Academic literature on the topic 'Thymus zygis subsp. zygis'
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Journal articles on the topic "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis"
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Silva, Amélia M., Carlos Martins-Gomes, Eliana B. Souto, et al. "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an Endemic Portuguese Plant: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060482.
Full textAbstract:
Thymus zygis subsp. zygis is an endemic Portuguese plant belonging to the Thymus zygis species. Although T. zygis is commonly used as a condiment and as a medicinal herb, a detailed description of the polyphenol composition of hydroethanolic (HE) and aqueous decoction (AD) extracts is not available. In this work, we describe for the first time a detailed phenolic composition of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis HE and AD extracts, together with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Unlike other Thymus species, T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts contain higher amounts of luteolin-(?)-O-hexoside. However, the major phenolic compound is rosmarinic acid, and high amounts of salvianolic acids K and I were also detected. T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity of ABTS+, hydroxyl (•OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. Regarding the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effect, tested against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the AD extract only slightly reduced cell viability at higher concentrations (IC50 > 600 µg/mL, 48 h exposure), denoting very low toxicity, while the HE extract showed a high anti-proliferative effect, especially at 48 h exposure (IC50 of 85.01 ± 15.10 μg/mL and 82.19 ± 2.46 μg/mL, for Caco-2 and HepG2, respectively). At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts reduced the nitric oxide (NO) release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (at 50 μg/mL, HE and AD extracts inhibited NO release in ~89% and 48%, respectively). In conclusion, the results highlight the non-toxic effect of aqueous extracts, both resembling the consumption of antioxidants in foodstuff or in functional food. Furthermore, the HE extract of T. zygis subsp. zygis is a source of promising molecules with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Ouknin, Mohamed, Hassan Alahyane, Naima Ait Aabd, Sara Elgadi, Youssef Lghazi, and Lhou Majidi. "Comparative Analysis of Five Moroccan Thyme Species: Insights into Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, Anti-Enzymatic Properties, and Insecticidal Effects." Plants 14, no. 1 (2025): 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010116.
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This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) from five Moroccan thyme species: Thymus broussonetii subsp. broussonetii, T. maroccanus, T. willdenowii, T. zygis subsp. gracilis, and T. satureioides, collected from various geographical regions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified thymol, p-cymene, borneol, γ-terpinene, carvacrol, α-pinene, and camphene as major constituents, with variations across species. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) revealed important levels of calcium (450.6–712.2 mg/kg), potassium (255.4–420.7 mg/kg), magnesium (97.3–150.7 mg/kg), and iron (1.95–15.1 mg/kg). The EOs demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii revealed the highest efficacy with T. willdenowii EO (LC50 = 6.2 µL/mL), followed by T. maroccanus and T. zygis subsp. gracilis. Additionally, the EOs exhibited potent enzyme inhibitory effects at 1 mg/mL on acetylcholinesterase (83.1–96.4%), tyrosinase (77.5–89.6%), and α-glucosidase (79.4–89.5%). These findings suggest that thyme EOs, particularly from T. willdenowii, T. zygis, and T. maroccanus, are promising candidates for integrated pest management and natural enzyme inhibitors. Their potential applications in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields underscore the need for further research to optimize their use under specific conditions and dosages.
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Salgueiro, L., O. Roque, and A. Proença da Cunha. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE STANDARDIZATION OF A THYMOL TYPE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THYMUS ZYGIS SUBSP. ZYGIS FROM PORTUGAL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 333 (November 1993): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.333.29.
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Gourich, Aman Allah, Noureddine Bencheikh, Mohamed Bouhrim, et al. "Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales." Chemistry 4, no. 4 (2022): 1775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4040115.
