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Haileselasie Gebru, Gebregziabher. "Financing preferences of micro and small enterprise owners in Tigray: does POH hold?" Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 16, no. 2 (2009): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000910956083.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the determinants of financing preferences of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) owners in Tigray regional state of Ethiopia in light of the Pecking Order Hypothesis (POH).Design/methodology/approachStructured questionnaires were used to collect data from 120 MSEs in six zonal towns of Tigray regional state. Logistic regression model was used to empirically test the literature‐driven hypotheses.FindingsKey findings include that POH holds true for MSE owners in Tigray regional state as the educational level of owners decreases and there is less intrusion in the form of ownership. On the other hand, MSE owners with a higher degree of entrepreneurial skills are found to conform with the predictions of POH. Furthermore, factors such as ownership type, acquisition type, level of education of the owner/s and reason for business startups are found to be major determinants of MSE owners' financing preferences.Research limitations/implicationsThere are of course elements that could determine MSE owners' financing preferences that require better understanding before a reliable prescriptive position on SME financing can be reached. At the same time, in this paper, data were collected from one regional state of Ethiopia that limits the generalization power of the conclusions reached. A need for more in‐depth qualitative investigation is further pointed out.Originality/valueThe research shows significance of ownership structure, entrepreneurability and MSE owners' education level in financing decisions of MSEs. The paper empirically tests POH in MSEs in Tigray regional state of Ethiopia.
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Kebede, Hagos Zeray, and Glen Schmidt. "Organisational Response to Child Trafficking in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia." Social Change 48, no. 4 (2018): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718801445.
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Organisations such as the United Nations and the United States Department of State have noted that child trafficking in Ethiopia is a very serious problem. Famine, war and disease have devastated many Ethiopian families and children are particularly vulnerable to human trafficking that is internal and external in nature. This qualitative exploratory research examined the perceived effectiveness of the agency and organiational responses to the problem of child trafficking in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. A total of 13 child care organisational managers and directors were recruited from the Tigray regional capital of Mekelle. They were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The interview transcriptions were analysed using thematic analysis. The thematic analysis pointed to challenges and difficulties in funding childcare organisations, problems in identifying victims, poor coordination between agencies, and a lack of leadership from the Mekelle Child Centre Forum.
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Fiseha, Assefa. "Local Level Decentralization in Ethiopia: Case Study of Tigray Regional State." Law and Development Review 13, no. 1 (2020): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0006.
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AbstractBased on the literature on decentralization, this article investigates the institutional arrangement and autonomy of local governments in Tigray Regional state. It is based on two rounds of field work covering nine districts. At a formal level, local governments are autonomous units with some defined mandates including power to decide on policy issues. In reality however, local governments in the study area act more as deconcentrated than as autonomous units since their autonomy is curtailed by higher level governments and party structures. Local governments are thus extension arms of the regional state with little autonomy of their own. Institutions such as elected councils, mayors and the executive exist at the local level but there is more vertical than horizontal accountability. As a result, local Councils have not been able to ensure accountability. Thus decentralization has not resulted in popular control of local governance and local-level development as interests of the party and the local political elite prevail over popular interests. The article calls for rethinking the design of local government that would constitute a local government deal that shifts decision-making away from higher level institutions to the local level, constituting multi-stake holders having control over the affairs of local government.
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AREFAYNE, Demoz, Leake LEGESSE, and Daniel ALEMSHET. "ASSESSMENT OF PROMOTIONAL MIXES PRACTICE OF TIGRAY TOURISM INDUSTRY, ETHIOPIA." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 36, no. 2spl (2021): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.362spl06-688.
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Tigray Regional State has significant tourism potentials. However, it is unable to exploit the existing tourism products using a promotional strategy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the promotional practice of the Tourism industry. This study applied a quantitative study design. The data was collected from 180 foreign and domestic tourists. The findings of the study indicated that Tigray tourism office frequently used television and radio promotional Media which are the most traditional, but infrequently used modern promotional tools (Websites, Short Mobile Messages (SMS), word of mouth, public relation). Sales Promotion and Public Relations mixes are mostly applied promotional elements in Tigray tourism sites.
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Senthilkumar, K., and Meseret Meresa. "SATISFACTION ON MOTIVATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES OF TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 08 (2021): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13322.
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Motivating the employees both intrinsically and extrinsically in order to enhance the commitment of the employees is appreciable and the need of the day. However the satisfaction level of employees especially the teachers towards the motivation and its contribution to build the commitment have not yet been studied in Public Universities in Tigray Regional State In an attempt to bridge the gap, the study attempts to find the satisfaction of the employees towards the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation existing at their universities. The study has also found the commitment level of the employees and its relationship with the motivation. Required primary cross sectional data has been collected from 371 employees of the Public Universities in Tigrai regional state of Ethiopia. Using SPSS software the collected data is analyzed. Descriptive statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and variance have been applied to describe the level of satisfaction among the employees towards the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The correlation statistics has also been applied to find the relationship between motivation and organizational commitment. The study has found an apparent positive correlation between motivation and organizational commitment. The results on the satisfaction level of the employees highlights that the intrinsic motivation is at the upper level. There is a scope to enrich extrinsic motivation. Hence the universities should focus more on the extrinsic motivation to have better committed employees.
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Gebru, Assefa Le-ake. "The State of Human Rights and Human Security in FDRE: A Comparative Case Study of Tigray and Afar Regional States." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 3 (2017): 376–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17717005.
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This study is the result of a comparative case study about the protection of human right from the vintage point of the promotion of human security in Tigray and Afar National Regional States in Ethiopia. Despite the multifaceted differences between the two regions, the study shows how the universality of human rights and contextual nature of human security plays off and has comparatively examined the protection and promotion of human right and human security in the study area. In the academic literature, glossy either condemnation or admiration of the state of human right and human security in FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) is a common representation. However, this study contends that there are similarities and stark differences in the state of human rights and human security between the two regions. Still, human right violations remain to significantly hinder the promotion of human security. Besides political (threats and risks) insecurity, which is common to regions, livelihood insecurity in Afar, personal and physical insecurities in Tigray are major indicators of slack in human right protection.
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Abrha, Teklebrhan, Bezabih Emanna, Girma Gezimu Gebre, and Fatih Yildiz. "Factors affecting onion market supply in Medebay Zana district, Tigray regional state, Northern Ethiopia." Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (2020): 1712144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1712144.
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Berihu, Birhane Alem, Abadi Leul Welderufael, Yibrah Berhe, et al. "Maternal risk factors associated with neural tube defects in Tigray regional state of Ethiopia." Brain and Development 41, no. 1 (2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2018.07.013.
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Gebreegziabher, Kidane Tesfay, and Gidey Kidu Mezgebo. "Smallholder farmers willingness to pay for privatized agricultural extension services in Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.4.
