Journal articles: 'Ti-6Al-4V ELI'

1

Saitova, Lilia R., Heinz Werner Höppel, Matthias Göken, A. R. Kilmametov, Irina P. Semenova, and Ruslan Valiev. "Cycling of Ultrafine-Grained Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy: Microstructural Changes and Enhanced Fatigue Limit." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.827.

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Ti-6Al-4V ELI (extra low interstitials) was processed by equal channel angular pressing in order to obtain an ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure which is known to enhance the fatigue behavior of metallic materials. Fatigue properties of UFG Ti-6Al-4V ELI were studied by strain and stress controlled fatigue tests. UFG Ti-6Al-4V ELI shows an improvement of the fatigue behavior compared to conventional grain (CG) size counterpart. Microstructural investigations prior to and after fatigue testing confirm a high structural stability of the UFG material. Hence, the UFG alloy has a high potential for prospective use in biomedical and engineering applications.

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Haase, Fabian, Carsten Siemers, Lina Klinge, Cheng Lu, Patric Lang, Stephan Lederer, Till König, and Joachim Rösler. "Aluminum- and Vanadium-free Titanium Alloys for Medical Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032105008.

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CP-Ti, Ti 6A l 4V (ELI), and Ti 6Al 7Nb are often used for manufacturing osteosynthesis products or implants. However, researches have revealed that Al and V can have detrimental effects on the human body. Therefore, several Al- and V-free near-α and (α+β) titanium alloys have been developed on the basis of CP-Ti Grade 4+ (Ti 0.4O 0.5Fe 0.08C). They should possess similar or better mechanical properties than Ti 6Al 4V (ELI) combined with an improved biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance. O, C, Fe, Au, Si, Nb, or Mo have been used as alloying elements, which are either already present in the human body or are biocompatible. Several of the studied alloys show a strength and ductility fulfilling the requirements of Ti 6Al 4V ELI as specified in ASTM F136. For instance, Ti 0.44O 0.5Fe 0.08C 2.0Mo exhibits a YTS of approx. 1005 MPa, an UTS of approx. 1015 MPa, and an elongation at rupture of at least 17%. Therefore, one or more of the studied alloys are promising candidates for replacing Ti 6Al 4V ELI in osteosynthesis and implant applications.

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Kikuchi, Shoichi, Yuki Nakamura, Koichiro Nambu, and Toshikazu Akahori. "Formation of Hydroxyapatite Layer on Ti–6Al–4V ELI Alloy by Fine Particle Peening." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0915.

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Fine particle peening (FPP) using hydroxyapatite (HAp) shot particles can form a HAp layer on room-temperature substrates by the transfer and microstructural modification of the shot particles. In this study, FPP with HAp shot particles was applied to form a HAp surface layer and improve the fatigue properties of Ti–6Al–4V extra-low interstitial (ELI) for use in bio-implants. The surface microstructures of the FPP-treated specimens were characterized by micro-Vickers hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. FPP with HAp shot particles successfully formed a HAp layer on the surface of Ti–6Al–4V ELI in a relatively short period by shot particle transfer at room temperature; however, the thickness and elemental composition of the HAp layer were independent of the FPP treatment time. The original HAp crystal structure remained in the surface-modified layer formed on Ti–6Al–4V ELI after FPP. Furthermore, FPP increased the surface hardness and generated compressive residual stresses at the treated surface of Ti–6Al–4V ELI. Four-point bending fatigue tests were performed at stress ratios of 0.1 and 0.5 to examine the effect of FPP with HAp shot particles on the fatigue properties of Ti–6Al–4V ELI. The fatigue life of the FPP-treated specimen was longer than that of the un-peened specimen because of the formation of a work-hardened layer with compressive residual stress. However, no clear improvement in the fatigue limit of Ti–6Al–4V ELI occurred after FPP with HAp shot particles because of subsurface failures from characteristic facets.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Yeong Moo Yi. "A Study on High Temperature Oxidation of Titanium Alloys in Solid State Bonding Process." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.183.

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The surface oxidation behavior was investigated over a range of solid state bonding condition of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. Since the oxides at the bonding interface may prevent the materials from complete bonding, it is important to understand the oxidation behavior at solid state bonding condition. The activation energy of oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V ELI is estimated to be 318 KJ/mol in an environment of solid state bonding process. For Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy, strucutral integrity of bonding interface without oxides have been obtained at 850°C applying pressure of 3MPa for 1 hour. Solid state diffusion bonding of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al alloy was also obtained under a pressure of 6MPa for 3 hours at 925°C.

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Antony Prabhu, T., N. Murugesan, K. Thomas Tharian, and S. Ingersol. "Studies on Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.207.

