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Journal articles on the topic 'Thyroid hormones/metabolism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Cordeiro, Aline, Luana Lopes Souza, Marcelo Einicker-Lamas, and Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura. "Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism." Journal of Endocrinology 216, no. 3 (2013): R47—R57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0542.

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Thyroid hormones are important modulators of lipid metabolism because the liver is a primary hormonal target. The hypolipidaemic effects of thyroid hormones result from the balance between direct and indirect actions resulting in stimulation of lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation, which favours degradation pathways. Originally, it was believed that thyroid hormone activity was only transduced by alteration of gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptors, comprising the classic action of thyroid hormone. However, the discovery of other effects independent of thi

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2

Severo, Juliana Soares, Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais, Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas, et al. "The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 89, no. 1-2 (2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000262.

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Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence sh

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3

Zaidi, Mone, Terry F. Davies, Alberta Zallone, et al. "Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, and bone loss." Current Osteoporosis Reports 7, no. 2 (2009): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-009-0009-0.

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4

Lachowicz, Katarzyna, Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk, and Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz. "Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis activity and function of cardiac muscle in energy deficit." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71 (December 29, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7639.

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Frequently repeated statement that energy restriction is a factor that improves cardiovascular system function seems to be not fully truth. Low energy intake modifies the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis activity and thyroid hormone peripheral metabolism. Thyroid hormones, as modulators of the expression and activity of many cardiomyocyte proteins, control heart function. Decreased thyroid hormone levels and their disturbanced conversion and action result in alternation of cardiac remodeling, disorder of calcium homeostasis and diminish myocardial contractility. This review provides a summa

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5

Arthur, John R. "The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 11 (1991): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-243.

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In animals, decreases in selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase activity and the resultant impairment of peroxide metabolism can account for many, but not all of the biochemical and clinical changes caused by selenium deficiency. Recently, however, type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase has also been shown to be a selenium-containing enzyme. This explains the impairment of thyroid hormone metabolism caused by selenium deficiency in animals with a normal vitamin E status. Since iodothyronine 5′-deiodinases are essential for the production of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, s

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6

Brenta, Gabriela. "Why Can Insulin Resistance Be a Natural Consequence of Thyroid Dysfunction?" Journal of Thyroid Research 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/152850.

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Evidence for a relationship between T4 and T3 and glucose metabolism appeared over 100 years ago when the influence of thyroid hormone excess in the deterioration of glucose metabolism was first noticed. Since then, it has been known that hyperthyroidism is associated with insulin resistance. More recently, hypothyroidism has also been linked to decreased insulin sensitivity. The explanation to this apparent paradox may lie in the differential effects of thyroid hormones at the liver and peripheral tissues level. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of thyroid hormones in glucos

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7

., Anisa, and Sheetal Rai. "Role of thyroid metabolism in vestibular vertigo." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 6, no. 2 (2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20200151.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Thyroid hormones play a role in the development and functioning of the inner ear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that a derangement in the thyroid hormone levels can affect the cochleo-vestibular system.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study included 64 cases and 64 controls. All patients diagnosed with peripheral vertigo were enrolled into the study. All the subjects underwent thyroid function tests- serum T3, T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Free hormone levels wer

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8

Köhrle, J., G. Brabant, and R. D. Hesch. "Metabolism of the Thyroid Hormones." Hormone Research 26, no. 1-4 (1987): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000180686.

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9

Fiore, Enrico, Sonia Giambelluca, Massimo Morgante, et al. "Changes in Thyroid Hormones Levels and Metabolism in Dairy Cows around Calving." Acta Veterinaria 67, no. 3 (2017): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2017-0026.

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AbstractThe hormonal activity of the thyroid gland has an important role in ruminants for the modulation of metabolic variables. In this study changes in thyroid hormones and biochemical parameters in dairy cows around calving were evaluated and the critical thyroid hormones thresholds for predicting the risk of ketosis were estimated. Blood samples were collected from 82 dairy cows at 5±3 days pre-partum and 5±3 days postpartum. Serum values of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucose

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10

Dauncey, M. J., and A. Morovat. "Investigation of mechanisms mediating the increase in plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones after a meal in young growing pigs." Journal of Endocrinology 139, no. 1 (1993): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390131.

