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Journal articles on the topic 'Thymus zygis subsp. zygis'

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Published: 11 September 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Silva, Amélia M., Carlos Martins-Gomes, Eliana B. Souto, et al. "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an Endemic Portuguese Plant: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060482.

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Thymus zygis subsp. zygis is an endemic Portuguese plant belonging to the Thymus zygis species. Although T. zygis is commonly used as a condiment and as a medicinal herb, a detailed description of the polyphenol composition of hydroethanolic (HE) and aqueous decoction (AD) extracts is not available. In this work, we describe for the first time a detailed phenolic composition of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis HE and AD extracts, together with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Unlike other Thymus species, T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts contain higher amounts of luteolin-(?)-O-hexoside. However, the major phenolic compound is rosmarinic acid, and high amounts of salvianolic acids K and I were also detected. T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity of ABTS+, hydroxyl (•OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. Regarding the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effect, tested against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the AD extract only slightly reduced cell viability at higher concentrations (IC50 > 600 µg/mL, 48 h exposure), denoting very low toxicity, while the HE extract showed a high anti-proliferative effect, especially at 48 h exposure (IC50 of 85.01 ± 15.10 μg/mL and 82.19 ± 2.46 μg/mL, for Caco-2 and HepG2, respectively). At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts reduced the nitric oxide (NO) release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (at 50 μg/mL, HE and AD extracts inhibited NO release in ~89% and 48%, respectively). In conclusion, the results highlight the non-toxic effect of aqueous extracts, both resembling the consumption of antioxidants in foodstuff or in functional food. Furthermore, the HE extract of T. zygis subsp. zygis is a source of promising molecules with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Salgueiro, L., O. Roque, and A. Proença da Cunha. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE STANDARDIZATION OF A THYMOL TYPE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THYMUS ZYGIS SUBSP. ZYGIS FROM PORTUGAL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 333 (November 1993): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.333.29.

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Moldão-Martins, M., A. Palavra, M. L. Beirão da Costa, and M. G. Bernardo-Gil. "Supercritical CO2 extraction of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris aroma." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 18, no. 1 (2000): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-8446(00)00047-4.

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Blanco Salas, José, Trinidad Ruiz Téllez, and Francisco María Vázquez Pardo. "A contribution to ex-situ conservation of Mediterranean thymes: Germination trials." Acta Botanica Malacitana 34 (December 1, 2009): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v34i0.6885.

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ABSTRACT. A contribution to ex-situ conservation of Mediterranean thymes: Germination trials. The germination process was studied of the seeds of seven endemic or threatened Mediterranean thymes collected from natural populations of the SW Iberian Peninsula. Four replicates of 50 seeds of each population were induced to germinate by alternating temperatures (6 hours at 20°C, 18 hours at 30°C; 40-60% humidity). The accumulated percentage germination curves, the germinability (percentages), and the germination rate (in terms of the vigour index, Iv) were determined. The results were as follows: Thymus caespititius, germinabilities null or low and germination rates slow (0%-11%; Iv = 0-1.26); Thymus mastichina, germinabilities moderate or high and germination rates fast or very fast (59%-92%; Iv = 12.84-35.67); Thymus praecox subsp. penyalarensis, germinabilities high and germination rates fast (79%; Iv = 19.53); Th. pulegioides, germinabilities low or moderate and germination rates slow or medium (2%-41%; Iv = 0.33-7.58); Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus, germinabilities moderate and germination rates medium (35%; Iv = 9.00); Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, germinabilities low, moderate, or high and germination rates slow, medium, or fast (2%-68%; Iv = 0.52-19.36); and Thymbra capitata, germinabilities high and germination rates fast (92%; Iv = 19.07). There were both interspecific and interpopulational differences in germinative capacity. Cooling the seeds for 7 days at 10-12°C prior to sowing produced no significant alterations in the results. A relationship was observed between seed weight and germination percentage.Key words. Germination, Iberian Peninsula, seed, Thymus, vigour.RESUMEN. Contribución a la conservación ex-situ de los tomillos mediterráneos: ensayos de germinación. Se estudiaron los procesos de germinación de las semillas de siete tomillos endémicos o amenazados de la Región Mediterránea, recolectados en poblaciones silvestres del SO de la Península Ibérica. Se indujeron a germinar 4 réplicas de 50 semillas de cada población con alternancia de temperaturas (6 horas a 20oC, 18 horas a 30oC; humedad del 40-60%). Se determinaron curvas de porcentajes acumulados de germinación, germinabilidad (en porcentaje) y la velocidad de germinación (mediante el índice de vigor, Iv). Para Thymus caespititius las germinabilidades fueron nulas o bajas y la velocidad de germinación fue lenta (0%-11%; Iv = 0-1.26); Thymus mastichina, germinabilidades moderadas o altas y velocidades de germinación rápidas o muy rápidas (59%-92%; Iv = 12.84-35.67); Thymus praecox subsp. penyalarensis, germinabilidades altas y velocidades rápidas (79%; Iv = 19.53); Th. pulegioides, germinabilidades bajas o moderadas y velocidades lentas o medias (2%-41%; Iv = 0.33-7.58); Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus, germinabilidades moderadas y velocidades medias (35%; Iv = 9.00); Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, germinabilidades lentas, moderadas o altas y40J. Blanco Salas et al.velocidades lentas, medianas o rápidas(2%-68%; Iv = 0.52-19.36); y Thymbra capitata, germinabilidades altas y velocidades rápidas (92%; Iv = 19.07). Se observaron diferencias interespecíficas e interpoblacionales en la capacidad germinativa. Un pretratamiento térmico (7 días a 10-12°C) no produjo alteración significativa en los resultados. También se observó relación entre el peso de las semillas y el porcentaje de germinación.Palabras clave. Germinación, Península Ibérica, semilla, Thymus, vigor.
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5