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This study assessed farmers’ willingness to pay for privatization of agricultural extension services and examined factors that determine willingness to pay for those services. Multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 240 households. Data were collected using household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview tools. Data were analyzed using percentage and logit model. Results showed that 58% of the respondents were willing to pay for the privatization of agricultural extension services. Farm size, age, family size, credit access, frequency of extension contact and income were significantly influenced farmers’ willingness to pay for privatization of agricultural extension services. Privatization of agricultural extension services encourages graduates of agricultural sciences to launch consultancy firms and this engenders professional entrepreneurship. Number of visits, socioeconomic, and institutional factors must be given emphasis for privatizing the agricultural extension service in Ethiopia. Moreover, government should launch privatization parallel to the public agricultural extension services
 Keywords: Agricultural extension service, willingness, privatization. Ethiopia
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Deribe, Kebede, Jorge Cano, Emanuele Giorgi, et al. "Estimating the number of cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia using geostatistical methods." Wellcome Open Research 2 (September 4, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12483.1.
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Background: In 2011, the World Health Organization recognized podoconiosis as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Nonetheless, the number of people with podoconiosis and the geographical distribution of the disease is poorly understood. Based on a nationwide mapping survey and geostatistical modelling, we predict the prevalence of podoconiosis and estimate the number of cases across Ethiopia. Methods: We used nationwide data collected in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2013. Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 villages in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations. We developed a geostatistical model of podoconiosis prevalence among adults (individuals aged 15 years or above), by combining environmental factors. The number of people with podoconiosis was then estimated using a gridded map of adult population density for 2015. Results: Podoconiosis is endemic in 345 districts in Ethiopia: 144 in Oromia, 128 in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s [SNNP], 64 in Amhara, 4 in Benishangul Gumuz, 4 in Tigray and 1 in Somali Regional State. Nationally, our estimates suggest that 1,537,963 adults (95% confidence intervals, 290,923-4,577,031 adults) were living with podoconiosis in 2015. Three regions (SNNP, Oromia and Amhara) contributed 99% of the cases. The highest proportion of individuals with podoconiosis resided in the SNNP (39%), while 32% and 29% of people with podoconiosis resided in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, respectively. Tigray and Benishangul Gumuz Regional States bore lower burdens, and in the remaining regions, podoconiosis was almost non-existent. Discussion: The estimates of podoconiosis cases presented here based upon the combination of currently available epidemiological data and a robust modelling approach clearly show that podoconiosis is highly endemic in Ethiopia. Given the presence of low cost prevention, and morbidity management and disability prevention services, it is our collective responsibility to scale-up interventions rapidly.
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Deribe, Kebede, Jorge Cano, Emanuele Giorgi, et al. "Estimating the number of cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia using geostatistical methods." Wellcome Open Research 2 (December 15, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12483.2.
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Background: In 2011, the World Health Organization recognized podoconiosis as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Nonetheless, the magnitude of podoconiosis and the geographical distribution of the disease is poorly understood. Based on a nationwide mapping survey and geostatistical modelling, we predict the prevalence of podoconiosis and estimate the number of cases across Ethiopia. Methods: We used nationwide data collected in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2013. Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations. We developed a geostatistical model of podoconiosis prevalence among adults (individuals aged 15 years or above), by combining environmental factors. The number of people with podoconiosis was then estimated using a gridded map of adult population density for 2015. Results: Podoconiosis is endemic in 345 districts in Ethiopia: 144 in Oromia, 128 in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s [SNNP], 64 in Amhara, 4 in Benishangul Gumuz, 4 in Tigray and 1 in Somali Regional State. Nationally, our estimates suggest that 1,537,963 adults (95% confidence intervals, 290,923-4,577,031 adults) were living with podoconiosis in 2015. Three regions (SNNP, Oromia and Amhara) contributed 99% of the cases. The highest proportion of individuals with podoconiosis resided in the SNNP (39%), while 32% and 29% of people with podoconiosis resided in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, respectively. Tigray and Benishangul Gumuz Regional States bore lower burdens, and in the remaining regions, podoconiosis was almost non-existent. Conclusions: The estimates of podoconiosis cases presented here based upon the combination of currently available epidemiological data and a robust modelling approach clearly show that podoconiosis is highly endemic in Ethiopia. Given the presence of low cost prevention, and morbidity management and disability prevention services, it is our collective responsibility to scale-up interventions rapidly.
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Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw, Dawit Tefera Fentie, Seblewongel Tigabu Yigizaw, Asnakew Asmamaw Abebe, and Kassahun Alemu Gelaye. "Spatial distribution and geographical heterogeneity factors associated with poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A among children age 6–23 months in Ethiopia: Geographical weighted regression analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252639.
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Introduction Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in poor societies. Dietary consumption of foods rich in vitamin A was low in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and spatial determinants of dietary consumption of foods rich in vitamin A among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia. Methods Ethiopian 2016 demographic and health survey dataset using a total of 3055 children were used to conduct this study. The data were cleaned and weighed by STATA version 14.1 software and Microsoft Excel. Children who consumed foods rich in vitamin A (Egg, Meat, Vegetables, Green leafy vegetables, Fruits, Organ meat, and Fish) at least one food item in the last 24 hours were declared as good consumption. The Bernoulli model was fitted using Kuldorff’s SaTScan version 9.6 software. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to visualize spatial distributions for poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A. Geographical weighted regression analysis was employed using MGWR version 2.0 software. A P-value of less than 0.05 was used to declare statistically significant predictors spatially. Results Overall, 62% (95% CI: 60.56–64.00) of children aged 6–23 months had poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A in Ethiopia. Poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A highly clustered in Afar, eastern Tigray, southeast Amhara, and the eastern Somali region of Ethiopia. Spatial scan statistics identified 142 primary spatial clusters located in Afar, the eastern part of Tigray, most of Amhara and some part of the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. Children living in the primary cluster were 46% more likely vulnerable to poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A than those living outside the window (RR = 1.46, LLR = 83.78, P < 0.001). Poor wealth status of the household, rural residence and living tropical area of Ethiopia were spatially significant predictors. Conclusion Overall, the consumption of foods rich in vitamin A was low and spatially non-random in Ethiopia. Poor wealth status of the household, rural residence and living tropical area were spatially significant predictors for the consumption of foods rich in vitamin A in Ethiopia. Policymakers and health planners should intervene in nutrition intervention at the identified hot spot areas to reduce the poor consumption of foods rich in vitamin A among children aged 6–23 months.
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Atsede, G. A. "P20 An extensive assessment of status of diabetes mellitus in district hospitals of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 103 (February 2014): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(14)70128-7.
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Tewelde, Fitsumbirhan. "Illegal Plant Genetic Resource Trafficking in the Border Villages of Kafta Humera Wereda, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia." Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 6, no. 4 (2017): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20170604.14.
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Mehari, Kibriti, Tsehaye Asmelash, Haftamu Hailekiros, et al. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among Presumptive MDR-TB Patients in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (September 9, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2923549.
