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Journal articles on the topic 'Tiger Salamander'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Hossack, Blake R., Julio Alberto Lemos-Espinal, Brent H. Sigafus, et al. "Distribution of tiger salamanders in northern Sonora, Mexico: comparison of sampling methods and possible implications for an endangered subspecies." Amphibia-Reptilia 43, no. 1 (2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10072.

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Abstract Many aquatic species in the arid USA-Mexico borderlands region are imperiled, but limited information on distributions and threats often hinders management. To provide information on the distribution of the Western Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium), including the USA-federally endangered Sonoran Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi), we used traditional (seines, dip-nets) and modern (environmental DNA [eDNA]) methods to sample 91 waterbodies in northern Sonora, Mexico, during 2015-2018. The endemic Sonoran Tiger Salamander is threatened by introgressive hybridization a

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2

Benoy, Glenn A. "Variation in tiger salamander density within prairie potholes affects aquatic bird foraging behaviour." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 7 (2005): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-081.

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Through competitive asymmetry, coexisting fish populations can alter aquatic bird distributions and reduce the reproductive success of their offspring. Gray tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940) may function similarly in fishless prairie potholes. To test the hypothesis that tiger salamanders compete with aquatic birds (including ducks, grebes, and American Coot (Fulica americana J.F. Gmelin, 1789)) for prey resources during the breeding season, 16 potholes were divided into halves by an impermeable plastic barrier and tiger salamander densities were increased or decreased

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3

Johnson, Eric B., Paulette Bierzychudek, and Howard H. Whiteman. "Potential of prey size and type to affect foraging asymmetries in tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) larvae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 10 (2003): 1726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-170.

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Although competitive interactions within predator populations are known to depend on their size structure, we understand less about how these interactions are influenced by prey characteristics. Most studies of such interactions for tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) larvae have used small zooplankton prey. We investigate the potential of exploitation and interference competition to influence the success of tiger salamander larvae feeding on relatively large prey, mayfly and damselfly larvae. We measured salamander foraging efficiency for a range of salamander and prey sizes and o

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4

McCarthy, Maeve L., and Howard H. Whiteman. "A model of inter-cohort cannibalism and paedomorphosis in Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum." International Journal of Biomathematics 09, no. 02 (2016): 1650030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524516500303.

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Cannibalism is widespread in size-structured populations. If cannibals and victims are in different life stages, dominant cohorts of cannibals can regulate recruitment. Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, exhibit facultative paedomorphosis in which salamander larvae either metamorphose into terrestrial adults or become sexually mature while still in their larval form. Although many salamanders exhibit cannibalism of larvae, the Arizona Tiger Salamander also exhibits cannibalism of young by the aquatic adults. We formulate a differential equations model of this system under

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5

Ashpole, Sara, and Marissa Nati. "Paedomorphic Blotched Tiger Salamander (<i>Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum</i>) in ovo counts, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 135, no. 4 (2022): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v135i4.2116.

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Reproductively mature larval morphs, known as paedogens, are a rare occurrence in Blotched Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum). The Southern Mountain population of this subspecies, confined to the southern interior of British Columbia, is listed federally as Endangered and has been facing increasing pressures from anthropogenic stressors in both their aquatic and terrestrial landscapes. In 2017, we examined a subset of 36 frozen Blotched Tiger Salamander paedogens collected in September 1985 after rotenone treatment in preparation for a recreational fishery near Oliver, Britis

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6

Stokstad, E. "Higher Protection for Tiger Salamander." Science 309, no. 5739 (2005): 1313b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5739.1313b.

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7

Cuny, Robert, and George M. Malacinski. "Banding differences between tiger salamander and axolotl chromosomes." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 5 (1985): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-076.

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The Hoechst 33258 – Giemsa banding patterns were compared on axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw) and axolotl – tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum Green) species hybrid prophase chromosomes. Approximately 369 bands per haploid chromosome set were seen in the axolotl and about 344 bands in the tiger salamander. In the haploid set of 14 chromosomes, chromosome 3 has a constant short or q-arm terminal constriction at the location of the nucleolar organizer. Chromosomes 14 Z and W carry the sex determinants, the female being the heterogametic sex (ZW). The banding patterns of chromosomes 1, 6, 11,

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8

Wirsig-Wiechmann, Celeste, and Katherine Holliday. "The naris muscles in tiger salamander." Anatomy and Embryology 205, no. 3 (2002): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-002-0242-0.

