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Journal articles on the topic 'Tibetans Refugees'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Frilund, Rebecca. "Tibetan Refugee Journeys: Representations of Escape and Transit." Refugee Survey Quarterly 38, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 290–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz007.

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Abstract This ethnographic study contributes to the scholarly call to increase studies on refugee journeys. It explores Tibetan journeys via Nepal to India and provides a novel case study about the Tibetan refugees who commonly cross the Himalayas at least partly on foot without passports and head to the Tibetan Reception Centre in Kathmandu, Nepal, from where they are assisted to India. Conceptually, the study argues that combining the studies of refugee journeys and transit migration increases understanding of the (Tibetan) refugee journeys. The findings reveal that the risky journey has a remarkable meaning both for those Tibetans who have done the journey and collectively for the diaspora Tibetans in India. As Tibetans, like refugees in general are still often victimised and their subjectivities overlooked, the study also contributes to a fuller understanding of the Tibetan refugee agency through the journey narratives of the interviewees of this study.

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Shahi, Neelam. "Livelihood Patterns of the Tibetan Refugees in Kathmandu." KMC Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v2i2.29951.

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This Study entitled as “Livelihood Pattern of the Tibetan Refugees in Nepal” (A Case Study of the Samdupling in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee Camp in Boudha- Jorpati) aims to discover the livelihood patterns of Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee’s Camp in Boudha-Jorpati. The paper intends to examine the problems confronted by Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp and Khampa Refugee’s Camp. The study itself is conducted with the objectives of describing the present socio-economic status of Tibetan refugees dwelling in aforementioned camps located inside the Kathmandu valley and Lalitpur. This write-up not only deals with different livelihood aspects of Tibetan refugees but also compares the livelihood of two camps to list out the social, economic and political problems affecting their livelihood. However, this study is mainly based on the primary information and the data which were collected using the techniques of household survey and sampling survey, along with questionnaire and interview during the several field visits to camps. The paper concludes by stating that government intervention is required to resolve the issues affecting the livelihood of Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees’ problems required a political yet humanitarian resolution. The government needs to decide on whether to endow the citizenship or refugee card to the refugees who have been deprived of the both, or opt for the third-party settlement. For that Tibetans refugees also need to cooperate and coordinate with the refugees department under the Ministry of the Home Affair, Government of Nepal

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PROST, AUDREY. "The Problem with ‘Rich Refugees’ Sponsorship, Capital, and the Informal Economy of Tibetan Refugees." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2006): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001983.

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This article examines issues pertaining to the growth of ‘informal’ economic exchanges and relationships of patronage in the Tibetan refugee community of Dharamsala (H-P), India. I firstly review the theoretical and methodological challenges posed by investigations of Tibetan refugee modernity, then focus on one particular form of exchange in the informal economy of exiles: rogs ram, or the sponsorship of Tibetans by foreigners. The article argues that symbolic capital comes to play a particularly important role in communities where economic capital is scarce, acting in fact as a proviso to economic capital. The highly unstable character of symbolic capital means that, for Tibetan refugees as for other communities, its conversion into economic capital is arduous and engenders a tense field of negotiations between sponsors and beneficiaries.

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Smith, Rebecca G., and Joseph Tse-Hei Lee. "A bird without wings." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-06-2016-0005.

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Purpose The five-decade-long Chinese colonialization of Tibet has led to a refugee flow. No longer confined to the Tibetan Plateau, Tibetans are scattered over the world, placing deep roots in host nations, in cities stretching from Oslo to New York City. Faced with new ideas, cultures and ways of life, diasporic Tibetans confront the same challenges as countless refugees before them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efforts of Tibetan New Yorkers to preserve their language and culture. To what extent should they integrate themselves into host countries? What mechanisms could they use to hold onto their native heritage without isolating themselves in a foreign environment? How should they construct new diasporic identities and reconcile such efforts with their ongoing political struggles? Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on documentary sources and interviews to examine the ways in which diasporic Tibetans understood and portrayed the conventional categories of language, cultural heritage and religion, especially with respect to the Tibetan Government-in-exile in India, and in which they maintained and reinvented their linguistic and cultural heritage in the cosmopolitan environment of New York City. Findings There is a gradual process of identity formation among Tibetan New Yorkers. While exiled Tibetans are asserting their agency to reinvent a new sense of belonging to America, they still hold onto the regional identity of their family households. Meanwhile, the US-born younger generations strengthen their ties with the larger Tibetan diaspora through community events, socio-cultural activism and electronic media. Research limitations/implications Despite the small sample size, this study presents the first investigation of the Tibetan New Yorkers, and it provides an insider’s perspective on the efforts to preserve their native heritage in a globalized environment. Practical implications This study is a useful case study of the Tibetan diasporas in comparison with other Chinese diasporas in the West and beyond. Originality/value This study is the first scholarly investigation of the sociocultural experiences of Tibetan New Yorkers.