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Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used in Aerospace applications owing to its high specific strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion and good corrosion resistance. Presence of interstitial elements in the alloy has some significant effects on its properties. However the poor notch toughness and cryogenic ductility restricts the usage of Ti-6Al-4V for temperatures lower than 77 K (-196 °C). The Extra Lower Interstitial grade alloy was developed in order to improve the notch toughness and cryogenic ductility of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In this refined grade, the interstitials, Oxygen and Carbon are controlled to a maximum limit of 0.12% and 0.08% respectively as compared to a maximum of 0.2% and 0.1% of standard Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In this study, the ELI grade of Ti-6Al-4V rods from three different manufacturing sources were subjected to tensile test at liquid hydrogen temperature at 20 K (-253 oC). The tensile properties obtained are compared and analyzed. The obtained ductility at 20 K is observed to have close relation with the chemical composition and interstitial content and compared with the Ti5Al2.5Sn-ELI which is ideally suitable for low temperatures upto 20 K, owing to its single phase HCP structure. A correlation has been made between the ductile properties and microstructure. By close control of chemical composition and mechanical working, Ti6Al4V-ELI can be used for temperatures lower than 77 K (-196 oC), which is otherwise is forbidden. This paper details the test data obtained from three different compositions of Ti6Al4V-ELI at 20 K, which enables the usage of this material for temperatures lower than 77 K (-196 °C) upto 20 K.

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Dan, Zhenhua, Jiafei Lu, Hui Chang, Ping Qu, Aifeng Zhang, Zhigang Fang, Yuecheng Dong, Ying Wang, and Lian Zhou. "High-Stress Compressive Creep Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloys with Different Microstructures." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111007.

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Influence of initial microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys on their compressive creep behavior at ambient temperature was investigated with applying compression stresses from 695 to 1092 MPa The experimental results show that the basketweave alloys have better compressive creep resistances than those duplex ones. The constitutive equations in steady-state compressive creeps of duplex or basketweave structure are calculated to be =2.77×10-15(σ-710)2.1 and =2.36×10-14(σ-740)1.7 by fitting the linear regression creep curves after uniaxial compression tests. The noticeable compressive creep strains occur when the applied compression stresses are higher than the threshold stresses, i.e. 710 MPa for duplex Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys and 740 MPa for basketweave alloys. Microstructural analysis indicates that the creep deformation of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys at ambient temperature is mainly controlled by dislocation slip. The creep behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy with duplex microstructure is controlled by dislocation slip, like slip dislocations with a-type Burgers vector sliding on the basal or prismatic planes and a few c+a type dislocation sliding on the pyramidal planes. While creep mechanism for basketweave ones is dislocation glide controlled by c+a type Burgers vector sliding on the pyramidal planes and a-type sliding on the basal or prismatic planes.

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Singla, Anil Kumar, Jagtar Singh, Vishal S. Sharma, Munish Kumar Gupta, Qinghua Song, Dariusz Rozumek, and Grzegorz M. Krolczyk. "Impact of Cryogenic Treatment on HCF and FCP Performance of β-Solution Treated Ti-6Al-4V ELI Biomaterial." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030500.

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The poor fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V ELI is a main cause of failure in structural implants. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V ELI was subjected to β-solution treatment to obtain martensite microstructure and further subjected to −196 °C for 24 h. Significant improvement in high cycle fatigue performance of martensite Ti-6Al-4V ELI was observed on exposure to cryogenic cycle. Resistance to fatigue crack growth of alloy was augmented in martensite structure as compared with mill annealed sample and the same was retained even after exposure to cryogenic treatment. The variation observed in fatigue behavior due to cryogenic treatment was correlated with fractography and metallurgical investigations. Improvement in high cycle fatigue performance can be attributed to a combined effect of a decrease in the size of prior β grain, formation of massive α patch and its subsequent transformation into ultra-fine α and β during the soaking period at −196 °C.

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Semenova, Irina P., Lilia R. Saitova, Georgy I. Raab, Alexander Korshunov, Yuntian T. Zhu, Terry C. Lowe, and Ruslan Valiev. "Microstructural Features and Mechanical Properties of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.757.

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This paper investigates microstructures and mechanical properties of the TI-6AL-4V ELI alloy processed by ECAP and extrusion with various morphology of α and β-phase. Preliminary thermal treatment consisted of quenching and further high-temperature ageing. The present work reveals that the decrease of volume fraction of α-phase globular component in the initial billet results in a more homogeneous structure refinement during SPD, lower internal stress, enhancement of microstructure stability and mechanical properties. An ultimate strength of UTS ≥1350 MPa was obtained in the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy while maintaining a ductility of δ≥11%.

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Abdelrhman, Yasser, Sengo Kobayashi, Satoshi Okano, Takeaki Okamoto, and Mohamed Abdel-Hady Gepreel. "Biocompatibility of Anodized Low-Cost Ti-4.7Mo-4.5Fe Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.458.

