Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tigray

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tigray'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tigray"

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Gebrewahd, Meressa Tsehaye. "The War on Tigray: Geopolitics and the Struggle for Self-Determination." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 17, no. 3 (June 15, 2024): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2023.17.3.1.

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Tigray continues to be a unique case among ancient kingdoms, Westphalia nation-states, post-colonial Africa, and post-Cold War national liberation struggles. It is one of the oldest civilizations (Aksumite Kingdom) and the historical, cultural, and political soul of ancient and modern Ethiopia. But it was made to be an ‘oppressed nation struggling for regional autonomy and survival from genocidal aggression’ by the empire state of Ethiopia and the ‘garrison state’ of Eritrea. It also survived Egyptian and Mahdist expansionists, and Italian colonialism, though it lost ‘Bahre-Negash’ (Eritrea) to Italy due to the Wuchale Agreement (or Treaty of Wichale) in 1889. Eritrea was handed over to Italian colonialists by Menelik II of Shewa-Amhara in order to weaken Tigray’s geopolitical power base. Tigray was also the hotbed of the first Woyane rebellion in 1943 which sparked the idea of ‘land to the Tiller, fair taxation, and self-rule,’ and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) led the second Woyane rebellion (1975–91) that restructured the empire state of Ethiopia into a federation with the 1995 constitution. Since 2018, after 27 years of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)- led federal experiment, Tigray again became a victim of a ‘genocidal war’ led by the Ethiopian federal army, Amhara forces, Ethiopian regional forces, and Eritrean army, supported by UAE and Turkey drones, and the Somalian army. The international community and the African Union supported Abiy Ahmed and Issaias Afewerki’s genocidal war in the name of “maintaining the territorial integrity of Ethiopia” by neglecting the principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), people’s self-determination rights, and the prevention of genocide. Tigray, therefore, is a rare case in the vicious cycle of violence. The Tigrayan ‘two-year’ survival war (from November 2020 to November 2022) against those who practice genocide was destined to break Tigray’s historically vicious cycle of violence perpetrated by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper aims to investigate the historical, geopolitical, and security reasons that have trapped Tigray into facing the post-2020 genocidal war.
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Ahsani Maulinardi, Yon Machmudi, and Sri Yunanto. "THE EXODUS OF ETHIOPIAN REFUGEES IN SUDAN: A STUDY OF THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOST COUNTRIES." Sociae Polites 23, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v23i2.4433.

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The Government of Sudan hastened to handle refugees when a mass influx of Tigrayan refugees swarmed the Ethiopian-Sudanese border in late 2020. Political rivalry between the TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front) and the coalition led by Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed's newly formed political coalition Prosperity Party/Paartii Badhaadhiina reached an all-time high when Federal Government decided to halt the financial aid planned for Tigray and formally reject regional election results held by Tigray earlier in September 2020; PM Abiy Ahmed condemned it as an illegal election carried out without Federal Government’s approval. In countermeasure, TPLF stormed the Ethiopian Defense Force regional base headquartered in Tigray capital, Mekelle, An action that provoked PM Abiy Ahmed's intentions to crush the TPLF once and for all. The military coalition consisted of Ethiopian Defense Force, Amhara Milita the Liyu Hayl, and Eritrean forces attacked Tigray from two consecutive fronts, forcing the civilians to flee their homes west into the Ethiopian-Sudanese border, begging for asylum from the Sudanese Government. This study aims to answer the roles and responsibilities carried out by the Sudanese Government in handling the Ethiopian refugees sheltered in the states of Kassala, Gedaref, and Blue Nile during the Tigray crisis. Using Kayongo-Male’s African Refugee Migration research model, the authors find the eagerness shown by the Sudanese Government to handle the Ethiopian refugees, the difficulties of rehabilitating the infrastructure, and the passive role of the African Union in mediating the conflict between the TPLF and Federal Ethiopian Government.
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Reid, Richard. "Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War." Africa 73, no. 3 (August 2003): 369–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.369.

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AbstractThis article examines the problematic relationship between Eritrea and Tigray as represented by the Eritrean and Tigray Peoples’ Liberation Fronts. The EPLF won independence for Eritrea in 1991, at the same time as the TPLF seized power in Ethiopia; the two movements had had a difficult relationship, beginning in the mid-1970s, during their respective armed struggles, and the issues which had caused disagreement remained unresolved as the movements made the transition to government. This paper examines the nature of those issues and the degree to which the war of 1998-2000 between the two countries can be seen to have reflected much older tensions and indeed contradictions in the Eritrean–Tigrayan/Ethiopian relationship. Thus, the paper begins with an overview of Eritrean opinion, during the recent war, about the relationship in question, and then moves back in time to the era of the liberation struggle. Here, the author attempts to explain the complexities of the respective Eritrean and Tigrayan revolutions insofar as each impinged on and influenced the other, with particular reference to the issues of frontiers, nationality and ethnicity, and sovereignty. The paper, finally, considers the apparent paradoxes in the perceptions which Eritreans have of Tigray and Ethiopia, and suggests that changes in attitude are necessary on both sides of the Mereb river border if the relationship is not to be defined by perpetual confrontation.
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Pramowardani, Widya, and Arie Kusuma Paksi. "Peran United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee dalam Membantu Kebutuhan Kesehatan Pengungsi Konflik Tigray di Ethiopia (2022-2023)." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 6, no. 2 (November 18, 2023): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v6i2.1790.