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ABSTRACT These studies investigated a number of possible mechanisms which could mediate the increase in plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones after a meal in young growing pigs. It has been established that in animals fed one meal a day, an immediate rise in plasma 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and a slightly delayed increase in thyroxine (T4) levels are followed by a more sustained peak in both hormones several hours later. The increase in thyroid hormones involves both total and free T3 and T4, and there is no change in plasma albumin, the high-capacity thyroid hormone-binding protein in

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11

Gusakova, E. A., and I. V. Gorodetskaya. "Influence of glucocorticoid hormones on the thyroid gland function." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series 18, no. 1 (2021): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1814-6023-2021-18-1-117-126.

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The injection of exogenous analogues of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, etc.) leads to a change in thyroid function at all levels (biosynthesis and secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland, the transport, interaction with receptors in target organs, biological action, their metabolism and excretion). Glucocorticoid hormones change regulationof the thyroid function: transhypophysially (glucocorticoids block the secretion of thyroliberin, thyroid stimulating hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, somatoliberin and the product

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Borisov, Daniil V., Diliara N. Gubaeva, and Evgeniy A. Praskurnichiy. "Use of thyroid hormones in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: literature review." Problems of Endocrinology 66, no. 3 (2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12471.

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Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death all over the world. Thyroid hormones play a significant role in the regulation of cardiac function. According to a number of researches, patients with cardiovascular diseases usually have a decrease in the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood serum, which may be associated with a poor prognosis. Today it still remains unclear whether the change in the bioavailability of thyroid hormones in the myocardium is a favorable physiological mechanism or a replication of an adaptation disorder. Experimental researches suggest that thyr

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Sousa, J. C., G. Morreale de Escobar, P. Oliveira, M. J. Saraiva, and J. A. Palha. "Transthyretin is not necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism in conditions of increased hormone demand." Journal of Endocrinology 187, no. 2 (2005): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06406.

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Thyroid hormones circulate in blood mainly bound to plasma proteins. Transthyretin is the major thyroxine plasma carrier in mice. Studies in transthyretin-null mice revealed that the absence of transthyretin results in euthyroid hypothyroxinemia and normal thyroid hormone tissue distribution, with the exception of the choroid plexus in the brain. Therefore, transthyretin does not influence normal thyroid hormone homeostasis under standard laboratory conditions. To investigate if transthyretin has a buffer/storage role we challenged transthyretin-null and wild-type mice with conditions of incre

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14

Mohamedali, Mohamed, Srikanth Reddy Maddika, Anix Vyas, Viswanathan Iyer, and Pramil Cheriyath. "Thyroid Disorders and Chronic Kidney Disease." International Journal of Nephrology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/520281.

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Thyroid hormones play a very important role regulating metabolism, development, protein synthesis, and influencing other hormone functions. The two main hormones produced by the thyroid are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones can also have significant impact on kidney disease so it is important to consider the physiological association of thyroid dysfunction in relation to chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD has been known to affect the pituitary-thyroid axis and the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Low T3 levels are the most common laboratory finding followed by s

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15

Nóbrega, Aline Guerra Correia. "Micronutrient Influence in Thyroid Function: A Review." International Journal of Nutrology 12, no. 02 (2019): 052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3402028.

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AbstractThe thyroid produces and secretes adequate amounts of hormones that regulate various physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function. The production and metabolism of thyroid hormones are dependent on micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, zinc and iron. Iodine is essential for the proper synthesis of thyroid hormones. The risk of iodine deficiency is high in places where the food consumed comes from iodine-deficient sources. To avoid complications, various government strategies have been developed to enrich food with this element. Seleni

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16

Goglia, Fernando, Elena Silvestri, and Antonia Lanni. "Thyroid Hormones and Mitochondria." Bioscience Reports 22, no. 1 (2002): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1016056905347.