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9

Wirsig-Wiechmann, Celeste, and Bahareh Ebadifar. "The naris muscles in tiger salamander." Anatomy and Embryology 205, no. 3 (2002): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-002-0243-z.

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10

Brainerd, EL. "Mechanics of lung ventilation in a larval salamander Ambystoma tigrinum." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 20 (1998): 2891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.20.2891.

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The larval stage of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum is entirely aquatic, but the larvae rely on their lungs for a large proportion of their oxygen uptake. X-ray video and pressure measurements from the buccal and body cavities demonstrate that the larvae inspire using a two-stroke buccal pump and exhale actively by contracting the hypaxial musculature to increase body pressure. Larvae begin a breath by expanding the buccal cavity to draw in air through the mouth, while simultaneously exhaling air from the lungs to mix with the fresh air in the buccal cavity. The mouth then closes, and

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11

Kurenni, Dmitri E., Genevieve A. Thurlow, Ray W. Turner, Leonid L. Moroz, Keith A. Sharkey, and Steven Barnes. "Nitric oxide synthase in tiger salamander retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 361, no. 3 (1995): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610314.

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12

Watt, Carl B., and Valarie J. Florack. "Colocalization of glycine in substance P-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (1993): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006106.

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AbstractThe present study was performed as part of a systematic examination of glycine's coexistence with other classical transmitters and neuropeptides in neuronal populations of the larval tiger salamander retina. Substance P immunocytochemistry was combined with either glycine immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of glycine high-affinity uptake to examine whether tiger salamander substance P-amacrine cells express these glycine markers. Double-label analyses revealed two populations of substance P-amacrine cells that express glycine immunoreactivity and glycine high-affinity uptake. The l

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13

McKean, Tom, Guolian Li, and Kong Wei. "Cardiac effects of hypoxia in the neotenous tiger salamanderAmbystoma tigrinum." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 12 (2002): 1725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.12.1725.

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SUMMARYThe aquatic form of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum lives in high-altitude ponds and is exposed to a hypoxic environment that may be either chronic or intermittent. In many animal species, exposure to hypoxia stimulates cardiac output and is followed by an increase in cardiac mass. The working hypothesis of the present study was that the hearts of these aquatic salamanders exposed to 10-14 days of 5 % oxygen in a laboratory setting would become larger and would differentially express proteins that would help confer tolerance to hypoxia. During exposure to hypoxia, cardiac output

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14

WANG, HAO, KELLY M. STANDIFER, and DAVID M. SHERRY. "GABAA receptor binding and localization in the tiger salamander retina." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (2000): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800171020.

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the retina and also appears to act as a trophic factor regulating photoreceptor development and regeneration. Although the tiger salamander is a major model system for the study of retinal circuitry and regeneration, our understanding of GABA receptors in this species is almost exclusively based on the results of physiological studies. Therefore, we have examined the pharmacological binding properties of GABAA receptors and their anatomical localization in the tiger salamander retina. Radioligand-binding studies showed

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15

Straiker, Alex, and Jane M. Sullivan. "Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Differentially Modulates Ion Channels in Photoreceptors of the Tiger Salamander." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 5 (2003): 2647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00268.2002.

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Cannabinoid CB1 receptors have been detected in retinas of numerous species, with prominent labeling in photoreceptor terminals of the chick and monkey. CB1 labeling is well-conserved across species, suggesting that CB1 receptors might also be present in photoreceptors of the tiger salamander. Synaptic transmission in vertebrate photoreceptors is mediated by L-type calcium currents—currents that are modulated by CB1 receptors in bipolar cells of the tiger salamander. Presence of CB1 receptors in photoreceptor terminals would therefore be consistent with presynaptic modulation of synaptic trans

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16

Ryan, M. E., J. R. Johnson, and B. M. Fitzpatrick. "Invasive hybrid tiger salamander genotypes impact native amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 27 (2009): 11166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902252106.

