to the structurally lower eastern thrust system (Crawford, Absaroka, and younger thrusts). The Sheep Creek thrust trends northeast and folded the Laketown thrust in the central Bear River Range. Shortening in the northeast part of the study area was accommodated by the Home Canyon thrust along a detachment in the Jurassic Twin Creek Limestone. Several splays from this thrust extensively folded the footwall of the Meade thrust and rocks of the Bear Lake Plateau, and thereby formed a series of hanging-wall anticlines that have been extensively drilled for hydrocarbons.
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Gong, Zhijun, and 龚志军. "Application of optical dating to late quaternary uplift and thrust activity in the northern piedmont of Tian Shan, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193394.
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Tian Shan is one of the most important orogenic belts in central Asia. It has been reactivated as a result of the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision. Dating of the late Cenozoic tectonic deformation of Tian Shan and its piedmonts is important for understanding the mountain building as well as evaluating seismic hazards in the region. This study is focused on the applications of optical dating to the late Quaternary uplift and thrust activity along Manas River, in the northern piedmont of the Tian Shan, China.
The sediments on river terraces were dated with optical dating. The elevations were measured with the kinematic global position system (GPS). The results suggest that two phases can be identified according to the significantly different river incision rates. One phase was from ~20 ka to ~4.8 ka, with a much slower incision rate of ~ 2.2 ± 0.6 mm/yr. The other phase was from ~4.8 ka to present, with a faster incision rate of ~ 13.5 ± 0.6 mm/yr. The accelerated incision rate of Manas River was mainly attributed to the tectonic forces, suggesting that the tectonic uplift was significantly intensified since ~4.8 ka in the northern piedmont of Tian Shan.
The study region has suffered from multiple thrust activities during the late Quaternary, which led to the intensive deformations of the river terraces. By studying the deformed terraces, I evaluated the timing of the past thrust activities as well as the vertical slip rate of the thrust faults. The results demonstrated that the thrust activity intensified during the late Holocene, as manifested by the more frequent thrust activities and higher vertical slip rates.
Both quartz and potassium feldspar can be as dosimeters for optical dating of sediments. However, quartz OSL is sometimes seriously impeded with problems such as very dim signals and insufficient bleaching problems. K-feldspar has attractive advantages over quartz, despite of problem of anomalous fading. K-feldspar was explored in this study, by investigating the relationship between the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and blue light stimulated luminescence (BLSL) signals. For IRSL and BLSL at 60 °C, it was suggested that most of the IRSL could be bleached by blue light (BL), while the BLSL could only be partially bleached by infrared (IR) stimulation. Besides, the fast and medium components of BLSL were mainly associated with the IRSL. If IR stimulation temperature was raised from 60 to 200 °C, at least two portions of the IRSL signals at 200 °C were observed. One portion could be bleached by BL at 60 °C and the other portion was hardly bleached by BL at 60 °C. Dating of K-feldspar from the various signals provided cross-checking for the reliability of quartz OSL for dating sedimentary samples.published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Asim, Muhammad. "HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW IN A PART OF THE HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1132262925.
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Guerrero, Francisco Jesus. "Death Valley reconstruction new piercingpoints in the Panamint Mountains and Resting Springs Range /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Greenhalgh, Scott Royal. "Along Strike Variability of Thrust-Fault Vergence." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4095.
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The kinematic evolution and along-strike variation in contractional deformation in overthrust belts are poorly understood, especially in three dimensions. The Sevier-age Cordilleran overthrust belt of southwestern Wyoming, with its abundance of subsurface data, provides an ideal laboratory to study how this deformation varies along the strike of the belt. We have performed a detailed structural interpretation of dual vergent thrusts based on a 3D seismic survey along the Wyoming salient of the Cordilleran overthrust belt (Big Piney-LaBarge field). The complex evolution of the thrust faults that parallel the overthrust belt is demonstrated by the switching of the direction of thrust fault vergence nearly 180° from east to west. The variation in thrust-fault geometry suggests additional complexities in bulk translation, internal strains, and rotations. The thrust zone is composed of two sub-zones, each with an opposing direction of fault vergence, located on the eastern toe of the Hogsback thrust in southwestern Wyoming. The northern west-vergent thrust is a wedge thrust and forms a triangle zone between its upper thrust plane and the lower detachment that has formed in a weak shale layer (the Cretaceous K-Marker bed). Thrusts to the south have a frontal ramp geometry and are consistent with the overall thrust orientation of the Cordilleran overthrust belt located immediately to the west. The two thrust sub-zones are small, relative to the main Hogsback thrust to the west, and adjacent to each other, being separated by a transfer zone measuring in the hundreds of meters along strike. The transfer zone is relatively undisturbed by the faults (at the scale of seismic resolution), but reflections are less coherent with some very small offsets. The thrusts are thin-skinned and located above a shallow-dipping single detachment (or décollement) that is shared by faults in both sub-zones. Lateral growth of the thrust faults link along strike to form an antithetic fault linkage. Structural restoration of thrust faults shows varied amounts of shortening along strike as well as greater shortening in stratigraphic layers of the west-vergent fault to the north. Results from a waveform classification and spectral decomposition attribute analysis support our interpretations of how the variations in the detachment may govern the structural development above it. The kinematic evolution of the dual-verging thrust faults is likely controlled by local pinning within the transfer zone between the thrust-fault sub-zones as well as by changes in the competence of the strata hosting the detachment and in the thickness of the thrust sheet. The analysis and interpretation of dual-vergent thrust structures in the Cordilleran overthrust belt serve as an analog to better understand complex fold, fault, and detachment relations in other thrust belts.