Lebrón-Aguilar, R., A. C. Soria, and J. E. Quintanilla-López. "Comprehensive evaluation of direct injection mass spectrometry for the quantitative profiling of volatiles in food samples." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2079 (2016): 20150375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0375.

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Although qualitative strategies based on direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) have recently emerged as an alternative for the rapid classification of food samples, the potential of these approaches in quantitative tasks has scarcely been addressed to date. In this paper, the applicability of different multivariate regression procedures to data collected by DIMS from simulated mixtures has been evaluated. The most relevant factors affecting quantitation, such as random noise, the number of calibration samples, type of validation, mixture complexity and similarity of mass spectra, were also considered and comprehensively discussed. Based on the conclusions drawn from simulated data, and as an example of application, experimental mass spectral fingerprints collected by direct thermal desorption coupled to mass spectrometry were used for the quantitation of major volatiles in Thymus zygis subsp. zygis chemotypes. The results obtained, validated with the direct thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method here used as a reference, show the potential of DIMS approaches for the fast and precise quantitative profiling of volatiles in foods. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Quantitative mass spectrometry’.
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Gonçalves, M. J., M. T. Cruz, C. Cavaleiro, M. C. Lopes, and L. Salgueiro. "Chemical, antifungal and cytotoxic evaluation of the essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris." Industrial Crops and Products 32, no. 1 (2010): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.005.

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7

Miguel, Maria Graça, Carina Isabel da Silva, Luana Farah, Fernão Castro Braga та Ana Cristina Figueiredo. "Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP‑1 Cells". Plants 10, № 1 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010050.

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Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemorial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the traditional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells). Twenty EOs extracted from eighteen species from seven families, namely from Amaranthaceae (Dysphania ambrosioides), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Brachylaena huillensis, Solidago virgaurea), Euphorbiaceae (Spirostachys africana), Lamiaceae (Lavandula luisieri, Mentha cervina, Origanum majorana, Satureja montana, Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis subsp. zygis), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus viminalis) and Pinaceae (Pinus pinaster) were assayed for the release of CCL2 and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. B. huillensis, S. africana, S. montana, Th. mastichina and Th. vulgaris EOs showed toxicity to THP-1 cells, at the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), using the tetrazolium dye assay. The most active EOs in reducing TNF-α release by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were those of T. capitata (51% inhibition at 20 μg/mL) and L. luisieri (15–23% inhibition at 30 μg/mL and 78–83% inhibition at 90 μg/mL). L. luisieri EO induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of CCL2 release by LPS‑stimulated THP-1 cells (23%, 54% and 82% inhibition at 10, 30 and 90 μg/mL, respectively). These EOs are potentially useful in the management of inflammatory diseases mediated by CCL2 and TNF‑α, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis.
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Cherrat, Ali, Mohamed Diouri, Fatima EL Hilali, and Touriya Zair. "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales essential oils from Morocco." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2014): 746–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc.3.1.2014.01.04.18.