Full textAbstract:
Medicinal plants represent an inexhaustible source of traditional and effective remedies thanks to the various active ingredients they contain. Secondary metabolites present in plant extracts, such as essential oils (EO), have remarkable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Here, the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of four Moroccan medicinal plants, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (R. officinalis), Mentha pulegium L. (M. pulegium), Salvia officinalis L. (S. officinalis), and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales (T. zygis), traditionally used in Morocco to treat microbial infections, were addressed. EO were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EO yields were of 3.64 ± 0.12, 3.53 ± 0.06, 2.48 ± 0.06, and 2.34 ± 0.08%, respectively, for M. pulegium, R. officinalis, S. officinalis, and T. zygis. The main bioactive components present in these EO were piperitenone (32.9%) and pulegone (32.8%) for M. pulegium, 1,8-cineol (43.8%) and camphor (18.7%) for R. officinalis, 1,8-cineole (16.8%) and trans-thujone (15.9%) for S. officinalis, and thymol (36.4%), carvacrol (24.1%) and cymene (23.5%) for T. zygis. These EO showed, according to the results of their antimicrobial activities, good effectiveness against bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the T. zygis EO showed the most potent activity against all bacteria studied, while that of R. officinalis, M. pulegium, and S. officinalis showed moderate activity against the Enterobacter cloacae of Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. The antifungal activity tests revealed a strong antifungal activity for the T. zygis EO and a moderate activity for the S. officinalis EO. On the other hand, the EO of R. officinalis, and M. pulegium were found to be inactive at the doses used against the selected strains. In conclusion, our results show that the medicinal plants studied contain biologically active molecules with antimicrobial effects. They can replace synthesized molecules, especially in the formulation of additives, and for therapeutic, cosmetic, and food-processing purposes.
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Moldão-Martins, M., A. Palavra, M. L. Beirão da Costa, and M. G. Bernardo-Gil. "Supercritical CO2 extraction of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris aroma." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 18, no. 1 (2000): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-8446(00)00047-4.
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Blanco Salas, José, Trinidad Ruiz Téllez, and Francisco María Vázquez Pardo. "A contribution to ex-situ conservation of Mediterranean thymes: Germination trials." Acta Botanica Malacitana 34 (December 1, 2009): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v34i0.6885.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT. A contribution to ex-situ conservation of Mediterranean thymes: Germination trials. The germination process was studied of the seeds of seven endemic or threatened Mediterranean thymes collected from natural populations of the SW Iberian Peninsula. Four replicates of 50 seeds of each population were induced to germinate by alternating temperatures (6 hours at 20°C, 18 hours at 30°C; 40-60% humidity). The accumulated percentage germination curves, the germinability (percentages), and the germination rate (in terms of the vigour index, Iv) were determined. The results were as follows: Thymus caespititius, germinabilities null or low and germination rates slow (0%-11%; Iv = 0-1.26); Thymus mastichina, germinabilities moderate or high and germination rates fast or very fast (59%-92%; Iv = 12.84-35.67); Thymus praecox subsp. penyalarensis, germinabilities high and germination rates fast (79%; Iv = 19.53); Th. pulegioides, germinabilities low or moderate and germination rates slow or medium (2%-41%; Iv = 0.33-7.58); Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus, germinabilities moderate and germination rates medium (35%; Iv = 9.00); Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, germinabilities low, moderate, or high and germination rates slow, medium, or fast (2%-68%; Iv = 0.52-19.36); and Thymbra capitata, germinabilities high and germination rates fast (92%; Iv = 19.07). There were both interspecific and interpopulational differences in germinative capacity. Cooling the seeds for 7 days at 10-12°C prior to sowing produced no significant alterations in the results. A relationship was observed between seed weight and germination percentage.Key words. Germination, Iberian Peninsula, seed, Thymus, vigour.RESUMEN. Contribución a la conservación ex-situ de los tomillos mediterráneos: ensayos de germinación. Se estudiaron los procesos de germinación de las semillas de siete tomillos endémicos o amenazados de la Región Mediterránea, recolectados en poblaciones silvestres del SO de la Península Ibérica. Se indujeron a germinar 4 réplicas de 50 semillas de cada población con alternancia de temperaturas (6 horas a 20oC, 18 horas a 30oC; humedad del 40-60%). Se determinaron curvas de porcentajes acumulados de germinación, germinabilidad (en porcentaje) y la velocidad de germinación (mediante el índice de vigor, Iv). Para Thymus caespititius las germinabilidades fueron nulas o bajas y la velocidad de germinación fue lenta (0%-11%; Iv = 0-1.26); Thymus mastichina, germinabilidades moderadas o altas y velocidades de germinación rápidas o muy rápidas (59%-92%; Iv = 12.84-35.67); Thymus praecox subsp. penyalarensis, germinabilidades altas y velocidades rápidas (79%; Iv = 19.53); Th. pulegioides, germinabilidades bajas o moderadas y velocidades lentas o medias (2%-41%; Iv = 0.33-7.58); Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus, germinabilidades moderadas y velocidades medias (35%; Iv = 9.00); Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, germinabilidades lentas, moderadas o altas y40J. Blanco Salas et al.velocidades lentas, medianas o rápidas(2%-68%; Iv = 0.52-19.36); y Thymbra capitata, germinabilidades altas y velocidades rápidas (92%; Iv = 19.07). Se observaron diferencias interespecíficas e interpoblacionales en la capacidad germinativa. Un pretratamiento térmico (7 días a 10-12°C) no produjo alteración significativa en los resultados. También se observó relación entre el peso de las semillas y el porcentaje de germinación.Palabras clave. Germinación, Península Ibérica, semilla, Thymus, vigor.
