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Academic literature on the topic 'Tigerfish – South Africa – Letaba River'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tigerfish – South Africa – Letaba River"
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Katambara, Zacharia, and John Ndiritu. "A fuzzy inference system for modelling streamflow: Case of Letaba River, South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 34, no. 10-12 (2009): 688–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.06.001.
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Nyabeze, W. R., S. Mallory, J. Hallowes, B. Mwaka, and P. Sinha. "Determining operating rules for the Letaba river system in South Africa using three models." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, no. 15-18 (January 2007): 1040–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.003.
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Katambara, Zacharia, and John G. Ndiritu. "A hybrid conceptual–fuzzy inference streamflow modelling for the Letaba River system in South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 35, no. 13-14 (January 2010): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.07.032.
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Vlok, W., and JS Engelbrecht. "Some aspects of the ecology of the Groot Letaba River in the Northern Province, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 25, no. 1 (January 2000): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/160859100780177686.
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Mariano, V., C. M. E. McCrindle, B. Cenci-Goga, and J. A. Picard. "Case-Control Study To Determine whether River Water Can Spread Tetracycline Resistance to Unexposed Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Kruger National Park (South Africa)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 1 (October 31, 2008): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01808-08.
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ABSTRACT A case-control study was performed in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, to find out whether impala (Aepyceros melampus) were more likely to harbor tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (TREC) in their feces when they drank from rivers that contained these bacteria than when they drank from rivers that were uncontaminated with TREC. The following five perennial rivers were selected: the Crocodile, the Letaba, the Olifants, the Sabie, and the Sand. Samples of river water (n = 33) and feces (n = 209), collected at 11 different sites, were cultured for E. coli. The resulting colonies were screened for tetracycline resistance by use of the Lederberg replica plating method (breakpoint, 4 mg/liter). A resistant and/or a susceptible isolate was then selected from each sample and subjected to the CLSI MIC broth microdilution test for tetracyclines. Among the 21 water specimens contaminated by E. coli, 19.05% (n = 4) were found to be resistant by the MIC method (breakpoint, ≥8 mg/liter). This led to the Crocodile, Olifants, and Letaba rivers being classified as TREC positive. Among the 209 impala feces sampled, 191 were positive for the presence of E. coli (91.38%). Within these (n = 191), 9.95% (n = 19) of the isolates were shown to be TREC by the MIC method. It was found that 1.11% (n = 1) of the E. coli isolates cultured from the feces of the control group (n = 90) were TREC, in comparison with 17.82% (n = 18) of those in feces from the exposed group (n = 101). The calculation of the odds ratio showed that impala drinking from TREC-contaminated rivers were 19.3 (2.63 to 141.69) times more likely to be infected with TREC than were unexposed impala. This is a significant finding, indicating that surface water could be a possible source of antimicrobial resistance in na�ve animal populations and that impala could act as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance.
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Thamaga, Kgabo Humphrey, and Timothy Dube. "Testing two methods for mapping water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in the Greater Letaba river system, South Africa: discrimination and mapping potential of the polar-orbiting Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI sensors." International Journal of Remote Sensing 39, no. 22 (June 29, 2018): 8041–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1479796.
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Siebert, Frances, Holger C. Eckhardt, and Stefan J. Siebert. "The vegetation and floristics of the Letaba exclosures, Kruger National Park, South Africa." Koedoe 52, no. 1 (March 11, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v52i1.777.
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The construction of exclosures along two of the most important rivers in the Kruger National Park was done to investigate how patterns of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the riparian zone is affected by fire, flood and herbivory. To assist this research programme, vegetation surveys were conducted within exclosures along the Letaba River to classify and map the vegetation of the area. The history and experimental design of the Letaba exclosures are similar to that of the Nkhuhlu exclosures along the Sabie River, which is directly related to questions surrounding elephant management. The main difference between the Nkhuhlu and Letaba exclosures is local heterogeneity, since the latter lies within the Mopaneveld, which is floristically and physiognomically much more homogenous than the vegetation of the southern Kruger National Park. Nevertheless, four plant communities, eight sub-communities and six variants were recognised and mapped for the Letaba exclosures. The vegetation description was done in relation to prevailing soil forms, differences in species richness, diversity and community structure, and therefore should serve as a basis for further detailed and broad-based botanical studies. Vegetation mapping was done to sub-community level and, where possible, to variant level. As expected in Mopaneveld vegetation, the plant communities could broadly be related to soil types, although smaller-scale variations correspond to soil moisture availability because the Mopaneveld is considered ‘event-driven’, especially in the herbaceous layer.Conservation implications: Floristic surveying and vegetation mapping of a long-term monitoring site, such as the Letaba exclosures, is seen as a baseline inventory to assist natural resource management. Linking mapping units to biodiversity strengthens the understanding needed to maintain biodiversity in all its natural facets and fluxes.