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Because of their central role in the regulation of energy-transduction, mitochondria, the major site of oxidative processes within the cell, are considered a likely subcellular target for the action that thyroid hormones exert on energy metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) by thyroid hormones still remains unclear. It has been suggested that these hormones might uncouple substrate oxidation from ATP synthesis, but there are no clear-cut data to support this idea. Two iodothyronines have been identified as effectors of the actions of thyroid

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17

Valcavi, R., M. Zini, and I. Portioli. "Thyroid hormones and growth hormone secretion." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 15, no. 4 (1992): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03348744.

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18

Trajkovic-Arsic, Marija, Theo J. Visser, Veerle M. Darras, et al. "Consequences of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Deficiency for Renal Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones in Mice." Endocrinology 151, no. 2 (2010): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1053.

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Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the gene encoding the thyroid hormone transporting monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-8 suffer from a severe form of psychomotor retardation and exhibit abnormal serum thyroid hormone levels. The thyroidal phenotype characterized by high-serum T3 and low-serum T4 levels is also found in mice mutants deficient in MCT8 although the cause of these abnormalities is still unknown. Here we describe the consequences of MCT8 deficiency for renal thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and function by studying MCT8 null mice and wild-type littermates. Whereas s

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19

De Feo, Pierpaolo. "Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 1 (1996): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350007.

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De Feo P. Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol 1996:135:7–18. ISSN 0804–4643 This review focuses on the effects of hormones on protein kinetics in humans. Most of the recent knowledge on the regulation of protein metabolism in humans has been obtained by tracing protein kinetics in vivo, using labelled isotopes of essential or non-essential amino acids. This technique allows the rates of the whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown to be estimated together with amino acid oxidation and the fractional synthetic rates of mixed muscle proteins or of single plasma pr

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20

Sandy, X. Lourdes. "Role of reduced thyroid hormone status on bone mineral metabolism." MedPulse International Journal of Biochemistry 19, no. 2 (2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10021924.

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Background: The most common endocrine disorder is hypothyroidism which accounts to 11%. Thyroid hormones have a wide array of functions such as physiological growth and development of skeletal system, maintenance of basal metabolic rate and regulation of various metabolisms, including mineral metabolism. Nowadays due to its direct action on bone turn over, thyroid hormones are considered to have an important role on bone mineral metabolism. Thyroid disorders are important cause for secondary osteoporosis. So the present study was done to know the levels of bone minerals, calcium and phosphorus

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21

Forhead, A. J., and A. L. Fowden. "Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation." Journal of Endocrinology 221, no. 3 (2014): R87—R103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-14-0025.

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The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for normal growth and development of the fetus. Their bioavailabilityin uterodepends on development of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid gland axis and the abundance of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases that influence tissue levels of bioactive hormone. Fetal T4and T3concentrations are also affected by gestational age, nutritional and endocrine conditionsin utero, and placental permeability to maternal thyroid hormones, which varies among species with placental morphology. Thyroid hormones are requi

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22

Ma, Chaochao, Xiaoqi Li, Lixin Liu, et al. "Establishment of Early Pregnancy Related Thyroid Hormone Models and Reference Intervals for Pregnant Women in China Based on Real World Data." Hormone and Metabolic Research 53, no. 04 (2021): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1402-0290.

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AbstractThyroid hormone reference intervals are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring thyroid dysfunction during early pregnancy, and the dynamic change trend of thyroid hormones during pregnancy can assist clinicians to assess the thyroid function of pregnant women. This study aims to establish early pregnancy related thyroid hormones models and reference intervals for pregnant women. We established two derived databases: derived database* and derived database#. Reference individuals in database* were used to establish gestational age-specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones and earl

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Delitala, Alessandro P., Angelo Scuteri, and Carlo Doria. "Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (2020): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041034.