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Lebrón-Aguilar, R., A. C. Soria, and J. E. Quintanilla-López. "Comprehensive evaluation of direct injection mass spectrometry for the quantitative profiling of volatiles in food samples." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2079 (2016): 20150375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0375.
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Although qualitative strategies based on direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) have recently emerged as an alternative for the rapid classification of food samples, the potential of these approaches in quantitative tasks has scarcely been addressed to date. In this paper, the applicability of different multivariate regression procedures to data collected by DIMS from simulated mixtures has been evaluated. The most relevant factors affecting quantitation, such as random noise, the number of calibration samples, type of validation, mixture complexity and similarity of mass spectra, were also considered and comprehensively discussed. Based on the conclusions drawn from simulated data, and as an example of application, experimental mass spectral fingerprints collected by direct thermal desorption coupled to mass spectrometry were used for the quantitation of major volatiles in Thymus zygis subsp. zygis chemotypes. The results obtained, validated with the direct thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method here used as a reference, show the potential of DIMS approaches for the fast and precise quantitative profiling of volatiles in foods. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Quantitative mass spectrometry’.
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Gonçalves, M. J., M. T. Cruz, C. Cavaleiro, M. C. Lopes, and L. Salgueiro. "Chemical, antifungal and cytotoxic evaluation of the essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris." Industrial Crops and Products 32, no. 1 (2010): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.005.
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Miguel, Maria Graça, Carina Isabel da Silva, Luana Farah, Fernão Castro Braga та Ana Cristina Figueiredo. "Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP‑1 Cells". Plants 10, № 1 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010050.
Full textAbstract:
Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemorial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the traditional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells). Twenty EOs extracted from eighteen species from seven families, namely from Amaranthaceae (Dysphania ambrosioides), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Brachylaena huillensis, Solidago virgaurea), Euphorbiaceae (Spirostachys africana), Lamiaceae (Lavandula luisieri, Mentha cervina, Origanum majorana, Satureja montana, Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis subsp. zygis), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus viminalis) and Pinaceae (Pinus pinaster) were assayed for the release of CCL2 and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. B. huillensis, S. africana, S. montana, Th. mastichina and Th. vulgaris EOs showed toxicity to THP-1 cells, at the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), using the tetrazolium dye assay. The most active EOs in reducing TNF-α release by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were those of T. capitata (51% inhibition at 20 μg/mL) and L. luisieri (15–23% inhibition at 30 μg/mL and 78–83% inhibition at 90 μg/mL). L. luisieri EO induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of CCL2 release by LPS‑stimulated THP-1 cells (23%, 54% and 82% inhibition at 10, 30 and 90 μg/mL, respectively). These EOs are potentially useful in the management of inflammatory diseases mediated by CCL2 and TNF‑α, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis.
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Cherrat, Ali, Mohamed Diouri, Fatima EL Hilali, and Touriya Zair. "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales essential oils from Morocco." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2014): 746–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc.3.1.2014.01.04.18.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis"
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Rodrigues, Vanessa Raquel Fonseca. "Avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória do óleo essencial de Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris e dos seus compostos principais." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30177.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de mestrado em Segurança Alimentar, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>O género Thymus L. é uma das plantas aromáticas e medicinais mais utilizadas em
todo o mundo, fundamentalmente devido aos seus óleos essenciais. De facto, a procura de
substâncias naturais biologicamente ativas tem encorajado a utilização de óleos essenciais
por serem compostos de baixo peso molecular, biodegradáveis, capazes de atravessarem a
barreira hemato-encefálica, normalmente isentos de toxicidade e com propriedades
antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e microbicidas.