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Pulla, Venkat Rao, and Kanchan Prasad Kharel. "The Carpets and Karma: the resilient story of the Tibetan people in two settlements in India and Nepal." Space and Culture, India 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i3.33.

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This paper is about the Tibetan people in two settlements, mainly in Nepal and India. Tibetan ref-ugees started crossing the Himalayan range in April 1959, in the wake of the Dalai Lama’s flight into exile and landed mostly in Nepal and India. Tibetans around the world do not know their fu-ture nor do they appear unduly worried. Most of them appear resilient and hopeful to see a ‘free Tibet’ a dream closer to their hearts, someday in the future. In this paper, we delve at their deep association between their philosophy of life based on the principles of ‘karma’ and their everyday economic avocation of weaving ‘carpets’. We find that these people weave their lives around kar-ma and the carpets. Karma embodies their philosophical and spiritual outlook while carpets, mats and paintings symbolise their day-to-day struggles, enterprises to cope, survive, thrive and flour-ish. The ‘karma carpet’ symbolises their journey into the future. The Tibetans although a refugee group do not have the same rights and privileges comparable to other refugees living in the world decreed under the United Nations Conventions. In this paper, we present the socio-economic situ-ation of these refugees, their enterprise and their work ethic that makes them who they are in the Nepalese and in Indian societies. For this research, we have triangulated both desk studies and personal narratives from focus groups and interviews to present a discussion centred on the Ti-betan struggle for human rights and their entrepreneurship through the carpet industry mainly in Nepal and India.

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Yeh, Emily T. "Exile Meets Homeland: Politics, Performance, and Authenticity in the Tibetan Diaspora." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25, no. 4 (August 2007): 648–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d2805.

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Tibetans are often imagined as authentic, pure, and geographically undifferentiated, but Tibetan identity formation is, in fact, varied and deeply inflected by national location and transnational trajectories. In this paper I examine the frictions of encounter between three groups of Tibetans who arrived in the USA around the same time, but who differ in their relationships to the homeland. The numerically dominant group consists of refugees who left Tibet in 1959 and of exiles born in South Asia; second are Tibetans who left Tibet after the 1980s for India and Nepal; and third are those whose routes have taken them from Tibet directly to the United States. Whereas the cultural authority claimed by long-term exiles derives from the notion of preserving tradition outside of Tibet, that of Tibetans from Tibet is based on their embodied knowledge of the actual place of the homeland. Their struggles over authenticity, which play out in everyday practices such as language use and embodied reactions to staged performances of ‘traditional culture’, call for an understanding of diaspora without guarantees. In this paper I use habitus as an analytic for exploring the ways in which identity is inscribed on and read off of bodies, and the political stakes of everyday practices that produce fractures and fault lines.

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Yang, Yun-yuan. "Controversies over Tibet: China versus India,1947-49." China Quarterly 111 (September 1987): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000050979.

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To the present Beijing Government, Tibet constitutes an integral part of China, officially known as the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The 20th anniversary of its founding was celebrated on 1 September 1985. However, to the 14th Dalai Lama (the former spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet), who has been living in exile in India since 1959, and to thousands of Tibetans living as refugees in India and other parts of the world, the current status of Tibet is open to contention, and as such remains an unresolved issue.

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Raj, S. Godwin, and V. Rajasekaran. "Writing as a Therapeutic Agent for Collective Healing in the Poems of Tensin Tsundue." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 1, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v1n2p123.