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Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems. There are alarming reports of increasing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MTR-TB) from various parts of the globe, including Ethiopia. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with MDR-TB among presumptive MDR-TB cases in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tigray Regional State from 2015 to 2016. Two hundred sputum samples were collected, transported, processed using 2% N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide, and cultured in LJ medium. Besides, the microscopic examination was performed after ZN staining. Moreover, drug susceptibility test was done using molecular line probe assay. Descriptive statistics and binary and multivariable logistic regression were done. A statistical test was regarded as significant when the P value was <0.05. Results. The prevalence of MDR-TB was found to be 18.5%. About one-fourth (26.5%) of the study participants had sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). TB culture was positive in 37% of the samples, and rifampicin mono-resistant cases accounted for 3.5% of the presumptive MDR-TB cases. Three (1.5%) were new MDR-TB cases, while the rest had been treated previously for TB. Most (63.5%) of the MDR-TB cases were from 15 to 44 years of age. Age was associated with MDR-TB with a crude odds ratio of 1.06 (CI: 1.02–1.10) and adjusted odds ratio of 1.06 (CI: 1.00–1.11). Conclusions. The prevalence of MDR-TB was found to be high. Preventive measures should be taken to prevent the transmission of MDR-TB in the community.
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Alemu, Getaneh Agegn. "Development and Maintenance of The Ethiopian Legal Information Website." Afrika Focus 20, no. 1-2 (2007): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0200102008.
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Development and Maintenance of the Ethiopian Legal Information Website Information and Communication Technology in general and the internet in particular have been creating unprecedented opportunities in facilitating and streamlining access to information. Websites have become a common way of publishing legal information for the public in many countries. In Ethiopia, however, the availability of legal websites has been very limited or non-existent. Except for the constitution, no other basic Ethiopian law has ever been published online. To benefit from the tremendous potentials of the internet, a project was initiated to develop an Ethiopian Legal Information Web Site. Based on users' requirements obtained from questionnaire analysis, and current paradigms and implications, the Ethiopian Legal Information Website was designed, developed, implemented and maintained The website is an online database of Ethiopian basic laws developed by Mekelle University, Ethiopia, in cooperation with the Non-Western Law Department of Ghent University, Belgium. Basic laws included on the site at present are the Ethiopian Constitution, Civil Code, Criminal Code, Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Commercial Code and Family Code. The laws can be viewed and used in full text html, whereas some of the laws including the 2004 Criminal Code, Family Code, FDRE Constitution and the Tigray Regional State Constitution are available in pdf Laws can be searched by keywords using the site search engine. Comments and suggestions from experts and Ethiopian laws users have been collected, hence modifications, improvements and additions have been made to the website. The Ethiopian Legal Information Website was first hosted on the University of Ghent internet server and currently in the Mekelle University server at http://mail.mu.edu.et/~ethiopialaws/ The Ethiopian Legal Information Website has been found to be a useful web portal to access and use the basic Ethiopian laws. The University of Ghent, !LO, the Library of Congress, AUSTLII, WASHLAW, WIKIPEDIA and other major legal web portals make citations in reference to the site. While the website currently contains only the basic laws of the federal government, an action plan is prepared to include regional laws of Ethiopia. Other legal information including amendments to the laws, decisions and legal news will also be included on the site, hence a comprehensive Ethiopian Legal Web Portal will be developed and maintained.
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Fissuh, Gezae Hailu, Yemane Hailu Fissuh, Zaid Negash, and Haftom Girmay. "Assessment of the Effective total quality management on performance at selective colleges in Tigray regional administrative State, Ethiopia,." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 18, no. 08 (2016): 56–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1808045684.
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Asfaw, Yitbarek Abrha, Araya Hagos Gebreegziabher, and Hiwot Kebede Aregawi. "Examining the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics (The) 5, no. 2 (2016): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejbe.v5i2.3.
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Ghebreyesus, T. A., M. Haile, A. Getachew, et al. "Pilot studies on the possible effects on malaria of small-scale irrigation dams in Tigray regional state, Ethiopia." Journal of Public Health 20, no. 2 (1998): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024754.
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Mersha, Tadesse Teferi, Biruk Mekonnen Wolde, Nigus Abebe Shumuye, et al. "Prioritization of neglected tropical zoonotic diseases: A one health perspective from Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254071.
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Neglected tropical zoonotic diseases (NTZDs) continue to have a major effect on the health of humans and animals. In this study, a one health approach was used to prioritize and rank neglected tropical zoonotic diseases at the regional and zonal levels in Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. For prioritization of NTZDs a cross-sectional study through a structured questionnaire was administered to 313 health experts from human and animal health sectors. In addition, focus group discussions (FGD) were held with purposively selected key informants. Descriptive, and Multivariable analysis was applied to report the results and a ranked list of diseases was developed at the zonal and regional level. In the region, 8 of the 12 World Health Organization listed NTZDs were considered major diseases including anthrax, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, taeniasis, leishmaniasis, rabies, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. Considering the zoonotic and socioeconomic importance of the diseases at the regional level, rabies ranked 1stwhereas anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and brucellosis were ranked from 2nd to 5th, respectively. The FGD result also supported the prioritization result. The Multivariable analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the zonal distribution of anthrax (р = 0.009, OR = 1.16), taeniasis (p<0.001, OR = 0.82), leishmaniasis (p<0.001, OR = 1.91), rabies (p = 0.020, OR = 0.79) and soil-transmitted helminths (p = 0.007, OR = 0.87) but not for brucellosis (p = 0.585), bovine tuberculosis (p = 0.505), and schistosomiasis (p = 0.421). Anthrax (p<0.001, OR = 26.68), brucellosis (p<0.001, OR = 13.18), and taeniasis (p<0.001, OR = 6.17) were considered as the major zoonotic diseases by veterinary practitioners than human health practitioners whereas, leishmaniasis was recognized as a major health challenge by human health professionals. Understanding the priority diseases in the region is supportive for informed decision-making and prioritizes the limited resources to use. Furthermore, strengthening the collaboration between human and animal health professions is important to control the diseases.
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Gebrekidan Abbay, Aradom, Roel Rutten, Hossein Azadi, and Frank Witlox. "How Social Status Contributes to Sustainable Livelihoods? An Empirical Analysis in Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010068.
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This paper scrutinized the links between social status and income of rural households to provide insight into how social status is indicated and used as a strategy for improving livelihood income. It also provides a brief look into some selected key determinants of livelihood income. We applied a two-stage least-squares estimation to household-level data from rural areas in the Tigray regional state of Ethiopia. We also proposed the latent class analysis model to identify the number of classes for the variable “social status”. The results indicate that livelihood income is significantly affected by households’ social status, indicating that high status household heads tend to enhance their participation in different social networks with the intention of strengthening the social bonds that they have and improving their status in the community, which in turn has an economic payback. Apart from this, household heads’ access to off-farm work, size of owned land, exposure to multimedia, livestock ownership and spatial proximity to towns were the variables that have significant positive effects on livelihood income.
