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Journal articles on the topic 'Tibeter'
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1
Brennicke, Axel. "Steinzeit-Gene machen Tibeter höhentauglich." Biologie in unserer Zeit 44, no. 5 (October 2014): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.201490073.
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Frey-Wegerich, Cornelia, and Sabine Hering. "Über Begabung, Kunstfertigkeit und die fünf Tibeter des Sozialarbeiters." Sozial Extra 34, no. 1-2 (January 2010): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12054-010-0002-y.
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Funk, Eva. "„Ernsthafte Philosophie oder Kniefall vor dem Nichts?“." Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 19, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2020): 148–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfr-2011-0004.
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ZusammenfassungDer folgende Beitrag präsentiert Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie, welche sich der Rekonstruktion gegenwärtiger Rezeptionsprozesse bezüglich Lehren und Praktiken des tibetischen Buddhismus sowie seiner Vertreter und Vertreterinnen in der Schweizer Öffentlichkeit ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre widmete. Anhand der Untersuchung gesellschaftlicher Diskurse über den tibetischen Buddhismus wird auf der Grundlage einer diskurstheoretischen Forschungsperspektive die Frage nach der gesellschaftlichen Konstruktion, Repräsentation und (Re-)Produktion kulturell-religiöser Differenz thematisiert. Im Rahmen der öffentlichen Rezeption und medialen Repräsentation des tibetischen Buddhismus bildet sich dabei eine verstärkte (wenn auch implizite) Auseinandersetzung mit der eigenen Religiosität, mit Vorstellungen der eigenen kulturellen und nationalen Identität sowie kollektiven Wertvorstellungen der Schweizer Gesellschaft ab. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass das Diskursfeld über tibetischen Buddhismus in der Schweiz von gegenläufigen Tendenzen geprägt ist: So steht den dominant in Erscheinung tretenden positiv bewertenden Topoi, die als Elemente eines bestehenden Wissensrepertoires über Tibet, Tibeter und „die Weltreligion Buddhismus“ gelten können und selbstverständlich reproduziert werden, eine multidimensionale Dekonstruktion dieser Topoi entgegen, welche jedoch über eine weitaus geringere Reichweite bezüglich einer sich in öffentlich ausgetragenen sozialen Debatten und gesellschaftlichen Handlungsmustern manifestierenden Fremdheits- bzw. Differenzkonstruktion verfügt.
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Kehoe, Séagh. "Regimes of temporality: China, Tibet and the politics of time in the post-2008 era." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 7-8 (March 18, 2020): 1133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443720907535.
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While the politics of time are an important dimension of Chinese state discourse about Tibet, it remains insufficiently explored in theoretical and practical terms. This article examines the written and visual discourses of Tibetan temporality across Chinese state media in the post-2008 era. It analyses how these media discourses attempt to construct a ‘regime of temporality’ in order to manage public opinion about Tibet and consolidate Chinese rule over the region. While the expansion of online technologies has allowed the state to consolidate its discourses about Tibet’s place within the People’s Republic of China (PRC), they have also provided Tibetans a limited but valuable space to challenge these official representations through counter readings of Tibet’s past, present and future. In doing so, this article contributes new insights on the production of state power over Tibet, online media practices in China, and the disruptive potential of social media as sites of Tibetan counter discourses.
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Anand, Dibyesh. "Strategic Hypocrisy: The British Imperial Scripting of Tibet's Geopolitical Identity." Journal of Asian Studies 68, no. 1 (January 27, 2009): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911809000011.
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The protests in and around Tibet in 2008 show that Tibet's status within China remains unsettled. The West is not an outsider to the Tibet question, which is defined primarily in terms of the debate over the status of Tibet vis-à-vis China. Tibet's modern geopolitical identity has been scripted by British imperialism. The changing dynamics of British imperial interests in India affected the emergence of Tibet as a (non)modern geopolitical entity. The most significant aspect of the British imperialist policy practiced in the first half of the twentieth century was the formula of “Chinese suzerainty/Tibetan autonomy.” This strategic hypocrisy, while nurturing an ambiguity in Tibet's status, culminated in the victory of a Western idea of sovereignty. It was China, not Tibet, that found the sovereignty talk most useful. The paper emphasizes the world-constructing role of contesting representations and challenges the divide between the political and the cultural, the imperial and the imaginative.
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Vetter, Jordan. "Through the eyes of the Potala Palace: Difficult heritage and memory in Tibet." IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ijournal.v6i1.35270.
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The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet serves as an important religious symbol and an embodiment of Tibetan culture. Ever since Chinese troops invaded Tibet in the 1950s, the Chinese government has attempted to control Tibet, including converting the Potala Palace and its rich material culture into a secular institution on display for tourists. Now void of the Dalai Lama and most of its contents, the Potala has become a façade for public consumption of Chinese state-led narratives and a symbol of cultural oppression. Through their approaches to heritage management and tourism, and with the aid of the Potala’s listing as a UNESCO World Heritage site, China is capitalizing on Tibet’s cultural heritage, undermining the Tibetan people and their culture, and controlling the narrative of Tibetan history to alter the collective memory of Tibetans.
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ROCHE, GERALD, and HIROYUKI SUZUKI. "Tibet's Minority Languages: Diversity and endangerment." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 1227–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1600072x.
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AbstractAsia is the world's most linguistically diverse continent and its diversity largely conforms to established global patterns that correlate linguistic diversity with biodiversity, latitude, and topography. However, one Asian region stands out as an anomaly in these patterns—Tibet, which is often portrayed as linguistically homogenous. A growing body of research now suggests that Tibet is linguistically diverse. In this article, we examine this literature in an attempt to quantify Tibet's linguistic diversity. We focus on the minority languages of Tibet—languages that are neither Chinese nor Tibetan. We provide five different estimates of how many minority languages are spoken in Tibet. We also interrogate these sources for clues about language endangerment among Tibet's minority languages and propose a sociolinguistic categorization of Tibet's minority languages that enables broad patterns of language endangerment to be perceived. Appendices include lists of the languages identified in each of our five estimates, along with references to key sources on each language. Our survey found that as many as 60 minority languages may be spoken in Tibet and that the majority of these languages are endangered to some degree. We hope our contribution inspires further research into the predicament of Tibet's minority languages and helps support community efforts to maintain and revitalize these languages.
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Gupta, Sonika. "Frontiers in Flux: Indo-Tibetan Border: 1946–1948." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 77, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928420983095.