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Thyroid hormones are essential for normal skeletal development and normal bone metabolism in adults but can have detrimental effects on bone structures in states of thyroid dysfunction. Untreated severe hyperthyroidism influences the degree of bone mass and increases the probability of high bone turnover osteoporosis. Subclinical hyperthyroidism, defined as low thyrotropin (TSH) and free hormones within the reference range, is a subtler disease, often asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is incidentally made during screening exams. However, more recent data suggest that this clinical condition may

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Costa Rosa, L. F. B. P., Y. Cury, and R. Curi. "Effects of insulin, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on the activities of key enzymes of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway and the Krebs cycle in rat macrophages." Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 2 (1992): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1350213.

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ABSTRACT In the present study the effects of insulin, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on macrophage metabolism and function were investigated. The maximum activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminase and citrate synthase were determined in macrophages obtained from hormonetreated rats and those cultured for a period of 48 h in the presence of hormones. Macrophage phagocytosis was markedly inhibited by dexamethasone and thyroid hormones, remaining unchanged when insulin was added to the culture medium, however. The changes in the enzyme activities caused by horm

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Lademann, Franziska, Elena Tsourdi, Lorenz C. Hofbauer, and Martina Rauner. "Thyroid Hormone Actions and Bone Remodeling – The Role of the Wnt Signaling Pathway." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 128, no. 06/07 (2020): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1088-1215.

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AbstractThyroid hormones are indispensable for bone development and growth. Also in adults, bone mass maintenance is under the control of thyroid hormones. Preclinical and clinical studies established untreated hyperthyroidism as a cause for secondary osteoporosis with increased fracture risk. Thus, normal thyroid function is essential for bone health. Mechanistically, thyroid hormone excess accelerates bone turnover with predominant bone resorption. How thyroid hormones affect osteoblast and osteoclast functions, however, still remains ill-defined. The Wnt signaling pathway is a major determi

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Artykbaeva, Gulnora M. "Role of type 1 and 2 deiodinases in thyroid metabolism (review)." Problems of Endocrinology 62, no. 2 (2016): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201662246-52.

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Thyroid hormones control growth, development and metabolism in animals. The iodothyronine deiodinases catalyze the removal of an iodine residue from outer or inner ring of the pro-hormone thyroxin (T4) molecule, thus producing either the active form triiodothyronine (T3; activation) or inactive metabolites (reverse T3; inactivation), respectively. Type 1 deiodinase (D1) catalyzes both reactions. Over the last years, several studies have attempted to understand the mechanisms of D1 function, underlying its effects on thyroid metabolism in physiology and pathology. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) initiat

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Kinne, Anita, Melanie Wittner, Eva K. Wirth, et al. "Involvement of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter Lat2 in the Transport of 3,3′-Diiodothyronine across the Plasma Membrane." European Thyroid Journal 4, Suppl. 1 (2015): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381542.

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Thyroid hormones are transported across cell membranes by transmembrane transporter proteins, for example by members of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) and the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) families. LATs consist of a light chain (e.g. LAT2) and a heavy chain (CD98), which is essential for their cell surface expression and functionality. The specificity of Lat2 for thyroid hormones and their metabolites and its role in their transport was not fully clear. This fact motivated us to establish a cell system to elucidate the uptake of thyroid hormones and their metabolites by mouse Lat

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Pietzner, Maik, Tim Kacprowski, and Nele Friedrich. "Empowering thyroid hormone research in human subjects using OMICs technologies." Journal of Endocrinology 238, no. 1 (2018): R13—R29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0117.

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OMICs subsume different physiological layers including the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Recent advances in analytical techniques allow for the exhaustive determination of biomolecules in all OMICs levels from less invasive human specimens such as blood and urine. Investigating OMICs in deeply characterized population-based or experimental studies has led to seminal improvement of our understanding of genetic determinants of thyroid function, identified putative thyroid hormone target genes and thyroid hormone-induced shifts in the plasma protein and metabolite content. Conse

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Silveira, Gabriel Fernandes, Andréia Buffon, and Alessandra Nejar Bruno. "New Approaches to Thyroid Hormones and Purinergic Signaling." Journal of Thyroid Research 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/434727.