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This article aims to explain the health conditions of Tigray Conflict refugees and the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in assisting the health needs of Tigray Conflict refugees in Ethiopia in the period 2022-2023. The author uses the theory of international organizations which sees that international organizations have five important roles in resolving problems. This theory is very relevant to the context of the author’s research by looking at UNHCR as an international organization which has one of the five important roles of international organizations, namely as an Aid Provider in resolving conflict in the Tigray region. The type of research used in this article is descriptive, using a library study method which is carried out by collecting data from journals, books, websites and articles as a data collection technique. Based on the results of this research, UNHCR as an international organization working in the field of refugees took part in handling refugees due to the conflict that occurred in Ethiopia, specifically in the Tigray region, namely the conflict between the central government and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), so the author found that UNHCR had plays a role in providing assistance in the form of basic health services, distribution of vaccines and immunizations, as well as workshops and mental health services.
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Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari. "Peran Unchr dalam Permasalahan Pengungsi Konflik Ethiophia-Tigray." Journal of Integrative International Relations 6, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jiir.2021.6.2.75-89.

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The conflict between Ethiopia and Tigray which began in November 2020 is a conflict caused by political and ideological differences between the Federal government of Ethiopia and the Tigray ethnic group until a clash between the two caused thousands of people to die, not only a ceasefire, the Ethiopia-Tigray conflict also caused a humanitarian crisis. one of the reasons is because the Ethiopian federal government has closed access to the Tigray area so that no one can enter or leave the Tigray area and make thousands of other people have to flee to other places due to conditions that are no longer conducive. By using the question how is the role of UNCHR in providing protection for refugees from Tigray, because as an organization that is engaged in refugee issues and is tasked with finding solutions for refugees by collaborating with partners in providing facilities to refugees and providing international protection. This writing uses qualitative methods with library studies which are then analyzed descriptively. Konflik antara Ethiophia dan Tigray yang dimulai pada November 2020 merupakan konflik yang disebabkan oleh Perbedaan politik dan Ideologi antara pemerintahan Federal Ethiophia dan kelompok etnis Tigray hingga terjadi benturan diantara keduannya yang menyebabkan ribuan orang meninggal tidak hanya gencatan senjata konflik Ethiophia-Tigray juga menyebabkan adanya krisis kemanusiaan salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena pemerintah federal Ethiophia menutup akses wilayah Tigray sehingga tidak ada yang bisa masuk atau keluar dari wilayah Tigray dan membuat ribuan orang lainnya harus mengungsi ke tempat lain dikarenakan kondisi yang sudah tidak kondusif lagi. Dengan menggunakan pertanyaan bagaimana peran UNCHR dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap pengungsi dari Tigray, karena sebagai organisasi yang bergerak dalam permasalahan pengungsian dan bertugas mencari jalan keluar bagi para pengungsi dengan bekerjasama dengan mitranya dalam memberikan fasilitas kepada para pengungsi dan memberikan perlindungan interasional. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi Pustaka yang kemudian di analisis secara deskriptif.
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Tareke, Gebru. "From Af Abet to Shire: the defeat and demise of Ethiopia's ‘Red’ Army 1988–89." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 2 (May 12, 2004): 239–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000114.

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Within a period of just a year during the late 1980s, the Ethiopian Revolutionary or ‘Red’ Army suffered serious defeat in both Eritrea and Tigray. Although numerically and technically superior to its opponents, dissension in the army's ranks, political meddling from Addis Ababa, loss of will, and the remarkable skill and determination of its opponents prevented it from achieving victory. Two years after its humiliating defeat in Tigray, the army collapsed, and the military regime it had sustained disappeared. Eritrea succeeded in declaring its independence and the Tigrayan rebels seized power in Ethiopia. This article demonstrates that the Eritrean and Tigrayan forces ultimately won because they had grass-roots support and because they were able to back each other militarily and politically. In the meantime, the dictatorship in Addis Ababa was losing popular support as its ‘citizens’ were no longer willing to make the sacrifices that were necessary to continue the struggle. Only by considering these points can we appreciate why Africa's second-largest army was annihilated or, conversely, why the insurgents triumphed, for their success was not inevitable.
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Adugna, Aynalem. "Regional Economic Favoritism and Redistributive Politics as a Public Good: The Case of Tigray Region in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n1p1.