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Abrehet Mehari and Prof. Rovshan Guliev. "Practice of Economic Integration of Small and Medium Enterprise in Manufacturing Sector: The case of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 7, no. 1 (2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol7iss1pp77-91.
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This paper assesses the economic integration of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tigray, Ethiopia. Focusing on strategies, enabling environment, competitiveness, and challenges of the economic integration of small and medium enterprises. The study was employed cross-sectional mixed approach method. The data were collected from sample of 148 SMEs selected based on proportional stratified sampling after a pilot test was conducted. Interviews with 15 leaders, 8 focus group discussions with SMEs council were conducted. The result indicates that SMEs contribution to create new job to citizens and change the living standard for others are insignificant. Lack of access to finance, work promising, market linkage, and quality and quantity input, problem of Peace and security among Region and outside, dependency mentality and rent seeking behavior of SMEs operators are challenges of SMEs. in addition, the commitment, attitude, and capacity of the leaders to support SMEs is weak. Thus, policies and strategies should review and adjust considering the current political situation and capacity building to operators and agency leaders are very critical. Finally, establishing special financial institutions and market supporting unit might help SME’s competitiveness. Work premises for production and market as well as infrastructure should be ready before the SMES established.
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Addisu, Alemu, Daniel Olago, Shem Wandiga, Silas Oriaso, and Dorothy A. Amwata. "Smallholder Farmers Vulnerability Level to Climate Change Impacts and Implications to Agricultural Production in Tigray Regional State, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 512 (December 5, 2019): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.512.237.250.
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Vulnerability to climate change impact is the most pressing issues for less developed countries whose economy mainly depends on the agricultural sector. The demand for food is growing swiftly whereas impacts of climate change on the global food production are increasing. More area specific research outputs and evidences-based policy directions are needed to tackle the ever changing climate and to reduce its impacts on the agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate subsistence farmer household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and its associations with household’s agricultural production. Then primary data was collected from 400 households from Kolla Temben District, Tigray Regional State, North Ethiopia. Multistage sampling techniques were applied to select households for interview from the district. In the first stage, 4 Kebelles (Kebelle - administration unit) were selected randomly out of 27 Kebelles and then400 households were selected for interview through systematic random sampling techniques (Figure 1). Multiple regressions were used to examine the associations between household’s vulnerability to climate change impacts and agricultural production. Grounded theory and content analysis techniques were use to analyze data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. For every single unit increase in household vulnerability to climate change impacts, there was an average agricultural production decrease between 16.99 and 25.83 (Table 4). For single unit increase in household’s vulnerability to climate change impact, there was a decrease of total crop production, Total income, total livestock, total food consumption and food consumption per adult equivalent. Rainfall decrease, small farmland ownership, steep topography, frequent flood occurrences and large family size are among the major factors that negatively affect household’s agricultural production and total income. The more the vulnerable the households, the less in total annual crop production, total livestock size, total income from agricultural production and the more dependent on food aid). There is a negative association between household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and agricultural production (crop production, total livestock ownerships and total income from crop production). More access to irrigation and agricultural fertilizers, improved varieties of crops, small family size, improve farmland ownership size, more access to education and Agricultural Extension services are an effective areas of intervention to improve household’s resilient, reduce households vulnerability level to climate change impacts and increase household’s total agricultural production.
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Gebru, Gebrehiwot Weldegebrial, Hyacinth Ementa Ichoku, and Philip Ogbonnia Phil-Eze. "Determinants of smallholder farmers' adoption of adaptation strategies to climate change in Eastern Tigray National Regional State of Ethiopia." Heliyon 6, no. 7 (2020): e04356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04356.
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Molalign Takele, Goitom, Medina Abdulkadir Weharei, Hiyab T/Michael Kidanu, Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan, and Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis. "Diabetes self-care practice and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients in public hospitals of Tigray regional state, Ethiopia: A multicenter study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250462.
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Background The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing steadily at an alarming rate. Ethiopia is placed fourth among the top five countries of the African region members of the international diabetes federation. This study aimed to determine the level of diabetes self-care practice and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending public hospitals of the Tigray region. Methods An institution-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in six selected hospitals of Tigray region from January to February 2020. Study participants were recruited using a systematic random sampling method. Diabetes self-care practice was assessed using Summary Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) assessment tool. The data were collected by trained nurses via face-to-face interview. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with self-care practices. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results A total of 570 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. The mean (SD) age of the participant was 46 (±14.6) years. Less than half (46.7%) of the participants had good diabetes self-care practices. Surprisingly, only 68 (11.9%) of the participants had access to a personal glucometer. Urban residency (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.20–2.94), age group 48–63 years (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.19–3.98), not having a formal education (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.32–5.25), having family support (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.24–2.85), and having a personal glucometer at home (AOR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.83–13.0) were the factors associated with good diabetes self-care practices. Conclusion The diabetes self-care practice in the region was found to be poor. Where factors like, being an urban resident, age group between 49–63 years, not having a formal education, and having a personal glucometer at home were associated with good self-care practices. Health care providers might have to consider actions to act on the identified factors and improve the level of self-care practices of the patients.
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Birhane, Gidey Redehey. "Youth in artisanal gold mining: Risks and opportunities; the case of Asgede Tsimbla Woreda , Northwestern Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia." International NGO Journal 12, no. 3 (2017): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ingoj2016.0320.
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Seifu, Amare, Ashenafi Ayenew, Girum Faris, et al. "Impact and status of invasive alien plant species (IAPS), Nicotiana glauca, in Eastern and Southern Zones of Tigray regional state, Ethiopia." Biodiversity International Journal 2, no. 4 (2018): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00086.
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Gebremichael, Gebrewahd Bezabh, and Teklewoini Mariye Zemicheal. "Hypoglycemia Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients on Follow-Up at Public Hospitals of Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (March 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8743531.
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Background. Hypoglycemia is an acute medical situation that occurs when blood glucose level falls below 70 mg/dl. Although prevention of hypoglycemia is one cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus, its prevention practice among patients with diabetes mellitus is insufficiently studied. Moreover, the existed scarce literature in Ethiopia revealed hypoglycemia prevention practice is inadequate. Thus, this study tried to assess hypoglycemia prevention practices and associated factors among diabetic patients. Methods. Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was employed from March 1 to April 1, 2018, in the central zone of Tigray regional state of Ethiopia. A total of 272 diabetes mellitus patients selected by a systematic random sampling method were included in the study. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for further analysis. The binary logistic regression model (AOR, 95% CI, and p value < 0.05) was used to determine the predictors of hypoglycemia prevention practice. Results. The mean age of respondents was 43.62 years, and about 100 (63.2%) participants had good hypoglycemia prevention practice. Good knowledge on hypoglycemia (AOR = 10.34; 95% CI [5.41, 19.89]), having a glucometer at home (AOR = 3.02; 95% CI [1.12, 8.12]), favorable attitude towards diabetes mellitus (AOR = 2.36 CI [1.26, 4.39]), and being governmental employee (AOR = 5.19, 95% CI [1.63, 16.58]) were positive predictors of good hypoglycemia prevention practice. However, being divorced (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI [0.32, 0.53]) was found negatively associated with good hypoglycemia prevention practice. Conclusion. Only two-thirds of the study participants were found to have good hypoglycemia prevention practices. Healthcare personnel and Ethiopian diabetic association should promote patients’ attitude towards DM and knowledge on hypoglycemia by strengthening information, education, and communication program. Stakeholders should also try to provide glucometers to diabetic patients.