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It is known that thyroid hormones influence a wide variety of events at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Thyroid hormones (TH) play pivotal roles in growth, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, development, and metabolic homeostasis via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) by controlling the expression of TR target genes. Most of these effects result in pathological and physiological events and are already well described in the literature. Even so, many recent studies have been devoted to bringing new information on problems in controlling the synthesis and release of thes

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Aggarwal, Naveen, and Salman Razvi. "Thyroid and Aging or the Aging Thyroid? An Evidence-Based Analysis of the Literature." Journal of Thyroid Research 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/481287.

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Thyroid hormone production, metabolism, and action change with aging. The reference ranges for serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormones are derived mainly from younger populations. Thus, the prevalence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is increased greatly in the elderly. However, it is unclear whether mild thyroid dysfunction in the elderly is associated with adverse outcomes. In this review, we discuss current evidence-based literature on thyroid function in the elderly and whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly should be treated.

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Lee, Myeong Soo, Chang Won Kang, Yong Sub Shin, et al. "Acute Effects of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training on Blood Concentrations of TSH, Calcitonin, PTH and Thyroid Hormones in Elderly Subjects." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 26, no. 03n04 (1998): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x98000312.

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The present study investigated how the systemic treatment of a programmed exercise, ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training, affects the secretion of thyroid and parathyroid hormones in elderly subjects (10 male and 5 female). Plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and calcitonin were determined. CDSB Qi-training induces a slight increase in TSH. Both T4 and T3 were increased at the mid-time of CDSB Qi-training (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations only between T3 and T4 at mid-training

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Pakhle, Ketan, Rushab Parikh, Ashwini Jain, Prashant Kashyap, Dhaval Dave, and Archana Bhate. "Thyroid dysfunctions in patients with chronic renal failure." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (2017): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172485.

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Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic and fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting in the development of clinical symptoms like uraemia or azotemia. Thyroid hormones have an important role in regulating metabolism, development of the kidney, maintenance of water and electrolyte homeostasis, protein synthesis and influencing other hormone function. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) are the two main hormones produced by the thyroid. T

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Senese, Rosalba, Federica Cioffi, Pieter de Lange, Fernando Goglia, and Antonia Lanni. "Thyroid: biological actions of ‘nonclassical’ thyroid hormones." Journal of Endocrinology 221, no. 2 (2014): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0573.

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Thyroid hormones (THs) are produced by the thyroid gland and converted in peripheral organs by deiodinases. THs regulate cell functions through two distinct mechanisms: genomic (nuclear) and nongenomic (non-nuclear). Many TH effects are mediated by the genomic pathway – a mechanism that requires TH activation of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. The overall nongenomic processes, emerging as important accessory mechanisms in TH actions, have been observed at the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, and in organelles. Some products of peripheral TH metabolism (besides triiodo-l-t

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Nolan, LA, CK Thomas, and A. Levy. "Permissive effects of thyroid hormones on rat anterior pituitary mitotic activity." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 1 (2004): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800035.

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The anterior pituitary is active mitotically and apoptotically under basal conditions and in response to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. Hypothyroidism in man is associated with a modest but very occasionally dramatic increase in overall pituitary size. The mechanisms underlying this reversible phenomenon remain obscure. In the present study we have examined young adult rat anterior pituitary following surgical thyroidectomy and subsequent thyroid hormone treatment and withdrawal using an extremely accurate system for quantifying directly identified mitotic and apopt

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Bernal, Juan, and Jacques Nunez. "Thyroid hormones and brain development." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 4 (1995): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330390.