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The study investigated whether or not misdirection of public resources to a favored region brings material improvements in the lives of the population that is alleged to be receiving the resources.  In this study, the region in question is Tigray province in northern Ethiopia.  Economic data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) are examined with a focus on Tigray Region.  The neighboring Amhara Region is used as control. Sample data on 1734 households from Tigray and 1902 households from Amhara Region were analyzed without weighting using the statistical software SAS 9.4 and the Geographic Information System software ArcGIS 10.4.1. We found evidence of a statistically significant advantage for Tigray Region in ownership of four modern amenities – radio, mobile phones, refrigerator, and access to electricity by individual households (p< 0.001). However, we did not find evidence of greater wealth in Tigray for the general population when the analysis was rerun based on DHS’ wealth index. On the contrary, the data for sampling clusters in Tigray appeared to show the region as being poorer than Amhara when viewed through the lens of DHS’ wealth index which is a more comprehensive measure of economic wellbeing than owning a radio or possessing a mobile phone.  A one-tailed Wilcoxon Man-Whitney U statistic of DHS’ wealth index for Tigray and Amhara Regions showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) with a higher mean score for Amhara Region (1870.3) than for Tigray Region (1761.6) suggesting a better economic standing for the population of Amhara Region than Tigray Region. We also found Amhara Region to be more egalitarian and Tigray Region less so on the scale of livelihoods captured by DHS’ economic indicators. Evidence for this comes from a Geographic Information System (GIS) Kernel Density analysis of DHS’ wealth index which showed what appear to be significant geographic concentrations of both poverty and wealth in Tigray Region.
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Lumintosari, Feyza Raharsh, Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari, and Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari. "PERAN UNCHR DALAM PERMASALAHAN PENGUNGSI KONFLIK ETHIOPHIA-TIGRAY." Global Mind 3, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53675/jgm.v3i2.292.

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Konflik antara Ethiophia dan Tigray yang dimulai pada November 2020 merupakan konflik yang disebabkan oleh Perbedaan politik dan Ideologi antara pemerintahan Federal Ethiophia dan kelompok etnis Tigray hingga terjadi benturan diantara keduannya yang menyebabkan ribuan orang meninggal tidak hanya gencatan senjata konflik Ethiophia-Tigray juga menyebabkan adanya krisis kemanusiaan salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena pemerintah federal Ethiophia menutup akses wilayah Tigray sehingga tidak ada yang bisa masuk atau keluar dari wilayah Tigray dan membuat ribuan orang lainnya harus mengungsi ke tempat lain dikarenakan kondisi yang sudah tidak kondusif lagi. Dengan menggunakan pertanyaan bagaimana peran UNCHR dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap pengungsi dari Tigray, karena sebagai organisasi yang bergerak dalam permasalahan pengungsian dan bertugas mencari jalan keluar bagi para pengungsi dengan bekerjasama dengan mitranya dalam memberikan fasilitas kepada para pengungsi dan memberikan perlindungan interasional. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi Pustaka yang kemudian di analisis secara deskriptif.
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Abbay, Alemseged. "State-Building/State-Destroying in Ethiopia – A Backdrop to the Tigray Genocide." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (June 10, 2023): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.3.6.

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Federalist Tigray and unitarian Amhara have been historical rivals in the daunting task of state-building in Ethiopia. To neutralize Tigray and its de facto federalism (1872–89), Amhara found a formidable ally in Italy, which colluded with Britian to have “a place in the sun.” Amhara rewarded Italy with half of Tigray, which was christened “Eritrea,” and imposed the unitarian system in the country. Worse still, in the middle of the 1950s, Amhara annexed the western and southern parts of Tigray. Tigray and Eritrea (which returned to Ethiopia in 1952) were suffocated by amharanization and political centralization, the twin pillars of the unitarian system. Military insurgencies brought the system to an end in 1991 and the Tigrayans who assumed the reins of power introduced de jure federalism, to the chagrin of the Amhara. The paper offers a critical historical analysis of state-building and state-destroying in Ethiopia, with particular attention given to the Amhara return to power in 2018 and humanity’s newest genocide in Tigray.
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Plaut, Martin. "The Tigray Famine." RUSI Journal 166, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1981630.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tigray"