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Hailekiros, Haftamu, Mahmud Abdulkader Mahmud, and Alemayehu Bayray Kahsay. "Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of “Transfer Out” TB Patients after Crosschecking Registers at Four Hospitals of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia: 2011-2015." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2019 (June 24, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1761694.
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Globally, transferring TB patients to another health unit for treatment continuation is common trend while posing challenges for proper treatment outcomes monitoring. National guidelines indicated the importance of incorporating the treatment outcomes of those cases by the transferring unit when performing annual cohort analysis. However, in most instances, this is not taken into account. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics and treatment outcomes of ‘transfer out’ TB cases during the time period between 2011 and 2015 at four Hospitals of Tigray: Ethiopia. Initial data was extracted from TB treatment logbooks of transferring units using standardize checklist that were followed by a visit to each of the receiving units. The generated data were entered and analyzed using SPSS v. 22.0. Descriptive statistics were computed. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A total of 143 TB patients were transferred out during the specified time period whereas 73.4% (105/143) patients were traced and classified as “arrivals”. From these, more than three-quarters, 87.6% (92/105), of patients had a successful treatment outcome (5.7% cured and 81.9% completed treatment) while 13/105 (12.3%) had an unsuccessful outcome (2.8% defaulted, 5.7% died, 1.9% failed, and 1.9% transferred out). However, none of the transferring unit received and traced status of the cases. Therefore, regular monitoring is needed to improve the existing communication gap.
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Hailu, Nigus Alemu, Tesfaye Tolessa, Zenawi Hagos Gufue, Etsay Weldekidan Tsegay, and Kidanemaryam Berhe Tekola. "The magnitude of anemia and associated factors among adult diabetic patients in Tertiary Teaching Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2019, cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0240678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240678.
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Background Patients with Diabetic Mellitus are at higher risk of different complications. Many previous studies show that anemia among diabetic patients is poorly diagnosed. Objective This study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of anemia among adult diabetes patients having regular follow up at the diabetic clinic of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, 2018/19. Methods This study was conducted the Diabetic clinic of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, Tigray regional state, Northern Ethiopia from January to March 2019. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. About 5 ml of venous blood was collected by experienced laboratory technologists under a complete aseptic technique. Two ml of the venous blood was used for hemoglobin determination. And three ml of the venous blood was used without any anticoagulant for creatinine determination. The association of variables was assessed using bivariate and multivariable analysis in the logistic regression model with p-value, odds ratio, and 95% CI in the SPSS version 24 software. Results From a total of 262 diabetes patients, forty-seven (17.9%) were found to be anemic (6.7% males and 11.5% females). Among the related factors, residency (Adjusted Odds Ratio, 7.69, 95% CI, 2.060, 28.69, p = 0.002,), age of the patients (Adjusted Odds Ratio, 4.007, 95%CI, 1.53–10.51, p = 0.005,) and sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio, 3.434, 95% CI, 1.582, 7.458, p = 0.042,) were significantly associated with anemia. Conclusion According to this study, the magnitude of anemia is high among diabetic patients. Occupation of the participants, residency, HIV status, being female, and age was significantly associated with anemia.
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Awel, Mohammedawel Yesuf, and Jaswinder Singh Brar. "Analysis of the determinants of poverty in tigrai and afar national regional state, Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, no. 2 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00028.4.
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Belete, Getahun. "Socio-economic Factors Influencing Migration: the Case of Eastern Zone Tigrai Regional State, Ethiopia." Applied Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjhss202101019.
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Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place. This type of movement can be a permanent, temporary, volunteer or forced. People can move from one place to another place outside the country, like moving from Asia to Europe, like moving from Ethiopia to America and inside the country, like Adigrat to Addis Ababa and from Gondar to Humera immigration. People migrate from place to place due to different reason among these, economic, social, political and environmental reasons are taking a lion share. The main goal of this study was to investigate the causes of migration from the eastern zone of Tigrai. The study focuses on to identify the socio-economic and demographic factors of the migrant to leave their place of origin in the study area. To achieve this objective, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The Primary data was collected mainly from the returnee migrants, zone Labor and Social affairs office and from any sample of the study area economically active adult populations (15-49). The data gathered from four purposefully selected (discrete) in the eastern zone. The tools used to gather the primary data were questionnaires. A total of 180 respondents were selected for the survey questionnaire by using simple random sampling technique from purposefully selected discrete. The descriptive statistical method was employed to analyze these quantitative data by using Stata software and also Binary Logistic regression was also applied to analyze the determinant factors of migration by using Stata software. The result of the study indicated that migration is dominated by young aged (15-25), single male or female, their education level is primary education, their job unpaid family worker and those whose family size is large. unemployment, poverty, agricultural land scarcity, the individual wants to open up a personal business, a natural disaster like famine drought, low access to credit and experience of crop failure are the key push factors of migration. On the other hand, employment opportunities, better income from abroad and smugglers at destination country are identified as pull factors of migration. The main determinant forces or variables significantly affect migration decision in the econometric analysis were age, family size, family shocks, family or individual respondent land size and high income at the destination. Regarding the way of migration, most of the migrants were out illegal way about 75% Based on these findings. Keyword: migration, illegal migration, binary logit model, returnee migrant, non-migrant
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Belete Worku, Getahun. "Socio-economic Factors Influencing Migration: The Case of Eastern Zone Tigrai Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Science, Technology and Society 9, no. 2 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20211002.14.
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Girmalem Nirea, K., S. Negussie, and G. Degye. "Determinants of Mangoes and Red Peppers Market Supply in Ahferom and Kola-Tembien Districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." SocioEconomic Challenges 3, no. 4 (2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.3(4).39-51.2019.
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The major aim of this paper was to examine the factors that determine market supply of mangoes and red peppers by smallholder growers in Ahferom and Kola-Tembien Districts of Tigray National Regional State, Northern Ethiopia. Data were collected from a sample of 192 mango growers and 191 red pepper growers. Both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis applied for analyzing the collected data. The multiple linear regression model was applied to identify the factors determining mango and red pepper market supply. The result of the descriptive analysis showed that level of mangoes and red peppers production has been raised owing to high intervention and follow up of the regional government on the sector through increasing level of accountability and building competitive sprite among agricultural extension workers. 53.6% of the sample mango growers and 27.6% of the sample red pepper growers sold their produces to retailers. The result of the estimated parameter also indicated that level of mango production, sex of the household head, household family size, access to credit and total land size were the factors that determine marketable supply of mangoes by smallholder growers. Similarly, distance to nearest market, access to market information, total land size, cooperative membership and selling price were found to be determinants of the market supply of red peppers. Finally, the study recommended intervention in appropriate distribution of inputs, improvement in rural infrastructure, promoting and expanding mango and red pepper production for export and ensuring fair trade. The current market oriented agricultural system has to be supported by mechanisms of gathering and distributing market information, appropriate crop pricing and market linkages, which enhance market supply and improve the economic and social bargaining power of growers. Keywords: determinant, market supply, production, smallholder growers.