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<p><em>Almost all people experience trauma in their life. Surviving in the era that has witnessed a lot of trauma, a millennium composed of two world wars and cold wars, has made every human being experience chains of trauma. Traumatic problems affect a person mentally and physically. There is a long history of human associating himself through a way or therapy to find himself out of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). This paper projects the importance of writing that serves as a therapy, with the backdrop of the Tibetan writer Tensin Tsundue. Tibet at present undergoes the tough situations due to the Chinese invasion and Tibetans are mostly away from their homeland and staying as refugees in other countries. Tensin Tsundue is a Tibetan activist and writer, and his works bring out the reality of the Tibetan struggle, where his poems stand as a placard for the readers to identify the lost identity of Tibetans. This paper brings out the importance of writing as a therapy to overcome the traumatic stress, and it analyses how an individual writing brings the impact of collective healing into action.</em></p>

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Bloch, Natalia. "Making a Community Embedded in Mobility." Transfers 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2018.080304.

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This case study of Dharamshala (India), a community that emerged as an outcome of mobility just a few decades ago and is constantly fueled by refugees, migrants, and tourists, aims to challenge the conceptual boundary between a receiving society and mobile Others, and to pose questions about community making in the context of postcolonial mobility. The history of Dharamshala reflects both the legacy of colonialism and the modern processes of mobility in postcolonial Asia. The town’s highly fluid and heterogeneous community consists of people of different nationalities, ethnicities, religions, and castes from Tibet, Nepal, the Global North, and various Indian states. Most are seasonal migrants attracted by the success of Tibetans in turning this in fact refugee settlement into a popular tourist destination, while some have already settled there. Communities embedded in mobility—for which mobility is an everyday lived experience—reshape our thinking about adaptation processes and social coexistence.

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WANGMO, TENZIN. "Changing expectations of care among older Tibetans living in India and Switzerland." Ageing and Society 30, no. 5 (March 16, 2010): 879–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000085.

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ABSTRACTUsing interview data from 30 Tibetan elders living in India and Switzerland, the paper explores the support they received, their perception of intergenerational relationships, and their acceptance of different levels of intergenerational exchange. All of the sample had aged in either India or Switzerland and so provide excellent comparison groups, from respectively a developing and a developed country, by which to study changing filial piety with time, context and socio-economic conditions. With limited resources in old age, most of the participants in India needed financial support. Among them, parents with many children and children in developed countries received better financial support and collective care than those with one child or all children living in India. In contrast, the participants in Switzerland were entitled to state old-age benefits, and so required mainly affirmation and emotional support. A consequence of living in a developed nation was dissatisfaction when the children adopted western values and the family's cultural continuity was threatened. The findings support two recommendations: in developing countries, the provision of old-age benefits to ensure a minimum level of financial security and independence among older adults; and in developed countries, the promotion of a mutual understanding of filial piety among different generations of older refugees and immigrants to help ameliorate intergenerational differences.

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Deora, Savita, Aditya Saini, Priyamvada Bhatia, Dennis V. Abraham, Syeda Nazia Masoom, and Komal Yadav. "Periodontal status among tibetan refugees residing in jodhpur city." Journal of Research in Dentistry 3, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v3e42015722-729.

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AIM: The present study is an attempt to evaluate the periodontal characteristics of this Tibetan refugee population and discuss possible oral health promotion activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 124 Tibetan were examined for the periodontal status using CPI and LOA index in Tibetan refugee camps in Jodhpur city, Rajasthan. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of periodontal disease among Tibetan refugees was 69%. Majority of the study participants {253(34%)} had CPI score 2. Periodontal status in Tibetan refugees is significantly (p≤0.05) associated with age group. Majority of study participants 232(32%) had LOA score 0. CONCLUSION: As age increases the periodontal diseases increases among study participants. There is significant association between age groups and periodontal status of Tibetan refugees.