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Boutoial, Khalid, Victor García, Silvia Rovira, Eduardo Ferrandini, Oussama Abdelkhalek, and María Belén López. "Effect of feeding goats with distilled and non-distilled thyme leaves (Thymus zygis subp. gracilis) on milk and cheese properties." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 4 (2013): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000459.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding goats with distilled and non-distilled thyme leaves (Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis) on the physicochemical composition and technological properties of pasteurised goat milk, and on the physicochemical composition, phenolic content, oxidative stability, microbiology, sensory and texture profile of Murcia al Vino goat cheese. One group of goats was fed the basal diet (control), the second and third groups were fed with different levels of distilled (10 and 20%) or non-distilled (3·75 and 7·5%) thyme leaves. Goat milk physicochemical composition was significantly affected by the substitution of 7·5% of basal goat diet with non-distilled thyme leaves (increase in fat, protein, dry matter and PUFA content), while goat milk clotting time was increased significantly by the introduction of 20% distilled thyme leaves, which reduces its technological suitability. Microbiology, sensory and texture profiles were not affected by the introduction of distilled thyme leaves. The introduction of distilled and non-distilled thyme leaves as an alternative feed to diet can lead to an inhibition of lipids oxidation. The introduction of distilled and non-distilled thyme leaves into goat's diet can be successfully adopted as a strategy to reduce feeding costs and to take advantage of the waste from the production of essential oils, minimising waste removing costs and the environmental impact.
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Ouknin, Mohamed, Abderrahmane Romane, Jean-Pierre Ponthiaux, Jean Costa, and Lhou Majidi. "Evaluation of corrosion inhibition and adsorption behavior of Thymuszygis subsp. gracilis volatile compounds on mild steel surface in 1 m HCl." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 2 (2020): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0055.

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AbstractThe inhibition effect of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (TZ) on mild steel corrosion in 1 m hydrochloric acid has been investigated by weight loss measurements, surface analysis [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), three-dimensional (3D) profilometry, and Fourier transform infrared analysis], potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Gravimetric results indicate that TZ exhibits good inhibition efficiency of 80.40% attained at 3 g/l. Polarization measurements show that the studied inhibitor is a mixed type. EIS measurements revealed that the charge transfer resistance increases with increasing concentration of TZ, which suggests a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Based on SEM-EDX and 3D profilometry, it appears that the surface is remarkably improved in the presence of TZ oil compared to that exposed to the acid medium without TZ oil. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that this oil is a new natural substance that can be used against material corrosion in aggressive medium.
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Machado, Marisa, Maria do Céu Sousa, Lígia Salgueiro, and Carlos Cavaleiro. "Effects of Essential Oils on the Growth of Giardia lamblia Trophozoites." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 1 (2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500132.

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Giardia lamblia is one of the most important worldwide causes of intestinal infections produced by protozoa. Current therapy for giardiasis is unsatisfactory due to high incidence of undesirable side effects and significant failure in clearing parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. In the search for new therapeutic agents, we report on the effect of several essential oils on G. lamblia growth. Among eighteen tested essential oils, those with phenolic compositions were the most active, particularly if containing high contents of carvacrol, such as Thymbra capitata and Origanum virens (IC50 values of 71 and 85 μg.mL−1, respectively). The oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris (IC50 values from 100 to 200 μg.mL−1), as well as, those from Mentha x piperita and Lippia graveolens (IC50 values over 200 μg.mL−1) were less active. Results support the concept that several essential oils or some of their constituents may be useful in the clinical management of Giardia infections.
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Rodrigues, Vanessa, Célia Cabral, Leisa Évora, et al. "Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout. essential oil and its main compounds." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 8 (2019): 3236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.026.

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13

Machado, Marisa, Augusto M. Dinis, Ligia Salgueiro, Carlos Cavaleiro, José B. A. Custódio, and Maria do Céu Sousa. "Anti-Giardia activity of phenolic-rich essential oils: effects of Thymbra capitata, Origanum virens, Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, and Lippia graveolens on trophozoites growth, viability, adherence, and ultrastructure." Parasitology Research 106, no. 5 (2010): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1800-7.

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da Silva, David V., João M. Duarte, Maria G. Miguel, and José M. Leitão. "AFLP assessment of the genetic relationships among 12 Thymus taxa occurring in Portugal." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 1 (2015): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262115000337.

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Thymus is a widely distributed genus in the Mediterranean region with several species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The genetic relationships among the 12 major Thymus taxa, T. albicans, T. caespititius, T. camphoratus, T. capitellatus, T. carnosus, T.lotocephalus, T. mastichina L. ssp. mastichina, T. pulegioides, T. villosus ssp. lusitanicus, T. villosus ssp. villosus, T. zygis ssp. sylvestris and T. zygis ssp. zygis, which occur in Portugal were assessed by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) markers. A general agreement was found between the genetic relationships estimated by the AFLP markers and the accepted Thymus taxonomy based on morphological traits and essential oil content. The AFLP markers also supported suggestions for refinement of the taxonomy of this genus.
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Pérez-Sánchez, R., F. Infante, C. Gálvez, and J. L. Ubera. "Fungitoxic Activity Against Phytopathogenic Fungi and the Chemical Composition of Thymus zygis Essential Oils." Food Science and Technology International 13, no. 5 (2007): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013207085687.