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Hayelom, Mulata, Solomon Abegaz, and Yoseph Mekasha. "On-farm reproductive performance and breeding objective of sheep in six selected Districts of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 2, no. 2 (2014): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v2i2.4248.
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The study was carried out in Atsibi Wonberta, Wukro Kilteawlaeo, Ofla, Alamata, Enderta and Degua Temben districts of Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia to assess the reproductive Performance and to describe the breeding objective of Sheep in the study area. A total of 12 peasant associations 2 from each district were selected randomly. A total of 180 households 30 from each district were selected randomly for the interview. Data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and field observations. Data collected through questionnaire were described by descriptive statistics using JMP 5, 2002. In this study reproduction performance of sheep is assessed by their age at sexual maturity, age at first lambing, lambing interval, weaning age and lambing pattern. The overall estimated mean age at first lambing of ewes in the districts of Astibi-wonberta, Wukro-kilteawlaelo, Ofla, Alamata, Enderta and Degua-Tembien sheep was 18.15, 16.77, 16.7, 16.83, 17.77 and 16.77 months, respectively. The estimated mean lambing interval of highland sheep in Atsibi-Wonberta (9.6±0.7), Wukro-Kilteawlaelo (8.3±0.8), Ofla (6.3±0.7), Enderta (10.4±0.6), Deguatembien (8.4±0.5) and Afar (Elle) sheep in Alamata is 7.6±0.5 months respectively. The average weaning age of sheep in the study districts was three to six months. But, in Atsibi-wonberta (30%), Ofla (43.33%) and Enderta (36.67%) districts the average weaning age was greater than six months. Lambing of sheep was the highest during the months of December and November with an index value of 0.34 and 0.26, respectively. Generally the reproductive performance of sheep in this study area implies that the sheep breeds have acceptable age range for breeding though it is late compared to temperate breeds. In the study area for ram selection, farmers target was for breeding purpose and market value and fattening ability of the ram.
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Shehim, Kassim. "Ethiopia, Revolution, and the Question of Nationalities: the Case of the Afar." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 2 (1985): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000203.
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Of all the serious problems facing the present rulers of Ethiopia none has proved to be more elusive or challenging than the question of nationalities. Since the 1974 revolution there has been a proliferation of liberation movements calling for either regional autonomy or outright secession from Ethiopia. Although the Somalis and the Eritreans have long sought to break away from Ethiopia and have waged an armed struggle for many years, the Afar, Oromo, and Tigrean movements are recent developments which manifested themselves openly after the overthrow of Haile Sellassie. Their discontent with the weakened central Government, which they saw as insensitive to their needs, had long been brewing, and now threatens the viability of Africa's oldest state.
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Wondemeneh Tamiru, Mekides. "Under Nutrition and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Age Children of Kunama Ethnic Groups in Tahtay Adiyabo Woreda, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia: Community based study." International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 4, no. 3 (2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150403.15.
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Cascadden, Zoe, Diane Lyons, and Elizabeth Paris. "On the surface: an ethnoarchaeological study of marginalised pottery production and the social context of pottery surface treatments in Tigray Regional State, northern highland Ethiopia." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 55, no. 1 (2020): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2020.1721842.
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Wake, Getu Engida, and Girma Wogie. "Assessment of Midwife Knowledge, Practice, and Associated Factors towards Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor at Governmental Health Institutions in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2018." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 3, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8547040.
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Introduction. Globally, postpartum hemorrhage is the most common cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, and it accounts for more than 25% of all maternal deaths. The majority of death due to postpartum hemorrhage is caused by uterine atony. Routine and correct usage of active management of the third stage of labor decreases the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage by 60% when compared to expectant management of the third stage of labor. The purpose of this study was to assess midwife knowledge, practice, and associated factors towards active management of the third stage of labor at governmental health institutions in the Tigray region, 2018. Results. These study results showed that from the total study participants ( N = 278 ), 170 (61.2%) were good in knowledge and 121 (43.5%) were good in practice towards active management of the third stage of labor. Training related to active management of the third stage of labor ( AOR = 2.119 , 95 % CI = 1.141 , 3.3937) and practice level of midwives ( AOR = 8.089 , 95 % CI = 4.103 , 15.950) became significantly associated with the knowledge level. The educational level of midwives ( AOR = 3.811 , 95 % CI = 2.015 , 7.210), training related to active management of the third stage of labor ( AOR = 2.591 , 95 % CI = 1.424 , 4.714), and knowledge level of midwives towards active management of the third stage of labor ( AOR = 7.324 , 95 % CI = 3.739 , 14.393) were significantly associated with the practice level. This study showed that training related to active management of the third stage of labor was significantly associated with the knowledge and practice level of midwives. The educational level and knowledge level of midwives were significantly associated with the practice level of midwives towards active management of the third stage of labor. Therefore, midwives should update their academic level and knowledge. Health institutions in collaboration with the Tigray Regional Health Bureau should arrange training for all midwives to bring change.
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Desta, Abraham Aregay, Tewolde Wubayehu Woldearegay, Estifanos Gebremeskel, et al. "Impacts of COVID-19 on essential health services in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A pre-post study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256330.