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Roux, Francois, Gert Steyn, Clinton Hay, and Ina Wagenaar. "Movement patterns and home range size of tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) in the Incomati River system, South Africa." Koedoe 60, no. 1 (June 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v60i1.1397.
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Historical data suggested that the tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) of the Incomati River migrates upstream and downstream as part of their life history. It has been suggested that this movement was a prerequisite for successful spawning in inundated floodplains in Mozambique. Recent advances in aquatic radio telemetry provided a reliable mechanism to monitor fish movement and increase knowledge of the ecology of tigerfish. From 04 January 2003 to 22 December 2003, 41 tigerfish in the Incomati River system were fitted with radio transmitters to record movement patterns and estimate home range size. On average, each fish was tracked 72 times, and the total number of fixes was 2971 over the study period, including 1322 summer fixes and 1649 winter fixes. The mean longest distance travelled by tigerfish was 730 m (range = 75 m to 3200 m). The home range size varied between individual fish, but on average fish stayed within a defined home range of 48 846 m2. Tigerfish showed high site fidelity to specific habitats within specific activity zones and movement occurred primarily within these defined zones. Differences in movement pattern, longest distance travelled and home range size could not be attributed to the sex or size of the fish. No large-scale movement patterns associated with specific life history activity were observed; thus, previous reports of large-scale downstream migrations and spawning migrations appear to be invalid. The presence of weirs in the study area impedes free fish movement as these weirs create migration obstructions.Conservation implications: River regulation such as damming, water abstraction, obstructive barriers and channel modification may have a detrimental impact on the survival strategy of this species. Implementation of these results in a management policy will provide a reliable basis for species specific requirements such as upstream reservoir release management; minimum flow volumes required for downstream ecosystem maintenance and management and planning of structures obstructing natural flow.
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Moon, B. P., and G. L. Heritage. "The contemporary geomorphology of the Letaba River in the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 44, no. 1 (July 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v44i1.185.
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The Letaba River drains part of Northern Province in north-east South Africa. Its catchment has been modified significantly by human activity which has affected the flow regime; it experiences only ephemeral flows through the Kruger National Park to its confluence with the Olifants River. Although the Letaba is similar to the other rivers in the Kruger National Park in that it displays some bedrock influenced channel features, increased sediment delivery from the degraded catchment upstream has resulted in extensive alluviation within the channel. Sections of channel flowing over bedrock with no sediment covering are rare, and the river comprises a series of channel types: mixed anastomosing, alluvial braided, mixed pool-rapid and alluvial single thread. Each is characterised by a different combination of morphological units which relate to the degree of alluviation in the channel. These channel types are described in detail and inferences are made concerning their formation and maintenance from field observation and measurement.
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Shikwambana, Purvance, Jonathan C. Taylor, Danny Govender, and Judith Botha. "Diatom responses to river water quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Bothalia, African Biodiversity & Conservation 51, no. 1 (February 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.38201/btha.abc.v51.i1.5.
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Background: Although the Kruger National Park (KNP) is a protected area, it is not exempted from anthropogenically induced impacts, which often compromise river water flow and quality. Measures of river water quality in South Africa have conventionally been based on water chemistry as well as different ecological indicator groups such as fish and macroinvertebrates. Diatoms have been shown to be useful indicators of changes in water quality resulting from pollution and land-use impacts.Objectives: To determine the applicability of diatoms for hind-casting water quality in the KNP and to compare recent diatom community composition with those from the 1980s.Methods: In this study, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were used to evaluate temporal changes in water quality of three rivers within the KNP. Additionally, we made use of historic diatom samples from three of the five perennial rivers to evaluate if diatom communities reflected changes in water conditions between 1983 and 2015.Results: Diatom community structure was significantly different between 1983 and 2015. Diatom-based index scores (SPI) indicated an improvement in water quality for the Letaba and Olifants rivers.Conclusion: Diatoms were shown to be useful indicators of current water quality and are also useful for determining temporal changes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tigerfish – South Africa – Letaba River"
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Booyens, Paul Lodewyk. "Pollutants associated with mass mortality of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa / P.L. Booyens." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5564.
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The first of a series of mass mortalities of Nile crocodiles in the Olifants and Letaba rivers in the Kruger National Park (KNP) was reported in the winter of 2008. The present study investigated the levels and possible effects on eggshell thickness of inorganic elements and organic pollutants in Nile crocodile eggs from these rivers, and comparing them with eggs from a reference crocodile farm and a reference dam inside the KNP.