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Merson, Matthew. "The Progressive Evolution of the Champlain Thrust Fault Zone: Insights from a Structural Analysis of its Architecture." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/896.
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Near Burlington, Vermont, the Champlain Thrust fault placed massive Cambrian dolostones over calcareous shales of Ordovician age during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. Although the Champlain Thrust has been studied previously throughout the Champlain Valley, the architecture and structural evolution of its fault zone have never been systematically defined. To document these fault zone characteristics, a detailed structural analysis of multiple outcrops was completed along a 51 km transect between South Hero and Ferrisburgh, Vermont.
The Champlain Thrust fault zone is predominately within the footwall and preserves at least four distinct events that are heterogeneous is both style and slip direction. The oldest stage of structures—stage 1—are bedding parallel thrust faults that record a slip direction of top-to-the-W and generated localized fault propagation folds of bedding and discontinuous cleavages. This stage defines the protolith zone and has a maximum upper boundary of 205 meters below the Champlain Thrust fault surface. Stage 2 structures define the damage zone and form two sets of subsidiary faults form thrust duplexes that truncate older recumbent folds of bedding planes and early bedding-parallel thrusts. Slickenlines along stage 2 faults record a change in slip direction from top-to-the-W to top-to-the-NW. The damage zone is ~197 meters thick with its upper boundary marking the lower boundary of the fault core. The core, which is ~8 meters thick, is marked by the appearance of mylonite, phyllitic shales, fault gouge, fault breccia, and cataclastic lined faults. In addition, stage 3 sheath folds of bedding and cleavage are preserved as well as tight folds of stage 2 faults. Stage 3 faults include thrusts that record slip as top-to-the-NW and -SW and coeval normal faults that record slip as top-to-the-N and -S. The Champlain Thrust surface is the youngest event as it cuts all previous structures, and records fault reactivation with any top-to-the-W slip direction and a later top-to-the-S slip. Axes of mullions on this surface trend to the SE and do not parallel slickenlines.
The Champlain Thrust fault zone evolved asymmetrically across its principal slip surface through the process of strain localization and fault reactivation. Strain localization is characterized by the changes in relative age, motion direction along faults, and style of structures preserved within the fault zone. Reactivation of the Champlain Thrust surface and the corresponding change in slip direction was due to the influence of pre-existing structures at depth. This study defines the architecture of the Champlain Thrust fault zone and documents the importance of comparing the structural architecture of the fault zone core, damage zone, and protolith to determine the comprehensive fault zone evolution.
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Dauch, Christian. "Decrochements et chevauchements dans une zone de plate-forme : l'exemple du massif de la gresigne (aquitaine nord-orientale)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30081.
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Presentation d'un modele de zone de decrochements et de chevauchements dans l'avant-pays nord de la chaine des pyrenees, massif de gresigne. Les macrostructures definissent le cadre tectonique general, les microstructures indiquent l'existence de deux directions principales de racourcissement qui se superposent. La structure du massif de la gresigne est une structure ecaillee de type duplex. Le mecanisme de deformation resulte de l'effet de coin forme par les decrochements limites convergents
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Neves, Douglas Scott. "Footwall Deformation and Structural Analysis of the Footwall of the Willard Thrust Fault, Northern Wasatch Range, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5784.
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Deformation mechanisms in the footwall of the Willard thrust fault, northern Wasatch Range, Utah, change from dominantly plastic to dominantly cataclastic (both microscopically and macroscopically) in the Ophir Formation and Maxfield Limestone before the thrust begins to ramp laterally upsection southward, just to the north of the North Ogden Canyon field area. This transition in compressional deformation style and mechanism is located within a lateral distance of 3.2-kilometers along the 22-kilometer long trace of the thrust fault.
Between Willard Canyon and North Ogden Canyon penetrative deformation is localized within 200 meters of the thrust surface and is characterized by transposed bedding, solution cleavage parallel to bedding, a northeast- to northwest-dipping foliation, and tight isoclinal folds with axes plunging generally northward. A fracture overprint in the footwall is present throughout the study area. The transition in deformation mechanism and style suggests that footwall deformation is dependent on the sensitive response of limestone and shale to increased pressure and temperature conditions and also the presence of a lateral ramp in the footwall of the Willard thrust. Data from a hangingwall sequence diagram and a stratigraphic displacement diagram suggest the Taylor and Ogden thrusts formed prior to the Willard thrust (the roof thrust) and their sequential geometrical evolution may have been influenced by preexisting rifts in the underlying crystalline basement rock.