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On the eve of Indian Independence, as Britain prepared to devolve the Crown’s treaties with Tibet to the Indian government, the Tibetan government was debating its future treaty relationship with India under the 1914 Simla Convention and associated Indo-Tibetan Trade Regulations. Soon after Indian independence, Tibetan government made an expansive demand for return of Tibetan territory along the McMahon Line and beyond. This led to a long diplomatic exchange between Lhasa, New Delhi and London as India deliberated its response to the Tibetan demand. This article decodes the voluminous correspondence between February 1947 and January 1948 that flowed between the British/Indian Mission in Lhasa, the Political Officer in Sikkim, External Affairs Ministry in Delhi and the Foreign Office in London, on the Simla Convention and the ensuing Tibetan territorial demand. Housed at the National Archives in New Delhi, this declassified confidential communication provides crucial context for newly independent Indian state’s relationship with Tibet. It also reveals the intricacies of Tibetan elite politics that affected decision-making in Lhasa translating to a fragmented and often contradictory policy in forging its new relationship with India. Most importantly, this Tibetan territorial demand undermined the diplomatic efficacy of Tibet’s 1947 Trade Mission to India entangling its outcome with the resolution of this issue. This was a lost opportunity for both India and Tibet in building an agreement on the frontier which worked to their mutual disadvantage in the future.
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Knaus, John Kenneth. "Official Policies and Covert Programs: The U.S. State Department, the CIA, and the Tibetan Resistance." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 3 (July 2003): 54–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322286773.
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The U.S. government's involvement in Tibetan affairs began over a half-century ago with a series of commitments—both overt and covert—to support the Tibetans in their resistance to the Chinese occupation of their country. The motivation for undertaking these commitments and the scorecard on their fulfillment are mixed. When the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency abandoned any further efforts in Tibet in the mid-1970s, the Congress and private organizations took over the sponsorship of the Tibetan cause, helping to generate a worldwide movement. With this support and under the direction of Tibet's charismatic leader, the Dalai Lama, the status of Tibet became an internationally recognized human-rights issue and thereby survived the Cold War in which it was spawned.
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Su, Tao, Robert A. Spicer, Fei-Xiang Wu, Alexander Farnsworth, Jian Huang, Cédric Del Rio, Tao Deng, et al. "A Middle Eocene lowland humid subtropical “Shangri-La” ecosystem in central Tibet." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 7, 2020): 32989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012647117.
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Tibet’s ancient topography and its role in climatic and biotic evolution remain speculative due to a paucity of quantitative surface-height measurements through time and space, and sparse fossil records. However, newly discovered fossils from a present elevation of ∼4,850 m in central Tibet improve substantially our knowledge of the ancient Tibetan environment. The 70 plant fossil taxa so far recovered include the first occurrences of several modern Asian lineages and represent a Middle Eocene (∼47 Mya) humid subtropical ecosystem. The fossils not only record the diverse composition of the ancient Tibetan biota, but also allow us to constrain the Middle Eocene land surface height in central Tibet to ∼1,500 ± 900 m, and quantify the prevailing thermal and hydrological regime. This “Shangri-La”–like ecosystem experienced monsoon seasonality with a mean annual temperature of ∼19 °C, and frosts were rare. It contained few Gondwanan taxa, yet was compositionally similar to contemporaneous floras in both North America and Europe. Our discovery quantifies a key part of Tibetan Paleogene topography and climate, and highlights the importance of Tibet in regard to the origin of modern Asian plant species and the evolution of global biodiversity.
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Klinov, A. S. "Tibet in World War II." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 3 (April 28, 2022): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-3-415-438.
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The author explores the causes and manifestations of Tibetan neutrality in World War II, based on reference materials, diplomatic documents and correspondence, program documents, memoirs, journalism. Evidence is given that Tibet, which was an autonomous state (with the status of political autonomy) under the suzerainty of China (according to the Simla Convention of 1914), aspired to independence. Lhasa aimed at the international recognition of the sovereign status of Tibet and its separation from China. It was revealed that the adoption of strict neutrality by Tibet in 1941 was due to the fact that the anti-Chinese abbot of the Taktra monastery Agvan Sungra took the post of regent under the young Dalai Lama. It is noted that the position of strict neutrality of Tibet was contrary to the Simla Convention of 1914, according to which Tibet recognized China’s suzerainty over itself. It is shown that Tibet’s refusal to let US and British Empire military supplies to China through India was a serious help to Japan, since in 1942 the Japanese army captured Burma, and Tibet became the only military supply route for China. It has been proven that Tibetan neutrality significantly limited the possibilities of China, the British Empire and the United States in the war against Japan.
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Hsiao-ting, Lin. "War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943." China Quarterly 186 (June 2006): 446–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000233.
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This article re-evaluates an important yet usually ignored episode in modern Chinese ethnopolitical history. It seeks to argue that, in the midst of the Second World War, Chiang Kai-shek manoeuvred towards a possible war with Tibet in order to serve other military, strategic and political purposes, namely, to insert his direct control into China's south-western border provinces that were still in the firm grip of obstinate warlords. Chiang Kai-shek's careful manipulation of the Sino-Tibetan border crisis in 1942–43 also reveals how he and his top military advisors perceived wartime China's territoriality and border defence in south-west China. With considerations of regime security and national survival foremost in their minds, top KMT leaders took a pragmatic stance towards the intractable issue of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. In addition, at the diplomatic level, the Sino-Tibetan border crisis brought discord among the Allied Nations. The Chinese regarded Tibet as part of China whereas the British had long considered it within their sphere of influence. Eventually the Chinese won the sympathy of the US government. Facing Sino-British disagreement over Tibet's political status, the State Department continued to recognize Nationalist Chinese authority in Tibet, however fictitious that authority was. In retrospect, this episode, along with the US government's official stance towards China's sovereignty over Tibet, although a only a minor disagreement between the Allied Nations during the war, led to the problematic Tibetan issue that still haunts the international community today.
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Baumann, Martin. "Schlieter, Jens, Marietta Kind und Tina Lauer (Hrsg.): Die zweite Generation der Tibeter in der Schweiz. Identitätsaushandlungen und Formen buddhistischer Religiosität." Anthropos 110, no. 1 (2015): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2015-1-270.
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Heroldová, Helena. "De-Contextualisation or Re-Contextualisation: Tibetan Buddhism in the Náprstek Museum." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 38, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anpm-2017-0028.
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AbstractThe study based on the preparation ofPříběh Tibetu[The Story of Tibet] exhibition in the Náprstek Museum focuses on the de-contextualisation of Tibetan Buddhism objects in the museum setting. It deals with the stages of the decontextualisation process from the removing of the original material environment and social context to creation of new meanings in the museum. Namely it discusses aestheticisation and its relation to the art-gallery style exhibition.
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Roche, Gerald. "Introduction: the transformation of Tibet’s language ecology in the twenty-first century." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2017, no. 245 (January 1, 2017): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0001.