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Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes were generated on the surface of the designed alloy Ti-4.7Mo-4.5Fe (TMF55) by electrochemical anodization process to investigate the effect of nanostructured on the biocompatibility. The biocompatibility of the designed alloys showed very promising results compared to those of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy, especially for the untreated and nanostructured surfaces of the specimens with diameter size less than 35 nm. By increasing the diameter of nanotube, the biocompatibility is decreased. The most convenient compatible alloy was in favor of TMF8 alloy, making this V-free low-cost alloy is a promising candidate for replacing the commercial Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy in biomedical applications. Keywords: Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes, biocompatibility, Titanium alloys, Cell Counting Kit-8, WST-8 assay.

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Germain Careau, Sébastien, Bernard Tougas, and Elena Ulate-Kolitsky. "Effect of Direct Powder Forging Process on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructural of Ti-6Al-4V ELI." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164499.

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The study of powder metallurgy processing methods for titanium represents a promising avenue that can respond to a growing demand. This work reports the feasibility of direct powder forging (DPF) as a method to process large spherical Ti-6Al-4V powder into wrought products with noteworthy properties and physical characteristics. Direct powder forging is a thermomechanical process that imparts uniaxial loading to an enclosed and uncompacted powder to produce parts of various sizes and shapes. Stainless steel canisters were filled with prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powder and consolidated through a multi-step open-die forging and rolling process into wrought DPF bars. After DPF, annealing was performed in the upper α+β phase. The results show that full consolidation was achieved and higher mechanical properties than the Ti-6Al-4V grade F-23 requirements in annealed conditions were obtained. The results also show that direct powder forging of spherical titanium powder could produce wrought mill products and exhibit some potential for further investigation for industrial applications.

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Shin, Hyung Gon, Seung Hyeon Yoo, Seon Woo Park, and Dong Pyo Hong. "A Study on the Cutting Characteristics and Detection of the Abnormal Tool State in Turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 2025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.2025.

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The cutting characteristics of biomaterials (Ti-6Al-4V ELI) by tools are investigated with respect to cutting force, work piece surface roughness and tool flank wear by the vision system. Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium turning is carried out with various cutting conditions; spindle rotational speed and feed rate. Back propagation neural networks (BPNs) are used for detection of tool wear. The input vectors of neural network comprise of spindle rotational speed, feed rates, vision flank wear, and cutting force signals. The output is the tool wear state which is either usable or failure. The detection of the abnormal states using BPNs achieves 97.5% reliability even when the spindle rotational speed and feed rate are changed.

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Anurag, R. kumar, S. Roy, K. K. Joshi, A. K. Sahoo, and R. K. Das. "Machining of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy: A brief review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 390 (July 30, 2018): 012112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/390/1/012112.

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Rosik, R., N. Kępczak, M. Sikora, B. Witkowski, R. Wójcik, and S. Midera. "Surface roughness of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium alloy after the turning process." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 98 (August 1, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4611.

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Purpose: The purpose of this article is discussing the methods of determining the surface roughness of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium alloy obtained after longitudinal turning. The method of determining the mathematical model used for determining the Rz roughness parameter and then the results obtained were compared with values measured and calculated on the basis of equations available in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: The mathematical model in the form of multiple regression function of exponential polynomial was determined using the algorithm of the acceptance and rejection method. The data for calculations was obtained by measuring the surface roughness after turning with different machining parameter values. Findings: A mathematical model was elaborated in the form of a multiple regression function, enabling calculation of the Rz parameter describing the Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium alloy surface roughness after longitudinal turning. The verification of the dependence obtained confirmed its accuracy. Research limitations/implications: Further research should encompass other values of machining plate geometry, as well as other types of cooling and lubricating fluids and method of applying them. Practical implications: The mathematical model can be helpful when choosing the conditions in which the turning process will be carried out. It also constitutes a basis for further optimisation of that process. Originality/value: The results of this research are a novelty on a worldwide scale. No research of this type has been conducted with regard to analyses and optimisation of longitudinal turning of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium alloy.

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Kumar, Ramanuj, and Ashok Kumar Sahoo. "Pulsating minimum quantity lubrication assisted high speed turning on bio-medical Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy: An experimental investigation." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 6 (2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020097.

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Machining of bio-medical Ti-6Al-4V ELI grade is categorized in difficult to cut metal alloys due to its lower thermal conductivity and highly reactive in nature at elevated temperature. However, to improve the machinability of this alloy, controlling the temperature during cutting action is a challenging task. On this context, current work introduced a novel cooling strategy named as pulsating minimum quantity lubrication technique to investigate the surface roughness, surface texture (surface topology, surface profile, amplitude distribution curve, Bearing area curve, and Power spectrum), tool-work temperature, and flank wear in high-speed CNC turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy. Feed is the leading influencing term towards surface roughness, pulse time contributing the highest impact towards tool-work temperature while flank wear is largely influenced by cutting speed. Abrasion, notch wear, adhesion and diffusion mode of wear is found.

