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Academic literature on the topic 'Thule Air Base (Greenland)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Thule Air Base (Greenland)"

1

Petersen, Nikolaj. "SAC at Thule: Greenland in U.S. Polar Strategy." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 2 (April 2011): 90–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00138.

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This article discusses the so-called polar strategy of the U.S. Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 1958, when SAC decided to build Thule Air Force Base in Greenland, until 1968, when Airborne Alert flights over Greenland were abandoned after a fully armed B-52 crashed near Thule. The article traces the implementation of the polar strategy from a “bottom-up” perspective, concentrating on deployments and rotations to Thule and training missions and operations out of Thule. The analysis, based on U.S. Air Force unit histories and Danish military reports, shows that the early polar strategy operated under difficult conditions but gradually became more feasible. In 1957 the strategy was implemented at Thule, but paradoxically it did not come to full fruition until the introduction of the B-52, which was not dependent on support from Thule. By 1960, SAC had left Thule, the emblem of the early polar strategy, but SAC bombers continued to fly missions in Greenland's airspace until 1968.

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2

Reeves, Will K., Mark S. Breidenbaugh, Earl E. Thomas, and Meaghan N. Glowacki. "Mosquitoes of Thule Air Base, Greenland." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 29, no. 4 (December 2013): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/13-6341.1.

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3

Vinson, Rob, and Ken Garret. "Enzyme-enhanced bioremediation at Thule Air Base, Greenland." Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 10, no. 4 (2000): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffej.3330100406.

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4

Ackrén, Maria, and Uffe Jakobsen. "Greenland as a self-governing sub-national territory in international relations: past, current and future perspectives." Polar Record 51, no. 4 (September 9, 2014): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741400028x.

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ABSTRACTGreenland was used by the US as a platform and as an extended arm within its security and foreign policy during the World War II and the cold war. After this things changed, although Greenland remained important in Danish-US relations under the umbrella of NATO. Nowadays, the geostrategic position of Greenland between North America and Europe is gaining fresh prominence in the race for natural resources in the Arctic. Many issues arise from the prospective opening of the Arctic, all of which may have fateful impacts on future development in the region. Climate change, claims related to the extension of the continental shelf, exploitation and exploration of natural resources, together with the protection of indigenous peoples are all current issues that must be taken into consideration in the context of security and foreign policy formation in Greenland. The future of the Thule Air Base is also relevant. This article reviews developments from the World War II to the present regarding international relations from a Greenlandic perspective. As a self-governing sub-national territory within the realm of Denmark, Greenland does not have the ultimate decision-making power within foreign and security policy. The new Self-Government Act of 2009, however, gives Greenland some room for manoeuvre in this respect.

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5

Won, Y. I., R. J. Niciejewski, T. L. Killeen, R. M. Johnson, and B. Y. Lee. "Observations of high-latitude lower thermospheric winds from Thule Air Base and Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 104, A1 (January 1, 1999): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998ja900059.

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6

Akers, Pete D., Ben G. Kopec, Kyle S. Mattingly, Eric S. Klein, Douglas Causey, and Jeffrey M. Welker. "Baffin Bay sea ice extent and synoptic moisture transport drive water vapor isotope (<i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and deuterium excess) variability in coastal northwest Greenland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 13929–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13929-2020.

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Abstract. At Thule Air Base on the coast of Baffin Bay (76.51∘ N, 68.74∘ W), we continuously measured water vapor isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) at a high frequency (1 s−1) from August 2017 through August 2019. Our resulting record, including derived deuterium excess (dxs) values, allows an analysis of isotopic–meteorological relationships at an unprecedented level of detail and duration for high Arctic Greenland. We examine isotopic variability across multiple temporal scales from daily to interannual, revealing that isotopic values at Thule are predominantly controlled by the sea ice extent in northern Baffin Bay and the synoptic flow pattern. This relationship can be identified through its expression in the following five interacting factors: (a) local air temperature, (b) local marine moisture availability, (c) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (d) surface wind regime, and (e) land-based evaporation and sublimation. Each factor's relative importance changes based on the temporal scale and in response to seasonal shifts in Thule's environment. Winter sea ice coverage forces distant sourcing of vapor that is isotopically light from fractionation during transport, while preventing isotopic exchange with local waters. Sea ice breakup in late spring triggers a rapid isotopic change at Thule as the newly open ocean supplies warmth and moisture that has ∼10 ‰ and ∼70 ‰ higher δ18O and δ2H values, respectively, and ∼10 ‰ lower dxs values. Sea ice retreat also leads to other environmental changes, such as sea breeze development, that radically alter the nature of relationships between isotopes and many meteorological variables in summer. On synoptic timescales, enhanced southerly flow promoted by negative NAO conditions produces higher δ18O and δ2H values and lower dxs values. Diel isotopic cycles are generally very small as a result of a moderated coastal climate and the counteracting isotopic effects of the sea breeze, local evaporation, and convection. Future losses in Baffin Bay's sea ice extent will likely shift mean annual isotopic compositions toward more summer-like values, and local glacial ice could potentially preserve isotopic evidence of past reductions. These findings highlight the influence that the local environment can have on isotope dynamics and the need for dedicated, multiseason monitoring to fully understand the controls on water vapor isotope variability.