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17

TOWNES-ANDERSON, ELLEN, ANTHONY COLANTONIO, and ROBERT S. ST. JULES. "Age-related Changes in the Tiger Salamander Retina." Experimental Eye Research 66, no. 5 (1998): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1998.0472.

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18

Yang, Chen-YU, Zhen-Shi Lin, and Stephen Yazulla. "Localization of GABAA receptor subtypes in the tiger salamander retina." Visual Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006490.

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AbstractDry autoradiography was used to determine the distribution of GABAA binding sites in tiger salamander retina. High-affinity binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam ([3H]-FNZ) was used to localize benzodiazepine receptors (BZR) and [3H]-muscimol was used to localize the GABAA recognition site. Specific [3H]-FNZ binding was present only in the inner retina, primarily in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Co-incubation with GABA enhanced [3H]-FNZ binding by 20–50%. [3H]-muscimol binding was found throughout the IPL and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Mouse monoclonal antibodies 62–3G1 and BD-17,

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19

Holomuzki, Joseph R., James P. Collins, and Paul E. Brunkow. "Trophic Control of Fishless Ponds by Tiger Salamander Larvae." Oikos 71, no. 1 (1994): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546172.

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20

Zhang, Jian, and Samuel M. Wu. "Immunocytochemical analysis of photoreceptors in the tiger salamander retina." Vision Research 49, no. 1 (2009): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.031.

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21

Valentino, Tony L., Peter D. Lukasiewicz, and Carmelo Romano. "Immunocytochemical localization of polyamines in the tiger salamander retina." Brain Research 713, no. 1-2 (1996): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01558-2.

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22

Henshel, Diane S., and Robert F. Miller. "Catecholamine effects on dissociated tiger salamander Muller (glial) cells." Brain Research 575, no. 2 (1992): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90081-j.

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23

Marchand, James E., Xinhai Yang, Dona Chikaraishi, Jurgen Krieger, Heinz Breer, and John S. Kauer. "Olfactory receptor gene expression in tiger salamander olfactory epithelium." Journal of Comparative Neurology 474, no. 3 (2004): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20161.

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24

Yang, Xiong-Li, and Samuel M. Wu. "Effects of CNQX, APB, PDA, and kynurenate on horizontal cells of the tiger salamander retina." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 3 (1989): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009962.

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AbstractEffects of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and kynurenate (KYN) on the depolarizing actions of glutamate and kainate on horizontal cells (HCs) were studied in the larval tiger salamander retina. APB, PDA, and KYN hyperpolarized the HCs, but they failed to block either the actions of glutamate and kainate, or the HC light responses. APB and PDA did not cause membrane polarizations in either rods or cones, suggesting that the HC hyperpolarizations were not mediated by presynaptic actions of these

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25

Deutschman, Mark R., and John J. Peterka. "Secondary Production of Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) in Three North Dakota Prairie Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 4 (1988): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-083.

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In three prairie lakes studied in 1981–82, larval tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) densities reached highs of 5000∙ha−1, maximum biomass (wet weight) was 180 kg∙ha−1, and maximum annual production was 565 kg∙ha−1. Within a given lake, overwinter survival of larvae varied markedly from year to year. Overwinter survival of larvae was excellent in Lake II; in spring 1981, densities were 800–1000∙ha−1. In 1982, no larvae overwintered in Lake II, and none overwintered in Lake I in either 1981 or 1982. In May 1981, larvae were large (mean weight of 150 g) and their biomass of 150 kg∙ha−1 was ne

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26

Everson, Kathryn M., Levi N. Gray, Angela G. Jones, et al. "Geography is more important than life history in the recent diversification of the tiger salamander complex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (2021): e2014719118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014719118.

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The North American tiger salamander species complex, including its best-known species, the Mexican axolotl, has long been a source of biological fascination. The complex exhibits a wide range of variation in developmental life history strategies, including populations and individuals that undergo metamorphosis; those able to forego metamorphosis and retain a larval, aquatic lifestyle (i.e., paedomorphosis); and those that do both. The evolution of a paedomorphic life history state is thought to lead to increased population genetic differentiation and ultimately reproductive isolation and speci

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27

JIANG, ZHENG, BAOQIN LI, FRANTISEK JURSKY, and WEN SHEN. "Differential distribution of glycine transporters in Müller cells and neurons in amphibian retinas." Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 2 (2007): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070186.