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Background COVID-19 has proved to have an indirect impact on essential health services in several parts of the world which could lead to increased morbidity and mortality and loss of the gains made in the past decades. There were no synthesized scientific evidences which could show the impact of COVID-19 epidemics/pandemic on essential health services in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 epidemics/pandemic on essential health services provision in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods A pre-post study design was used to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on essential health services delivery in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia in the second quarter of 2020 (Post COVID-19) compared to similar quarter in 2019 (Pre COVID-19). The study focuses on five categories; namely; maternal, neonatal and child health care; communicable diseases with a focus on HIV and TB-HIV co-infection; prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV; basic emergency, outpatient, inpatient and blood bank services, non-communicable diseases and road traffic accidents (RTAs). Analysis was done using Stata version 14.0 software package. The effects of COVID-19 epidemics/pandemic were calculated taking the differences between post COVID -19 and pre COVID-19 periods and the levels of service disruptions presented using proportions. Wilcoxon sign rank test was done and a significance level of ≤0.05 was considered as having significant difference among the two quarters. Results There were significant increase in institutional delivery, delivery by Caesarian Section (CS), still birth, postnatal care within 7 days of delivery, the number of children who received all vaccine doses before 1st birthday, the number of under 5 children screened and had moderate acute malnutrition, the number of under 5 children screened and had severe acute malnutrition and children with SAM admitted for management. However, there were significant decrease in HIV testing and detection along with enrolment to antiretroviral therapy (ART) care, number of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk ≥ 30% received treatment, RTAs, total units of blood received from national blood transfusion service (NBTS) and regional blood banks, total number of units of blood transfused and emergency referral. There were no significant changes in outpatient visits and admissions. Conclusion Despite commendable achievements in maintaining several of the essential health services, COVID-19 has led to an increase in under nutrition in under five children, decline in HIV detection and care, CVD, cervical cancer screening and blood bank services. Therefore, governments, local and international agencies need to introduce innovative ways to rapidly expand and deliver services in the context of COVID-19. Moreover, lower income countries have to customize comprehensive and coordinated community-based health care approaches, including outreach and campaigns. In addition, countries should ensure that NCDs are incorporated in their national COVID-19 response plans to provide essential health care services to people living with NCDs and HIV or HIV-TB co-infection during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
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Gebretensay, Mulay, Soumitra Mondal, Mathivanan D, and Mahmud Abdulkader. "Effect of Awris Traditional Dances on Health Related Physical Fitness Traits among High School Students in Ethiopia." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, no. 1 (2019): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs19115.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Awris traditional dance Tigray regional state on health related physical fitness traits among high school students. To achieve the purpose of this study, 40 high school students were selected randomly. And their age ranged between 15 and 17 years. The selected participants were categorized into experimental and control group with twenty (n=20) subjects in each. The experimental group performed traditional dances for a period of 16 weeks three days per week whereas participants in the control group were informed to follow their usual daily activity. All participants were tested on selected criterion measures on muscular strength, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition prior to and after the 16 weeks of the training period. The data pertaining to the variables in this study were statistically examined by using SPSS statistical software version 25. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were found in order to get the basic idea of the data distribution. Independent t- test was employed for finding whether there was any statistically significant pre-test to post-test mean differences in their respective variables of each group. Level of significant was set at 0.05. Following the 16-weeks traditional dance training, significant change was observed on muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance, but there was no significant improvement in flexibility and body composition as compare the experimental groups with the control group. Therefore it can be concluded that Awris traditional dance training program can notably improve muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance of high school students.
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Fissha, Sintayoh, and Meheret Berhanu. "Decentralization as an Institutional System, Prospects and Retrospect: Case of Four Weredas of Tigrai." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 2 (2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i2.13279.
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Following the demise of the Derg regime in 1991, the most important reform agenda of Ethiopia was to restructure the country and its civil administration along ethnic lines, and to establish ethnicity as the defining principle of political, social and economic discourse. Consequently the country’s political map was redrawn along ethnic lines, which gave way to “Regional states”. The regional states secured administrative and legislative power within a federal framework. . Success stories of decentralization encouraged policy makers to launch fiscal decentralization which extended the regions’ planning and resource allocation powers to each district (wereda)level. This apparently enabled them to improve service expansion and development.Despite this general perception this study seeks to critically review the impacts of decentralization (both fiscal and administrative) on districts considering four weredas of Tigrai regional state (northern part of Ethiopia). To conduct this study both primary and secondary data sources was and analyzed using simple descriptive, and statistical method of analysis. Results obtained based on the three variables (measures effect of decentralization on community participation good governance, and minimizing revenue expenditure gap) reveals positive progress. Indeed, there are promising changes related to administrative matters and of community participation in designing and implementation of development plans. These changes also are enhanced individuals’ participation in productivity, which expedited poverty reduction as well, as indicated by the growing improvements in local livelihoods. However, the gains of decentralization on governance and minimizing revenue expenditure gap are far from satisfactory. As long as the real participation of locals and problems of local capacity remains at stake but is still suffered more from resource limitations. This study recommends some adjustments with the decentralization approach, and appropriate implementation modalities so as to solve the procedural and skill related problems, and to minimize misuse of resource in a way that assists to be more effectively.
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Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Selamawit Gebeyehu, Peter Memiah, and Melaku Desta. "Breast self-examination practice and its determinants among women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245252.
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Background The survival rate from breast cancer is lowest in African countries and the distribution of breast self-examination practice of and its determinants are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the pooled prevalence of breast self-examination and its associated factors among women in Ethiopia. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases used were; PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, African Journals Online, Dimensions and Summon per country online databases. Search terms used were; breast self-examination, breast cancer screening, early detection of breast cancer and Ethiopia. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 15 software. The pooled meta-analysis was computed to present the pooled prevalence and relative risks (RRs) of the determinate factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We identified 2,637 studies, of which, 40 articles (with 17,820 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of breast self-examination in Ethiopia was 36.72% (95% CI: 29.90, 43.53). The regional distribution breast self-examination ranged from 21.2% (95% CI: 4.49, 37.91) in Tigray to 61.5% (95% CI: 53.98, 69.02) in Gambela region. The lowest prevalence of breast self-examination was observed among the general population (20.43% (95% CI: 14.13, 26.72)). Women who had non-formal educational status (OR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.77)), family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.39)), good knowledge of breast self-examination (OR = 4.8 (95% CI: 3.03, 7.6)) and favorable attitude toward breast self-examination (OR = 2.75, (95% CI: 1.66, 4.55)) were significantly associated with practice of breast self-examination. Conclusions Only a third of women in Ethiopia practiced breast examination despite WHO guidelines advocating for this practice among all women of reproductive age. Intervention programs should address the factors that are associated with breast self-examination. Population specific programs are needed to promote breast self-examination.
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Bayu, Takele Bekele. "Fault Lines within the Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF): Intraparty Network and Governance system." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 02 (2019): 20592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i02.662.
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Ethiopia People Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRD) is a political party in charge of government power since 1991. EPRDF is established in 1989 out of Rebel group to party transformation with the view to oust the military government called Derg. It is a coalition of four parties political organization i.e. Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF)- which is an architect of EPRDF, Amhara National Democratic Movements (ANDM) in 1980, Oromo People Liberation Organization (OPDO ) and Southern Ethiopian People Democratic Movement ( SEPDM) However, in spite of the nominally coalition structure of the EPRDF, from the beginning the TPLF provided the leadership and ideological direction to other members of the coalition. To maintain the dominant position within the coalition the TPLF has transferred its rebel time internal governance network that focuses on traditional Marxist Leninist organizational lines, with an emphasis on “democratic centralism”; and a tradition of hierarchically organizational structure to the newly established political organization i.e. EPRDF. Consequently, the EPRDF intraparty network and governance system is dominated by the use of ML (Marxist-Leninist) authoritarian methods and hegemonic control, rigid hierarchical leadership; Democratic centralism, the dominance of the party apparatus behind the façade of regional and local autonomy, an extensive patron-client mechanisms; the use of force to silence opposition within and outside the party; intertwined State institutions and the party system and excessive reliance on party entity instead of state administration units; and gim gema (self-evaluation) are worth mentioning. These intraparty network and governance system have severely limited genuine democratization within the party as well as hampered the democratization process in the country. The party is facing increasing pressure and challenge from within the party and the public at large demanding equal status and fair political economic representation. In effect, EPRDF is in deep crisis shattered by internal divisions, crises as well as external public pressure forcing the party to entertain democratic principles and culture. Hence, it is recommended that the organizational structure and the values and principles governing the organization should be revisited within the framework of democracy which allows adaptability and flexibility given the various change agents in the socio-cultural, economic, political environment.