Várias espécies de Thymus são atualmente utilizadas em fitoterapia para a prevenção e
tratamento de diversas doenças, nomeadamente do foro respiratório, gastrointestinal e
sistema nervoso. Além disso, são utilizadas pelas suas características odoríferas, como
condimento e na conservação de alimentos. Uma ampla gama de propriedades biológicas e
terapêuticas foram relatados para este género.
Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-inflamatório do
óleo essencial do taxon T. zygis subsp. sylvestris, uma planta de uso reconhecido na área
alimentar (condimentos).
O óleo essencial e os seus compostos principais (p-cimeno, timol e carvacrol,), foram
avaliados relativamente à sua atividade anti-inflamatória, utilizando ensaios in vitro realizados
em linhas celulares preponderantes na resposta inflamatória periférica e central (macrófagos
e microglia, respetivamente), analisando simultaneamente a toxicidade celular.
Os resultados dos testes efetuados na linha celular de macrófagos (Raw 264.7)
evidenciaram a diminuição da produção do mediador pró-inflamatório óxido nítrico (NO)
induzida pelo componente bacteriano lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). O efeito anti-inflamatório foi
observado para concentrações do óleo isentas de citotoxicidade (0,64 e 0,32 μL/mL). Os
compostos principais p-cimeno, timol e carvacrol evidenciaram uma diminuição da produção
de NO para concentrações que simultaneamente apresentaram elevada citotoxicidade. Os
resultados obtidos com o óleo essencial de T. zygis subsp. sylvestris em células de microglia
(BV2) evidenciaram um decréscimo na produção de NO para todas as concentrações
testadas apesar de apenas as concentrações de 0,16 e 0,08 μL/mL apresentaram um perfil
seguro e isento de toxicidade. Estes resultados sugerem que o T. zygis subsp. sylvestris
apresenta potencial terapêutico para o tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas
associadas a um estado pró-inflamatório mediado pela ativação da microglia. Os compostos
principais timol e carvacrol apresentaram efeito anti-inflamatório para todas as
concentrações testadas apesar de exibirem elevada citotoxicidade; o p-cimeno demonstrou
uma boa atividade anti-inflamatória nas concentrações de 0,16 e 0,08 μL/mL.
xii
Com o objetivo de avaliar o perfil de segurança toxicológica, o óleo essencial de T.
zygis subsp. sylvestris e os seus compostos maioritários foram testados noutras linhas
celulares humanas, nomeadamente queratinócitos (HacaT), hepatócitos (HepG2) e células de
epitélio alveolar (A549).
O óleo essencial de T. zygis subsp. sylvestris não apresentou citotoxicidade nas linhas de
queratinóticos, hepatócitos e epitélio alveolar nas concentrações de 0,16 e 0,08 μL/mL. Os
compostos maioritários timol e carvacrol apresentaram citotoxicidade nos tipos celulares
referidos; o p-cimeno não demonstrou citotoxidade nas concentrações de 0,16 e 0,08
μL/mL.
Com este trabalho demonstrou-se que o óleo essencial de T. zygis subsp. sylvestris e
um dos seus compostos, o p-cimeno representam uma fonte natural de novas moléculas
anti-inflamatórias que poderão ser utilizadas em estratégias terapêuticas inovadoras no
tratamento de patologias associadas a um componente inflamatório.<br>The genus Thymus L. is one of the most aromatic and medicinal plants used
worldwide, mainly due to its essential oils. In fact, the search for biologically active natural
substances has encouraged the use of essential oils to be compounds of low molecular
weight, biodegradable, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, normally free of toxicity
and simultaneously presenting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and microbicides properties.
Several species of Thymus are currently used in herbal medicine for the prevention
and treatment of various diseases, including disorders of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and
nervous system. Moreover, they are used by their scent features such as condiment and
food preservation. A wide range of biological and therapeutic properties have been reported
for this genus.