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AbstractTibet’s linguistic diversity is undergoing drastic transformations in the twenty-first century. In this article, I begin my examination of this issue by outlining the extent of Tibet’s linguistic diversity, including not only its numerous Tibetic languages, but also its non-Tibetic minority languages. Using a “language ecology” approach, I examine the mechanisms that have produced and maintained this diversity, as well as the ways this diversity was spatially and socially patterned. I argue that these processes and patterns were largely maintained up until the twenty-first century, when the Chinese state’s program to “Open the West” unleashed an ideologically driven modernization program on Tibet, radically altering its language ecology. I argue that the present trends emerging from this process are likely to continue throughout the twenty-first century, resulting in both language loss and the emergence of new languages, leaving the overall language ecology fundamentally altered by the beginning of the twenty-second century. It is hoped that this article will not only provide a useful framework for future discussions on linguistic diversity in Tibet, but will also focus attention on the challenges facing individual languages in Tibet today.
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Goldstein, Melvyn C. "The United States, Tibet, and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 3 (July 2006): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.145.
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This article examines U.S. policy toward Tibet from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1980s, especially the 1950s and 1960s. U.S. policy during this period operated on two levels. At the strategic level, the United States consistently supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet. But at the tactical level, U.S. policy varied a great deal over time, ranging from the provision of military and financial aid to Tibetan guerrilla forces in the 1950s and 1960s to the almost complete lack of official attention to Tibet in the 1970s and early 1980s. The article explains why the U.S. government has never accepted Tibet's claim to independence and why the question of Tibet, after falling into obscurity in the 1970s, reemerged on the U.S. agenda in the mid- to late 1980s. The article highlights the cynicism that has often characterized tactical shifts in U.S. policy.
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Crowe, David M. "The “Tibet question”: Tibetan, Chinese and Western perspectives." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 6 (November 2013): 1100–1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.801946.
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The historical conflict between Tibet and China goes back almost a thousand years. Both sides use history to argue their point about the core issues in this dispute – Tibet's claim of independence and autonomy, and China's of suzerainty. This article looks at the historical roots of this conflict, particularly since 1949, when China began its gradual takeover of Tibet. Chinese policies toward Tibet, which have been driven by a desire to communize and sinicize Tibet, has been met by stiff resistance from the Tibetans, who see Han Chinese dominance as a force that will, over time, destroy Tibet's unique religion, language, culture, and history. This resistance has drawn the attention of the West, who see Chinese policies in Tibet as a symbol of the failings of Beijing's rulers to embrace a strong commitment to human rights at the same time that China is becoming a global economic power. The 14th Dalai Lama, a key figure in this conflict, and his government-in-exile have served as bridges to Western efforts to try to force Beijing to embrace more open, humane policies toward Tibetans throughout China. His retirement as political head of the exile government in 2011, coupled with China's growing economic and strategic power globally, raises serious questions about the willingness of the USA, and other democratic powers to risk their relationships with Beijing to continue to promote true human rights and autonomy throughout the Tibetan Plateau.
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Nyima, Tashi, and Hiroyuki Suzuki. "Newly recognised languages in Chamdo." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 42, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 38–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18004.nyi.
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Abstract This article presents information regarding newly recognised non-Tibetic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in three counties, Dzogang, Markham, and Drag-yab, of Chamdo Municipality and the adjacent Dzayul County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. First, we introduce four languages – Lamo, Larong sMar, Drag-yab sMar, and gSerkhu – identifying the location of each language on the Chinese administrative map as well as the numbers of speakers of the languages. Second, we provide a brief historical background on these languages, which suggests a relationship between them and Qiangic groups. Third, we display lexical evidence that shows not only their non-Tibetic features but also their closeness to Qiangic languages. Finally, the article focuses on Lamo, an endangered language spoken in Dzogang County, and provides a linguistic analysis of an annotated Lamo historical narrative in the Appendix.
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Zubko, Andrii. "Systems of Weight of Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan Civilizations." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 68 (2022): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.12.
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Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan civilizations have appeared in the mountainous areas, steppes and deserts of a huge region of the Earth, Central Asia. Their advent was preceded by a lengthy process of developing social relationships, material and spiritual culture of various peoples who lived in those lands. In ancient times, the forebears of Mongolian and Tibetan peoples were hunters and gatherers, and later on, they began breeding livestock and as a result, adopted nomadic lifestyle. To the southeast of this region, Chinese civilization has been developing during five thousand years in the valleys of the Yangtze and the Yellow River based on land cultivation, and later artisan and trade economy. The first political entities in the Far East – China, Korea and Japan – have created unified measures of length, weight and volume, without which successful economic development was impossible. Natural conditions of particular regions of the Earth largely define material and spiritual culture of their population. In addition, natural factor significantly influences the processes of social and political development in the countries that have appeared and asserted themselves in those regions over time. Mongolia is mostly a steppe and desert country, but nevertheless, the average elevation of its terrain over sea level is almost 1550 meters. The Mongolian territory includes four mountain ranges: the Altai, Sayan, Khangai and Khentii Mountains. In terms of the size, Mongolia’s Gobi Desert is the second-largest on the Earth, after the Sahara. Tibet also represents a huge plateau, surrounded by mountain ranges with deep valleys. Since Mongolia and Tibet are located far away from oceans and high above sea level, they have a dry and extreme continental climate. In certain areas of Mongolia, temperatures in wintertime can drop to 60 degrees centigrade below freezing, and in summertime, can reach 45 degrees above zero. In turn, climate in Tibet changes depending on elevation: close to subtropical in deep valleys and resembling tundra climate in highlands. Harsh climatic conditions did not favor fast growth of manufacture and trade in the lands of Mongolia and Tibet. This factor seriously impeded the process of creating their own systems of measurement, particularly systems of weight. In Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet, political entities established on the basis of military democracy have appeared later than in the Far East. Afterwards, Mongolia and Tibet have developed into theocracies governed by Buddhist clergy. For millenniums, the influence of material and spiritual culture of China and other Far Eastern civilizations on political entities in Central Asia was very significant. However, having borrowed extensively from the Chinese system of measurement, Mongolia and Tibet have created their own systems of measurement. Mongolia’s and Tibet’s own systems of weight reflected the way manufacture and trade were organized in those lands. This article analyzes the degree of influence Chinese measures have had on formation of Mongolia’s and Tibet’s systems of weight, and determines the degree of their uniqueness. It also determines the scope of Mongolia’s and Tibet’s particular units of weight and the ratio between them in the structure of the systems of measurement.
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Gerke, Barbara. "Biographies and Knowledge Transmission of Mercury Processing in Twentieth Century Tibet." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 69, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 867–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2015-1041.