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Hirpa, Selamawit, Andrew Fogarty, Adamu Addissie, et al. "An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 7023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137023.
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Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals’, and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4–44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4–19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1–8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.
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Misgina, Kebede Haile, H. Marike Boezen, Eline M. van der Beek, Afework Mulugeta, and Henk Groen. "What factors are associated with pre-pregnancy nutritional status? Baseline analysis of the KITE cohort: a prospective study in northern Ethiopia." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (2021): e043484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043484.
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ObjectiveTo assess a broad range of factors associated with pre-pregnancy nutritional status, a key step towards improving maternal and child health outcomes, in Ethiopia.DesignA baseline data analysis of a population-based prospective study.SettingKilite-Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, eastern zone of Tigray regional state, northern Ethiopia.ParticipantsWe used weight measurements of all 17 500 women of reproductive age living in the surveillance site between August 2017 and October 2017 as a baseline. Subsequently, 991 women who became pregnant were included consecutively at an average of 14.8 weeks (SD: 1.9 weeks) of gestation between February 2018 and September 2018. Eligible women were married, aged 18 years or older, with a pre-pregnancy weight measurement performed, and a gestational age ≤20 weeks at inclusion.Outcome measuresThe outcome measure was pre-pregnancy nutritional status assessed by body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Undernutrition was defined as BMI of <18.5 kg/m2 and/or MUAC of <21.0 cm. BMI was calculated using weight measured before pregnancy, and MUAC was measured at inclusion. Linear and spline regressions were used to identify factors associated with pre-pregnancy nutritional status as a continuous and Poisson regression with pre-pregnancy undernutrition as a dichotomous variable.ResultsThe mean pre-pregnancy BMI and MUAC were 19.7 kg/m2 (SD: 2.0 kg/m2) and 22.6 cm (SD: 1.9 cm), respectively. Overall, the prevalence of pre-pregnancy undernutrition was 36.2% based on BMI and/or MUAC. Lower age, not being from a model household, lower values of women empowerment score, food insecurity, lower dietary diversity, regular fasting and low agrobiodiversity showed significant associations with lower BMI and/or MUAC.ConclusionThe prevalence of pre-pregnancy undernutrition in our study population was very high. The pre-pregnancy nutritional status could be improved by advancing community awareness on dietary practice and gender equality, empowering females, raising agricultural productivity and strengthening health extension. Such changes require the coordinated efforts of concerned governmental bodies and religious leaders in the Ethiopian setting.
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Baylie, Melese Mulu, and Csaba Fogarassy. "Examining the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Net Crop Income in the Ethiopian Nile Basin: A Ricardian Fixed Effect Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137243.
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Climate change affects crop production by distorting the indestructible productive power of the land. The objective of this study is to examine the economic impacts of climate change on net crop income in Nile Basin Ethiopia using a Ricardian fixed effect approach employing the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) household survey data for Ethiopia in 2015 and 2016. The survey samples were obtained through a three-stage stratified sampling technique from the five regions (Amhara, Tigray, Benishangul Gumuz, Oromia, and Southern Nation Nationality and People (SNNP) along the Nile basin Ethiopia. There are only 12–14% female household heads while there are 80–86% male households in the regions under study. In the regions, more than half of (64%) the household heads are illiterate and almost only one-tenth of them (12%) had received remittance from abroad from their relatives or children. Crop variety adoption rate is minimal, adopted by the 31% of farmers. Only 30% of the surveyed farmers mentioned that they planted their crop seeds in row whereas the rest 70% had not applied this method. The regression results from the fixed effect least square dummy variable model showed that literacy, household size, remittance, asset value, and total land holdings have significant and positive impacts on the net crop income per hectare. The regional dummy variables estimate indicated that all the regions are negatively affected by climate change at varying levels. Strategies to climate change adaptation have significant and positive contributions in leveraging the damaging effects of climate change. The results also showed that increased winter and summer temperature and rainfall increase net crop income per hectare. The estimated coefficient of the interaction term of spring temperature and rainfall is significant and negative. On the other hand, while the mean annual temperature is damaging to crops, annual rainfall is beneficial. It can be deduced that, while increased temperature and rainfall in summer and winter increase the net crop income, the converse is true for winter and spring seasons. The study also proposes a specific, context-dependent, farm-level adaptation analysis of how farmers cope with the different climatic impacts of the Nile Basin and maintain the income levels that they have previously enjoyed.
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Kiros-Meles, Ayimut, and Mathew M. Abang. "Farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the Regional State of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: implications for farmer–researcher collaboration in disease management." Agriculture and Human Values 25, no. 3 (2008): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-007-9109-6.
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Adugna, Aynalem. "Regional Economic Favoritism and Redistributive Politics as a Public Good: The Case of Tigray Region in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n1p1.
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The study investigated whether or not misdirection of public resources to a favored region brings material improvements in the lives of the population that is alleged to be receiving the resources.&nbsp; In this study, the region in question is Tigray province in northern Ethiopia.&nbsp; Economic data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) are examined with a focus on Tigray Region.&nbsp; The neighboring Amhara Region is used as control. Sample data on 1734 households from Tigray and 1902 households from Amhara Region were analyzed without weighting using the statistical software SAS 9.4 and the Geographic Information System software ArcGIS 10.4.1. We found evidence of a statistically significant advantage for Tigray Region in ownership of four modern amenities &ndash; radio, mobile phones, refrigerator, and access to electricity by individual households (p&lt; 0.001). However, we did not find evidence of greater wealth in Tigray for the general population when the analysis was rerun based on DHS&rsquo; wealth index. On the contrary, the data for sampling clusters in Tigray appeared to show the region as being poorer than Amhara when viewed through the lens of DHS&rsquo; wealth index which is a more comprehensive measure of economic&nbsp;wellbeing than owning a radio or possessing a mobile phone.&nbsp;&nbsp;A one-tailed Wilcoxon Man-Whitney U statistic of DHS&rsquo; wealth index for Tigray and Amhara Regions showed a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) with a higher mean score for Amhara Region (1870.3) than for Tigray Region (1761.6) suggesting a better economic standing for the population of Amhara Region than Tigray Region. We also found Amhara Region to be more egalitarian and Tigray Region less so on the scale of livelihoods captured by DHS&rsquo; economic indicators. Evidence for this comes from a Geographic Information System (GIS) Kernel Density analysis of DHS&rsquo; wealth index which showed what appear to be significant geographic concentrations of both poverty and wealth in Tigray Region.
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Olana, Dereje. "Malaria, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2001-2006." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 7 (2011): 1336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1707.100942.
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