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Amphibian retinas are commonly used for electrophysiological studies on neural function and transduction because they share the same general properties as higher vertebrate retinas. Glycinergic synapses have been well described in amphibian retinas. However, the role of glycine transporters in the synapses is largely unknown. We studied the distribution and function of glycine transporters in the retinas from tiger salamanders, mudpuppies, and leopard frogs by immunofluorescence labeling and whole-cell recording methods. Our results indicated that GlyT1- and GlyT2-like transporters were presen

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28

Simons, R. S., W. O. Bennett, and E. L. Brainerd. "Mechanics of lung ventilation in a post-metamorphic salamander, Ambystoma Tigrinum." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 6 (2000): 1081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.6.1081.

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The mechanics of lung ventilation in frogs and aquatic salamanders has been well characterized, whereas lung ventilation in terrestrial-phase (post-metamorphic) salamanders has received little attention. We used electromyography (EMG), X-ray videography, standard videography and buccal and body cavity pressure measurements to characterize the ventilation mechanics of adult (post-metamorphic) tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Three results emerged: (i) under terrestrial conditions or when floating at the surface of the water, adult A. tigrinum breathed through their nares using a two-stro

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29

Whiteman, Howard H., Richard D. Howard, and Kathleen A. Whitten. "Effects of pH on embryo tolerance and adult behavior in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 8 (1995): 1529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-181.

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We examined adult discrimination ability and embryo performance under different pH conditions in the eastern tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum. We collected individuals from three populations in habitats that differed naturally in pH, thus allowing interpretation of population-specific responses in embryos and adults. We conducted pool-choice experiments in the field using two pH treatments to determine adult pH discrimination ability and controlled laboratory toxicity tests using eight pH treatments to evaluate embryo performance. Adult discrimination ability differed among source

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30

Loredo, Ivette, Dirk Van Vuren, and Michael L. Morrison. "Habitat Use and Migration Behavior of the California Tiger Salamander." Journal of Herpetology 30, no. 2 (1996): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565527.

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31

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M., and H. Bradley Shaffer. "ENVIRONMENT-DEPENDENT ADMIXTURE DYNAMICS IN A TIGER SALAMANDER HYBRID ZONE." Evolution 58, no. 6 (2004): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/03-629.

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32

Loredo, Ivette, and Dirk van Vuren. "Reproductive Ecology of a Population of the California Tiger Salamander." Copeia 1996, no. 4 (1996): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1447651.

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33

Stokstad, E. "ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT: Can California Ranchers Save the Tiger Salamander?" Science 305, no. 5690 (2004): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5690.1554.

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34

van As, W., J. S. Kauer, B. Ph M. Menco, and E. P. Köster. "Quantitative aspects of the electro-olfactogram in the tiger salamander." Chemical Senses 10, no. 1 (1985): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/10.1.1-b.

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35

Begun, D. J., and J. P. Collins. "Biochemical Plasticity in the Arizona Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum)." Journal of Heredity 83, no. 3 (1992): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111198.

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36

SPEAR, STEPHEN F., CHARLES R. PETERSON, MARJORIE D. MATOCQ, and ANDREW STORFER. "Landscape genetics of the blotched tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum)." Molecular Ecology 14, no. 8 (2005): 2553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02573.x.

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37

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M., and H. Bradley Shaffer. "ENVIRONMENT-DEPENDENT ADMIXTURE DYNAMICS IN A TIGER SALAMANDER HYBRID ZONE." Evolution 58, no. 6 (2004): 1282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01707.x.

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38

YANG, JUN-HAI, and SAMUEL M. WU. "Characterization of Glutamate Transporter Function in the Tiger Salamander Retina." Vision Research 37, no. 7 (1997): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00231-3.