It is proposed that early Cretaceous movement of the Willard thrust sheet over the structurally lower and older Taylor and Ogden thrust sheets resulted in the formation of a recumbent syncline overturned to the east, a southward rising lateral ramp in the footwall of the Willard thrust, a lateral change in footwall deformation, and the anomalous east-west trending canyons that cut through the Willard thrust complex.
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Schirmer, Tad William. "Sequential Thrusting Beneath the Willard Thrust Fault, Wasatch Mountains, Ogden, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4516.
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The downstructure of viewing geologic maps, balanced and cross sections, and hanging-wall-sequence diagrams are applied to produce the first comprehensive synthesis of the structure below the willard thrust sheet.
Development of the duplex beneath the Willard thrust may be explained with a "piggyback" thrust model where younger thrust slices form below and fold an older, overlying thrust sheet. Progressive failure of the footwall ramp of the Willard thrust sheet extended the sole thrust eastward and produced a duplex consisting of thrust slices (horses) which adhered to the overriding thrust sheet where it ramped from a lower sole thrust to an upper decollement horizon. The resulting structural culmination produced a distinct antiform in the Willard thrust sheet. The duplex is here named the Ogden duplex.
Frontal folds (formed at ramps perpendicular to transport) and lateral folds (formed at ramps parallel to transport) mark the margin of Individual horses within the duplex. Folded thrusts, thrust-splay relationships, and lateral overlap of horses help determine the sequence of thrusting.
The involvement of cratonic foreland basement rocks (Farmington Canyon Complex) in thrust slices within the Ogden duplex is similar to the Moine thrust belt in northern Scotland and pinpoints this area within zone III of Boyer and Elliott's (1982) model of a thrust system dominated by a major thrust sheet.
The basement rocks form the core of several horses which moved a minimum of 9.6 km. Total shortening within the Ogden duplex is estimated at 8 to 12 km.
The sequence of thrusting is proposed from higher to lower: the willard thrust fault moved first, then the Ogden thrust fault and, finally, the Taylor and Weber thrust system (here named). Striking similarities between the Ogden thrust fault, the Weber-Taylor thrust system, and the Durst thrust fault geometries suggest that they are all part of the same system.
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Kienast, Val A. "Structural Geology of Eastern Part of Dairy Ridge Quadrangle and Western Part of Meachum Ridge Quadrangle, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6680.
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A detailed geologic investigation was made of the eastern part of the Dairy Ridge Quadrangle and the western part of the Meachum Ridge Quadrangle, Utah. The area is located in north-central Utah in Rich County. It lies between lat. 41°22'30" N. and lat. 41° 28'50" N. and between long. 111° 21'40" W. and long. 111°25'15" W. The area measures 13.8 km in the north-south direction and 5.5 km in the east-west direction. It is on the eastern side of the Wasatch Range about 20 km west-southwest of Randolph, Utah.
Stratigraphic units of Precambrian to Cambrian age crop out in the western part of the area, above the Woodruff thrust fault, and dip west. These include the Precambrian Mutual Formation and the Cambrian Geertsen Canyon Quartzite. Units of Pennsylvanian to Jurassic age crop out in the eastern part of the area below the Woodruff thrust fault. They dip west and are overturned to the east. These units include the following: Pennsylvanian Weber Formation, Permian Grandeur Member of the Park City Formation, Permian Phosphoria Formation, Triassic Thaynes Limestone, Triassic Ankareh Formation, Jurassic Nugget Sandstone, and Jurassic Twin Creek Limestone. The Tertiary Wasatch Formation unconformably overlies all older units in places.
The Woodruff thrust fault is the major structural feature of the area. Quartzite of the Precambrian Mutual Formation is thrust eastward over the Pennsylvanian Weber Formation as well as over formations of Permian and Triassic ages. The Woodruff thrust fault strikes about N. 20° E. and dips 18° W. to 33° W. Stratigraphic throw is at least 5,800 m. Probable horizontal displacement is tens of kilometers. The stratigraphic units, under the thrust fault, dip west and are overturned to the east. They form the western limb of a large asymmetrical syncline. The overturned units are cut by a west-dipping high-angle thrust fault. The syncline and the thrust faults were produced by the Sevier orogeny which began in latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous time. Deformation may have continued into Paleocene time.
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Miyagi, Lowell. "Microstructures and Deformation in Some Fault Rocks From The McConnell Thrust at Mount Yamnuska (Alberta) : Implications for Fluid Flow and Faulting and Cycles of Strain-Hardening and Softening." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1411739220.
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Isaacs, Angela J. "Characterizing Deformation, Damage Parameters, and Clay Composition in Fault Zones: Insights from the Chelungpu Thrust, Taiwan, and Mozumi Right Lateral Fault, Japan." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6059.
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The Chelungpu thrust fault, Taiwan, and the Mozumi right-lateral fault, Japan, provide an opportunity to characterize active faults in clastic sedimentary rocks and provide constraints to seismologic models. The northern Chelungpu fault has a 10-30 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures and chemical alteration. The southern Chelungpu fault has a 25-70 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures, alteration, intensely sheared rock, and secondary faults. The complexity of the damage zone, geochemistry, and clay mineralogy of the southern fault zone reflects its greater maturity (~1 Ma) relative to the northern fault zone (~46-100 Ka). A transition exists from smectite in exhumed fault core to illite-rich fault core at depth (200 - 1000 m) due to co-seismic fluid flow and radiated seismic energy. Clay composition plays a role in fault weakening.