In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of
the essential oil of the taxon T. zygis subsp. sylvestris, a plant recognized for use in the food
area (condiments).
The essential oils and their major compounds (p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol) were
evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro assays performed in cell lines
prevalent in the peripheral and central inflammatory response (macrophages and microglia,
respectively) while analyzing their cellular toxicity.
The results of the tests performed on the macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) showed a
decreased production of the pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) induced by the
bacterial component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effect was observed for
concentrations of the oil devoided of cytotoxicity (0.64 to 0.32 μL/mL). The main
compounds p-cymene thymol and carvacrol showed a decreased production of NO at
concentrations that simultaneously exhibited high cytotoxicity. The results obtained from
the essential oil of T. zygis subsp. sylvestris in microglial cells (BV2) showed a decrease in NO
production for all concentrations tested, although only the concentrations of 0.16 to 0.08
μL/mL had a safe toxicity profile. These results suggest that T. zygis subsp. sylvestris has
therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with a proinflammatory
condition mediated by activation of microglia. The main compounds thymol
and carvacrol showed anti-inflammatory effect at all concentrations tested although they
exhibit high cytotoxicity; p-cymene showed good anti-inflammatory activity in concentrations
of 0.16 to 0.08 μL/mL.
xiv
Aiming to evaluate the toxicological safety profile of the essential oil of T. zygis subsp.
sylvestris and its major compounds, their effects were also tested on other human cell lines,
in particular keratinocytes (HaCaT), hepatocyte (HepG2) and alveolar epithelial cells (A549).
The essential oil of T. zygis subsp. sylvestris showed no cytotoxicity in keratinocytes,
hepatocytes and alveolar epithelium for the concentrations 0.16 and 0.08 μL/mL. The
compounds thymol and carvacrol showed cytotoxicity in these cell types; p-cymene showed
no cytotoxicity at the concentrations 0.16 and 0.08 μL/mL.
Taken together, these results demonstrated that the essential oil of T. zygis subsp.
sylvestris and p-cymene represent a natural source of new anti-inflammatory molecules, which
can be used for innovative therapeutic strategies in the treatment of disorders presenting an
inflammatory status
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Alves, Silena Silva Delgado. "Humulus lupulus L.: aplicação cosmética de extratos obtidos de cones e partes vegetativas." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/23269.
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Mestrado em parceria com o Instituto Politécnico da Guarda<br>Introdução: Atualmente tem-se verificado um interesse cada vez maior na procura de compostos bioativos provenientes de plantas aromáticas e medicinais, com potencial de aplicação nas áreas alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética.
O lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) é mundialmente conhecido como matéria prima essencial na indústria cervejeira, no entanto, estudos recentes têm revelado vários benefícios, com especial ênfase para as atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica e antioxidante, com potencial de aplicação na saúde.
No processo da produção da cerveja, são utilizados os cones da planta, sendo que a parte vegetativa é descartada, embora a literatura indique que esta possuiu compostos igualmente interessantes. Ainda, o perfil fitoquímico e as propriedades biológicas e farmacológicas da parte vegetativa permanecem pouco estudadas.
Objetivos: Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo desenvolver uma formulação em gel, incorporando extratos hidroalcoólicos de cones e partes vegetativas das variedades Nugget e Polaris de Humulus lupulus L. e de lúpulo espontâneo, e subsequentemente avaliar o gel em termos de estabilidade. Além disso, pretendeu-se determinar o perfil fitoquímico dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de lúpulo, assim como avaliar a capacidade antibacteriana e antifúngica destes extratos e também do óleo essencial de Thymus zygis subsp. zygis.
Materiais e Métodos: Procedeu-se assim, por LC-MS/MS, ao estudo fitoquímico dos extratos hidroalcoólicos previamente obtidos a partir de cones e partes vegetativas das duas variedades de lúpulo, Nugget e Polaris, e de lúpulo espontâneo.