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Derakhshani, Nava. ""God has locked the sky" : exploring traditional farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97123.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Tigray region in northern Ethiopia is a historic centre of agricultural production and home to many subsistence farmers that still use traditional farming systems and practise rain-fed agriculture. The region has been affected adversely by famines and periodic droughts for centuries and is vulnerable to climate change. Farmers are producing on small plots of often degraded land and through their own actions have depleted the natural resources they rely on, in particular soil, water and trees. This study sought to explore the environmental degradation of Tigray through both a literature review of its agricultural socio-political history and a lived experience in the village of Abraha We Atsebaha among farmers of the region. It uses a variety of methodologies and methods, including a literature review, grounded theory, narrative inquiry and ethnography, to expand on the factors that have contributed to the current degradation, the implications for traditional farming and the potential for land regeneration. The first journal article seeks to explore how Ethiopians have shaped their natural environment. In particular, it focuses on deforestation, soil degradation, the role of changing governance and land-ownership patterns, and the effects of climate change. The article demonstrates that traditional farming systems do not operate in isolation from their socio-political and environmental context. The second journal article provides an in-depth narrative inquiry conducted in Abraha We Atsebaha over a three-month period in 2014. This village is known for its indigenous farming knowledge, commitment to regeneration and innovation in conservation practices. Interviews were conducted with selected farmers and local leaders and informal discussions were carried out with government extension representatives using the ethno-ecological cosmos-corpus-praxis guidelines to enable an integrated exploration of the nature of traditional farming, the causative factors of environmental deterioration and the resultant communal response. In addition to written interview notes, observations and field notes were recorded daily. Photographs are used to give a real sense of the community and their work. It emerged during this process that underlying belief systems were exceptionally important in a context of traditional conservation. Both articles discuss the development work undertaken by government in the rural farming sector and the successes and challenges faced. They also show that elements of traditional farming, sustainability measures and environmental care were suspended in favour of short-term survival as a consequence of social, political and population stressors. This study provides learning points, gained from insights gleaned from the literature review and the lived experience, for improving development interventions in this region. This study did not explicitly explore the role of religion in conservation or the potential long-term effects of current government policies and initiatives. However, it contributes to the small pool of literature on the region focused on traditional farming systems by providing a comprehensive overview of the drivers of degradation (historical and current) and offers a unique, “soft” experiential narration of a village in northern Ethiopia that allows insight into farmer experiences, pressures and adaptation efforts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tigray-streek in die noorde van Ethiopië is ’n historiese sentrum van landbouproduksie en die tuiste van menige bestaansboer wat nog op tradisionele boerderystelsels en reënbesproeiing staatmaak. Die streek het eeue lank onder hongersnood en periodieke droogtes gebuk gegaan en is kwesbaar vir klimaatsverandering. Boere bewerk klein stukke, dikwels afgetakelde, grond en het deur hul eie optrede die natuurlike hulpbronne waarop hulle staatmaak – veral die grond, water en bome – uitgeput. Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om ’n beter begrip te vorm van die omgewingsaftakeling in Tigray. Vir hierdie doel is ’n literatuurstudie van die sosiopolitieke landbougeskiedenis van die gebied onderneem, en is die lewe in die dorp Abraha We Atsebaha tussen boere van die streek ervaar. Die navorsing het van ’n verskeidenheid metodologieë en metodes, waaronder ’n literatuuroorsig, gegronde teorie, narratiewe ondersoek en etnografie, gebruik gemaak om lig te werp op die faktore wat tot die huidige aftakeling bygedra het, die implikasies vir tradisionele boerdery, en die potensiaal vir grondvernuwing. Die eerste tydskrifartikel verken hoe Ethiopiërs hul natuurlike omgewing gevorm het. Dit konsentreer veral op ontbossing, grondaftakeling, die rol van veranderende staatsbestuurs- en grondbesitpatrone, en die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering. Die artikel toon dat tradisionele boerderystelsels nie afsonderlik van hul sosiopolitieke en omgewingskonteks funksioneer nie. Die tweede tydskrifartikel beskryf ’n narratiewe diepte-ondersoek wat oor ’n drie maande lange tydperk in 2014 in Abraha We Atsebaha onderneem is. Hierdie dorp is bekend vir sy inheemse landboukennis, toewyding aan vernuwing, en innoverende bewaringspraktyke. Onderhoude is met ’n uitgesoekte groep boere en plaaslike leiers gevoer, en voorligtingsbeamptes van die staat is by informele gesprekke betrek. Die etno-ekologiese cosmos-corpus-praxis-riglyne is gebruik om ’n geïntegreerde studie te onderneem van die aard van tradisionele boerdery, die oorsaaklike faktore van omgewingsaftakeling, en die gevolglike gemeenskapsreaksie. Benewens skriftelike aantekeninge gedurende die onderhoude, is waarnemings en veldnotas ook daagliks opgeteken. Foto’s word gebruik om die gemeenskap en hul werk getrou uit te beeld. Gedurende hierdie proses het aan die lig gekom dat onderliggende oortuigingstelsels besonder belangrik is in ’n tradisionele bewaringskonteks. Albei artikels bespreek die ontwikkelingswerk wat die regering in die landelike boerderysektor onderneem, sowel as die suksesse en uitdagings daarvan. Dit toon ook dat elemente van tradisionele boerdery, volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls en omgewingsorg as gevolg van maatskaplike, politieke en bevolkingsfaktore laat vaar is ten gunste van korttermynoorlewing. Die insigte wat uit die literatuuroorsig sowel as die lewenservaring in die bestudeerde gemeenskap spruit, bied lesse vir die verbetering van ontwikkelingsintervensies in die streek. Die studie het nie uitdruklik die rol van godsdiens in bewaring of die potensiële langtermynuitwerking van huidige staatsbeleide en -inisiatiewe ondersoek nie. Tog dra dit by tot die klein hoeveelheid beskikbare literatuur oor tradisionele boerderystelsels in die streek deur ’n omvattende oorsig te bied van die (historiese en huidige) snellers van aftakeling, en vertel dit ’n unieke, ‘sagte’ ervaringsverhaal oor ’n dorp in die noorde van Ethiopië om sodoende insig in landbou-ervarings, -druk en -aanpassingspogings te bied.
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Asgedom, Aster. "Combating Desertification in Tigray, Ethiopia : Field study on the implementation of the UNCCD in the rural region of Tigray." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8802.

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In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen.

The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.

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Chiari, Gian Paolo. "Land tenure and livelihood security in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289234.

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Balesh, Fadi W. "Analysis of correlates and determinants of household behaviour towards Malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30807.