Microstructures in deformed Mozumi siltstone indicate syn-tectonic fluid pressurization and flow, and shear concentrated in sericite-rich matrix. Kaolinite and illite clays dominate the host rock and fault breccia; illite, smectite, and kaolinite dominate clay-rich fault breccia. Whole-rock geochemistry shows a depletion of most oxides in fault rocks relative to unaltered host rock (up to ~90%). Resistivity values are depressed by 0-50 ohm-m, and νp and νs are decreased by ~0.30 km/s and ~0.40 km/s across the main fault relative to wall rock, and an average of ~0.70 km/s and ~1.0 km/s relative to host rock, respectively. Calculated values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of fault rocks range from 16.2 to 44.9 GPa and 0.263 to 0.393, respectively. The protolith has a calculated Young’s modulus of 55.4 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.242. Lowest values of Young’s modulus and highest values of Poisson’s ratio correspond to fault breccia with high fluid content, and are offset from the most altered and damaged fault rocks. Fluid-rich pockets, and thus alteration, apparently migrate through the fault zone and may facilitate creep on the Mozumi fault because these fluid rich rocks are unable to sustain the shear stresses needed for brittle failure. The Chelungpu and Mozumi faults illustrate the temporally dynamic and heterogeneous nature of active fault zones.
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Bemis, Sean Patrick 1979. "Moletrack scarps to mountains: Quaternary tectonics of the central Alaska Range." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10563.
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xvi, 121 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Also includes two large-scale maps in two separate pdf files. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Deformation across plate boundaries often occurs over broad zones with relative motions between plates typically accommodated by faults of different styles acting together in a complex system. Collision of the Yakutat microplate within the Alaskan portion of the Pacific-North America plate boundary drives deformation over 600 km away where the Denali fault divides predominantly rigid crustal block motions of southern Alaska from distributed deformation in central Alaska. Quaternary geologic mapping along the Nenana River valley and the Japan Hills of the northern foothills of the Alaska Range defines zones of Quaternary thrust faulting recorded in the progressive deformation of Pleistocene fluvial terraces. I use topographic profiles of these terraces and paleoseismic trenching of fault scarps to characterize the Quaternary activity and constrain the subsurface geometry of these faults. Radiocarbon and cosmogenic exposure dating methods provide age control on the stratigraphy in the trenches and landforms offset by these faults. These observations define a 1-1.5 mm/yr slip rate for the Gold King fault which changes laterally from a north-vergent thrust into a north and south vergent thrust wedge that uplifts the Japan Hills. Along the Nenana River valley, the progressive deformation of Pleistocene surfaces defines a north-vergent critically-tapered thrust wedge. The geometry of progressive uplift and folding requires a near planar, south-dipping basal thrust fault with two major north-dipping backthrusts. All three faults were active simultaneously on a scale of 10 4 yrs with slip rates of 0.25-1 mm/yr, until the late Pleistocene when we infer the retreat of glacial ice from the main axis of the Alaska Range caused a change in thrust wedge dynamics. I use the orientation of Quaternary deformation north of the Denali fault to show that strain is highly partitioned and establish geologic constraints on the regional horizontal stress orientation. North of the Denali fault, fault-normal principal shortening accommodates 3-5 mm/yr of strain transfer across the Denali fault system. Two appendices contain additional results of paleoseismic trenching and neotectonic investigations across 4 active faults near the Nenana River. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Ray Weldon, Chairperson, Geological Sciences; Joshua Roering, Member, Geological Sciences; David Schmidt, Member, Geological Sciences; Douglas Kennett, Outside Member, Anthropology
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Mobasher, Katayoun. "Kinematic and Tectonic Significance of the Fold- and Fault- Related Fracture Systems in the Zagros Mountains, Southern Iran." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04232007-151527/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Hassan Babaie, committee chair; Pamela Burnley, Timothy La Tour, Zhi Young Yin, committee members. Electronic text (143 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 11, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-143).
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Anderson, Alvin D. "Geology of the Phil Pico Mountain Quadrangle, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2384.pdf.
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D'ADDA, PAOLO. "Eo-alpine evolution of the central southern alps. Insights from structural analysis and new geochronological constraints." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19018.
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The timing of the Alpine deformation in the Central Southern Alps (CSA or Orobic Alps) has always been a debated topic, since the scarcity of reliable absolute age constraints has prevented an accurate chronological reconstruction of the evolution of this sector of the European Alps.
In this work, detailed structural analyses performed in different areas of the CSA allowed us to distinguish different compressive features within both the crystalline basement and the sedimentary cover. The integration of these field data with new isotopic data provides time constraints for the reconstruction of the evolution of the CSA during the Alpine orogeny.
In the northern sector of the belt a Variscan polymetamorphic basement is stacked southward on the Permian to Mesozoic cover along two main regional faults (Orobic and Porcile thrusts). Fault zones, slightly postdating a first folding event of Alpine age (D3), experienced a complex evolution through the ductile and brittle deformation regime, showing greenschists facies mylonites overprinted by a penetrative cataclastic deformation (D4). Generation of fault-related pseudotachylytes marks the onset of brittle conditions, lasting up to the youngest episodes of fault activity.