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Abstract The processing of metallic mercury into the form of a mercury sulphide ash, called tsotel (btso thal), is considered the most refined pharmacological technique known in Tibetan medicine. This ash provides the base material for many of the popular “precious pills” (rin chen ril bu), which are considered essential by Tibetan physicians to treat severe diseases. Making tsotel and precious pills in Tibet’s past were rare and expensive events. The Chinese take-over of Tibet in the 1950s, followed by the successive reforms, including the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), affected the opportunities to transmit the knowledge and practice of making tsotel. In this article, I discuss two Tibetan physicians, Tenzin Chödrak (1924–2001) and Troru Tsenam (1926–2004), both of whom spent many years in Chinese prisons and labour camps, and their role in the transmission of the tsotel practice in a labour camp in 1977, contextualising these events with tsotel practices in Central and South Tibet in preceding decades. Based on two contemporary biographies, their descriptions of making tsotel will be analysed as well as the ways in which the biographies depicted these events. I argue that the ways of writing about these tsotel events in the physicians’ biographies, while silencing certain lines of knowledge transmission, established an authoritative lineage of this practice. Both physicians had a decisive impact on the continuation of the lineage and the manufacturing of tsotel and precious pills from the 1980s onwards in both India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
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McKay, Alex. "The British Invasion of Tibet, 1903–04." Inner Asia 14, no. 1 (2012): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-990123777.
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AbstractIn 1903–04, British forces under the command of the Indian Political Officer, Colonel Francis Younghusband, invaded Tibet. After failed negotiations and a series of battles in which Younghusband's modern weaponry vanquished Tibetan forces, the British entered Lhasa and imposed a treaty on the Tibetans. While a fear of Russian influence in Lhasa was the main reason given for the invasion, Tibet's policy of isolating itself from British India was probably a more significant cause. The subsequent withdrawal of the British from Lhasa created a power vacuum which enabled the Chinese to re-establish their authority at Lhasa. This article gives an overview of the main issues, events and personalities involved in the invasion.
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Jacques, Guillaume. "Verbal Valency and Japhug / Tibetan Language Contact." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01201005.
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This paper presents the case of a language with rich indexation and limited case marking (Japhug) extensively borrowing verbs from a language without indexation but with case marking (an unattested Tibetic language close to the ancestor of Amdo Tibetan). It provides a comprehensive survey of the argument structure and transitivity categories of Japhug verbs of Tibetic origin in comparison with those of the corresponding verbs in Amdo Tibetan, the attested Tibetic language closest to the donor of loanwords into Japhug. This survey shows that verbs of Tibetic origin are fully integrated morphosyntactically into Japhug, and that with a few exceptions, the argument structure of the original verb is predictable from that of the Japhug verb.
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Jabb, Lama. "THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE PAST IN THE CREATIVITY OF THE PRESENT:MODERN TIBETAN LITERATURE AND SOCIAL CHANGE." International Journal of Asian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147959141000029x.
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Thus sings Sangdhor in a metrical poem in praise of Tibetan versification, countering an anti-verse sentiment that is prevalent on the contemporary Tibetan literary scene. Since the flourishing of free verse form in the 1980s, thanks to the pioneering works of Dhondup Gyal, many Tibetan writers have attacked metrical composition for its perceived inflexible, archaic and inadaptable form and uniformity of content. Sangdhor, one of the most iconoclastic and forward-thinking intellectuals writing in Tibetan today, vehemently refutes such a stance on the grounds that the bulk of great Tibetan works, literary or otherwise, are set in verse. To underscore his point he writes the cited poem in a “leaping and flying” style of themgur(‘poem-songs’) genre. In fact, most of his many innovative poems are written in an eclectic style drawing on Tibet's rich literary tradition, Buddhist texts, oral sources and contemporary writings. Their content is equally diverse yet most of all current. It is infused with social and religious criticism, themes of romance and eroticism, critical literary commentary and current Tibetan affairs. His poems, like those of many other writers, show that metered poetry is very much a part of modern Tibetan literature. As he draws on classical literature and indigenous oral traditions for his own literary innovation, to borrow a concept from Northrop Frye, in Sangdhor's work we can “see an enormous number of converging patterns of significance” that is a complication of Tibetan literary formulas stretching to the narratives of the distant past.2Therefore, it must be borne in mind that modern Tibetan literature transcends a theory of rupture which many scholars overstress to the point of overlooking its deep, outspread roots. Some parts of these roots predate both the 1980s, which saw a flourishing of new Tibetan writing, and the Chinese takeover of Tibet in the 1950s that has had a profound impact on Tibetan cultural production.
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Hladíková, Kamila. "Purple Ruins." Archiv orientální 89, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.1.185-208.
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Symbolic reconstruction of “purple ruins”—the abandoned ruins of traditional Tibetan buildings, monasteries, temples, and old manors of the aristocracy—has become one of the main topics of Tibetan Sinophone dissident writer Tsering Woeser. Her effort to preserve them not so much as testimonies of the glorious Tibetan past, but rather of the dark chapters of modern Tibetan history and as an indictment of Chinese rule in Tibet, has intensified during the last decade with the surge of commercialization and increase in mass tourism—trends that are rapidly changing the face of Tibet and the urban landscape of Lhasa. In her book Purple Ruins (Jianghong se de feixu), published in January 2017 in Taiwan, Tsering Woeser has combined a subjective perspective (poems, personal memories, interviews, etc.) with “folk tales” (minjian gushi) including legends, oral histories, and gossip, and with historical material. While reconstructing the image of both the “old” and the “new” Tibet in her book, she contests the official Chinese representations and narratives of Tibet, Tibetan history, and Tibetan culture, appropriating postcolonial theories to reinterpret Chinese imperial/colonial endeavors in Tibet from past to present. The aim of this paper is to examine how Tsering Woeser engages with the complexities of official Chinese representations of Tibet in an attempt to (re) construct the missing parts of modern Tibetan history that have been concealed or even intentionally erased by the Chinese official discourse and to (re)construct modern Tibetan identity against the background of the dominant Chinese culture and ideology.
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Hladíková, Kamila. "Shangri-la Deconstructed." Archiv orientální 84, no. 2 (September 18, 2016): 349–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.84.2.349-380.
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The aim of this article is to compare the cinematic representations of Tibet in Chinese Tibet-related cinematography with the first three films made by the Tibetan filmmaker Pema Tseden (Tib. Pad ma Tshe brtan, Ch. Wanma Caidan 万玛才旦) in an attempt to define “Tibetan films” in contrast to “Tibet-related films,” which are a broader category including films made with no direct or only partial Tibetan participation. I argue that Pema Tseden’s first three feature films should be understood as the first cinematic contributions to be made to modern Tibetan identity-discourse. They present the first genuine Tibetan voices to be heard in the PRC cinema, contesting the images of Tibet, its history, its culture and its people, that have appeared in the officially supported media and mainstream popular culture. Pema Tseden has thus successfully de-constructed the “myth of Shangri-la” that has been misused so many times during recent decades in the name of colonialism and propaganda – both Western and Chinese.