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The yield, chemical composition, and antifungal properties of essential oils from six populations of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. were studied. Phytopathogenic fungi Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed a clear inhibition in the poisoned food test. Inhibition is tested by EC50. This activity indicator ranges from 86 ppm in the most active oils to 577 ppm. Among the identified components of the oils, 3-octanol and α-terpinene had the highest correlation with the antifungal activity. Yield, antifungal activity, and plant morphology, led to the selection of the population T. zygis ssp. gracilis harvested at flowering stage as most suitable for potential agronomical use.
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Biel, C., R. Savé, R. Cristobal, and M. A. Cases. "EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS ON THYMUS VULGARIS, THYMUS ZYGIS AND THYMUS HYEMALIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 676 (February 2005): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.676.6.

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17

Rota, María C., Antonio Herrera, Rosa M. Martínez, Jose A. Sotomayor, and María J. Jordán. "Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils." Food Control 19, no. 7 (2008): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.07.007.

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18

Sáez, Francisco. "Essential oil variability of Thymus zygis growing wild in southeastern spain." Phytochemistry 40, no. 3 (1995): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00347-a.

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Lagha, Rihab, Fethi Ben Abdallah, Badriah AL-Sarhan, and Yassin Al-Sodany. "Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils Against Escherichia coli Isolated from UTI Patients." Molecules 24, no. 6 (2019): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061161.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs), caused by Escherichia coli 80% to 85% of the time, are one of the most important causes of morbidity and health care spending affecting persons of all ages. These infections lead to many difficult problems, especially increasing resistance to antibiotic drugs. Bacterial biofilms play an important role in UTIs, responsible for persistent infections leading to recurrences and relapses. In this study, we have investigated the antibacterial activity of five medicinal plant essential oils against UTIs caused by E. coli using disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) methods. In addition, biofilm inhibitory action of oils was realized by crystal violet. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed a variability between oils in terms of compound numbers as well as their percentages. Antibacterial activity was observed only in cases of Origanum majorana, Thymus zygis and Rosmarinus officinalis, while Juniperus communis and Zingiber officinale did not showed any effect towards E. coli isolates. T. zygis essential oil demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli isolates, followed by O. majorana and R. officinalis. Further, oils showed high biofilm inhibitory action with a percentage of inhibition that ranged from 14.94% to 94.75%. R. officinalis oil had the highest antibiofilm activity followed by T. zygis and O. majorana. Accordingly, tested oils showed very effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against E. coli UTIs and can be considered as good alternative for antibiotics substitution.
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Afonso, Andrea, Olívia Pereira, Mónica Válega, Artur Silva, and Susana Cardoso. "Metabolites and Biological Activities of Thymus zygis, Thymus pulegioides, and Thymus fragrantissimus Grown under Organic Cultivation." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071514.

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Ben Abdallah, Fethi, Rihab Lagha, and Ahmed Gaber. "Biofilm Inhibition and Eradication Properties of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 11 (2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13110369.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that poses a high risk to patients due to the development of biofilm. Biofilms, are complex biological systems difficult to treat by conventional antibiotic therapy, which contributes to >80% of humans infections. In this report, we examined the antibacterial activity of Origanum majorana, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus zygis medicinal plant essential oils against MRSA clinical isolates using disc diffusion and MIC methods. Moreover, biofilm inhibition and eradication activities of oils were evaluated by crystal violet. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed variations between oils in terms of component numbers in addition to their percentages. Antibacterial activity testing showed a strong effect of these oils against MRSA isolates, and T. zygis had the highest activity succeeded by O. majorana and R. officinalis. Investigated oils demonstrated high biofilm inhibition and eradication actions, with the percentage of inhibition ranging from 10.20 to 95.91%, and the percentage of eradication ranging from 12.65 to 98.01%. O. majorana oil had the highest biofilm inhibition and eradication activities. Accordingly, oils revealed powerful antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against MRSA isolates and could be a good alternative for antibiotics substitution.
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Prieto, Beatriz, Patricia Sanmartín, Javier Cancelo-González, Lucía Torres, and Benita Silva. "Impact of Herbicide Treatments on the Construction Materials in the Roman Wall of Lugo, Spain (UNESCO World Heritage Site)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115276.

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Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite.
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Appel, Kurt, Thorsten Rose, Juan Antonio Collado Rojas, and Ute Washausen. "Zu den molekularbiologischen Grundlagen der antientzündlichen Wirkungen von Thymiankrautextrakt, Thymus vulgaris L. und Thymus zygis L., herba." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 40, no. 04 (2019): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0879-8862.