Também se fez a extração do óleo essencial de Thymus zygis subsp. zygis por hidrodestilação, com recurso a um Clevenger, e a avaliação da sua capacidade de inibição do crescimento bacteriano e fúngico, propriedade igualmente avaliada para os extratos de lúpulo, através do método de microdiluição em caldo e método de difusão em agar, respetivamente. Adicionalmente, a estabilidade das formulações em gel preparadas com diferentes concentrações dos extratos de lúpulo, (1,25%, 2,5% e 5%) foram avaliadas através de uma série de ensaios físico-químicos de que são exemplo a determinação do pH, densidade, avaliação da textura, vibração mecânica, teste espectrofotométrico, centrifugação, humidade relativa, teste de luz, variação extrema de temperatura consecutiva e avaliação das características organoléticas (odor, cor e aspetos gerais).
Resultados: Os testes de estabilidade não revelaram separação de fases ou liquidificação das amostras de gel preparadas. Em relação ao teste de vibração, não ocorreram alterações nas formulações, o que indica que as mesmas poderão ser transportadas por transporte terrestre sem ocorrerem modificações. Não se registaram alterações nas características organoléticas das formulações, no teste de humidade relativa nem no teste de variação extrema da temperatura. As formulações apresentaram um pH ácido, entre 5,93±0,047 e 6,16±0,047 e uma densidade aparente entre 1,08±0,00 Kg/m-3 e 1,14±0,03 Kg/m-3. No teste espectrofotómetro as formulações contendo concentrações maiores de extrato obtiveram valores maiores de absorvância. Embora a firmeza das formulações não tenha aumentado com o aumento das concentrações dos extratos, a consistência diminuiu com o aumento das concentrações dos extratos,
O óleo essencial de Thymus zygis subsp. zygis apresentou atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica contra todas as estirpes de bactérias e fungos testadas, apresentando maior atividade antibacteriana contra S. aureus com um MIC igual a 0,031%, e menor atividade antibacteriana contra a P. aeruginosa com um MIC igual a 1,25%. Relativamente aos extratos hidroalcoólicos do lúpulo, estes não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica contra as estirpes de bactérias e fungos, nas concentrações utilizadas.
O estudo e comparação do perfil fenólico dos extratos de cones e partes vegetativas, das variedades Nugget e Polaris de lúpulo e de lúpulo espontâneo, permitiu identificar trinta compostos, dos quais ácidos alfa e beta, ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides.
Conclusão: Pode concluir-se com este trabalho, que a incorporação de extratos hidroalcoólicos de lúpulo em formulações de gel com polímero de Carbopol, não altera a maior parte das propriedades físico-químicas avaliadas. O óleo essencial de Thymus zygis subsp. zygis pode ser utilizado como conservante das formulações uma vez que possui propriedades antibacterianas e antifúngicas. As partes vegetativas, assim como os cones das variedades Nugget e Polaris de lúpulo e de lúpulo espontâneo, possuem compostos importantes do ponto de vista cosmético.<br>Introduction: Nowadays there is an increasing interest in the search for bioactive compounds obtained from aromatic and medicinal plants, with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas.
Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is known worldwide as an essential raw material for the beer industry, however, recent studies have revealed benefits, with special emphasis on antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities, with potential applications in health.
In the beer production process, the cones of the plant are used, and the vegetative part is discarded, although the literature indicates that it had also interesting compounds. Still, the phytochemical profile and the biological and pharmacological properties of the vegetative part of hops remain poorly studied.
Objectives: This work as main objective to develop a gel formulation, incorporating hydroalcoholic extracts of cones and vegetative parts of the varieties Nugget and Polaris of Humulus lupulus L. and spontaneous hops, and subsequently to evaluate the stability of the gel. Furthermore, it was intended to determine the phytochemical profile of the hydroalcoholic extracts of hops, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal capacity of these extracts and also of the essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. Zygis.
Materials and Methods: LC-MS/MS was used for phytochemical study of hydroalcoholic extracts previously obtained from cones and vegetative parts of the two varieties of hops, Nuggets and Polaris, and spontaneous hops.
The essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. Zygis was obtained by Clevenger apparatus and their antimicrobial properties evaluated. This activity was also determined for hops extracts.
Additionally, the stability of gel formulations prepared with different levels of hops extracts (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) were evaluated through a series of physical-chemical tests such as the pH, density, texture evaluation, mechanical vibration, spectrophotometric test, centrifugation, relative humidity, light test, consecutive extreme temperature variation and evaluation of organoleptic characteristics.