Thrusting along this structures also produced thrusting within the Permian-Triassic cover with the formation of different south-verging thrust stacks. This first thrusting event was followed by the activation of new deeper thrust surfaces leading to the emplacement of three regional anticlines (Orobic Anticlines) which tilted to the south the previously stacked units. During this long compressive stage (Orobic-Porcile thrusts and Orobic Anticlines) the sedimentary cover of the CSA was also involved in thrusting and different stacks of Mesozoic units were emplaced to the south. 40Ar/39Ar dating of the pseudotachylyte matrix of 9 samples from both the Orobic and Porcile thrusts give two separated age clusters: Late Cretaceous (80-68 Ma) and Early to Middle Eocene (55-43 Ma). These new data provide evidence that the pre-Adamello evolution of the CSA was characterized by the superposition of different tectonic events accompanying the exhumation of the deepest part of the belt through the brittle-ductile transition. The oldest pseudotachylyte ages demonstrate that south-verging regional thrusting in the CSA was already active during the Late Cretaceous, concurrently with both the HP metamorphism that affected the Austroalpine units of the eastern Alps, and the development of a syn-orogenic foredeep basin where the Upper Cretaceous Lombardian Flysch was deposited.
In the Early to Middle Eocene a minor reactivation of the Orobic and Porcile thrusts occurred, as testified by the youngest pseudotachylyte ages obtained by 40Ar/39Ar dating. This event was probably related with the closure of the Ligurian-Piedmont and the ongoing of the Europe-Adria collision.
South of the Orobic Anticlines system the Triassic sedimentary succession is stacked into several units bounded by south-verging low-angle thrust faults, which are related to different steps of crustal shortening. Different thrust stacks occur within the Triassic cover between the Como Lake to the west and the Adamello batholith to the east. They usually have an antiformal arrangement and are separated by each other by different N-S trending transverse zones, such as the poorly known Grem-Vedra Transverse Zone (GVTZ), formed during complex deformational phenomena in a transpressional regime coeval with thrust emplacement. The GVTZ formed during the southward imbrication of the older thrust sheets of the Menna-Arera group, strongly interacting with syn-thrust ductile structures, and was reactivated during the growth of the Orobic Anticlines belt. The GVTZ and other transverse zones of the CSA probably reflect the occurrence of pre-existing fault systems that characterize the Norian to Jurassic rifting history of the Lombardian basin, and were reactivated as strike-slip features during Alpine tectonics.
In the Gandino and Presolana areas thrust surfaces are cut by high-angle extensional and strike-slip faults, which controlled the emplacement of hypabissal magmatic intrusions that post-date thrusts motions. Intrusion ages based on SHRIMP U-Th-Pb zircon dating span between 42±1 and 39±1 Ma, suggesting close time relationships with the earliest Adamello intrusion stages and, more in general, with the widespread calc-alkaline magmatism described in the Southern Alps. Fission track ages of magmatic apatites are indistinguishable from U-Pb crystallization ages of zircons, suggesting that the intrusion occurred in country rocks already exhumed above the partial annealing zone of apatite (depth < 2-4 km).
These data indicate that the northern and central sectors of the CSA were already structured and largely exhumed in the Middle Eocene and no major internal deformations has occurred in these areas after the Bartonian. Neogene deformations were instead concentrated further south, along the frontal part of the belt (Milano Belt).
These new data provide a direct evidence that thrusting and nappe stacking were active during Late Cretaceous times not only in the Eastern Alps, but also in the CSA, significantly extending southward the sector of the Alpine belt affected by the Cretaceous orogenic event. In this view, the Late Cretaceous Southern Alps can be interpreted as the south-verging retrobelt of a pre-collisional orogenic wedge, which formed during the subduction of the Alpine Tethys beneath the attenuated northern Adria margin.
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Landes, Bruno. "Les unités briançonnaises de la bordure orientale du massif de la Vanoise méridionale (Savoie) : évolution sédimentaire et structurale." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10031.
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L'etude stratigraphique et structurale a permis de distinguer 5 unites superposees depuis le socle jusqu'a la nappe des schistes lustres et 3 phases de deformations synschisteuses suivies d'une phase de bombement et de fracturation du massif
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Menard, Gilles. "Structure et cinématique d'une chaîne de collision : les Alpes occidentales et centrales." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10018.
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La chaine alpine est un domaine a croute epaissie pour lequel le deplacement impose aux limites est absorbe alternativement par deux mecanismes de raccourcissement. Le premier correspond au glissement d'ecailles crustales sur des discontinuites, le second a une deformation interne des ecailles quand les glissements se bloquent. Ce modele s'applique egalement aux deformations actuelles et permet d'integrer aussi bien les donnees sur la sismicite (mecanismes au foyer) que sur les mouvements verticaux (surrection actuelle)
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Chalaron, Edouard. "Modélisation numérique et signature géologique des interactions entre tectonique, érosion et sédimentation dans l'avant-pays himalayen." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723716.