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7

Mevi, Gabriele, Giovanni Muscari, Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio, Irene Fiorucci, and Giandomenico Pace. "VESPA-22: a ground-based microwave spectrometer for long-term measurements of polar stratospheric water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 1099–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1099-2018.

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Abstract. The new ground-based 22 GHz spectrometer, VESPA-22 (water Vapor Emission Spectrometer for Polar Atmosphere at 22 GHz) measures the 22.23 GHz water vapor emission line with a bandwidth of 500 MHz and a frequency resolution of 31 kHz. The integration time for a measurement ranges from 6 to 24 h, depending on season and weather conditions. Water vapor spectra are collected using the beam-switching technique. VESPA-22 is designed to operate automatically with little maintenance; it employs an uncooled front-end characterized by a receiver temperature of about 180 K and its quasi-optical system presents a full width at half maximum of 3.5∘. Every 30 min VESPA-22 measures also the sky opacity using the tipping curve technique. The instrument calibration is performed automatically by a noise diode; the emission temperature of this element is estimated twice an hour by observing alternatively a black body at ambient temperature and the sky at an elevation of 60∘. The retrieved profiles obtained inverting 24 h integration spectra present a sensitivity larger than 0.8 from about 25 to 75 km of altitude during winter and from about 30 to 65 km during summer, a vertical resolution from about 12 to 23 km (depending on altitude), and an overall 1σ uncertainty lower than 7 % up to 60 km altitude and rapidly increasing to 20 % at 75 km. In July 2016, VESPA-22 was installed at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory located at Thule Air Base (76.5∘ N, 68.8∘ W), Greenland, and it has been operating almost continuously since then. The VESPA-22 water vapor mixing ratio vertical profiles discussed in this work are obtained from 24 h averaged spectra and are compared with version 4.2 of concurrent Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) water vapor vertical profiles. In the sensitivity range of VESPA-22 retrievals, the intercomparison from July 2016 to July 2017 between VESPA-22 dataset and Aura/MLS dataset convolved with VESPA-22 averaging kernels shows an average difference within 1.4 % up to 60 km altitude and increasing to about 6 % (0.2 ppmv) at 72 km.

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8

Moore, T., and G. W. Roberts. "Carrier Phase GPS Navigation to the North Pole." Journal of Navigation 52, no. 1 (January 1999): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346339800808x.

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Over the last few years, on-the-fly integer ambiguity resolution for GPS has proven to be successful over short baselines (<20 km). However, the remaining challenge has been to extend the length of the baseline between the reference station and the mobile receiver, whilst still maintaining the capability of on-the-fly resolution and true carrier-based kinematic positioning. The goal has been to achieve centimetric level positioning at ranges of over 500 km. New techniques have been developed at the University of Nottingham to allow very long baseline integer ambiguity resolution, on-the-fly. A major problem with the use of carrier phase data is that posed by cycle slips. A technique for detecting and correcting cycle slips has been developed, and its use is discussed in this paper. The new technique has been proven through a series of trials, one of which included two flights to the North Pole, performing centimetric level positioning all the way to the pole. For many years, the GD Aero-Systems Course of the Air Warfare Centre based at RAF Cranwell executed a series of equipment flight trials to the North Pole, called the ARIES Flights. In May 1996, the authors were fortunate to take part in both flights, via Iceland and Greenland, to the North Pole. Based on reference stations at Thule Air Base, integer ambiguity resolution was accomplished, on-the-fly, and centimetric level navigation maintained throughout the flights. Earlier trials detailed in the paper demonstrate that the technique can resolve integer ambiguities on-the-fly within a few seconds over a baseline length of approximately 134 km, resulting in an accuracy of 12 cm. The majority of the residual error source for this being the ionosphere.

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9

Wespes, C., L. Emmons, D. P. Edwards, J. Hannigan, D. Hurtmans, M. Saunois, P. F. Coheur, et al. "Analysis of ozone and nitric acid in spring and summer Arctic pollution using aircraft, ground-based, satellite observations and MOZART-4 model: source attribution and partitioning." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 22, 2011): 23707–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-23707-2011.