Results: The stability tests did not reveal phase separation or liquefaction of the prepared gel sample. Regarding the vibration test, there were no changes in the formulations, which indicates that they can be transported by ground transport without changes. There was no change in the organoleptic characteristics of the formulations, and the relative humidity test also revealed no changes in the formulations as well as in the extreme temperature variation test. The formulations showed an acid pH, between 5,93±0,047 and 6,16±0,047. The apparent density of the formulations test, showed an apparent density of formulations between 1,08±0,00 Kg/m-3 and 1,12±0,00 Kg/m-3. In the spectrophotometer test, formulations containing higher concentrations of extract obtained higher absorbance values. While firmness of the formulations did not increase with the increase of the concentrations of the extracts, the consistency of the formulations decreased with the increase of the concentrations of the extracts.
The essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against all strains of bacteria and fungi tested, showing greater antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a MIC equal to 0,031%, and less antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with a MIC equal to 1,25%. Regarding the hydroalcoholic extracts of the hops, they did not show antibacterial and antifungal activity against strains of bacteria and fungi, in the concentrations used.
The study of the phenolic profile of cones and vegetative parts, of the Nugget and Polaris varieties of hops and of spontaneous hops, allowed the identification of thirty compounds, of which alpha and beta acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids.
Conclusion: It can be concluded with this work, that the incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts of hops in gel formulations with polymer of Carbopol, does not alter most of the evaluated physicochemical properties. The essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis can be use as preservative in the formulations since it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The vegetative parts, as well as the cones of the Nugget and Polaris varieties of hops and the spontaneous hops, have important compounds from the point of view of cosmetics.
Book chapters on the topic "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis"
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Fakchich, Jamila, Rainer W. Bussmann, Olim K. Khojimatov, Mostafa Elachouri, and Noureddine Chaachouay. "Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut. Thymus broussonetii Boiss. Thymus hyemalis Lange. Thymus maroccanus Ball Thymus maroccanus subsp. leptobotrys (Murb.) Dobignard. Thymus munbyanus subsp. ciliatus (Desf.) Greuter and Burdet. Thymus pallidus Coss. ex Batt. Thymus saturejoides Coss. Thymus saturejoides subsp. commutatus Batt. Thymus serpyllum L. Thymus vulgaris L. Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Thymus zygis L. and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales Lamiaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43105-0_210.
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Fakchich, Jamila, Rainer W. Bussmann, Olim K. Khojimatov, Mostafa Elachouri, and Noureddine Chaachouay. "Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut. Thymus broussonetii Boiss. Thymus hyemalis Lange Thymus maroccanus Ball Thymus maroccanus subsp. leptobotrys (Murb.) Dobignard Thymus munbyanus subsp. ciliatus (Desf.) Greuter and Burdet Thymus pallidus Coss. ex Batt. Thymus saturejoides Coss. Thymus saturejoides subsp. commutatus Batt. Thymus serpyllum L. Thymus vulgaris L. Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Thymus zygis L. and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales Lamiaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13933-8_210-1.
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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Thymus zygis L." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources. Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_1745.
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Moldão-Martins, M., G. Bernardo-Gil, and M. L. Beirão da Costa. "Aroma of Thymus zygis. Chemical and Sensorial Analysis." In Developments in Food Engineering. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_63.
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Rautela, Jaya, Shivani Rawat, and Vikash Jakhmola. "Advanced Anticancer Application of Thymus Zygis Essential Oil (EOT)." In Pharmacological Aspects of Essential Oils. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003389774-11.
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Cardoso, A. Lopes, M. Moldão-Martins, G. Bernardo-Gil, and M. L. Beirão da Costa. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Aroma Compounds from Aromatic Herbs (Thymus zygis and Coriandrum sativum)." In Developments in Food Engineering. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_270.
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Moldão-Martins, M., R. Trigo, M. A. Nolasco, M. G. Bernardo Gil, and M. L. Beirão da Costa. "Influence of extraction procedure on the aroma composition of Thymus zygis L. and Mentha pulegium L." In Developments in Food Science. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4501(98)80040-x.
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