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This study is based on a survey of over 900 respondents living in Tigray, Ethiopia and is intended to assist the Ethiopian government as well as other interested parties in analyzing the factors affecting the incidence of malaria in Tigray and those affecting people's choice of health care provider.
Two models were designed to answer these two questions. The first was a multinomial logit model in which socio-economic indicators were related to the incidence of malaria. The second model was specified as a conditional logit model aimed at determining people's choice between seeking treatment at a hospital/clinic or at a pharmacy/community health worker.
Economic development is the key to eradication of the major parasitic diseases, particularly malaria. An interesting result was obtained on the gender of the respondent; women in Tigray are less likely to report having had malaria than men.
Education level was found to be positively correlated with the likelihood of choosing the Hospital/Clinic option over the Pharmacy/Community Health Worker.
The Hospital/Clinic option was less likely to be chosen with increasing cost of treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Dessoffy, Thomas R. "Governance of hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia : a case study." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595823.

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Hammond, Jenny. "The social construction of revolutionary change in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975-1997." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391175.

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Kassaye, Tarik. "Association between vitamin A status and lung function in children aged 6-9 years in northern Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36964.

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The overall aim of the research described in this thesis was to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health, assessed by lung function in children aged 6--9 years. It comprises three studies.
The first study determined the magnitude of vitamin A deficiency in the target population in Wukro wereda, Northern Ethiopia. Of the 1339 eligible children identified by house to house surveys, 824 had complete data for vitamin A indicators and anthropometry. Xerophthalmia was detected in 5.8% of the children, 8.4% had serum retinol levels <0.35 mumol/L and 51.1% between 0.35--0.70 mumol/L. Liver vitamin A reserve was also found to be low in 41.0% of the children using the Modified Relative Dose Response (MRDR) and in about 85% of the children, the daily vitamin A intake was below the FAO/WHO basal requirement (<250 RE/day).
The second study found that in comparison with children with adequate vitamin A reserve (MRDR < 0.06), those with low reserve (MRDR ≥ 0.06) had forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 48.8 ml (p = 0.006) lower when unadjusted, 23.1 ml (p = 0.04) when partially adjusted for age, gender and height and 14.1 ml (p = 0.20) when fully adjusted for demographic, general health, lung function and household related characteristics.
The third study describes the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health as assessed by change in FEV1 at 4 months. The average change was 53.3 ml (n = 496) and 53.8 ml (n = 501) in the vitamin A and placebo groups respectively. After adjusting for baseline covariates, the difference between them was -3.6 ml (95%CI: -21.6, 14.4). In sub-analysis of the data, gender and vitamin A status subcategories were found to be effect modifiers.
In conclusion, high dose vitamin A supplementation did not show an effect on change in FEV1 at 4 months in children aged 6--9 years with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Sub-analysis findings suggest that the benefits to vitamin A intervention in the study setting can probably be achieved if the other nutritional deficiencies such as zinc are addressed. Moreover, the results also suggest that the effects of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health status are complex and these need to be taken into account in future studies to assess the clinical and public health implications of vitamin A supplementation in this age group.
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Moore, Charity Maria Troyer. "Formal Land Rights, Plot Management, and Income Diversification in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330537872.

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Förch, Wiebke. "Community Resilience in Drylands and Implications for Local Development in Tigray, Ethiopia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265354.

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Progress in human development is threatened by the complexities of global environmental change - a defining challenge of our time. Appropriate societal responses are needed to address disturbances and increasing vulnerability of social-ecological systems. This changing context calls current development thinking into question and requires new approaches, policies, and tools to cope with growing uncertainty. With a focus on capacities instead of vulnerabilities, an approach is needed emphasizing the role of communities in planning interventions and strengthening community resilience. This research draws on vulnerability, social-ecological systems and drylands development theory to advance an integrated understanding of resilience at community level and its role towards sustainable development. To develop a general approach for development actors to characterize a community's resilience and plan locally targeted interventions is the overall objective of this research. A participatory approach towards defining and assessing community resilience forms the basis, as it is assumed this would enable development actors to more efficiently address development concerns and empower communities to strengthen their resilience. Underlying factors that determine community resilience in selected dryland communities in Tigray, northeastern Ethiopia are identified. Here, most of the population depends on subsistence agriculture, while food insecurity and poverty persist despite concerted regional development efforts. This research compares and consolidates local perceptions of determinants of community resilience that form the basis for guidelines towards a methodological framework for determining levels of community resilience in Tigray. The guidelines were used to compare levels of community resilience of communities, with implications for operationalizing community resilience in the context of drylands development practice. Findings reflect the importance of recognizing that resilience is not about maintaining a status quo, but about addressing how societies can develop in a changing environment. Prominence of resilience thinking can promote a development practice better suited to address the challenges and opportunities that changes create for poor dryland communities. Resilience thinking does not provide quick solutions, but contributes a long-term, multi-dimensional perspective of building capacities for improved responses to current needs and future change. Resilience is not a solution in itself but can contribute towards developing more resilient trajectories for drylands development.
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Godefay, Debeb Hagos. "Maternal Mortality Then, Now, and Tomorrow : The Experience of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128117.