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Les structures chevauchantes frontales d'une chaîne de collision et son bassin d'avant-pays constituent une zone où le déplacement des écailles chevauchantes, l'érosion, la sédimentation et la subsidence du substratum se produisent simultanément. Ces différents phénomènes interfèrent et conduisent à une évolution en régime permanent constituée d'une suite d'exhumations et d'enfouissements des écailles des structures. Des modèles originaux développés en Pascal pour chacun des phénomènes sont couplés dans un algorithme général. En faisant varier la valeur des paramètres géométriques et / ou mécaniques, il est ainsi possible d'étudier et de quantifier l'influence de ces phénomènes sur le développement et l'histoire tectonique des fronts de chaîne de collision. De plus ces modèles fournissent un aperçu des faciès sédimentaires à partir des pentes à l'instant du dépôt des sédiments dans les bassins. En effet, lors d'études expérimentales des systèmes fluviatiles, des faciès corrélés avec des classes de pentes ont été mises en évidence par certains auteurs. Dans une deuxième partie le modèle développé est appliqué à la chaîne des Siwalik, piémont de la chaîne himalayenne. Les Siwalik se comportent comme un prisme tectonique décollé à la base lors d'un raccourcissement imposé à l'arrière et érodé en surface. Classiquement on distingue trois formations dans cette chaîne: les Siwalik Inférieur, Moyen et Supérieur. Les premiers dépôts sont datés autour de 18 Ma. Depuis, les conditions de dépôt sont toujours continentales. Au Népal occidental les sédiments des Siwalik sont affectés de plis, de chevauchements et de structures rétrochevauchantes pouvant être séparés par des bassins intramontagneux (duns) déplacés au toit des écailles chevauchantes. L'analyse de la réflectance de la vitrinite (VR0) montre qu'une érosion intense contemporaine de l'activité tectonique équilibre l'épaississement tectonique et empêche ainsi un enfouissement important des séries sédimentaires. Le Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), montre une composante normale des mouvements récents sur une grande partie de sa longueur. Des données microstructurales échantillonnées le long d'un tronçon du MBT sont utilisées pour calibrer les paramètres mécaniques de la chaîne en la considérant comme un prisme de Coulomb. Ces paramètres sont utilisés dans le modèle numérique décrit précédemment afin de caractériser les séquences d'activation des failles dans le système chevauchant des Siwalik ainsi que la sédimentation syn-tectonique associée. La comparaison entre la distribution de la déformation dans l'avant-pays himalayen et dans le modèle numérique montre que le prisme himalayen est en régime permanent contrôlé par une convergence horizontale et par les phénomènes superficiels et se caractérise par une distribution spatiale et temporelle irrégulière des mouvements des failles dans l'ensemble du prisme. Un traitement par Modèle Numérique de Terrain est ensuite appliqué à deux zones de la chaîne des Siwalik au Népal occidental et permet de comparer les structures prédites avec celles proposées par l'analyse de ces MNT pour expliquer la localisation des virgations des structures et leur relation avec le plan de décollement sous-jacent. Finalement l'analyse de la sédimentation dans les bassins transportés et la comparaison des données au secteur de Nahan Dehra-Dun (Inde occidentale) permet d'apprécier le rôle joué par les paramètres dépendant du temps et permet de mieux cerner l'origine des fluctuations enregistrées dans les sédiments de la zone externe de la chaîne himalayenne. En termes de climatologie et de phénomènes superficiels les schémas d'évolutions proposés par les modèles numériques et appliqués à la chaîne himalayenne tendent à montrer qu'il existe une transition brutale vers -6,5 Ma. Les adaptations nécessaires au rééquilibrage par succession d'amincissements et d'épaississement crustaux de la chaîne himalayenne afin de conserver une évolution en régime permanent sont enregistrées dans les bassins sédimentaires périphériques proches ou distaux.
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Potie, Gilbert. "Contribution à l'étude géologique de la frontière SE de la plaque caraibe : la serrania del interior oriental sur le transect Cumana-Urica et le bassin de Maturin (Vénézuela) : application de données géophysiques et géologiques à une interpretation structurale." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2005.
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L'analyse des donnees stratigraphiques et structurales de la serrania del interior confirme l'existence de 2 cycles sedimentaires cretace moyen-miocene. L'interpretation des profils sismique montre que la partie enfouie de l'edifice est structuree par des accidents suggerant la presence d'un decollement. L'interpretation gravimetrique et aeromagnetique confirme que la serrania est un exemple de chaine d'avant pays decollee et mise en place dans un contexte particulier associant une composante principale en coulissage dextre avec une collision oblique
37
Vuichard, Jean-Paul. "La marge austro-alpine durant la collision alpine : evolution tectonometamorphique de la zone sesia-lanzo." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10129.