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Yankey, Tsering, and Urmi Nanda Biswas. "Impact of life skills training on psychosocial well-being of Tibetan refugee adolescents." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2017-0049.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training (LST) to promote psychosocial well-being of Tibetan refugee adolescents in India. Design/methodology/approach A total of 300 students having low coping strategies, self-confidence and emotional intelligence (EI) participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n=150) and control group (n=150). LST consisting of ten core skills was implemented on the experimental group. Findings ANCOVA and regression analysis revealed that LST was effective in enhancing coping strategies, self-confidence and EI among Tibetan refugee adolescents. Research limitations/implications This study was quantitative in its statistical design and approach. Further research combined with qualitative tools must be explored to gain deeper insight into the personal journey of these young refugees and to corroborate the impact of LST on their psychosocial well-being. Practical implications Results from this study will help to integrate LST into regular school curriculum, thereby ensuring its implementation on a daily basis. Originality/value Previous studies on Tibetan refugees have focused on physical and mental hardships experienced by them. There is limited research on strategies adopted to address the needs of these young refugees after migration. This is the first school-based intervention study that tailored the WHO recommended ten core skills to suit the social and cultural contexts of these young refugees and equip them with psychosocial skills to increase their capacity to cope with the complexity of migration.

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Gurung, Santosh Kumar, Bal Ram Bhattarai, Shanti Devi Chhetri, Anisha Bataju, and Ganga Ghale. "Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environmental Impact of Tibetan Refugee Settlement on Host Community in Pokhara." Journal of Business and Management 5 (December 1, 2018): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v5i0.27388.

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The study attempts to empirically investigate and assess the socio-cultural, economic and environmental impact of the refugee settlements on the local host community who are living around the Tashi Pakhiel Tibetan camp located in Hemja, Kaski district. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to collect opinion of 500 host community members on the issue. The findings reveal that there exists social harmony, mutual co-existence, and bonding between the Tibetan refugees and local residents of Hemja. The two communities involve in social exchange and participate in social events of each other. The social acceptance is revealed from the fact that the practice of intermarriages between the communities is also prevalent. The Tibetan refugee camp is found not to adversely impact the host community culture. Similarly, the refugee settlement has not brought any adverse effect on the local environment. The basic services and facilities like education and health is available on equitable basis to both the communities. Finally, the economic interaction between the communities has resulted in mutually beneficial economic condition for both in terms of increased business and employment opportunities. Moreover, the economic benefits to the host community are found to be relatively higher as compared to the benefits received by the refugees.

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Bhaskaran, Harikrishnan, Sandeep Sharma, Pradeep Nair, and Harsh Mishra. "Encroachers and victims: Framing of community dynamics by small-town journalists in Dharamshala, India." Newspaper Research Journal 41, no. 3 (August 29, 2020): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532920950045.

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Dharamshala is home to the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Its small-town journalism landscape is unique due to specific forms of community journalism practice adopted by Indian and Tibetan journalists. The Tibetan press there faces a paradox: simultaneously “local and community specific” for Tibetans-in-exile, “refugee voices” for the international community, and “foreign journalism” for Indians. This framing study identified interpretive packages in news coverage of conflict and integration between Dharamshala communities, by examining stories from community news outlets. Indian Hindi journalists enact a “community booster” role by actively framing issues of conflict in favor of the community, while Tibetan journalists’ approach was comparatively more balanced.

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Batarseh, Robert C. "Inside/Outside the Circle: From the Indochinese Designated Class to Contemporary Group Processing." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, no. 2 (September 2, 2016): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40254.

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This article compares the conditions surrounding the creation of Canada’s former Indochinese Designated Class and the contemporary group processing program. Under this program the UNHCR identifies and refers entire groupings of refugees for resettlement in Canada. The article also briefly touches on the selection of Tibetan refugees by Canadian officials in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Designated Class framework streamlined eligibility for resettlement and allowed government officials to respond to persons not covered by the narrower definition of refugee under the Convention. In a similar fashion, contemporary group processing aims to make resettlement processing efficient by skipping refugee status determinations and using group profiles. The aftermath of the Indochinese resettlement programs and the tightening of eligibility under the Indochinese Designated Class have shaped the creation of group processing. Concerns over “pull factors,” economic migration, and fraud, along with the securitization of migration, have led to a preference for homogenous and self-contained groupings of refugees. The article traces the Canadian government’s preoccupation with visualizing and drawing boundaries around groupings of refugees. While both group processing and the former Indochinese Designated Class aim to make resettlement processing efficient, this objective plays a more prominent role under the former, intersecting with security practices in unique ways and informing the selection of groupings of refugees.