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LaPolla, Randy J. "On the dating and nature of verb agreement in Tibeto-Burman." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 2 (June 1992): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00004638.
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This paper is part of an ongoing investigation into the nature of grammatical relations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. The ultimate goal of this investigation is to develop a hypothesis on the typological nature of word order and grammatical relations in the mother language which gave rise to all of the many languages within the Sino Tibetan language family. As the verb agreement (pronominalization) systems of Tibeto-Burman have been said to be a type of ergative marking, and to have been a part of Proto-Tibeto-Burman grammatical relations, the questions of the dating and nature of the agreement systems in Tibeto-Burman are relevant to the discussion of the nature of grammatical relations in Proto-Sino-Tibetan.
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Suzuki, Hiroyuki, and Sonam Wangmo. "Discovering endangered Tibetic varieties in the easternmost Tibetosphere." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.07suz.
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Dartsendo (Dar-rtse-mdo in Written Tibetan), generally known as Kangding, is a town in the easternmost Tibetosphere, located in Ganzi (dKar-mdzes) Prefecture, Sichuan, China. This town has played an important role for the tea-horse trade since the Ming Dynasty, and is inhabited by both Tibetan and Han Chinese. Under these circumstances, extensive language contact has existed for a long time. Dartsendo Tibetan is the Minyag Rabgang vernacular of Khams Tibetan, and it was once considered as a lingua franca-like variety in the Minyag Rabgang area. However, Dartsendo Tibetan is currently facing extinction. This paper will discuss: (1) the historical background and language situation in Dartsendo, (2) the current language situation of Tibetic languages spoken in the centre of the Town, and 3) the process of endangerment of the local variety. Based on these descriptions, this paper will also propose a method for identifying endangered varieties in the Tibetic languages.
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Korablin, D. A. "“An outstanding lama of the West taught...” – M. Pallis and his treatise warning Tibet about the consequences of Kali Yuga." Orientalistica 5, no. 5 (December 25, 2022): 1170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2022-5-5-1170-1186.
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The crisis of Tibetan statehood in the second half of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s accompanied by the relaxation of restrictions for foreigners to enter the country and by the next round of interest in Tibetan culture in general allowed many European explorers and travelers to reach Tibet and other inaccessible places of the Indo-Tibetan frontier. Their expeditions have resulted not only in the increase of the number of scientific publications on Tibet, which have defined the basic trends in modern Buddhist and Tibetan studies, but also in the increase of literary and artistic works, which have shaped “the image of Tibet” in the Western culture. A treatise prepared and written by the British researcher of Tibet and the Himalayas M. Pallis (1895–1989), which is the subject of this article, takes a special place in Tibetology, since it is a text not only about Tibet, but also for Tibet. The text was published in Tibetan as a detailed commentary on the political testament of Dalai Lama XIII (1876–1933), and its potential readers, first of all, were supposed to be Tibetans. At the same time, the text allows us to notice the intersection of the ideas of European philosophy of traditionalism and Indo-Buddhist ideas about Kali Yuga, and the appearance of the treatise can be regarded as a result of various transcultural communications between the Tibetan culture and representatives of Western philosophical thought in the mid-20th century.
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Xie, Junjun, Yongtao Gan, and Surreal Polgampala. "INVESTIGATION ON SATISFACTION AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR CHANGES OF TIBETAN EDUCATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY IN GANZI TIBETAN AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A8—A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.011.
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Abstract Background From the early empirical research results, we found the special methods and dimensions of education policy performance evaluation. These studies transition to outcome assessment and process assessment. Recent work has combined performance evaluation and education policy evaluation, and combined them. This study reconsiders the structure and measurement criteria of education policy performance in Tibet. To understand the current situation and characteristics of the implementation of educational language policy in Tibet and the changes of emotional behavior. Participants and Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 945 middle school students in Ganzi Prefecture. Based on the results of Wang Shiying's questionnaire survey in Taiwan and the suggestions of the members and leaders of the research group, this study compiled a self-made Tibetan language education language policy scale. There are two types of balances, one is closed and the other is open. From the perspective of item reliability, structure reliability, alpha, ave and partition validity, this study makes an item analysis and reliability analysis on the four dimensions of language acquisition, policy attitude, policy awareness and policy satisfaction. Statistical software package amos21. 0 for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results The results show that the structural model of Tibetan educational language policy has been supported by the local government, which shows that the Tibetan educational language policy is effective. From large to small, the performance dimensions of educational language policy are: satisfaction with Tibetan educational language policy > Tibetan ability > Tibetan use > Tibetan educational language policy awareness. The standard deviation of each dimension from large to small is: Tibetan use > Tibetan ability > satisfaction with Tibetan educational language policy > recognition of Tibetan educational language policy. At present, the average value of the average performance evaluation of education policy in the questionnaire analysis is 3.6150 ~ 4.0595, which is equivalent to the degree of “above average”, and the overall performance is ideal. The correlation between Wittenberg coefficient and UCA was 0.81; The correlation between emotional language table and it is 0.59. Consistent with the expected results, language function is related to the evaluation of various policies; Emotional factors are related to the evaluation of the relationship between language recognition. (most correlation values are 0.30-0.70). From the perspective of discriminant validity, the correlation between social and emotional language items of Russell et al is only 0.170. As mentioned above, their correlation with other variables is also different. The correlation between Wittenberg's social and emotional language subscales is 0.44, which is significantly lower than the reliability of various scales, and the correlation between the two languages and other variables is also inconsistent. One of Wittenberg's findings is that social language has a high correlation with the UCLA scale, but this may also be partly due to the imbalance of the UCLA scale, that is, there are too many items for policy and less items for language and attachment. Conclusion This paper discusses the dimensions and components of the performance of education policy in Tibet. In the analysis, some theoretical hypotheses of the performance structure of Tibet's education policy are tested, and the empirical data are combed to give an overall view of the criticism contained in these studies. This study constructs the model blueprint of the performance structure of Tibetan language education language policy, which provides reference and suggestions for future researchers. However, Ganzi Tibetan language education is a complex project, which will take a long time to implement. Therefore, the implementation of Tibetan language education needs unremitting efforts. On the basis of summarizing the successful experience of Tibetan language education, local governments and education departments should further study and accurately grasp the laws of education, promote the innovation of Tibetan language education ideas and clarify the objectives of Tibetan language education. Acknowledgements This article is a research project of the social science department of Hainan Province"(No. HNSK(ZC) -19 -08).
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HAW, STEPHEN G. "The Mongol conquest of Tibet." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 24, no. 1 (November 7, 2013): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186313000679.