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L'objectif de l'etude est de discuter la cinematique des etapes precoces de la collision (evenement eoalpin) dans les alpes occidentales et de definir l'histoire de l'epaississement dans la partie interne de l'arc alpin. L'unite choisie est la zone sesia-lanzo qui represente la partie distale de la marge apulienne. Apres une description des unites, l'evolution p-t-t des trois unites de la zone (gneiss minuti, seconde zone diorito-kinzigitique iidk, micaschistes eclogitiques) est etudiee. Deux deformations alpines majeures sont identifiees. On montre que la zone sesia-lanzo est le resultat de deux empilements. Enfin, un schema d'evolution tectonique est propose pour les alpes occidentales et la cinematique de collision est discutee
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Taverna, Joël. "Modélisation mécanique des déformations de la lithosphère." Grenoble 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10084.
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Les objectifs de cette these sont de decrire les mecanismes de deformations de la lithosphere en regime compressif, et le controle impose par les parametres mecaniques sur la maniere dont le raccourcissement horizontal est accommode (par la formation de plis, de chevauchements, ou encore par epaississement homogene). Nous avons etudie la nature des instabilites susceptibles de se developper en utilisant des calculs analytiques bases sur la resolution des equations de navier-stokes ainsi que leur evolution pour des taux de deformation importants a partir de modeles analogiques et de calculs numeriques par la methode des elements finis. Les calculs analytiques ont permis de determiner l'influence des differents parametres mecaniques de la lithosphere sur le developpement d'instabilites. En domaine oceanique, le raccourcissement est essentiellement accommode par la formation de plis affectant l'ensemble de la lithosphere. Les parties fragiles de la lithosphere et les contrastes de densite controlent la croissance des instabilites. Deux series d'experiences analogiques ont ensuite permis de confirmer les resultats precedents et d'etudier l'evolution tridimensionnelle d'instabilites lithospheriques apres l'apparition de la fracturation. En domaine continental, le passe tectonique et les heterogeneites mecaniques qui en resultent joue un role essentiel pour l'initiation des plis. Les heterogeneites initiales peuvent favoriser l'apparition de failles aux depends des plis de grandes longueurs d'onde puis la subsidence des portions de lithosphere ainsi delimitees. Les structures ainsi formees s'apparentent a des bassins compressifs. Leur longueur d'onde reste cependant controlee en partie par celle des plis lithospheriques. Ces resultats ont ete completes par des calculs numeriques bases sur la methode des elements finis. Les plis ne se developpent qu'apres plastification complete des parties fragiles de la lithosphere oceanique ou continentale.
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Rossi, Tristan. "Contribution à l'étude géologique de la frontière Sud-Est de la plaque Caraïbes : La Serrania Del Interior Oriental (Venezuela) sur le transect Cariaco-Maturin : Synthèses paléogéographique et géodynamique." Brest, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BRES0001.
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Une etude de terrain detaillee sur le transect cariaco-maturin a permis de dresser des cartes de repartition de facies mettant en evidence deux organisations successives et completement differentes : - du neocomien (. ) - barremien a la base du miocene inferieur, le dispositif paleogeographique est celui d'une marge passive (caracterisee par un tres vaste domaine de plate-forme) ouverte vers l'ocean au nord et au nord-est (ocean tethysien puis atlantique). La sedimentation enregistre differentes variations eustatiques et mouvements verticaux epirogeniques mais pas de transformation majeure. - du miocene inferieur a l'actuel, la tectonisation de la bordure septentrionale de ce domaine aboutit a la formation d'un bassin interieur ouvert sur l'ocean atlantique vers l'est et le nord-est. Il sera progressivement comble et repousse vers l'est. L'analyse tectonique detaillee du transect a partir de donnees de surface de sub-surface, a permis de definir le style structural (importance des chevauchements), de preciser la nature et l'histoire des grands accidents tels les failles de caripe, de san francisco, de pirital et de rio grande, et de mettre en evidence l'importance des phenomenes de tectonique gravitaire (collapse-structures).
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BODIN, EUGENE JOELLE. "Le devonien inferieur et moyen des pyrenees ariegeoises et centrales : biostratigraphie, series heteropiques et mise en evidence de nappes hercyniennes precoces." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30211.
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L'etude biostratigraphique, a l'aide des conodontes, du devonien inferieur et moyen des pyrenees ariegeoises et centrales a permis de distinguer 3 domaines paleogeographiques allonges selon l'axe de la chaine pyreneenne. Ils se dfferencient egalement par leur lithologie. On met en evidence une tectonique tangentielle varisque qui amene les series du nord a chevaucher les series sud et ces dernieres a chevaucher le substratum. Ces nappes precoces a vergence du nord vers le sud, d'ampleur plurikilometrique, constituent un trait essentiel de l'orogenese varisque pyreneenne
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Ouazzani-Touhami, Mohamed. "Structures et recristallisations associees dans des zones de cisaillement : nappes de mascate (oman) et nappes de frederico s.l. (rif interne, maroc)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13198.
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L'etude de la deformation et des recristallisations associees dans deux ensembles de nappes synmetamorphiques (mascate, oman; rif, maroc) a abouti a montrer que, dans les deux exemples, il apparait que les isogrades du metamorphisme sont perturbes par des chevauchements tardi- a post-metamorphiques, qui jouent un role important dans les dernieres phases de l'evolution thermique des piles tectoniques considerees. Les nappes de mascate (oman) representent un element tres interne, en fenetre, sous les nappes oceaniques chainees sur la plateforme arabe. En ce qui concerne les nappes de federico (rif, maroc), on montre que le plissement synmetamorphique est un pli isoclinal couche, et que l'empilement des unites semble s'etre fait du sud vers le nord, en sens contraire de celui du chevauchement tardif (miocene)
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Grenier, Robert. "The Appalachian fold and thrust belt, northwestern Newfoundland /." 1990. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,108913.