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Abstract Background: Maternal mortality is one of the most sensitive indicators of the health disparities between poorer and richer nations. It is also one of the most difficult health outcomes to measure reliably. In many settings, major challenges remain in terms of both measuring and reducing maternal mortality effectively. This thesis aims to quantify overall levels, identify specific causes, and evaluate local interventions in relation to efforts to reduce maternal mortality in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, thereby providing a strong empirical basis for decision making by the Tigray Regional Health Bureau using methods that can be scaled at national level.   Methods: This study employed a combination of community-based study designs to investigate the level and determinants of maternal mortality in six randomly selected rural districts of Tigray Region. A census of all households in the six districts was conducted to identify all live births and all deaths to women of reproductive age occurring between May 2012 and September 2013. Pregnancy-related deaths were screened through verbal autopsy with the data processed using the InterVA-4 model, which was used to estimate Maternal Mortality Ratio. To identify independent determinants of maternal mortality, a case-control study using multiple logistic regression analysis was done, taking all pregnancy-related deaths as cases and a random sample of geographical and age matched mothers as controls. Uptake of ambulance services in the six districts was determined retrospectively from ambulance logbooks, and the trends in pregnancy-related death were analyzed against ambulance utilization, distance from nearest health center, and mobile network coverage at local area level. Lastly, implementation of the Family Folder paper health register, and its potential for accurately capturing demographic and health events, were evaluated using a capture-recapture assessment.   Results: A total of 181 deaths to women of reproductive age and 19,179 live births were documented from May 2012 to April2013. Of the deaths, 51 were pregnancy-related. The maternal mortality ratio for Tigray region was calculated at 266 deaths per 100,000 live births (95% CI 198-350), which is consistently lower than previous “top down” MMR estimates. District–level MMRs showed strong inverse correlation with population density (r2 = 0.86). Direct obstetric causes accounted for 61% of all pregnancy–related deaths, with hemorrhage accounting for 34%. Non-membership in the voluntary Women’s Development Army (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.04-4.11), low husband or partner involvement during pregnancy (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.14-4.18), pre-existing history of other illness (AOR 5.58, 95% CI 2.17-14.30), and never having used contraceptives (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.37-4.85) were associated with increased risk of maternal death in a multivariable regression model. In addition, utilization of free ambulance transportation service was strongly associated with reduced MMR at district level. Districts with above-average ambulance utilization had an MMR of 149 per 100,000 LB (95% CI: 77-260) compared with 350 per 100,000 (95% CI: 249-479) in districts with below average utilization. The Family Folder implementation assessment revealed some inconsistencies in the way Health Extension Workers utilize the Family Folders to record demographic and health events.   Conclusion: This work contributes to understanding the status of and factors affecting maternal mortality in Tigray Region. It introduces a locally feasible approach to MMR estimation and gives important insights in to the effectiveness of various interventions that have been targeted at reducing maternal mortality in recent years.
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Books on the topic "Tigray"

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Peberdy, Max. Tigray: Ethiopia's untold story. London: Relief Society of Tigray UK Support Committee, 1985.

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Peberdy, Max. Tigray: Ethiopias untold story. London: Relief Society of Tigray UK Support Committee, 1985.

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1946-, Mercier Jacques, ed. Art éthiopien: Les églises historiques du Tigray = Ethiopian art : the ancient churches of Tigrai. Paris: ERC, 2005.

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UNDP-World Bank Water Sanitation Program., UNICIEF, and Planning Workshop for Tigray Sanitation Project (1996 : Mekʼelē, Ethiopia), eds. Report on Planning Workshop for Tigray Sanitation Project. Addis Ababa: [s.n., 1996.

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Beyene, Atakilte. Understanding diversity in farming practices in Tigray, Ethiopia. London: IIED Drylands Programme, 2001.

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Alex, Lyon, and Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme., eds. Torture and the violation of human rights in Tigray, Ethiopia: Interim report on the prisoners freed from Makelle Prison, Tigray, on February 8th, 1986. [Paris: International Federation of Human Rights, 1986.

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Vetter, Susanne. Geisho: Its uses, production potential, and problems in northern Tigray, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: FARM Africa, CORDEP, Axum, 1997.

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Ethiopia. Central Agricultural Census Commission. and Ethiopia YaMāʻekalāwi stātistiks bālaśelṭān, eds. Ethiopian agricultural sample enumeration, 2001/02 (1994 E.C.): Results for Tigray Region. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority, 2003.

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Barha, Kāḥsāy. Ethiopia: democratization and unity: The role of the Tigray People's Liberation Front. Münster: Monsenstein und Vannerdat, 2005.

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Muehlbauer, Mikael. “Bastions of the Cross”: Medieval Rock-Cut Cruciform Churches of Tigray, Ethiopia. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tigray"

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Yohannes, Mekonnen Alemu Gebre. "The Tigray Region of Ethiopia." In Language Policy, 29–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63904-4_2.

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Lyons, Diane. "Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery in Tigray, Ethiopia." In Engaging Archaeology, 109–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119240549.ch12.

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Frankl, A., J. Poesen, J. Moeyersons, and J. Nyssen. "Gully Development in the Tigray Highlands." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 191–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_10.

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Labzaé, Mehdi. "The war in Tigray (2020–2021)." In Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa, 239–50. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426957-24.

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Williams, Frances M. "Landforms, Monuments and Hidden Churches of Tigray." In GeoGuide, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02180-5_11.

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Yohannes, Mekonnen Alemu Gebre. "Conflict, Resistance, and Tension: Tigray and LPP." In Language Policy, 53–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63904-4_3.

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Vanmaercke, Matthias, Nigussie Haregeweyn, Amanuel Zenebe, Jan Nyssen, and Jean Poesen. "Sediment Yield and Reservoir Siltation in Tigray." In Geo-trekking in Ethiopia’s Tropical Mountains, 345–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_23.