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Bernal J, Nunez J. Thyroid hormones and brain development. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:390–8. ISSN 0804–4643 Thyroid hormone is a major physiological regulator of mammalian brain development. Cell differentiation, migration and gene expression are altered as a consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency or excess. The physiological role of thyroid hormone can perhaps be defined so as to ensure the timed coordination of different developmental events through specific effects on the rate of cell differentiation and gene expression. All triiodothyronine (T3) receptor isoforms are expressed in the bra

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Wolf, Peter, Yvonne Winhofer, Martin Krššák, and Michael Krebs. "Heart, lipids and hormones." Endocrine Connections 6, no. 4 (2017): R59—R69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0031.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in general population. Besides well-known risk factors such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, growing evidence suggests that hormonal changes in various endocrine diseases also impact the cardiac morphology and function. Recent studies highlight the importance of ectopic intracellular myocardial and pericardial lipid deposition, since even slight changes of these fat depots are associated with alterations in cardiac performance. In this review, we overview the effects of hormones, including insulin, thyroid hormon

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Tahir, Ali, Fatima Tuz-Zahra, and Imran Tipu. "Association of Nephropathy with the Thyroid Profile." BioScientific Review 2, no. 4 (2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr/2020/24/1240.

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The thyroid gland produces two hormones: thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid hormone affects both the kidney morphology and its functions. Kidneys are involved in the metabolism and elimination of the thyroid hormones. The current study was conducted on 100 nephropathy patients, of which 57 were female patients and 43 were male patients. Venous blood samples were collected for the estimation of hyperthyroidism in nephropathy patients. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxin, and triiodothyronine were estimated using the chemilumeniscent techniques. Serum creatinine levels

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Tahir, Ali, Fatima Tuz-Zahra, and Imran Tipu. "Association of Nephropathy with the Thyroid Profile." BioScientific Review 2, no. 4 (2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr.0204.03.

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The thyroid gland produces two hormones: thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid hormone affects both the kidney morphology and its functions. Kidneys are involved in the metabolism and elimination of the thyroid hormones. The current study was conducted on 100 nephropathy patients, of which 57 were female patients and 43 were male patients. Venous blood samples were collected for the estimation of hyperthyroidism in nephropathy patients. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxin, and triiodothyronine were estimated using the chemilumeniscent techniques. Serum creatinine levels

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GY, Huszebucza, M. Kulcszr, and P. Rudas. "Clinical endocrinology of thyroid gland function in ruminants." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 7 (2012): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5824-vetmed.

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After briefly introducing the basec steps in production and metabolism of thyroid hormones, the author gives an overview of nutritional, metabolic and disease related factors and endocrine interactions influencing thyroid gland function in ruminants, particularly in the postpartum dairy cow. Involvement of thyroid hormonal regulation of seasonal patterns of reproduction as well as ovarian endocrine function are discussed.

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Sviridov, O. V. "Proteins binding the thyroid hormones and their physiological role." Problems of Endocrinology 40, no. 6 (1994): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12197.

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Steroid and thyroid hormones exert a regulatory effect on a whole range of physiological processes that form the basis of the normal development and functioning of the body. In the channel of human blood, from 96 to 99.9% of the total masses of cortisol, progesterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine circulate in the form of complexes with hormone-binding transport proteins. The free hormone" hypothesis assigns to these transport proteins the passive function of maintaining a stationary pool of biologically active unbound hormones due to the rapid dissociation of complexes in response to the nee

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Kruk, Barbara, Zofia Brzezinska, Hanna Kaciuba-Uscilko, and Krystyna Nazar. "Thyroid Hormones and Muscle Metabolism in Dogs." Hormone and Metabolic Research 20, no. 10 (1988): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1010900.

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Roche, Jean, and Raymond Michel. "ON THE PERIPHERAL METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 86, no. 2 (2006): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42822.x.

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Martínez-Sánchez, Noelia, Clara V. Alvarez, Johan Fernø, Rubén Nogueiras, Carlos Diéguez, and Miguel López. "Hypothalamic effects of thyroid hormones on metabolism." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 28, no. 5 (2014): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2014.04.004.