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AbstractThe Mongol conquest of Tibet has been poorly understood. ‘Traditional’ Mongol and Tibetan accounts, in comparatively late sources, tell of a submission to Chinggis Khan by Tibetan chieftains. This version of history was rejected some time ago, and replaced with an account that begins with a Mongol invasion of Tibet in 1240. Problems with clarifying this issue include the often poor quality of Tibetan sources, the confusion of Tibet and Tangut (Xi Xia) in Persian sources, and misunderstanding by modern scholars of Chinese terms relating to Tibet. In fact, Chinese sources make clear that there was considerable contact between the Mongols and Tibet before 1240. Chinggis Khan may never have invaded Tibet, but undoubtedly had the intention of doing so. The picture that emerges is of a gradual conquest, with early incursions across the borders of Tibet followed by more penetrating invasions in the 1240s and 1250s.
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Fang, Haonan. "The Analysis of Application Prospect and Sustainable Mode of Regional Resources in the Context of Tibetan Medicine Culture." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.4.10.
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At present, the Tibetan medicine culture formed by Tibetan medicine and Tibetan Buddhism has a state of aphasia in the global multicultural context. Furthermore, the medicinal resources bred in the special geographical location of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are not only the important material basis for the formation and development of Tibetan medicine culture but also provide potential value for modern drug discovery and medical research. Based on the existing research texts and scientific research data, this paper constructs the SPS sustainable development framework by combing the general situation of the medicinal resource and industry in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the background, and the prospect of the formation of Tibetan medicine culture, which provides the basic theoretical research and relevant countermeasures for the sustainable development and resource reuse of Tibetan medicine in the context of Tibetan medicine culture. It is meaningful that the research on the cultural propaganda of Tibetan medicine's national idea and medicinal value has found that the cultural industry code and the resource application potential in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region will have prominent geo-economic benefits in the near future, especially in the moment when the global epidemic is suddenly spreading.
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Lyulina, A. G. "“The Bronze Tripod” of Qing Power in Tibet and the position of the 5th Panchen Lama." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-4-315-323.
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Chinese historiography, concerning the period of Qing administrations strengthening in the Tibetan region, shows the concept 三足鼎立 (sānz dĭngl), which literally means to establish a bronze tripod or figuratively tripartite balance of power. The Panchen Lama incarnation lineage become one of the three pillars of Qing power in Tibet by the middle of the XVIII century. The 5th Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshe got many privileges from Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, was invited to Beijing and even considered to be the regent for the Dalai Lama VII. Lobsang Yeshe played a mediating role in a number of internal and external conflicts, recognized the incarnations of the three Dalai Lamas, enhance the government in Tashilhunpo, and generally played a prominent role in the history of Tibeto-Qing relations.
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Reuber, P. "Politische Geographien des Religiösen – Ambivalenzen der Verkopplung von Religion und Raum im Fall Tibet." Geographica Helvetica 70, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-109-2015.
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Abstract. "Religious spaces" can become a powerful nucleus of (geo-) political imaginations, identities, and conflicts. The paper outlines this aspect using the example of Tibet. Considering the prominent position of Buddhism in Tibet, the tense relationships between religion, space and nation come into view. In this respect the paper does however not primarily discuss the quite well known antagonistic constructions of pro-Chinese and pro-Tibetan geopolitical discourses. Rather, it addresses the far less publicized yet for the development of Tibetan Nationalism equally important fact that differences in the production of religious spaces and respective identities can also be found within Tibetan society. Tracing these discursive inventions of tradition helps to better understand, why the establishment of a national project in Tibet has been difficult and why it only started to gain traction and visibility in the face of mounting threads by an antagonistic exterior and the precarious Tibetan exile situation.
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Caple, Jane. "Rethinking Tibetan Buddhism in Post-Mao China, 1980–2015." Review of Religion and Chinese Society 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 62–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22143955-00701004.
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The literature on Tibetan Buddhism in post-Mao China presents a bifurcated history: ethnic nationalism and (traditional) identity are foregrounded in scholarship on the revitalization of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet; consumption and/or (global) modernism are emphasized in studies of its spread in Sinophone China. Although there are considerable historical and social differences between these different constituencies, these characterizations do not fully capture the social differences, as well as convergences, that have shaped everyday engagements with Tibetan Buddhism among Tibetans and Chinese. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in northeastern Tibet and other recent ethnographic studies, I attempt to complicate this picture, arguing that we need to pay greater attention to the affective dimension of Chinese engagements, the social embeddedness of Tibetan Buddhist institutions in the Tibetan context, and the transformations that have taken place in Tibetan areas, as elsewhere in China.
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Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. "Ethnolinguistic survey of westernmost Arunachal Pradesh." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 198–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.37.2.03bod.
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The area between Bhutan in the west, Tibet in the north, the Kameng river in the east and Assam in the south is home to at least six distinct phyla of the Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetan) language family. These phyla encompass a minimum of 11, but probably 15 or even more mutually unintelligible languages, all showing considerable internal dialect variation. Previous literature provided largely incomplete or incorrect accounts of these phyla. Based on recent field research, this article discusses in detail the several languages of four phyla whose speakers are included in the Monpa Scheduled Tribe, providing the most accurate speaker data, geographical distribution, internal variation and degree of endangerment. The article also provides some insights into the historical background of the area and the impact this has had on the distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups.
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Pāsādika, Bhikkhu. "Dhammapada. Chos kyi tshigs su bcad pa. Ed. and tr. by Chhi Med Rig Dzin Lama. and Dhammapada. (Tr. into Tibetan from the Pali by dGe-'dun Chos-'phel; tr. into English from the Tibetan by Dharma Publishing Staff)." Buddhist Studies Review 6, no. 2 (June 15, 1989): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v6i2.15874.
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Dhammapada. Chos kyi tshigs su bcad pa. Ed. and tr. by Chhi Med Rig Dzin Lama. (The Dalai Lama Tibeto-Indological Studies Series Vol. IV), Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath 1982. V + 432 pp. Hbk Rs 75, pbk Rs 55. Dhammapada. (Tr. into Tibetan from the Pali by dGe-'dun Chos-'phel; tr. into English from the Tibetan by Dharma Publishing Staff). Dharma Publishing, Berkeley 1985. xii + 381 pp., including four drawings in the style of traditional Tibetan religious art and one specimen of Tibetan calligraphy. Pbk $12.95.
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SAGART, Laurent. "A candidate for a Tibeto-Burman innovation." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 46, no. 1 (2017): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04601004.
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Based on a survey of 21 languages chosen to represent the diversity of Sino-Tibetan, this paper proposes that all Sino-Tibetan languages except Chinese have lost a phonological distinction between two Proto-Sino-Tibetan codas, *-q (Old Chinese *-ʔ, dialectally *-k) and *-k (Old Chinese *-k): the two codas merged as *-k in Proto-Tibeto-Burman. It is shown that the Proto-Sino-Tibetan *-q/*-k distinction as reflected in Old Chinese is correlated with the same distinction in Proto-Austronesian.