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McClay, K. R. (Kenneth R. ). "Structural geology and tectonics / by Kenneth Ronald McClay." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38528.
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Includes bibliographical references.1 v. (various pagings) :
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Consists of 75 published papers on structural geology and tectonics grouped into 5 broad themes -- and ore deposits; analogue modelling; extensional tectonics; thrust tectonics; and, tectonics, all presented in chronological order within the group.
Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2000
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McClay, K. R. (Kenneth R. ). "Structural geology and tectonics / by Kenneth Ronald McClay." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38528.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.1 v. (various pagings) :
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Consists of 75 published papers on structural geology and tectonics grouped into 5 broad themes -- and ore deposits; analogue modelling; extensional tectonics; thrust tectonics; and, tectonics, all presented in chronological order within the group.
Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2000
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Van, Gool Jeroen Antonius Maria. "The Grenville front foreland fold-and-thrust belt in southwestern Labrador : mid-crustal structural and metamorphic configuration of a Proterozoic Orogenic thrust wedge /." 1992. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,48444.
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Cook, Jennie E. "Development of a dilatant damage zone along a thrust relay in a low-porosity quartz arenite." 2005. http://etd.utk.edu/2005/CookJennie.pdf.
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Breen, Nancy Ann. "Three investigations of accretionary wedge deformation." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/16928889.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1987.Typescript. "These papers describe faulting and folding observed on the seafloor using SeaMARC II side-scan sonar, seismic reflection, and 3.5 kHz data"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical references.
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Qayyum, Mazhar. "Crustal shortening and tectonic evolution of the Salt Range in Northwest Himalaya, Pakistan /." 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9504.
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Merguerian, Charles. "Stratigraphy, structural geology, and tectonic implications of the Shoo Fly Complex and the Calaveras-Shoo Fly thrust, Central Sierra Nevada, California." Thesis, 1985. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-mdta-w378.
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Mylonitic rocks of the Shoo Fly Complex form a region of epidote-amphibolite grade quartzose and granitoid gneiss, subordinate schist and calcareous rocks, and rare amphibolite in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada range in central California. The Shoo Fly has endured a complicated Phanerozoic structural development involving seven superposed deformations at variable crustal depths. The first four of these (D1-D4) involved tight to isoclinal folding and shearing under medium grade metamorphic conditions. The last three (D5-D7) are marked by open folding and retrograde metamorphism of older fabric elements.
The Shoo Fly is in ductile fault contact with east-dipping argillite, chert, and marble of the Calaveras Complex. The Calaveras-Shoo Fly thrust formed during D3 and is a 1-2 km wide syn-metamorphic ductile shear zone. Recognition of D3 overprinting of older Dl+D2 fabrics along the thrust zone indicates that upper plate Shoo Fly rocks record an earlier and more complex structural history than the lower plate Calaveras rocks.
Paleozoic gneissic granitoids, an important lithologic component of the Shoo Fly, were intruded as a series of plutons ranging from calc-alkaline gabbro to granitoid (predominate) to syenite. They truncated the early S1 foliation in the Shoo Fly and were folded during regional D2 and D3 events when they were penetratively deformed into augen gneiss, blastomylonite, and ultramylonite.
The Sonora dike swarm occurs as an areally extensive (> 1500 km2) subvertical consanguineous suite of andesite, lamprophyre, and basalt dikes that trend east-west across the Calaveras and Shoo Fly Complexes. The metamorphic complexes form the basement to a middle Jurassic calc-alkaline plutonic arc (Jawbone granitoid sequence). A middle Jurassic K-Ar age on the dikes (157-159 m.y.) together with the data of this report indicate that they are petrogenetically related to the Jawbone granitoid sequence and that the dikes probably formed during subduction beneath a continental arc.
The dikes provide an important structural marker in the Shoo Fly and Calaveras Complexes. Intrusion of the dike swarm was sensitive to a structural anisotropy in the basement complexes. Since they intruded east-west along a spaced regional schistosity developed during folding of the Calaveras-Shoo Fly thrust, thrusting and subsequent folding were clearly pre-middle Jurassic events.
Available geochronologic data sets middle Ordovician to late Devonian intrusive ages for the gneissic granitoids, establishing a pre-late Devonian depositional age for the Shoo Fly. D1 and intrusion of the orthogneiss protoliths may have been precursors of the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Antler orogeny or, alternatively, may have occurred significantly earlier than the Antler orogeny. Based on cross-cutting relations, D2 formed during the Antler orogeny, D3 and possibly D4 during the Sonoma orogeny, and D5 and D6 during the Nevadan orogeny.
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Burbidge, David Ross. "The complex evolution of accretionary wedges and thrust belts : results from numerical experiments using the distinct element method." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148094.
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