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Polyakova, Veronika, Irina P. Semenova, and Ruslan Valiev. "Influence of Annealing on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb, Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.943.

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This work is devoted to enhancement of strength and ductility of the Ti-6Al-7Nb ELI alloy, which is less harmful from medical point of view for human body in comparison to Ti-6Al-4V. It has been demonstrated that formation of an ultrafine-grained structure in the alloy with the help of equal-channel angular pressing in combination with heat and deformation treatments allows reaching high strength (UTS = 1400 MPa) and sufficient ductility (elongation 10 %).

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Rasool, Ghulam, Yousuf El Shafei, and Margaret M. Stack. "Mapping Tribo-Corrosion Behaviour of TI-6AL-4V Eli in Laboratory Simulated Hip Joint Environments." Lubricants 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8070069.

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Wear and corrosion in artificial hip replacements are known to result in metal ion release and wear debris induced osteolysis. This may lead to pain and sensitivity for patients. This infers that pre-clinical testing is critical in determining the long-term performance, safety, and reliability of the implant materials. For this purpose, micro-abrasion-corrosion tests were carried out on a biocompatible material, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, using a T-66, Plint micro-abrasion test rig in conjunction with Gill Ac corrosion testing apparatus for the range of applied loads and electrical potentials in the hip joint simulated environment. A Ringer’s solution, with and without an abrasive particle (silicon carbide), was used to enable the interactions between abrasion and corrosion. In this paper, the effects of applied load and electrochemical potential on the tribo-corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a bio-simulated environment are presented. The wastage, micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanisms, and synergy behaviour were identified and mapped. A significant difference in corrosion current densities was observed in the presence of abrasive particles, suggesting the removal of the protective oxide layer. The results also indicate that Ti-6Al-4V had significant abrasive wear loss when coupled with a ceramic counterpart. According to the mechanism, micro-abrasion plays a predominant role in the abrasion-corrosion behaviour of this material and the material losses by mechanical processes are substantially larger than losses, due to electrochemical processes.

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Depriester, Dorian, and Elisabeth Massoni. "Submicrocristalline Structure and Dynamic Recovery of Cold Flowformed ELI Grade Ti-6Al-4V." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.157.

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Flowforming is a means to produce seamless tubes by plastic deformation at room temperature. It consists in reducing the thickness of a tubular part mounted on a mandrel by deforming it using several rollers translating along the tube axis, while the tube is rotating along its axis. Thanks to the high compressive stresses, and to the incremental nature of the deformation process, flowforming can lead to a high thickness reduction and thus to high elongation of the deformed tubes. Ti-6Al-4V (Extra Low Interstitial grade) tubes have been deformed by cold flowforming, with a thickness reduction ratio higher than 60%, and their microstructures have been investigated using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Based on EBSD data, a post-processing analysis has been performed in order to study the texture of the flowformed parts. Optical Microscopy showed that the material could be deformed without displaying flow instability such as adiabatic shear banding, despite the fact that it has been processes out of the stable processing maps (high strain rate and low temperature). It also evidenced a major deformation along the tube axis accompanied with a slight twist due to torsion stress. EBSD analysis indicated the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization, which is rarely reported in the α-β domain of such alloys. The recovery/ recrystallization effects resulted in a submicrocrystalline equiaxed structure, which is consistent with that previously reported for Ti-6Al-4V subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD). The texture of the hexagonal α-phase appeared to be similar to that obtained on extruded Ti-6Al-4V, with a basal component perpendicular to the tube axis.

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Ezura, Atsushi, Kazutoshi Katahira, and Jun Komotori. "Generation of Biocompatible Titanium Alloy Surfaces Including Calcium and Phosphorus Elements by Laser-Induced Mist Spraying Wet Treatment." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0575.

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Titanium alloys are widely used for the hard tissue substitute implants. However, it is necessary to improve interfacial biocompatibility to reduce adhesion period. For improvement of biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys, texture and chemical composition on contact part with biological tissue play very important roles. In this research, micro texture was generated on the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy surfaces utilizing laser irradiation, in order to improve biocompatibility. The biocompatibility was evaluated by osteoblast cell culture assays. The results indicated the surface having micro texture improve biocompatibility as compared with untreated surface. This was considered in order the fact that the formed modified surface had hydrophilicity, thereby improving the cell compatibility, and the cell adhesion due to the complicated shape. In addition, mist of glycerophosphoric acid calcium aqueous solution was applied on the laser irradiated area. As result, micro texture including Ca and P elements was generated on the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy surfaces. When laser was irradiated, glycerophosphoric acid calcium aqueous solution was applied as mist flowed on the test pieces as droplet. The velocity of droplet fluid was relatively fast, so that laser irradiation was unhindered access to the surface of test pieces and the treatment was stable. In order to estimate biocompatibility, culture assays using osteoblast cells were conducted on the treated surface having micro texture including Ca and P elements. As results, it was clearly that biocompatibility of the specimen treated by laser with glycerophosphoric acid calcium aqueous solution mist more improved than either untreated specimen or treated specimen soaked in glycerophosphoric acid calcium aqueous solution.