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Choden, Sonam, Sandhya Thapa, and Yumnam Surjyajeevan. "Migration and Socio-Economic Adaptation: A Study of Tibetans in Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, Sikkim." Sociological Bulletin 69, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920964937.

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The post-1959 migration of Tibetans due to Chinese incursion in Tibet impelled them to seek refuge in many countries. Due to socio-cultural, historical and religious ties between Sikkim and Tibetan for centuries and also due to geographical proximity, Sikkim was one of the most desired destinations. Based on the study of Tibetan settlement of Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, the largest monastery of Karma Kagyu Lineage in Sikkim, the article is an attempt to make an exploratory study to enquire the process of migration and socio-economic adaptation faced by the migrant Tibetan communities of Rumtek. By revisiting historical references and comparative evaluation of the field carried out in two phases, the article is a sociological exploration to examine the changes and challenges faced by the community.

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Christopher, Stephen. "Divergent Refugee and Tribal Cosmopolitanism in Dharamshala." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 38, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v38i1.6058.

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This article analyses the divergent, and occasionally overlapping, trajectories of Tibetan refugee and Gaddi tribal cosmopolitanism in Dharamshala, North India. In a place self-consciously branded as cosmopolitan, where Tibetan ethnocommodification is the primary symbolic currency, practices of inclusivity can broadly give way to Gaddi exclusions. Cosmopolitanism as an ordering ideology and set of intercultural competencies, often predicated on the dyadic relationship between Tibetan refugees and international tourists, propels Gaddi resentments and coarsens intergroup sociality. This does not mean, however, that Gaddis are forever consigned to tribal backwardness and reactionary forms of communal aspiration. Gaddis have forged an alternate, grounded cosmopolitanism based on cultural skills fostered through pastoral transhumance, seasonal labour migration corresponding with foreign tourists and ongoingethnopolitical redefinition of what it means to be tribal itself. By seeing past utopian propaganda and dystopian exaggerations about Dharamshala, a richer tapestry of group relations emerges which reveals divergent cosmopolitanisms in the promotion of shared struggles for state recognition and cultural preservation.

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HOLTZ, TIMOTHY H. "Refugee Trauma versus Torture Trauma: A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of Tibetan Refugees." Journal of Nervous &amp Mental Disease 186, no. 1 (January 1998): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199801000-00005.

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Neumann, Cora. "Treating Tibetan Refugees in New York City: The Healing Work of a Fellow Refugee." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9, no. 2 (April 2003): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10755530360623301.

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Lim, Rachel, Julie Jarand, Stephen K. Field, and Dina Fisher. "Is Universal Screening Necessary? Incidence of Tuberculosis among Tibetan Refugees Arriving in Calgary, Alberta." Canadian Respiratory Journal 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8249843.

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Background. Canadian policy requires refugees with a history of tuberculosis (TB) or abnormal chest radiograph to be screened after arrival for TB. However, Tibetan refugees are indiscriminately screened, regardless of preimmigration assessment. We sought to determine the incidence of latent (LTBI) and active TB, as well as treatment-related outcomes and associations between preimmigration factors and TB infection among Tibetan refugees arriving in Calgary, Alberta. Design. Retrospective cohort study including Tibetan refugees arriving between 2014 and 2016. Associations between preimmigration factors and incidence of latent and active TB were determined using Chi-square tests. Results. Out of 180 subjects, 49 percent had LTBI. LTBI was more common in migrants 30 years of age or older (P=0.009). Treatment initiation and completion rates were high at 90 percent and 76 percent, respectively. No associations between preimmigration factors and treatment completion were found. A case of active TB was detected and treated. Conclusion. Within this cohort, the case of active TB would have been detected through the usual postsurveillance process due to a history of TB and abnormal chest radiograph. Forty-nine percent had LTBI, compared to previously quoted rates of 97 percent. Tibetan refugees should be screened for TB in a similar manner to other refugees resettling in Canada.