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ZUsammenfassungBereits früher publizierte Daten zeigten günstige Effekte von Thymian bei entzündlichen Prozessen. Um diese Erkenntnisse zu vertiefen, wurde in verschiedenen experimentellen Modellen ein Thymianextrakt auf die hier zugrundeliegenden molekularbiologischen Mechanismen in vitro untersucht. Nachgewiesen wurde eine Hemmung der LPS-induzierten Zytokin-Freisetzung von IL-1β, PGE2 sowie TNF-α in humanen Monozyten, eine Hemmung der LPS-induzierten Phosphorylierung und eine Aktivierung von IκBα sowie eine Inhibition der Transkriptionsaktivität von NF-κB und AP-1 in der Bronchialepithel-Zelllinie A549. Ein weiterer interessanter Befund war eine antagonistische Aktivität des untersuchten Thymianextraktes am TRPA1-Rezeptor, ein Rezeptor, der Hustenreize vermitteln kann. Die Anwendung des Thymianextraktes bei Erkältungs- bzw. Bronchitis-bedingtem Husten, bei dem entzündliche Prozesse auf bzw. in der Schleimhaut involviert sind, darf daher als plausibel gelten.
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Jiménez, J., M. C. Navarro, M. P. Montilla, A. Martin, and A. Martinez. "Thymus zygis Oil: Its Effects on CCI4-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenger Activity." Journal of Essential Oil Research 5, no. 2 (1993): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698194.

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Moldão-Martins, Margarida, Gabriela M. Bernardo-Gil, and Luísa M. da Costa. "Sensory and chemical evaluation of Thymus zygis L. essential oil and compressed CO2 extracts." European Food Research and Technology 214, no. 3 (2001): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-001-0451-4.

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Amarti, F., M. El Ajjouri, M. Ghanmi, et al. "Composition chimique, activité antimicrobiennne et antioxydante de l’huile essentielle de Thymus zygis du Maroc." Phytothérapie 9, no. 3 (2011): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-011-0625-6.

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Sapper, Mayra, Paola Wilcaso, M. Pilar Santamarina, Josefa Roselló, and Amparo Chiralt. "Antifungal and functional properties of starch-gellan films containing thyme (Thymus zygis) essential oil." Food Control 92 (October 2018): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.004.

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Nieto, Gema, Pedro Díaz, Sancho Bañón, and María Dolores Garrido. "Effect on lamb meat quality of including thyme (Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis) leaves in ewes’ diet." Meat Science 85, no. 1 (2010): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.009.

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Ocaña, A., and G. Reglero. "Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (fromThymus vulgaris,Thymus zygis,andThymus hyemalis) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of oxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages." Journal of Obesity 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/104706.

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Properties of thyme extracts from three different species (Thymus vulgaris,Thymus zygis,andThymus hyemalis) were examined. Two oil fractions from each species were obtained by CO2supercritical fluid extraction. Main compounds presented in the supercritical extracts of the three thyme varieties were 1,8 cineole, thymol, camphor, borneol, and carvacrol. As a cellular model of inflammation/atherogenesis, we use human macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes and activated by oxidized LDLs. These cells were incubated with the thyme fraction oils, and the productions and gene expressions of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined. Thyme extracts significantly reduced production and gene expression of the proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-6 and highly increased these parameters on the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine. Changes on production and gene expressions were dose dependent and according to the thyme content of each species. Taken together, these results may suggest that thyme extracts could have anti-inflammatory effects.
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Blanco Salas, J., T. Ruiz Téllez, F. M. Vázquez Pardo, M. A. Cases Capdevila, M. J. Pérez-Alonso, and C. Gervasini Rodríguez. "Short communication. Influence of phenological stage on the antioxidant activity of Thymus zygis s. l. essential oil." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 10, no. 2 (2012): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2012102-640-11.

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Jordán, María J., Rosa M. Martínez, C. Martínez, I. Moñino, and Jose A. Sotomayor. "Polyphenolic extract and essential oil quality of Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis shrubs cultivated under different watering levels." Industrial Crops and Products 29, no. 1 (2009): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.04.021.

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Wilson, C. L., J. M. Solar, A. El Ghaouth, and M. E. Wisniewski. "Rapid Evaluation of Plant Extracts and Essential Oils for Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis cinerea." Plant Disease 81, no. 2 (1997): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.204.