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Konka, Bheemalingeswara, Amaha Alemayohu Tesfay, and Atakilt Araya. "Geology of Digum Vermiculite Deposit, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." In Selected Studies in Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry, 45–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43744-1_10.

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Holden, Stein T., and Hosaena Ghebru. "Welfare Impacts of Land Certification in Tigray, Ethiopia." In Land Tenure Reform in Asia and Africa, 137–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137343819_6.

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Munro, R. Neil, Teweldeberhan Woldegerima, Berhane Hailu, Amanuel Zenebe, Zemichael Gebremedhin, Abrha Hailemichael, and Jan Nyssen. "A History of Soil and Water Conservation in Tigray." In Geo-trekking in Ethiopia’s Tropical Mountains, 477–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tigray"

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Teklehaimanot, BF, Y. Filina, P. Keating, AM Morales, B. Sahelie, S. Hintsa, S. Diab, et al. "Burden of blast injury among children attributed to unexploded ordnances (UXO) in North Western Tigray Ethiopia, 2023." In MSF Paediatric Days 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/qjqj8q.

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Klyuev, Sergey. "The Results of New Studies of the Rock-Hewn Churches of the Historical Regions of Endärta and Tämben (Tigray Region, Ethiopia)." In The 2nd International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200923.008.

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Klyuev, Sergey. "The Rock-Hewn Churches of the Garalta Monasteries (Tigray, Ethiopia): the Comparative Analysis of Three Monuments of the Second Half of the 13th to the First Half of the 15th Centuries." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahti-19.2019.24.

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Marini, A., and Maria T. Melis. "Thematic cartography in Tigrai Province." In Satellite Remote Sensing, edited by Eugenio Zilioli. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.197291.

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Xu, Tiancheng, Boyuan Tian, and Yuhao Zhu. "Tigris." In MICRO '52: The 52nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3352460.3358259.

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Moreira, Felipe, Amanda Florentino, Ana Elisa Medeiros, Bianca Gomide, Isadora Policário, Ivi Sarges, Marcus Vinícius Reis, and Mateus Mendonça. "ACHADOS SOROLÓGICOS E DE TITULAÇÃO PÓS-VACINAL EM TIGRES-DE-BENGALA (Panthera tigres tigres, Lineu, 1758): UM RESUMO DA LITERATURA." In Anais Jornada Acadêmica do GEAS Brasil: Medicina, Manejo e Conservação de Grandes Felídeos. Recife, Brasil: Even3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/1196534.9-12.

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Wyst, Corinna, Heiner Vorbohle, Laura Damme, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, and Christina Puff. "Tiger mit Zahnproblemen: keratinisierendes Ameloblastom bei einem weißen Bengal-Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)." In 67. Jahrestagung der Fachgruppe Pathologie der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1787388.

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Green, Brad, Dillon Todd, Jon C. Calhoun, and Melissa C. Smith. "TIGRA: A Tightly Integrated Generic RISC-V Accelerator Interface." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cluster48925.2021.00115.

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Paradis, Lilia, and Qi Han. "TIGRA: Timely Sensor Data Collection Using Distributed Graph Coloring." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percom.2008.46.

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Nodehi Sabet, Amir Hossein, Junqiao Qiu, and Zhijia Zhao. "Tigr." In ASPLOS '18: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3173162.3173180.

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Reports on the topic "Tigray"

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Pellet, Philippe. Understanding the 2020-2021 Tigray Conflict in Ethiopia : Background, Root Causes, and Consequences. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2021.39.

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The military offensive unleashed on 4 November, 2020 by the central government in Addis Ababa against the regional state of Tigray is the culmination of escalating tensions between Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, in power since 2018, and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). Ethiopian federal troops, supported by the military forces of Amhara regional state and the Eritrean army, quickly occupied the main towns in Tigray by late November 2020, but Tigrayan forces retained control of large areas, particularly in the mountainous regions, where fighting continued. An offensive launched in June 2021 by the Tigrayan forces resulted in the recapture of the main towns, including Tigray’s capital Mekelle, leading the Ethiopian government to declare a unilateral ceasefire. There are numerous testimonies on major abuses and killings of civilians and clerics by the occupying forces, as well as looting of key infrastructure, leading to a major humanitarian crisis. Humanitarian aid has been hampered by continued fighting and access restrictions. The ceasefire raised hopes that massive humanitarian aid can finally be delivered, but statements made by Abiy Ahmed in June 2021, denying the existence of famine in Tigray and accusing aid organizations of supporting Tigrayan rebels, raise fears that the government’s strategy may be to maintain a blockade of Tigray, further exacerbating an already catastrophic humanitarian situation. In addition to analysing the immediate causes and consequences, this study also shows that this conflict has its roots in the long history of a country composed of more than 80 ethnic groups.
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Hirvonen, Kalle, Kaleab Baye, Derek D. Headey, and John F. Hoddinott. Value chains for nutritious food: Analysis of the egg value chain in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134034.

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Carruth, Lauren. Key Considerations: Social, Structural and Community Dynamics of Cholera Transmission and Mortality in Ethiopia. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.004.