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Desel, Tenzin, Naonori Tsuda, Tenzin Tsundue, Rangjung Lingtsang, Sonam Topgyal, Akahito Sako, Hidekatsu Yanai, and Tsetan Sadutshang. "775. An Epidemiological Analysis of Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Tibetan Refugees in India." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S277—S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.782.

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Abstract Background Globally, refugee populations face an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) due to malnutrition, overcrowding, and poor living conditions. Compared with the general Indian population, Tibetan refugees in India display a higher incidence rate of both TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The high incidence of MDR-TB in younger population is a serious public health concern. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with MDR-TB treated from January 2010 to December 2013 in Tibetan Delek Hospital, which is the center of TB control among Tibetan refugees. Patients were classified into either new cases (supposed infection by exposure to MDR-TB) or previously treated MDR-TB cases (suspected acquirement of MDR-TB through anti-TB treatment or by MDR-TB exposure after treatment). We compared patients’ age, sex, birthplace, residence type, occupation, contact history, and treatment outcome. Results Of 749 patients with TB, we enrolled 134 patients with MDR-TB [median age, 26 (interquartile range: 22–35) years; males, 55%]. The Tibetan ethnicity comprised 96% of the study population, whereas Indians (trans-Himalayan) comprised 4%. The birthplace was Tibet for 22% patients, India for 75%, and Nepal for 2%. New MDR-TB cases were 28% and previously treated MDR-TB cases were 72%. Failure was observed in 42% patients and cured and completed in 54% patients, during their previous TB treatment. The median age was significantly lower in new cases than in previously treated MDR-TB cases (24 vs. 28.5 years; P < 0.01). Tibet was the birthplace of 34% new cases and 18% in previously treated cases (P = 0.04). The residence was of the congregated type in 58% of new cases and 30% in previously treated MDR-TB cases (P = 0.01). The occupation was “student” and “unemployed” in 58% and 8% in new cases and 33% and 24% in previously treated cases, respectively (P = 0.03). Contact history with TB type and treatment outcome were not considerably different, although the rates of cured and completed were high in both new (82%) and previously treated (84%) MDR-TB cases. Conclusion This study shows that new MDR-TB correlates with younger age, birth in Tibet, congregated residence, and student occupation. Targeting the above-listed characteristics could be effective in further reducing the MDR-TB transmission among Tibetan refugees in India. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Dorjee, Kunchok, Sonam Topgyal, Chungdak Dorjee, Tenzin Tsundue, Tenzin Namdol, Tenzin Tsewang, Tenzin Nangsel, et al. "High Prevalence of Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents in Tibetan Schools in India: The Zero TB Kids Initiative in Tibetan Refugee Children." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 5 (November 20, 2018): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy987.

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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence is high among Tibetan refugees in India, with almost half of cases occurring in congregate facilities, including schools. A comprehensive program of TB case finding and treatment of TB infection (TBI) was undertaken in schools for Tibetan refugee children. Methods Schoolchildren and staff in Tibetan schools in Himachal Pradesh, India, were screened for TB with an algorithm using symptoms, chest radiography, molecular diagnostics, and tuberculin skin testing. Individuals with active TB were treated and those with TBI were offered isoniazid-rifampicin preventive therapy for 3 months. Results From April 2017 to March 2018, we screened 5391 schoolchildren (median age, 13 years) and 786 staff in 11 Tibetan schools. Forty-six TB cases, including 1 with multidrug resistance, were found in schoolchildren, for a prevalence of 853 per 100 000. Extensively drug-resistant TB was diagnosed in 1 staff member. The majority of cases (66%) were subclinical. TBI was detected in 930 of 5234 (18%) schoolchildren and 334 of 634 (53%) staff who completed testing. Children in boarding schools had a higher prevalence of TBI than children in day schools (915/5020 [18%] vs 15/371 [4%]; P < .01). Preventive therapy was provided to 799 of 888 (90%) schoolchildren and 101 of 332 (30%) staff with TBI; 857 (95%) people successfully completed therapy. Conclusions TB prevalence is extremely high among Tibetan schoolchildren. Effective active case finding and a high uptake and completion of preventive therapy for children were achieved. With leadership and community mobilization, TB control is implementable on a population level.