The egg contents were analyzed for chlorinated organic compounds and brominated flame retardants. Eggshells and egg contents were analyzed for inorganic elements.
The elemental concentrations in the eggshells and contents were low when compared with previous studies. The highest concentrations were found in the eggs from the reference crocodile farm. The eggs from the reference dam and the crocodile farm had thicker shells, and the eggs from the Olifants and Letaba rivers had thinner shells.
Not all eggs in a female develop at the same rate, while eggshell formation presumably occurs at the same time for all eggs. As a result, the elemental profile of egg contents may differ between eggs of the same clutch, but less so for the shells. Weak or no associations were found between the elemental concentrations of the content and eggshells and eggshell thinning. A possible organic pollutant–induced eggshell thinning effect was found.
The compounds found were not at levels that could have caused the mortalities, but may affect the sex ratios through endocrine disruption. Further studies are therefore required.Thesis (M.Sc (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Gagiano, Christopher Lodewyk. "An ecological study on the tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus in the olifants and letaba rivers with special reference to artificial reproduction." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7031.
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M.Sc.Hydrocynus vittatus, commonly known as the tigerfish, plays an important role in riverine ecology. It is a top predator which roams the open waters of most larger river systems in southern Africa. Their presence in a freshwater ecosystem has a dramatic impact on the fish community structure. It is known that dams and weirs have a negative effect on the migration of the tigerfish. It is also evident that tigerfish do not occur in certain areas in some of the rivers where they have been present historically. The Olifants and Letaba Rivers in the Kruger National Park (KNP) are two of a few rivers within South Africa where tigerfish do occur. The KNP represents the edge of the most southern distribution of tigerfish in southern Africa. It was therefore expected that the tigerfish do not function optimal in the Olifants and Letaba Rivers as they are subjected to waters with high concentrations of silt and low flow which influences migration and successful breeding. Breeding migrations does however take place during the summer months after which the tigerfish returns to the Massingire Dam in Mozambique to avoid the colder winter temperatures in the rivers. Gonad development coincide with the yearly summer rainfall patterns. A deviation of the expected 1:1 male:female sex ratio to favour the males was experienced in both rivers, which may be the result of over population. Females were found to grow to a larger size than the males and were extremely fecund. Although H. vittatus is believed to be mainly piscivorous, other food items such as invertebrates, played an important role in the diet of small and large tigerfish in both the Olifants and Letaba Rivers. Invertebrates were mostly preyed upon which implies that optimal feeding conditions for the tigerfish does not prevail in these systems and that they have to adapt to satisfy their feeding requirements. Tigerfish is more abundant in the Olifants than in the Letaba River. The overall growth performance or phi prime (4)) values for H. vittatus in the Olifants River was determined and compares well to the overall growth performance of tigerfish in the Okavango River and Lake Kariba. However the maximum length calculated for tigerfish in the Olifants River (Lco = 52.40 cm ) is smaller than the Lco values (56.06 cm) for the Okavango River. The mortality rate of tigerfish in the Olifants River exceeds those in the Letaba River which means that the life expectancy is longer in the Letaba as opposed to the Olifants River. Successful artificial spawning revealed some of the secrets of the reproduction strategy of this species. Tigerfish has semi pelagic eggs, are very small (0.65 mm), negatively buoyant and slightly adhesive for bentic and epibiotic incubation, and it is expected that tigerfish would spawn in open water, on a sandy substrate in the vicinity of aquatic vegetation. First hatching took place at 22h 30 min after fertilization. Vertical movement of the larvae lasts for two days, which allows for downstream movement and dispersement of the larvae. It was found that tigerfish replace their teeth on a regular basis as they grow larger. Transition from conical to functional dentition takes place 45 days after hatching. Replacement of sets of teeth occurs during all phases of its lifespan. It is a quick proses of three to six days during which all teeth are replaced in both the upper and lower jaws.