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Sun, Qian, Lívia Avallone, Brian Stolze, et al. "Demonstration of reciprocal diurnal variation in human serum T3 and rT3 concentration demonstrated by mass spectrometric analysis and establishment of thyroid hormone reference intervals." Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 11 (January 2020): 204201882092268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042018820922688.

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Background: There has been a wide range of reference intervals proposed in previous literature for thyroid hormones due to large between-assay variability of immunoassays, as well as lack of correction for collection time. We provided the diurnal reference intervals for five thyroid hormones, namely total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and reverse T3 (rT3), measured in serum samples of healthy participants using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Methods: Couplet serum samples (a.m. and p.m.) we

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Lazarus, John H. "Thyroid hormones and neurodevelopment." Clinical Endocrinology 50, no. 2 (1999): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00602.x.

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Liu, L., and TE Porter. "Endogenous thyroid hormones modulate pituitary somatotroph differentiation during chicken embryonic development." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 1 (2004): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800045.

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Growth hormone cell differentiation normally occurs between day 14 and day 16 of chicken embryonic development. We reported previously that corticosterone (CORT) could induce somatotroph differentiation in vitro and in vivo and that thyroid hormones could act in combination with CORT to further augment the abundance of somatotrophs in vitro. The objective of the present study was to test our hypothesis that endogenous thyroid hormones regulate the abundance of somatotrophs during chicken embryonic development. Plasma samples were collected on embryonic day (e) 9-14. We found that plasma CORT a

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Elbrecht, Alex, and Catherine B. Lazier. "Selective inhibitory effects of thyroid hormones on estrogen-induced protein synthesis in chick embryo liver." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 12 (1985): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-151.

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We have investigated the effect of thyroid hormones on estrogen-induced responses in embryonic chick liver. Administration of thyroid hormones inhibits estrogen induction of vitellogenin, as well as of apoprotein-II of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL apo-II). A proportionate decrease in the concentration of hepatic salt-soluble nuclear estrogen receptor is also observed. In contrast, estrogen stimulation of apoprotein-B (VLDL apo-B) synthesis is relatively resistant to inhibition. The inhibitory effects of the thyroid hormones could be due to increased metabolism and clearance of estradiol-

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Vargas, Félix, Isabel Rodríguez-Gómez, Pablo Vargas-Tendero, Eugenio Jimenez, and Mercedes Montiel. "The renin–angiotensin system in thyroid disorders and its role in cardiovascular and renal manifestations." Journal of Endocrinology 213, no. 1 (2011): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-11-0349.

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Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases and affect virtually all physiological systems, with an especially marked impact on cardiovascular and renal systems. This review summarizes the effects of thyroid hormones on the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the participation of the RAS in the cardiovascular and renal manifestations of thyroid disorders. Thyroid hormones are important regulators of cardiac and renal mass, vascular function, renal sodium handling, and consequently blood pressure (BP). The RAS acts globally to control cardiovascular and renal functions, while

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Groeneweg, Stefan, Ferdy S. van Geest, Robin P. Peeters, Heike Heuer, and W. Edward Visser. "Thyroid Hormone Transporters." Endocrine Reviews 41, no. 2 (2019): 146–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnz008.

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Abstract Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided

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Yavuz, Sahzene, Silvia Salgado Nunez del Prado, and Francesco S. Celi. "Thyroid Hormone Action and Energy Expenditure." Journal of the Endocrine Society 3, no. 7 (2019): 1345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/js.2018-00423.

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Abstract Energy metabolism is one of the most recognized targets of thyroid hormone action, which indeed plays a critical role in modulating energy expenditure in all of its components. This is because thyroid hormone receptors are ubiquitous, and thyroid hormones interact and influence most metabolic pathways in virtually all systems throughout the entire life of the organism. The pleiotropic actions of thyroid hormone are the results of interaction between the local availability of T3 and the signal transduction machinery, which confer in physiologic conditions time and tissue specificity of

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