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Karmiris-Obratański, Panagiotis, Krzysztof Zagórski, Jacek Cieślik, Emmanouil Lazaros Papazoglou, and Angelos Markopoulos. "Surface Topography of Ti 6Al 4V ELI after High Power EDM." Procedia Manufacturing 47 (2020): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.242.

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Carrion, Patricio E., Nima Shamsaei, Steven R. Daniewicz, and Robert D. Moser. "Fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI including mean stress effects." International Journal of Fatigue 99 (June 2017): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.02.013.

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Renon, Vincent, Gilbert Henaff, Céline Larignon, Simon Perusin, and Patrick Villechaise. "Identification of Relationships between Heat Treatment and Fatigue Crack Growth of αβ Titanium Alloys." Metals 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050512.

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This study deals with the influence of microstructure on the fatigue crack growth resistance of αβ titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) that may compete with the conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the manufacture of high performance aircraft. Six different microstructures have been considered: the as-received bimodal microstructures and five distinct fully lamellar microstructures. The characteristic parameters of these microstructures were determined and crack growth tests were performed with crack closure measurements in order to evaluate the shielding effect induced by closure. A comparison of crack growth rates, fracture surfaces, and crack path was carried out for the different microstructures. The results outline a transition between two propagation regimes from a microstructure-sensitive to microstructure-insensitive propagation.

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Prasad, Y. V. R. K., T. Seshacharyulu, S. C. Medeiros, and W. G. Frazier. "A Study of Beta Processing of Ti-6Al-4V: Is it Trivial?" Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1372708.

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Deformation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the β phase field is generally considered to be trivial since the material is highly workable at these temperatures and does not normally pose problems during processing. In view of this, studies on the hot deformation behavior of β are scanty compared to those on the α−β deformation. This paper is focussed on understanding the β deformation characteristics in Ti-6Al-4V with a view to examine whether such studies help in optimizing the process design and achieving microstructural control. The emphasis has been on the two industrial grades, viz. commercial purity (CP) versus extra-low interstitial (ELI), and also on the effect of starting microstructure (transformed β versus equiaxed α+β). The stress-strain curves obtained in compression exhibited steady-state behavior at strain rates lower than 1 s−1 and oscillatory/softening behavior at higher strain rates. Kinetic analysis of the flow stress data obtained at different temperatures and strain rates has shown that the stress exponent is about 3.6-3.8 and the apparent activation energy is in the range 150-287 kJ/mole, which is comparable to that of self-diffusion in β phase (150 kJ/mol). Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of β is identified as the microstructural mechanism in all the cases except in ELI grade with transformed β starting structure. The prior β grain size in the DRX region exhibits a good correlation with the Zener-Hollomon parameter. In case of ELI grade, a mechanism of large grained superplasticity involving sliding of prior colony boundaries has been identified. However, deformation close to the transus in ELI grade causes nucleation of voids which may grow during soaking at the deformation temperature under the influence of tensile residual stress. The results clearly show that a study of β deformation mechanisms holds the key during hot working of Ti-6-4. More importantly, the processing schedule used for CP grade Ti-6-4 should not be used for ELI grade to achieve microstructural control and avoid defects.

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Roach, MD, RS Williamson, and LD Zardiackas. "Comparison of the Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of CP Ti-Grade 4, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, Ti-6Al-7Nb, and Ti-15Mo." Journal of ASTM International 2, no. 7 (2005): 12786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai12786.

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Kazantseva, N., P. Krakhmalev, M. Thuvander, I. Yadroitsev, N. Vinogradova, and I. Ezhov. "Martensitic transformations in Ti-6Al-4V (ELI) alloy manufactured by 3D Printing." Materials Characterization 146 (December 2018): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.042.

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Akahori, Toshikazu, and Mitsuo Niinomi. "Fracture characteristics of fatigued Ti–6Al–4V ELI as an implant material." Materials Science and Engineering: A 243, no. 1-2 (March 1998): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00807-1.

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YURI, Tetsumi, Yoshinori ONO, and Toshio OGATA. "Cryogenic Fatigue Properties of Notched Specimens for Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alby." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.1 (2004): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.1.0_87.

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Anurag, R. kumar, K. K. Joshi, and R. K. Das. "Analysis of Chip Reduction Coefficient in Turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 390 (July 30, 2018): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/390/1/012113.

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Lee, Ho-Sung, Jong-Hoon Yoon, Chan Hee Park, Young Gun Ko, Dong Hyuk Shin, and Chong Soo Lee. "A study on diffusion bonding of superplastic Ti–6Al–4V ELI grade." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187-188 (June 2007): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.215.