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Myatt, Tim. "Looting Tibet: Conflicting Narratives and Representations of Tibetan Material Culture from the 1904 British Mission to Tibet." Inner Asia 14, no. 1 (2012): 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-990123779.
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AbstractThis paper presents new research regarding the contentious issue of looting during the Younghusband Mission to Tibet of 1904. For the first time, it presents translations from Tibetan texts that not only catalogue items looting from Tibet, but also build a narrative of the mission from a Chinese and Tibetan perspective. It discusses the 'mind of the mission' by outlining the social and cultural milieu that formed the backdrop for the British officers and men who found themselves in Tibet, and explores the position of the 'archaeologist' to the Mission. It shows how items looted from Tibet are now represented in British museums and collections, and compares these to the 'Memorial Hall of the Anti- British' in Gyantse.
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Liu, Yue, Weibin Huang, Guangwen Ma, Shijun Chen, and Jinlong Wang. "Competitiveness of hydropower price and preferential policies for hydropower development in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area of China." Water Policy 20, no. 6 (July 31, 2018): 1092–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.122.
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Abstract Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area have enormous potential for hydropower development. Therefore, accelerating hydropower development in these areas can contribute to water resource utilisation and help relieve the poverty, which has also become a necessary choice of national strategic importance to comply with energy-saving, emission reduction, and ‘power transmission from west to east’ policies. Under existing policies, research has shown that the basic costs of electricity from the typical plants in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area are high and uncompetitive, so that investment enthusiasm for hydropower companies will wane and water resource utilisation will be affected. In this study, we suggest policies to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the hydropower development in the Tibet and Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan areas; eventually, the water resources therein can be more effectively utilised. Research has indicated that drafted preferential policies can effectively decrease the cost price. Additionally, the hydropower industry in these areas should be incorporated into the national primary energy balance, forming a government-dominated market mechanism. This would consist of a mandatory market share of the hydropower transmitted from Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area and hydropower–carbon trade mechanism – the aim being to promote the consumption of hydropower across the nation.
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Baldanmaksarova, Elizaveta E. "Hagiographic Genre in the Buryat-Mongolian Literature of 18th – Early 20th Centuries." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 2 (2022): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-2-232-247.
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The article is devoted to the study of the hagiographic genre in the Buryat- Mongolian literature of the medieval period. The author examines origins of the genre, rooted in the Indo-Tibetan literary tradition and associated with Buddhist “hagiographic” literature. The traditions of Indo-Tibeto-Mongolian hagiography in Buryat literary criticism have not been specially studied, so this is one of the new areas of study that requires comprehensive review. The analysis of the poetic work of Aghvan Dorzhiev, “Entertaining stories about a trip around the world,” undertaken in the article, makes it possible to trace how such a unique author, who has absorbed the primordial traditions of Indo-Tibetan culture, due to the received almost twenty years of education in Tibet, then the experience of teaching Buddhist philosophy to such a student, like the XIII Dalai Lama, managed to creatively synthesize, as a citizen of Russia, who received his initial education at home, two different cultures. His work, although written in the genre of a medieval life, is evidence of the genre transformation under the influence of new historical, literary and other realities. Thus this work can be viewed as a transition from medieval traditions to the new realistic literature in Buryat- Mongolian culture.
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Ru, Han, Jinliang Xu, and Shoufang Jiang. "Experimental Observation and Analysis of Traffic Impact on Tibetan Antelopes on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1226781.
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Highways that cross natural reserves are an intrusion with a nonnegligible negative impact on the behavior of wild animals and have numerous and diverse ecological impacts on wildlife near road areas. Field experiments were carried out to collect traffic flow data on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, and the behavior of the Tibetan antelope crossing the highway was observed. The relationships between the percentage of antelopes successfully crossing the highway and the different traffic flows were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the traffic volume is the main factor affecting the success rate of Tibetan antelopes when crossing the highway, displaying a nonlinear negative correlation. Furthermore, the behavioral responses of the Tibetan antelopes within 500 m of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway before and after different parking behaviors were observed and the proportions of the different behaviors exhibited by the Tibetan antelopes affected by different driver parking behaviors were analyzed. Parking behaviors were found to have the most significant effect on Tibetan antelope behavior within 400 m of the highway, where parking with somebody getting out having the most prominent impact. The results of this study can guide engineering measures to protect wildlife in the plateau region.
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Garri, Irina. "Avalokiteśvara Cult and Competing Nationalisms of the Sino-Tibetan Borderland." State Religion and Church in Russia and Worldwide 38, no. 1 (2020): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2020-38-1-13-36.
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The article discusses the emergence of Tibetan nationalism in Sino-Tibetan borderland in the period after the fall of the Qing Empire in 1911 and untill the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC in 1951. It argues that the cult of the Bodhisattva of compassion Avalokiteśvara was a key spiritual root of the Tibetan religious nationalism, associating Tibet with the state of the Dalai Lamas. Other kinds of nationalisms emerged on the vast territory of the Tibetan plateau, among which the author distinguishes Tibetan collaborative nationalism and secular autonomist nationalism of Kuomintang or Communist types. The religious factor was central in this competition. Tibetan Buddhism, due to its long tradition of interweaving religion and politics, easily adapted to new conditions and was used by various forms of nationalism for diametrically opposite aims. The article shows how the clash of various national and religious interests finally led to the victory of the Chinese communists and the defeat of the religious nationalism. The author argues that the cult of Avalokiteśvara, despite the defeat of the religious nationalism in 1951, became the “icon” of Tibetan nationalism of the subsequent period associated with the exodus of Tibetans to India in 1959.
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Qi, Han Wen, and Yong Ping Wang. "Tibetan Traditional Architecture Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.364.
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Talking about Tibet, people will associate to the bright blue sky, white clouds float across the sky, the red sun and the Mani-stone-pile everywhere. All of these factors make people to get intimacy to Tibet, however, the factor that reflects its mysterious is the unique Tibetan architecture. The architectures mainly include the palace for royal families, the buildings for monks to living and practice, and the houses for ordinary people. The distribution of these architectures are scattered and ordered in Tibet, forming vivid and unique architecture scenery and environmental features. The authors will make a simple summary and brief analysis of Tibetan architecture.
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Maurer, Petra. "Humanizing Horses: Transitions in Perception and Perspective." Religions 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060375.