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The current cholera outbreak in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia began in August 2022. As of April 2024, active outbreaks had been recorded in most regions of the country, including: Amhara; Dire Dawa; Harari; Oromia; Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR); Somali and Tigray. This brief has been developed to support response efforts by exploring the social and structural determinants and community dynamics of cholera infection and mortality in Ethiopia. Socio-cultural and epidemiological information, academic and grey literature and consultations with cholera response experts in Ethiopia have been used to develop the brief.
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Tolera, Adugna, Adriaan Vernooij, and Tinsae Berhanu. Status of introduction and distribution of fodder seeds and planting materials in selected districts of Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray Regional States. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/471450.

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Abebe, Heran, and Getachew Belaineh. Key Considerations: Social Science Perspectives for Emergency Response to the Conflict in Northern Ethiopia. SSHAP, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.031.

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Ethiopia is currently experiencing several intersecting humanitarian crises including conflict, climatic shocks, COVID-19, desert locust infestation and more. These intersecting crises are affecting nearly 30 million people and resulting in food insecurity, displacement and protection risks. As of February 2022, over 2.5 million people were estimated to have been displaced as a result of the ongoing conflict-driven humanitarian crisis in the Northern Ethiopian regions of Tigray, Amhara and Afar that began in November 2020. As of May 2022, 9.4 million were in need of humanitarian aid in the region. Private and public assets have been destroyed, already fragile livelihoods damaged, and communities left in dire need of support. This brief outlines important contextual factors and social impacts of the Northern Ethiopian crisis and offers key considerations to improve the effectiveness of the humanitarian response. It is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature and conversations with relevant stakeholders, including people from affected regions and humanitarian responders. This brief is part of a series authored by participants from the SSHAP Fellowship and was written by Heran Abebe and Getachew Belaineh from Cohort 2. It was reviewed by Ezana Amdework (Addis Ababa University), Kelemework Tafere (Mekelle University), and Yomif Worku (independent humanitarian advisor), and was supported by Tabitha Hrynick from the SSHAP team at the Institute of Development Studies. The brief is the responsibility of the SSHAP.
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Detges, Adrien, André Mueller, and Michelle Helene Reuter. Climate vulnerability and security in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc026.

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Climate change will affect millions of people in the Euphrates-Tigris basin. It will add to other foreseeable challenges in a region that is undergoing rapid demographic changes and development, that is grappling with political instability, and that struggles to manage its shared water resources sustainably. Resisting and preparing for the adverse impacts of climate change will be essential for the riparian countries Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Their chances to do so successfully over the coming years will largely depend on their ability to build and bolster strong institutions and a healthy economy, to provide a safe environment for their citizens, to carefully manage their natural resources, and to maintain peaceful and productive relations among each other. Looking ahead to the year 2050, this paper develops three possible scenarios for the Euphrates-Tigris basin, each one marked by distinct vulnerability conditions and opportunities for the basin countries to withstand the effects of climate change. Based on these distinctions, the paper identifies scenario-specific climate risks for water resources, lives, and livelihoods, as well as possible implications for migration, political stability, and cross-border water cooperation. The paper builds on CASCADES research which examines the impacts of climate change on trade, investments, sustainable development and human security in the European neighbourhood, with a view to inform European policies and improve interregional cooperation. The scenarios presented in this paper have been co-developed with 30 experts from the region, representing the fields of climate change adaptation, natural resource management, conflict prevention, and other relevant areas, to allow for a multidisciplinary perspective on major challenges and possible solutions. The methodological approach is described in the appendix. The scenarios presented here are not exhaustive. Rather, they display a diverse set of possible future challenges and opportunities to inform strategic planning, promote flexible policies, and encourage a range of adaptation measures by the basin countries and their European partners.
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Porcar, Beatriz, María Ignacia Arrasate, Andreas Georgoulias, Emilio Sawada, María Cecila Ramírez, Graham Watkins, and Hendrik Meller. Punta del Tigre Combined-Cycle Power Generation Project, Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000549.

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Mueller, André, Adrien Detges, Benjamin Pohl, Michelle Helene Reuter, Luca Rochowski, Jan Volkholz, and Eckart Woertz. Climate change, water and future cooperation and development in the Euphrates-Tigris basin. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc017.

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The study focuses on three different risks that are affected through climate-related water challenges: (1) livelihoods and food security, (2) political stability and violence, and (3) interstate conflict and cooperation. Drawing on a review of existing literature and publicly available data, expert interviews, and scenario-building workshops, it identifies social, economic, institutional, and political factors that will shape the future vulnerability and resilience to the effects of global warming. Based on an assessment of current interventions, it derives recommendations for adaptation measures that the riparian countries and regional institutions can implement to mitigate future risks and to seize opportunities for increased cooperation and resilience building.
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NYSEARCH. PR-319-05303-R01 Robotic Platform for the Inspection of Unpiggable Pipelines Under Live Conditions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011007.

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This report outlines work completed under the first phase of TIGRE, which resulted in the development and laboratory demonstration of a full-scale live-pipe NDE In-Line-Inspection (ILI) robot system for use in high-pressure (
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Udengaard, Niels, Richard Knight, Jesper Wendt, Jim Patel, Kip Walston, Pekka Jokela, and Cheryl Adams. Green Gasoline from Wood using Carbona Gasification and Topsoe TIGAS Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1173129.

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