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A rapid assay to determine antifungal activity in plant extracts and essential oils is described. Wells in microtiter plates were loaded with Botrytis cinerea spores and plant extracts or essential oils. Subsequent changes in optical density following spore germination in the wells was measured after 24 h using an automatic microtiter plate reader driven by a software program developed for this purpose. Extracts from 345 plants and 49 essential oils were evaluated for their antifungal activity against B. cinerea. Among 345 plant extracts analyzed, 13 showed high levels of antifungal activity, with species of Allium and Capsicum predominating. Among the 49 essential oils tested, palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), red thyme (Thymus zygis), cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and clove buds (Eugenia caryophyllata) demonstrated the most antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The most frequently occurring constituents in essential oils showing high antifungal activity were: D-limonene, cineole; β-myrcene; α-pinene, β-pinene; and camphor.
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Guardo, Nuria I., Paula Sainz, Azucena González-Coloma, Jesús Burillo, and Rafael A. Martínez-Díaz. "Trypanocidal Effects of Essential Oils from Selected Medicinal Plants. Synergy among the Main Components." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 5 (2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200516.

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Fourteen essential oils (EOs) from selected live germplasm of medicinal plants have been tested for their antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activity. These plants have been domesticated and maintained under experimental cultivation. Their EOs were tested on epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y and human lung fibroblasts LC5 cell line, along with the major components of the active oils, both separately and in binary combinations. Mentha rotundifolia, Thymus zygis, T. vulgaris and Hyssopus officinalis were the most active EOs against T. cruzi. Among the main components of these EOs (1-8-cineole, thymol, p-cymene, piperitenone oxide, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol and linalool), the most active against the parasite and less toxic to human cells was thymol. In general, the activity of the main components did not exceed that of their origin EO, and the study of the activity of these compounds in combination indicates the existence of antagonistic and synergistic effects depending on the concentration tested.
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Martínez, S., J. Madrid, F. Hernández, M. D. Megías, J. A. Sotomayor, and M. J. Jordán. "Effect of Thyme Essential Oils (Thymus hyemalisandThymus zygis) and Monensin on in Vitro Ruminal Degradation and Volatile Fatty Acid Production." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, no. 18 (2006): 6598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060985p.

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Nieto, Gema, Sancho Bañón, and María Dolores Garrido. "Effect of supplementing ewes’ diet with thyme (Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis) leaves on the lipid oxidation of cooked lamb meat." Food Chemistry 125, no. 4 (2011): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.090.

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Vázquez-Ucha, Juan C., Marta Martínez-Guitián, Cristina Lasarte-Monterrubio, et al. "Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Thymus zygis (thyme) essential oils increase susceptibility to colistin in the nosocomial pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 130 (October 2020): 110606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110606.

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Pascual, Javier, Silvia Blanco, Marina García-López, et al. "Assessing Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Thymus zygis Growing in the Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain) through Culture-Dependent and Independent Approaches." PLOS ONE 11, no. 1 (2016): e0146558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146558.

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Sangha, Jatinder S., Tess Astatkie, and G. Christopher Cutler. "Ovicidal, larvicidal, and behavioural effects of some plant essential oils on diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 5 (2017): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.13.

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AbstractAlternatives to synthetic insecticides are desirable for management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), an insect pest of global importance. Many essential oils derived from aromatic plants have demonstrated toxicity and behaviour altering effects on insect pests, and are considered low-risk alternatives to synthetic insecticides. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the biological activity of several low-cost, commercially available essential oils against P. xylostella. Experiments testing ovicidal effects, larvicidal effects, larval feeding deterrence, and adult oviposition deterrence were done with essential oils derived from Artemisia abrotanum Linnaeus (Asteraceae), balsam fir (Abies balsamea Linnaeus (Pinaceae)), black pepper (Piper nigrum Linnaeus (Piperaceae)), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus polybractea (Baker) (Myrtaceae)), garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus (Amaryllidaceae)), rosewood (a blend of different oil constituents), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare Linnaeus (Asteraceae)), and thyme (Thymus zygis Linnaeus (Lamiaceae)), using concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5% v/v. Although all essential oils had some level of bioactivity against certain P. xylostella life stages, essential oils from garlic, rosewood, and thyme were most effective overall, demonstrating significant ovicidal and larvicidal activity, as well as deterrent effects on larval feeding and settling behaviour, and adult oviposition. Although variable phytotoxicity was observed with essential oils at 2.5% and 5% v/v concentrations, the results suggest that rosewood, garlic, and thyme essential oils have potential in management of P. xylostella.
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dos Santos, Briolanja, Olívia Pereira, Luís Pedro, and Maria Sousa. "Physical-Chemical Properties of the Phenolic Compounds of Humulus lupulus and Aromatic Plant Terpenes: Potential for Use in a Cosmetic Formulation." Medical Sciences Forum 2, no. 1 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cahd2020-08558.