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Chahine, Gilbert, Mari Koike, Toru Okabe, Pauline Smith, and Radovan Kovacevic. "The design and production of Ti-6Al-4V ELI customized dental implants." JOM 60, no. 11 (November 2008): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0148-2.

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Cho, Ken, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Junko Hieda, Pedro Fernandes Santos, Yoshinori Itoh, Tomokazu Hattori, and Masahiko Ikeda. "Mechanical and Biological Biocompatibilityof Novel β-Type Ti-Mn Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1232.

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Mechanical biocompatibility, including tensile properties and Young’s modulus, of -type Ti-Mn alloys,namely, Ti-10Mn and Ti-14Mn, fabricated by the metal injection molding method were investigated. Thebone formability (biological biocompatibility) of a Ti-Mn alloy, namely, Ti-12Mn, fabricated by thearc-melting method was evaluated by means of an animal test. The tensile strength of sintered Ti-10Mn andTi-14Mn achieve a maximum value of 860 and 886 MPa, respectively. The Ti-14Mn specimen sintered at1273 K shows the lowest Young’s modulus (76 GPa) among all sintered Ti-10Mn and Ti-14Mn specimens.The tensile strength of Ti-Mn alloys is almost equal to that of Ti64 ELI; further, their Young’s modulus islower than that of Ti-6Al-4V ELI. The relative bone contact ratio of Ti-12Mn increases from 11% to 29%with increasing implantation time from 12 weeks to 52 weeks. Moreover, the relative bone contact ratio ofTi-12Mn and CP-Ti is almost constant for all implantation times.

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31

Akahori, Toshikazu, Mitsuo Niinomi, and Atsushi Ozeki. "Change in Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI during Fatigue Failure Process." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 62, no. 2 (1998): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.62.2_140.

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32

Karmiris-Obratański, Panagiotis, Emmanouil L. Papazoglou, Beata Leszczyńska-Madej, Krzysztof Zagórski, and Angelos P. Markopoulos. "A Comprehensive Study on Processing Ti–6Al–4V ELI with High Power EDM." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020303.

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Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) consists of a non-conventional machining process, which is widely used in modern industry, and especially in machining hard-to-cut materials. By employing EDM, complex shapes and geometries can be produced, with high dimensional accuracy. Titanium alloys, due to their unique inherent properties, are extensively utilized in high end applications. Nevertheless, they suffer from poor machinability, and thus, EDM is commonly employed for their machining. The current study presents an experimental investigation regarding the process of Ti–6Al–4V ELI with high power EDM, using a graphite electrode. Control parameters were the pulse-on current (Ip) and time (Ton), while Machining performances were estimated in terms of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Material Removal Rate (TMRR), and Tool Wear Ratio (TWR). The machined Surface Roughness was calculated according to the Ra and the Rt values, by following the ISO 25178-2 standards. Furthermore, the EDMed surfaces were observed under optical and SEM microscopy, while their cross sections were also studied in order the Average White Layer Thickness (AWLT) and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) to be measured. Finally, for the aforementioned indexes, Analysis Of Variance was performed, whilst for the MRR and TMRR, based on the Response Surface Method (RSM), semi-empirical correlations were presented. The scope of the current paper is, through a series of experiments and by employing statistical tools, to present how two main machining parameters, i.e., pulse-on current and time, affect major machining performance indexes and the surface roughness.

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Saitova, L. R., H. W. Höppel, M. Göken, I. P. Semenova, G. I. Raab, and R. Z. Valiev. "Fatigue behavior of ultrafine-grained Ti–6Al–4V ‘ELI’ alloy for medical applications." Materials Science and Engineering: A 503, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.04.082.

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Venkatesh, B. D., D. L. Chen, and S. D. Bhole. "Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V ELI alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 506, no. 1-2 (April 2009): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.018.

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Carreon, Hector. "The elastic constants measurements in a TI-6AL-4V eli alloy by ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, no. 4 (October 2020): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5147358.

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36

le Roux, P. A., R. F. Laubscher, and A. Schubert. "Machining for an increased fatigue life for a Ti-6Al-4V ELI component." Procedia CIRP 87 (2020): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.103.

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37

Karmiris-Obratański, Panagiotis, Emmanouil L. Papazoglou, Beata Leszczyńska-Madej, Krzysztof Zagórski, and Angelos P. Markopoulos. "A Comprehensive Study on Processing Ti–6Al–4V ELI with High Power EDM." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020303.