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Lisiecki, Marcin. "Bioethical Threads in the Reflection of Tibetan Refugees in India." Religions 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12060436.

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This article aims to trace and describe the bioethical threads in medical practice and the understanding of medicine among Tibetan refugees living in India. Taking up such a task results mainly from the fact that only traces of bioethical reflection are visible in Tibetan society, but without the awareness that it requires systematic reflection on its essence and changes that accompany modern medicine. I define the state of the discussion on Tibetan bioethics as preparadigmatic, i.e., one that precedes the recognition of the importance of bioethics and the elaboration of its basic concepts. In this paper, I will show how the Tibetan refugees today, in an unconscious way, approach bioethics, using the example of life-related topics, namely beginning and death. To this end, I chose topics such as abortion, fetal sex reassignment, euthanasia, and suicide. On this basis, I will indicate the main reasons that hinder the emergence of bioethics and those that may contribute to systematic discussions in the future. An introduction to Tibetan medicine will precede these considerations. I will show how medical traditions, especially the Rgyud bzhi text, are related to Tibetan Buddhism and opinions of the 14th Dalai Lama.

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Maslennikov, Igor Igorevich. "Trauma and resilience among Tibetan refugees." Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/2312461x/29/22.

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Bhatia, Shushum, Tsegyal Dranyi, and Derrick Rowley. "Tuberculosis among Tibetan refugees in India." Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 3 (February 2002): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00041-7.

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Namgha, Tenzin, Ganesh L., and Amalendu Jyotishi. "Influence of remittances oncapital endowment of Tibetan refugees in India." International Journal of Development Issues 18, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-01-2019-0014.

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PurposeAn issue concerning Tibetan refugees in India is the poverty and unemployment among Tibetan youth. This often leads to households adopting a strategy of sending one of its members abroad towards North American or European countries in search of better income opportunities. Incomes in the form of remittances from these forward migrants have numerous impacts on living standard of left behind families. This study aims to focus on the influence of forward migrant’s remittances on livelihood in terms of human, financial and social capital development of Tibetan refugees in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper includes 400 households from high-economic and low-economic-access regions of Tibetan settlements in India. Ordinary least square method was used to study these impacts.FindingsFindings show that remittances have significantly influenced human and financial capital development. However, it was found to be statistically not significant for social capital development.Originality/valueThe present paper is original work.

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Wangmo, Tenzin, and Tenzin Sherab. "The Agendas of Tibetan Refugees: Survival Strategies of a Government-in-Exile in a World of Transnational Organizations, by Thomas Kauffmann." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, no. 1 (May 6, 2016): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40388.

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Mahmoudi, Kooros M. "Refugee cross-cultural adjustment: Tibetans in India." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16, no. 1 (December 1992): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(92)90003-d.

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Balakian, Sophia Ann. "We Could Be Heroes: Mythico-History, Diasporic Nationalism, and Youth Identity among Tibetan Refugees in Nepal." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 16, no. 1 (December 15, 2008): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v16i1.238.

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This article presents an undergraduate student research project on mythico-history, diasporic nationalism, and youth identity among Tibetan refugees conducted in Kathmandu, Nepal through the Cornell-Nepal Study Program.

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Raghavan, Sumithra S., Barry Rosenfeld, and Andrew Rasmussen. "Measurement Invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory in Survivors of Torture and Trauma." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 11 (December 27, 2015): 1708–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515619750.

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The United States accepts more refugees than any other industrialized nation. As refugee populations grow, mental health professionals must implement culturally and ethnically appropriate strategies to assess and treat individuals from diverse backgrounds. Culture can exert a powerful and often misunderstood influence on psychological assessment, and few structured measures have been demonstrated to have adequate cross-cultural validity for use with diverse and vulnerable populations such as survivors of torture. This study examined the factor structure and equivalency of underlying construct(s) of psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in three samples who had survived torture and other severe trauma from Tibet, West Africa and the Punjab region of India. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for configural invariance of a two-factor model across the three samples, suggesting that the two latent factors of Complex Dysphoria and Somatic Distress were present in each subgroup. The data provide additional support for the strict invariance model in the West African–Tibetan dyad suggesting that scores are comparable across those two groups. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.