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39

Maple, Bruce R., Jian Zhang, Ji-Jie Pang, Fan Gao, and Samuel M. Wu. "Characterization of displaced bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina." Vision Research 45, no. 6 (2005): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.038.

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40

Forson, Diane Denise, and Andrew Storfer. "ATRAZINE INCREASES RANAVIRUS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE TIGER SALAMANDER,AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM." Ecological Applications 16, no. 6 (2006): 2325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2325:airsit]2.0.co;2.

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41

Toris, Carol B., Jodi L. Eiesland, and Robert F. Miller. "Morphology of ganglion cells in the neotenous tiger salamander retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 352, no. 4 (1995): 535–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903520405.

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42

Liebgold, Eric B., and Karen L. Carleton. "The Right Light: Tiger Salamander Capture Rates and Spectral Sensitivity." Wildlife Society Bulletin 44, no. 1 (2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1058.

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43

Carr, James A., and David O. Norris. "Interrenal activity during metamorphosis of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum." General and Comparative Endocrinology 71, no. 1 (1988): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(88)90295-x.

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44

Wirsig-Wiechmann, Celeste R., and Lothar Jennes. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist binding in tiger salamander nasal cavity." Neuroscience Letters 160, no. 2 (1993): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90413-f.

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45

Zhang, Jian, and Samuel M. Wu. "Go? labels ON bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 461, no. 2 (2003): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10704.

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46

Sherry, David M., Haidong Yang, and Kelly M. Standifer. "Vesicle-associated membrane protein isoforms in the tiger salamander retina." Journal of Comparative Neurology 431, no. 4 (2001): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20010319)431:4<424::aid-cne1080>3.0.co;2-y.

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47

Yang, Xiong-Li, and Samuel M. Wu. "Coexistence and function of glutamate receptor subtypes in the horizontal cells of the tiger salamander retina." Visual Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (1991): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004867.

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AbstractEffects of the major glutamate receptor agonists, kainate (KA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), quisqualate (QA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), L-α-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4), and trans-l-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) on horizontal cells (HCs) were studied in superfused larval tiger salamander retina. 20 μM of KA, AMPA, and QA mimicked the action of 3 mM glutamate in the absence and presence of 1 mM Co2+-20 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) blocked the actions of KA and AMPA, but not those of QA and glutamate, indicative

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48

Ferrari, Maud C. O., and Douglas P. Chivers. "Latent inhibition of predator recognition by embryonic amphibians." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (2008): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0641.

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To avoid being captured, prey animals need to be able to distinguish predators from non-predators. Recent studies have shown that amphibians can learn to recognize their future predators while in the egg. Here, we investigated whether amphibians would similarly be able to learn to recognize non-predators while in the egg. We exposed newly laid wood frog eggs to the odour of tiger salamander or a water control daily for 5 days. After hatching, the wood frog larvae were raised for two weeks at which time we tried to condition them to recognize the salamander as a predator. Larvae were exposed to

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49

Hare, William A., and W. Geoffrey Owen. "Similar effects of carbachol and dopamine on neurons in the distal retina of the tiger salamander." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (1995): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008348.

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AbstractThough there is considerable evidence that dopamine is an important retinal neuromodulator that mediates many of the changes in the properties of retinal neurons that are normally seen during light adaptation, the mechanism by which dopamine release is controlled remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present evidence which indicates that dopamine release in the retina of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, is driven excitatorily by a cholinergic input. We compared the effects of applying carbachol to those of dopamine application on the responses of rods, horizontal cells,

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50

Doyle, Jacqueline M., Gregor Siegmund, Joseph D. Ruhl, et al. "Microsatellite analyses across three diverse vertebrate transcriptomes (Acipenser fulvescens, Ambystoma tigrinum, and Dipodomys spectabilis)." Genome 56, no. 7 (2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0056.

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Abstract:

Historically, many population genetics studies have utilized microsatellite markers sampled at random from the genome and presumed to be selectively neutral. Recent studies, however, have shown that microsatellites can occur in transcribed regions, where they are more likely to be under selection. In this study, we mined microsatellites from transcriptomes generated by 454-pyrosequencing for three vertebrate species: lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), and kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis). We evaluated (i) the occurrence of microsatellites across sp

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