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Abstract:

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) consists of a non-conventional machining process, which is widely used in modern industry, and especially in machining hard-to-cut materials. By employing EDM, complex shapes and geometries can be produced, with high dimensional accuracy. Titanium alloys, due to their unique inherent properties, are extensively utilized in high end applications. Nevertheless, they suffer from poor machinability, and thus, EDM is commonly employed for their machining. The current study presents an experimental investigation regarding the process of Ti–6Al–4V ELI with high power EDM, using a graphite electrode. Control parameters were the pulse-on current (Ip) and time (Ton), while Machining performances were estimated in terms of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Material Removal Rate (TMRR), and Tool Wear Ratio (TWR). The machined Surface Roughness was calculated according to the Ra and the Rt values, by following the ISO 25178-2 standards. Furthermore, the EDMed surfaces were observed under optical and SEM microscopy, while their cross sections were also studied in order the Average White Layer Thickness (AWLT) and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) to be measured. Finally, for the aforementioned indexes, Analysis Of Variance was performed, whilst for the MRR and TMRR, based on the Response Surface Method (RSM), semi-empirical correlations were presented. The scope of the current paper is, through a series of experiments and by employing statistical tools, to present how two main machining parameters, i.e., pulse-on current and time, affect major machining performance indexes and the surface roughness.

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38

Naughton, M. D., and P. Tiernan. "Mechanical behaviour and superplastic forming capabilities of extra-low interstitial grade Ti-6Al-4V wire alloy with numerical verification." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 221, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644207jmda137.

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In this paper, the behaviour of extra-low interstitial (ELI) grade Ti-6Al-4V wire alloy has been extensively studied at varying strain rates in the range of 10-5-102 s-1 at temperatures ranging between 750 °C and 1050 °C using processing maps and experimental data to determine the material's mechanical and superplastic forming capabilities. From the slope of a log plot of strain rate versus flow stress, the strain-rate sensitivity index, m, was determined. A plot of m versus the log of strain rate was produced in order to identify the key strain rates in which ELI grade Ti-6Al-4V exhibits its superplastic regime. It was determined that this alloy is most sensitive to superplastic forming within a narrow strain-rate band of 10-4-10-3 s-1 and has a maximum strain-rate sensitivity index, m = 0.45. At strain rates below and above this range, the material exhibited negligible levels of superplasticity. The key temperature for superplastic forming was determined to be 950 °C. The effect of temperature on flow stress and flow stability was analysed using the Zener-Holloman parameter. The experimentally determined results showed excellent agreement with Guo and Ridley's activation mathematical model.

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Kim, Hyoun Ee, In Seop Lee, Chung Nam Whang, Dong Hwan Kim, and Kwang Real Lee. "Tribological Characteristics of Diamond-Like Carbon Films Formed on CP Ti and ELI Ti-6Al-4V." Key Engineering Materials 218-220 (November 2001): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.218-220.567.

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Nakai, Masaaki, Mitsuo Niinomi, Toshikazu Akahori, Naofumi Ohtsu, Hideki Nishimura, Hiroyuki Toda, Hisao Fukui, and Michiharu Ogawa. "Surface hardening of biomedical Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti–6Al–4V ELI by gas nitriding." Materials Science and Engineering: A 486, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.065.

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Nakai, Masaaki, Mitsuo Niinomi, Toshikazu Akahori, Naofumi Ohtsu, H. Nishimura, Hiroyuki Toda, Hisao Fukui, and Michiharu Ogawa. "Hard-Ceramic Layer Formed on Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr and Ti-6Al-4V ELI during Gas Nitriding." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1509.

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The surface of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) subjected to gas nitriding at 1023–1223 K was investigated in comparison with the conventional biomedical titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Ti64). After gas nitriding, the microstructures near the surface of these alloys were observed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In both alloys, two titanium nitrides (TiN and Ti2N) are formed and the α phase precipitated by gas nitriding. Furthermore, oxygen impurity in the gas nitriding atmosphere reacts with the titanium nitrides; thus, TiO2 is formed at the outermost titanium nitride layer. The surface hardening was also evaluated by Vickers hardness measurement. The Vickers hardness near the surface of TNTZ and Ti64 increases significantly by gas nitriding.

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42

Arulmurugan, P., J. Venkatraman, and P. Saravanan. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Titanium Alloy TI-6AL-4V-SS316." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.287.

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Titanium and its alloys are being extensively research and are applied relatively in different field of dentistry in since 1970s. Inherent advantage like high strength, ductility, Low modules of plasticity, high corrosion resistance as titanium alloy (Ti 6A 4V ELI –SS316). It is also light weight and highly tolerant to damage by other the alloy content. It is iron are mixing so forming the corrosion resistance and magnetism effect. So to add aluminum, vanadium and carbon content increases and iron content was decrease the various percentage for metal matrix composite(MMC) methods and stainless steel ss316 add by using stir casting method, and to check the hardness test, corrosion test and chemical specification and mechanical properties of the materials. To avoid the bone cells loss and bone desorption. It has superior biocompatibility making it easy to gratin and attach to bone all which being accepted by the human body.