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Abstract. In this paper, we analyze tropospheric O3 together with HNO3 during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) program, combining observations and model results. Aircraft observations from the NASA ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) and NOAA ARCPAC (Aerosol, Radiation and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate) campaigns during spring and summer of 2008 are used together with the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) to assist in the interpretation of the observations in terms of the source attribution and transport of O3 and HNO3 into the Arctic. The MOZART-4 simulations reproduce the aircraft observations generally well (within 15 %), but some discrepancies in the model are identified and discussed. The observed correlation of O3 with HNO3 is exploited to evaluate the MOZART-4 model performance for different air mass types (fresh plumes, free troposphere and stratospheric-contaminated air masses). Based on model simulations of O3 and HNO3 tagged by source type and region, we find that the anthropogenic pollution from the Northern Hemisphere is the dominant source of O3 and HNO3 in the Arctic at pressure greater than 400 hPa, and that the stratospheric influence is the principal contribution at pressures less 400 hPa. During the summer, intense Russian fire emissions contribute some amount to the tropospheric columns of both gases over the American sector of the Arctic. North American fire emissions (California and Canada) also show an important impact on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic boundary layer. Additional analysis of tropospheric O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR and from the IASI satellite sounder made at the Eureka (Canada) and Thule (Greenland) polar sites during POLARCAT has been performed using the tagged contributions. It demonstrates the capability of these instruments for observing pollution at Northern high latitudes. Differences between contributions from the sources to the tropospheric columns as measured by FTIR and IASI are discussed in terms of vertical sensitivity associated with these instruments. The first analysis of O3 tropospheric columns observed by the IASI satellite instrument over the Arctic is also provided. Despite its limited vertical sensitivity in the lowermost atmospheric layers, we demonstrate that IASI is capable of detecting low-altitude pollution transported into the Arctic with some limitations.

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10

Wespes, C., L. Emmons, D. P. Edwards, J. Hannigan, D. Hurtmans, M. Saunois, P. F. Coheur, et al. "Analysis of ozone and nitric acid in spring and summer Arctic pollution using aircraft, ground-based, satellite observations and MOZART-4 model: source attribution and partitioning." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2012): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-237-2012.

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Abstract. In this paper, we analyze tropospheric O3 together with HNO3 during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) program, combining observations and model results. Aircraft observations from the NASA ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) and NOAA ARCPAC (Aerosol, Radiation and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate) campaigns during spring and summer of 2008 are used together with the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) to assist in the interpretation of the observations in terms of the source attribution and transport of O3 and HNO3 into the Arctic (north of 60° N). The MOZART-4 simulations reproduce the aircraft observations generally well (within 15%), but some discrepancies in the model are identified and discussed. The observed correlation of O3 with HNO3 is exploited to evaluate the MOZART-4 model performance for different air mass types (fresh plumes, free troposphere and stratospheric-contaminated air masses). Based on model simulations of O3 and HNO3 tagged by source type and region, we find that the anthropogenic pollution from the Northern Hemisphere is the dominant source of O3 and HNO3 in the Arctic at pressures greater than 400 hPa, and that the stratospheric influence is the principal contribution at pressures less 400 hPa. During the summer, intense Russian fire emissions contribute some amount to the tropospheric columns of both gases over the American sector of the Arctic. North American fire emissions (California and Canada) also show an important impact on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic boundary layer. Additional analysis of tropospheric O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR and from the IASI satellite sounder made at the Eureka (Canada) and Thule (Greenland) polar sites during POLARCAT has been performed using the tagged contributions. It demonstrates the capability of these instruments for observing pollution at northern high latitudes. Differences between contributions from the sources to the tropospheric columns as measured by FTIR and IASI are discussed in terms of vertical sensitivity associated with these instruments. The first analysis of O3 tropospheric columns observed by the IASI satellite instrument over the Arctic is also provided. Despite its limited vertical sensitivity in the lowermost atmospheric layers, we demonstrate that IASI is capable of detecting low-altitude pollution transported into the Arctic with some limitations.

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Books on the topic "Thule Air Base (Greenland)"

1

Juel, Knud. Epidemiologiske aspekter ved Thulesagen: Dødelighed, hospitalsindlæggelser og fertilitet blandt arbejdere på Thulebasen efter nedstyrtning af et B-52 bombefly. København: DIKE, 1996.

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2

Plutoniumudskillelse hos tidligere Thule-arbjdere. Brønshøj: Sundhedsstyrelsen, Statens institut for strålehygiejne, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Thule Air Base (Greenland)"

1

Takahashi, Minori. "Greenland’s Quest for Autonomy and the Political Dynamics Surrounding the Thule Air Base." In The Influence of Sub-state Actors on National Security, 25–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01677-7_3.

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2

Saitou, Kousuke. "How Have the U.S. Interests in Greenland Changed?: Reconstructing the Perceived Value of Thule Air Base After the Cold War." In The Influence of Sub-state Actors on National Security, 51–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01677-7_4.

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3

"Negotiating base rights for missile defence: the case of Thule Air Base in Greenland." In Missile Defence, 195–220. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203008676-17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Thule Air Base (Greenland)"

1

Bjella, Kevin. "An Investigation into a White Painted Airfield on Permafrost: Thule Air Base, Greenland." In 10th International Symposium on Cold Regions Development. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412978.054.

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Reports on the topic "Thule Air Base (Greenland)"

1

McCoy, Richard P. Wastewater Characterization Survey, Thule Air Base, Greenland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada262806.

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2

Mihalick, David M. Desktop Corrosion Control Study for Thule Air Base, Greenland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326495.

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3

Nichols, J. (Investigation of consolidation and cost reduction programs for Thule Air Base). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5685613.

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4

Bjella, Kevin. Thule Air Base Airfield White Painting and Permafrost Investigation. Phases 1-4. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581692.

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