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In Tibetan history and culture, horses were among the most important animals, if not the most important of all. Horses were the mounts that provided transport, particularly for the nobility and kings, allowing them to travel more quickly and comfortably. Horses were also used for hunting, postal services, and to build a cavalry for warfare. In addition, they played a role in various entertainments, including horse racing, games, and parades. The unusually large number of manuscripts on horses attests to the value of horses in the Tibetan imaginaire compared to other animals that lived in the company of the people on the High Plateau, in Tibet itself, and in Tibetan cultural areas. This article begins with an outline of the uses and benefits of horses in Tibetan culture. It touches upon the animal’s role as the mount of Tibetan kings and debates regarding horses’ mental faculties. Then it presents a survey of the content of various manuscripts on equine studies based on sources from three stages: (1) the earliest Tibetan sources from Dunhuang; (2) translations from Indian texts; and (3) extensive compendia that merges all of the knowledge on horses available at the time of their composition. It analyzes the style and content of books that indicate the approach of the authors to the topic of “horse” and points to their view of horses in relation to Tibetan culture and Buddhism. Moreover, the books’ content mirrors the various functions and applications of horses in Tibet and India. It reveals the purpose of these books in general and illustrates the relation between textuality and orality. The study demonstrates the link between hippology and hippiatry, and the development of equine studies in Tibet. It shows the influence of humans on horse medicine and, moreover, contributes to an improved understanding of the development of Tibetan medical sciences in general.
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Dhompa, Tsering Wangmo. "Dialectics of Sovereignty, Compromise, and Equality in the Discourse on the “Tibetan Question”." boundary 2 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-7614195.
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Since 1950, the Chinese government has determined the status and position of Tibetans, but it has not won the battle for Tibetans’ hearts and minds. Ongoing Tibetan resistance under Chinese rule points to serious fissures in the Chinese state’s ideological and cultural project of “liberating” Tibet. Wang Hui’s article “The ‘Tibetan Question’ East and West: Orientalism, Regional Ethnic Autonomy, and the Politics of Dignity” analyzes the March 2008 “riots” in and around Lhasa in order to understand the impediments to a real solution to the crisis in Tibet. This piece suggests that although Wang Hui offers productive ways of moving beyond the status quo, his analysis of Tibet is limited by multiple ideological contradictions that ultimately fail to lift Tibet out of the advanced/backward binary that typifies late nineteenth-century orientalism.
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McGrath, William A. "Origin Narratives of the Tibetan Medical Tradition." Asian Medicine 12, no. 1-2 (February 21, 2017): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341398.
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Abstract The three excerpts translated below were selected from two of the earliest sources depicting the origins of medicine in Tibet. Despite their differences in terms of detail, style, and genre, each narrative emphasizes the Buddhist origins of either the Tibetan medical tradition itself, the tradition of canonical Buddhist medicine that was transmitted from India to Tibet, or even the entire field of healing knowledge. Read separately, each narrative promotes a distinct account of the origin and transmission of medical knowledge among mythical, legendary, and historical figures in India and Tibet. Read together, however, these three accounts depict attempts at the reconciliation of several competing narratives that were developing in the medical schools of twelfth- and thirteenth-century Tibet and that continue to affect the representation of the Tibetan medical tradition today.
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Saxer, Martin. "Herbs and Traders in Transit: Border Regimes and the Contemporary Trans-Himalayan Trade in Tibetan Medicinal Plants." Asian Medicine 5, no. 2 (2009): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342109x568838.
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This article discusses the contemporary cross-border trade in medicinal plants between Nepal and Tibet. As Tibetan pharmacy extensively relies on raw materials not native to Tibet, long-distance trade in medicinal materials is not a new phenomenon. However, with the recent creation of a Tibetan medicine industry in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the increasing demand for herbs from India and Nepal, the contemporary herb trade is facing new challenges. Surging trade volumes, notions of patient safety, growing ecological concerns, and the current political situation in Tibet have led to increased efforts at rendering legible and controlling the transit of traders and herbs across the border. The ethnographic account of a Tibetan plant trader’s business trip to Nepal serves as a starting point for a discussion of these efforts and the traders’ tactical manoeuvres to deal with them. The notion of ‘border regimes’ is introduced to analyse the regulations, their implementation and side-effects that condition the current situation.
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Oparin, A. A. "Tibetan medicine and Ancient Tibet." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2015, no. 2 (December 12, 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2015.02.075.
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Ding, Xuhui, Zixuan Zhang, Fengping Wu, and Xiangyi Xu. "Study on the Evolution of Water Resource Utilization Efficiency in Tibet Autonomous Region and Four Provinces in Tibetan Areas under Double Control Action." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123396.
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Tibet is the province with the largest international rivers and water resource reserves in China. However, due to its special ecological environment, the utilization of water resources has become an inevitable problem. Considering the undesirable outputs in water resource utilization, the Super-efficiency Slack-based Measure (SE-SBM) model is used to measure water utilization efficiency of Tibet and the Tibetan areas (four provinces where Tibetan areas are located) from 2006 to 2016. The mixed and random panel Tobit model is used to investigate the driving factors of water efficiency and a horizontal comparison between provinces is made on this basis. The results show that the water utilization efficiency of Tibet and the Tibetan areas in four provinces shows a “U-shaped” trend. The water utilization efficiency of most provinces is greater than or close to 1 and the water utilization efficiency of each province shows a constant convergence trend. Environmental regulation and technological innovation have a significant positive effect on water utilization efficiency. Urbanization and foreign direct investment (FDI) have a significant negative effect on water utilization efficiency. Per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and water resource endowment have no significant effect on water utilization efficiency. It is necessary to select a new type of urbanization suitable for the Tibetan Plateau, eliminate the backward production capacity, high water consumption, or high emissions industries, and to strengthen the research and development of water-saving and emission-reduction technology innovation in Tibet.
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Oostveen, Daan F. "Rhizomatic Religion and Material Destruction in Kham Tibet: The Case of Yachen Gar." Religions 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11100533.
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This article looks at the Tibetan Buddhism revitalization in China in particular, in Kham Tibet, and the way how it was both made possible and obstructed by the Chinese state. As a case, we look at the Yachen Gar monastery in the West of Sichuan. The Yachen Gar monastery became the largest Buddhist university in China in the past decades, but recently, reports of the destruction of large parts of the Buddhist encampment have emerged. This article is based on my observations during my field trip in late 2018, just before this destruction took place. I will use my conceptual framework of rhizomatic religion, which I developed in an earlier article, to show how Yachen Gar, rather than the locus of a “world religion”, is rather an expression of rhizomatic religion, which is native to the Tibetan highlands in Kham Tibet. This rhizomatic religion could emerge because Yachen is situated both on the edges of Tibet proper, and on the edges of Han Chinese culture, therefore occupying an interstitial space. As has been observed before, Yachen emerges as a process which is the result of the revival of Nyingmapa Tibetan Buddhist culture, as a negotiation between the Tibetan communities and the Chinese state.