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Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) are known worldwide as an essential flavor in the beer in-dustry. Their compounds have shown health benefits in terms of phytochemical, pharmacologi-cal and biological profiles, due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. This study intends to develop a gel formulation incorporating hydroalcoholic extracts of different varieties of Hop such as Cascade, Polaris and spontaneous, from the cones and the vegetative plant parts, in different percentages. The essential oil of Thymus zygis was used as a natural preservative and the analysis of their composition was performed by GC and GC-MS. Additionally, the evaluation of the physical–chemical parameters, stability and capacity to inhibit microbial growth was performed. The pH measurement results of the formulations tend to be adjusted to the natural skin pH. The relative density obtained values of 1 and 0.857. It was found that there were no changes in the phase separation in the centrifugation, vibration, stability and accelerated test. However, changes were observed in the UV-Visible spectra, in texture, consistency and viscosity, and in the color test. In the light test there was phase separa-tion of the samples, which may be related to the manufacturing technique of the formulations. However, anti-aging formulations with phenols from Hop could be developed in order to ob-tain formulations with relevant properties for consumers and the cosmetic industry.
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Marinković, Jelena, Dragana Mitić Ćulafić, Biljana Nikolić, et al. "Antimicrobial potential of irrigants based on essential oils of Cymbopogon martinii and Thymus zygis towards in vitro multispecies biofilm cultured in ex vivo root canals." Archives of Oral Biology 117 (September 2020): 104842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104842.

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"Effect of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.)’s Essential Oil Composition on Human-Pathogenic Bacteria." Advances in Environmental Biology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22587/aeb.2018.12.7.2.

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Rodrigues, V., C. Cabral, L. Évora, et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris essential oil in LPS-stimulated macrophages and microglia cells." Planta Medica 80, no. 16 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394737.

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Ouknin, Mohamed, Amal Boumezzourh, Zouhair Lakbaibi, Pierre Ponthiaux, Jean Costa, and Lhou Majidi. "Tribological behavior of stainless steel in sulfuric acid in the presence of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis essential oil: experimental and quantum chemical studies." Corrosion Reviews, April 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0053.

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Abstract To reduce the use of synthetic compounds as wear-corrosion inhibitors, and substitute them with new ecological compounds, we are interested in evaluating the effect of the essential oils against the tribocorrosion. The present paper describes the effect of adding Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (TZ) essential oil (3 g·L−1) on AISI 304L tribocorrosion behavior in 0.5 M H2SO4. As a result, the addition of this essential oil decreases the tribocorrosion rate [E (%) = 84.38], the value of friction coefficient, and the energy dissipated during sliding wear, in comparison to those recorded for dry environment and 0.5 M H2SO4. In addition, the essential oil improves the surface morphology of metal as shown by the scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray and the three-dimensional optical profiler analysis. In addition, the modeling approaches of experimental results, involving the density functional theory, the electrostatic potential, and the Monte Carlo methods, show that thymol (42.5% of TZ oil) is the best corrosion and tribocorrosion inhibitor that adhered to the stainless steel surface and offers a greater coverage area to block the metal wear-corrosion. According to the obtained results, the TZ essential oil can be used in the food industry to prevent the wear of materials.
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Valcárcel, Félix, A. Sonia Olmeda, Marta G. González, Maria Fe Andrés, Juliana Navarro-Rocha, and Azucena González-Coloma. "Acaricidal and Insect Antifeedant Effects of Essential Oils From Selected Aromatic Plants and Their Main Components." Frontiers in Agronomy 3 (May 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.662802.

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This work has demonstrated the ixodicidal and insect antifeedant effects of essential oils from 14 experimentally cultivated aromatic plants. The strong ixodicidal and antifeedant oils corresponded to Thymus zygis, Thymus vulgaris, Satureja montana, Oreganum virens, and Mentha suaveolens. The moderately active oils were from Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Artemisa herba-alba, and Rosmarinus officinalis. The most effective larvicidal and antifeedant compounds were piperitenone oxide, carvacrol, piperitenone, and thymol, explaining the effects of the most active essential oils. The rest of the tested compounds were not ixodicidal or antifeedant. Therefore, the activity of moderately active oils cannot be explained by their main components (linalyl acetate, linalool, menthone, menthol, limonene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, α-pìnene, and carvone), suggesting synergistic effects. Considering the ixodicidal and antifeedant effects of these extracts, the plants have been ranked in relation to Thymus vulgare, a commercial biopesticide ingredient, for their potential as botanical pesticides. T. zygis, S. montana, and M. suaveolens ranked over T. vulgaris as ixodicidal agents and S. montana as insecticidal. Therefore, we propose the plant populations of S. montana, T. zygis, and M. suaveolens tested here for further development as biopesticide ingredients.
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Hmidani, Abdelbassat, Eimad Dine Tariq Bouhlali, Tarik Khouya, et al. "Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of three Thymus species grown in southeastern Morocco." Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-019-0005-x.