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43

Tarín, Pascual, Aurelio Gualo, Atonio Garcia Simón, Nuria M. Piris, and Jose Maria Badía. "Study of Alpha-Beta Transformation in Ti-6Al-4V-ELI. Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.712.

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In the Ti-6Al-4V-ELI alloy, the alpha phase is gradually transformed into the beta phase until beta-transus temperature ( 980°C) is reached, and the transformation is completed. It is important to identify the transformation kinetics to accomplish the solution heat treatments in which a phase alpha percentage remains unchanged. Kinetics and other transformation characteristics are evaluated, as well as their influence on subsequent cooling transformations, by differential and dilatometric thermal analysis, electric conductivity measurements, hardness measurements and metallographic observation, after performing controlled thermal treatments. Starting from the mill annealed condition, samples were heated at temperatures between 650-1000 °C for 1 hour, then water quenched and subsequently heated for aging, air cooled. Finally, the mechanical properties of samples heat treated were obtained.

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SULAIMAN, Mohd Amri, Che Hasan CHE HARON, Jaharah Abd GHANI, Effendi MOHAMAD, and Teruaki ITO. "2306 Tool Performance of Uncoated Carbide in High-speed Turning of Titanium Ti-6Al-4V ELI." Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference 2014.24 (2014): _2306–1_—_2306–10_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedsd.2014.24._2306-1_.

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45

Mishra, Rasmi Ranjan, Ramanuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, and Amlana Panda. "Machinability behaviour of biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V ELI titanium alloy under flood cooling environment." Materials Today: Proceedings 23 (2020): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.402.

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46

Park, C. H., Young Gun Ko, Chong Soo Lee, Kyung Tae Park, Dong Hyuk Shin, and Ho Sung Lee. "High-Temperature Deformation Behavior of ELI Grade Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Martensite Microstructure." Materials Science Forum 551-552 (July 2007): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.551-552.365.

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High-temperature deformation behavior and microstructural evolution process of ELI Ti-6Al-4V alloy having martensite microstructure were investigated with the variation of strain, strain rate and temperature. A series of hot compression tests was carried out isothermally for martensite microstructure at the true strain range of 0.6 to 1.4, strain rate range of 10-3 s-1 to 1 s-1 and temperature range of 700 oC to 950 oC. The processing maps for martensite microstructures were constructed on the basis of dynamic materials model (DMM). At the strain rate higher than 10-2 s-1 and the temperature lower than 750 oC regions of flow instability such as adiabatic shear band and micro-cracking were observed. Also, after imposing an effective strain of ≈ 1.4, deformed microstructure showed the significant kinking/bending behavior of lamellae resulting in the dynamic globularization associated with the fragmentation of beta-phase. The effects of strain, strain rate and temperature for dynamic globularization were discussed based on the microstructure and efficiency of power dissipation.

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Fotovvati, Behzad, and Ebrahim Asadi. "Size effects on geometrical accuracy for additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V ELI parts." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 104, no. 5-8 (August 2, 2019): 2951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04184-1.

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Carrion, Patricio E., Nima Shamsaei, and Robert D. Moser. "Cyclic deformation and fatigue data for Ti–6Al–4V ELI under variable amplitude loading." Data in Brief 13 (August 2017): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.032.

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Joshi, Gaurav V., Yuanyuan Duan, John Neidigh, Mari Koike, Gilbert Chahine, Radovan Kovacevic, Toru Okabe, and Jason A. Griggs. "Fatigue testing of electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy for dental implants." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 101B, no. 1 (October 17, 2012): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32825.

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Saputra, Endra, Gusri Akhyar Ibrahim, Suryadiwansa Harun, Eko Agus Supriyadi, and Armulani Patihawa. "Mekanisme Pembentukan Burr pada Pemesinan Frais Mikro Ti 6Al- 4V ELI dalam Keadaan Kering." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2020.011.03.1.

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One of the ingredients that are popular now is titanium, but titanium is a material that is difficult to process using conventional milling machining because of the poor thermal conductivity of the material so that the high-temperature machining process produced in the cutting zone causes plastic deformation in cutting tools and increased chemical reactivity in titanium. High-speed micro-milling machining can be used for micromachining of hard metals or alloys that are difficult to achieve at low speeds. Micro milling machining in titanium material 6Al-4V ELI with variations in milling knife diameter 1 and 2 mm, spindle speed 10.000 and 15.000 rpm, feed 0,001 and 0,005 mm / rev, depth of cut 100 and 150 μm, which then do data processing using the method Taguchi full factorial and theoretical analysis. The results showed that the diameter of the tool and into the cut had the greatest effect on burr formation, the greater the diameter of the milling blade resulted in the formation of shorter and smaller burrs, the use of a 1 mm diameter milling blade and a 150 μm depth cut gave rise to long burr formations and tight, while the use of a 2 mm diameter milling blade and a cutting depth of 100 μm give rise to a short and slight burr formation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ti-6Al-4V ELI'

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