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Mugwabana, Tondani Tshifaro. "Sediment patterns and source areas within the Letaba River, Kruger National Park, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25860.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, School of Geography,
Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 27 March 2018.Sediment distributions vary across a river system depending on the hydraulic processes operating at different river reaches and affect flow regimes and influence the formation of landforms. The research was conducted in the Letaba River which is sourced in the Eastern Escarpment and flows through Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. It flows across bedrock types including granite and granitic gneiss, and volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. This underlying geology has played a role in the development of the river system, geomorphology and sediment patterns. This study aims to understand sediment sources and dynamics on the KNP section of the Letaba River as it flows through the KNP, focusing on the distribution of grain sizes, heavy minerals and minor trace elements in the different storage areas within the river system, and identifying the potential sediment source areas with the use of a multivariate sediment mixing model. Field data collection involved geomorphic mapping along river reaches within KNP, and geomorphic features such as sandbars, subaqueous dunes, levees, overbank deposits and bedrock outcrops were identified. Sediment samples were collected from the main river channel and four tributaries. Results of grain size analysis based on the Folk and Ward method indicate that the majority of the sediments present on geomorphic features are coarse grained, negatively skewed and mesokurtic to leptokurtic. The presence of overbank deposits and coarse grain sizes indicates that the river geomorphology is modified by the occurrence of floods. The distribution of heavy mineral assemblages highlights the role of hydraulic processes in the distribution of minerals derived from the underlying geology. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the sediment measured a total of 18 trace elements within the sediment. The trace elements that were identified are: Zr, Ba, Cr, Sr, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Y, Co, Pb, Th, Ga, Sc, Nb, Mo, U, and are listed in order of abundance. Results from the multivariate sediment mixing model indicate that the highest relative contribution of sediment is derived from the channel bed (55%), followed by the channel bank (28%), and the tributaries contributing the lowest proportion (17%) of the sediment. The results of this study highlight spatial patterns of morphological features, the influence of floods in the development of the river system and the identification of relative percentage contributions from potential sediment sources. This can be used to determine the role of tributary floods in sediment erosion and transport along the main river channel. This research can also be used to inform catchment management plans aimed at reducing erosion and sediment influx into the Letaba River. Keywords: sediment, grain sizes, geomorphic features, sediment sources, multivariate sediment mixing model, Letaba River.
LG2018
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Mooney, Amanda. "An assessment of possible vitamin E deficiency in tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) from the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8564.
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M.Sc. (Environmental Management)The Kruger National Park (KNP) is a world renowned wildlife reserve and a source of South African ecotourism benefiting the economy. The Olifants River is the largest river running through the KNP and it is known to be one of South Africa’s most polluted rivers. In the winters of 2008 and 2009 Nile crocodile carcasses were found in the Olifants River gorge in the KNP. In a very short period nearly the entire population of Nile crocodile was lost, the cause of which was later identified as pansteatitis. Pansteatitis is caused by lipid peroxidation known to be nutritionally mediated, as it is associated with diets high in polyunsaturated fats, often of fish origin and insufficient antioxidants specifically vitamin E, which is solely synthesized by plants and must therefore be obtained through diet. The hypothesis of this study is therefore that the fish inhabiting the Olifants River are antioxidant deficient, more specifically, vitamin E deficient, causing the wildlife e.g. crocodiles and predatory fish species, that feed on the fish, to become vitamin E deficient as well, and subsequently develop pansteatitis. If the hypothesis is true, the top fish predator in this aquatic system, the tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, should therefore also exhibit signs of dietary vitamin E deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine if tigerfish from the Olifants River in the KNP are exhibiting any signs of antioxidant deficiency, specifically vitamin E deficiency. The objectives to accomplish this aim were firstly to analyse the total plasma antioxidant activity using an ELISA assay, and secondly, to perform a histology-based fish health assessment on the target organs of the tigerfish to identify any histological alterations, specifically those known to be associated with vitamin E deficiency. The results were compared to the results from fish of the same species from two reference sites where there have been no signs of vitamin E deficiency, such as pansteatitis-related wildlife deaths. The results of the plasma analysis as well as the histological assessment showed no conclusive signs of vitamin E deficiency in tigerfish from the Olifants River. It is therefore unlikely that the pansteatitis in the affected wildlife is caused by dietary vitamin E deficiency in the aquatic system, but rather by vitamin E depleting mechanisms such as the presence of high amounts of toxicants with pro-oxidant properties, which may be causing an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants within the body. Hence the rate of vitamin E regeneration cannot keep up with the rate of oxidation. This is occurring only in certain species due to their specific behaviour or eating habits.
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Mkwalo, Andile Churchill. "Assessment of potential and impacts of afforestation in the Letaba catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5622.