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Abstract Background Thyme has been used for centuries in southeastern Morocco to treat a wide range of diseases such as inflammation disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine and to compare in vitro the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticoagulant activities of three thyme species grown in southeastern Morocco. Results Data showed that all studied species possess an important antioxidant activity: Thymus atlanticus (IC50 = 16.59 μg/mL), Thymus zygis (IC50 = 15.43 μg/mL), and Thymus satureioides (IC50 = 14.65 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, the highest effect was depicted in Thymus atlanticus followed by Thymus zygis and Thymus satureioides. With regard to the anticoagulant activity, the aqueous extract of these species prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that thymus extract exhibits marked antioxidant, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory effects, thus justifying the popular uses of these plants to treat some inflammatory and cardiovascular illnesses.
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Pereira, OR, AF Afonso, V. Domingues, and SM Cardoso. "Thymus zygis and Thymus pulegioides as a source of phenolic compounds." Planta Medica 80, no. 16 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394857.

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47

Jurowski, Kamil, Maria Fołta, Barbara Tatar, and Mirosław Krośniak. "The Comprehensive Toxicological Assessment of Total Chromium Impurities in Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product with Thymi herba (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) Available in Pharmacies in Poland: Short Communication." Biological Trace Element Research, August 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02864-2.

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AbstractScientific reports about elemental impurities in final pharmaceutical products are essential from a regulatory point of view; unfortunately, there is a lack of studies about this important toxicological topic. The aim of our short communication was determination of total Cr impurities in traditional herbal medicinal products (THMP) with Thymi herba (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) available in Polish pharmacies (n = 6, because only six manufacturers produce this kind of pharmaceutical products in Poland). The total content of Cr impurities was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal atomization (ETAAS). Applied comprehensive toxicological risk assessment was based on three main tiers: Tier 1, the comparison of raw results as total Cr impurities profile (metal per L of THMP) with ICH Q3D guideline standards; Tier 2, the estimation of total Cr exposure with a single dose; and Tier 3, the estimation of total Cr daily exposure. We confirmed that total Cr impurities were present in all analyzed THMP with thymi herba (the observed level was below 6.0 µg/L). Total Cr concentration in a single dose can be deceptively high in comparison to the raw results but is not a threat to patients (20.15–63.45 ng/single dose). Moreover, the estimation of total Cr daily exposure shows that all analyzed THMP are characterized by daily dose (40.30–181.41 ng/day) below PDE value (10,700 mg/day); hence, all products meet the standards of ICH Q3D elemental impurities guideline.
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Aceituno-Mata, Laura, Javier Tardío, and Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana. "The Persistence of Flavor: Past and Present Use of Wild Food Plants in Sierra Norte de Madrid, Spain." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4 (January 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.610238.

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Despite the increasing scientific and public interest in wild food plants, their traditional knowledge is undergoing a deep cultural erosion process at a global scale. The paper assesses past and present use of wild food plants in Sierra Norte de Madrid (Spain) in order to understand which are the main drivers of its evolution. We interviewed 132 informants and analyzed the cultural importance and present use of the following: (1) the human food use-category compared with all the other use-subcategories, (2) the food plant species, and (3) the human food use-subcategories (e.g., vegetables, fruits, condiments, or beverages). The useful wild flora included 252 plant species, of which 74 were traditionally used as human food, which is the most culturally important use-category. The most important species were three vegetables consumed cooked (Scolymus hispanicus, Bryonia dioica, and Silene vulgaris), other two greens that were eaten raw (Rumex papillaris and Montia fontana), a condiment (Thymus zygis), and a fruit (Rubus ulmifolius). Among food use-categories, vegetables was the category with a higher cultural importance index, but beverages and condiments had the lowest cultural erosion rate. We found several drivers of change in the use of wild food plants, some enhancing the trend of abandonment that affects differently certain uses and species, and others encouraging their maintenance. Factors that may explain the general erosion trend are linked to the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices and shepherding: (1) the decrease in the abundance and quality of wild food plants; (2) wild food plants are no longer necessary for subsistence; (3) the reduction of time spent in the countryside; and (4) the negative connotations of some species that are considered famine food. On the other hand, there are several motivations for gathering and using wild food plants: (1) gathering is seen as a leisure and community building activity; (2) the intense flavor of wild plants, which cannot be substituted by cultivated or commercial ones; (3) positive values associated with some species consumed as everyday food that are now considered delicatessen; and (4) the medicinal role of food, mainly food uses closer to medicine such as beverages and condiments.
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