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Bentz, A. S. "Being a Tibetan Refugee in India." Refugee Survey Quarterly 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 80–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdr016.

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Michael, Franz. "Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India." Asian Survey 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644241.

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Prost, Audrey. "Causation as Strategy: Interpreting Humours among Tibetan Refugees." Anthropology & Medicine 13, no. 2 (August 2006): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13648470600738591.

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Dolma, Sonam, Sonal Singh, Lynne Lohfeld, James J. Orbinski, and Edward J. Mills. "Dangerous Journey: Documenting the Experience of Tibetan Refugees." American Journal of Public Health 96, no. 11 (November 2006): 2061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.067777.

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Kapoor, Ria. "Nehru’s Non-Alignment Dilemma: Tibetan Refugees in India." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 42, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1634872.

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Michael, Franz. "Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India." Asian Survey 25, no. 7 (July 1985): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1985.25.7.01p02877.

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Samphel, Thubten. "A Culture in Exile: Tibetan Refugees in India." China Report 24, no. 3 (August 1988): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944558802400303.

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Sharma, Satish K. "Book review: Sudip Basu, In Diasporic Lands—Tibetan Refugees and Their Transformation Since the Exodus." Sociological Bulletin 68, no. 2 (August 2019): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022919848544.

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Sudip Basu, In Diasporic Lands—Tibetan Refugees and Their Transformation Since the Exodus (with a Foreword by Samir Kumar Das). Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan Private Ltd., 2018, xxii + 250 pp., ₹775 (Hardback). ISBN: 978-93-52870-85-1.

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Marie de Voe, Dorsh. "3: Keeping Refugee Status: A Tibetan Perspective." Center for Migration Studies special issues 5, no. 2 (March 1987): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1987.tb00494.x.

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Marras, Theodore K., Jean Wilson, Elaine E. L. Wang, Monica Avendano, and Jae Won Yang. "Tuberculosis Among Tibetan Refugee Claimants in Toronto." Chest 124, no. 3 (September 2003): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.3.915.

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Hussain, Dilwar, and Braj Bhushan. "Posttraumatic Growth Experiences among Tibetan Refugees: A Qualitative Investigation." Qualitative Research in Psychology 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.616623.

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CORLIN, CLAES. "Chaos, Order and World View: Tibetan Refugees in Switzerland." Disasters 15, no. 2 (June 1991): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1991.tb00439.x.

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Alexander, Binu, Elizabeth David, and Nathan Grills. "High prevalence of anxiety disorders among adolescent Tibetan refugees." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (June 2013): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.12.006.

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Fuller, Gary, and Ann Armbrecht Forbes. "Settlements of Hope: An Account of Tibetan Refugees in Nepal." International Migration Review 26, no. 1 (1992): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546957.

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Bhatia, Shushum, Tsegyal Dranyi, and Derrick Rowley. "A social and demographic study of Tibetan refugees in India." Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 3 (February 2002): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00040-5.

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McConnell, Fiona. "Citizens and Refugees: Constructing and Negotiating Tibetan Identities in Exile." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103, no. 4 (July 2013): 967–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.628245.

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Cantwell, Cathy, and Ann Armbrecht Forbes. "Settlements of Hope: An Account of Tibetan Refugees in Nepal." Man 26, no. 3 (September 1991): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803899.

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Salvo, F., K. Dorjee, K. Dierberg, W. Cronin, T. D. Sadutshang, G. B. Migliori, C. Rodrigues, et al. "Survey of tuberculosis drug resistance among Tibetan refugees in India." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.13.0516.

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Hussain, Dilwar, and Braj Bhushan. "Cultural factors promoting coping among Tibetan refugees: a qualitative investigation." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14, no. 6 (July 2011): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.497131.

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Wares, D. F., and P. D. O. Davies. "076-PA11 The problem of drug resistance in Tibetan refugees." Tubercle and Lung Disease 76 (October 1995): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(95)90346-1.

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