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The plantation forestry is economically a very important industry in South Africa because it
promotes the upliftment of many rural South African communities. However, afforestation
has significant impacts on water use and biodiversity in a catchment. Thus, understanding
the effects of afforestation on water resources at the catchment level is fundamental for
optimal water resource allocation, long-term sustainable use, development and
conservation. Much of the Limpopo Province is climatically and physiographically suitable for
plantation forestry but it only contains approximately 4.7 % of the total existing plantation
area in South Africa. For example, the size of the Letaba Catchment of the Limpopo
Province is 13 669 km² but only approximately 484 km² of it is currently afforested. This
study aims to identify potential areas for further afforestation in the Letaba Catchment using
the Water Resources Modelling Platform (WReMP) model to determine if afforestation can
be expanded here to promote development in South Africa‟s poorest Province.Geography
M. Sc. (Geography)
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Tate, Russell Brian. "The use of Hydrocynus vittatus (tigerfish) as an indicator of pollution in the Nyamithi Pan and Phongolo River, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11397.
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M.Sc. (Zoology)The construction of the Pongolapoort Dam in 1974 has altered conditions downstream of the Phongolo River in terms of hydrology, geomorphology, water quality, and ecosystem services. Activities along the Phongolo River permit anthropogenic compounds such as pesticides used in disease control to enter the aquatic environment. This alteration of natural environmental conditions creates a need for a monitoring programme. This study aims to assess the use of Hydrocynus vittatus as an indicator organism of pollution in the Nyamithi Pan and Phongolo River. Water and sediment samples were analysed for a variety of metal elements. The physical characteristics of water samples were determined using a WTW Multi 340i multimeter. Nutrients in water were analysed using a Merck Spectroquant™ Pharo 100 Spectrophotometer. Sediment analysis was based on the standard protocols of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001). Physiological stress responses in Hydrocynus vittatus were determined using acetylcholine esterase, catalase, cellular energy allocation, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, malondialdehyde, metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, and protein carbonyls. Employing standard techniques H. vittatus was analysed for metals and organics using ICP-MS, ICP-GS and ICP-OES. Results for biological responses and bioaccumulation show significant differences between sites related to the environmental concentrations of elements. Organisms in the Phongolo River have elevated concentrations of DDT and the metabolites indicating recent exposure. Organisms from the Phongolo River are seen to be responding based on up or down regulated concentrations of biological markers. In particular, concentrations of CAT, MDA and PC are elevated in the Phongolo population with decreased AChE responses indicating toxicant exposure. Data accumulated in this study will contribute to the establishment of baseline chemical, physical and biological knowledge of the effects of contamination in South African waters.
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Thamaga, Kgabo Humphrey. "Remote sensing of the spatio-temporal distribution of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in the Greater Letaba River System in Tzaneen, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2413.
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Thesis (MSc. (Geography)) --University of Limpopo, 2018Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is recognised as the most notorious invasive species the world-over. Although its threats and effects are fully documented, its distribution is not yet understood, especially in complex environments, such as river systems. This has been associated with the lack of accurate (high spatial resolution) and robust techniques, together with the reliable data sources necessary for its quantification and monitoring. The advent of new generation sensors i.e. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) data, with unique sensor design and improved sensing characteristics is therefore perceived to provide new opportunities for mapping the distribution of invasive water hyacinth in small waterbodies. This study aimed at mapping and understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of invasive water hyacinth in the Greater Letaba river system in Tzaneen, Limpopo Province of South Africa using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI data. Specifically, the study sought to identify multispectral remote sensing variables that can optimally detect and map invasive water hyacinth. Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI were tested based on the spectral bands, vegetation indices, as well as the combined spectral bands plus vegetation indices, using discriminant analysis algorithm. From the findings, Sentinel-2 MSI outperformed Landsat 8 OLI in mapping water hyacinth, with an overall classification (OA) accuracy of 77.56% and 68.44%, respectively. This observation was further confirmed by a t-test statistical analysis which showed that there were significant differences (t=6.313, p<0.04) between the performance of the two sensors. Secondly, the study sought to map the spatial distribution of invasive water hyacinth in the river system over time (Seasonal). Multi-date 10 m Sentinel-2 MSI images were used to detect and monitor the seasonal distribution and variations of water hyacinth in the Greater Letaba River system. The study demonstrated that, about 63.82% of the river system was infested with water hyacinth during the wet season and 28.34% during the dry season. Sentinel-2 MSI managed to depict species spatio-temporal distribution with an OA of 80.79% during wet season and 79.04% in dry season, using integrated spectral bands and vegetation indices. New generation sensors provide new opportunities and potential for seasonal or long-term monitoring of aquatic invasive species like water hyacinth- a previously challenging task with broadband multispectral sensors.
Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre (RSVC)
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Scheffler, Cornelia [Verfasser]. "Development of a downscaling scheme for a coarse scale soil water estimation method : case study ; Great Letaba River in South Africa / von Cornelia Scheffler." 2008. http://d-nb.info/991591917/34.
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