To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Tigray.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tigray'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Tigray.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Derakhshani, Nava. ""God has locked the sky" : exploring traditional farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97123.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Tigray region in northern Ethiopia is a historic centre of agricultural production and home to many subsistence farmers that still use traditional farming systems and practise rain-fed agriculture. The region has been affected adversely by famines and periodic droughts for centuries and is vulnerable to climate change. Farmers are producing on small plots of often degraded land and through their own actions have depleted the natural resources they rely on, in particular soil, water and trees. This study sought to explore the environmental degradation of Tigray through both a literature review of its agricultural socio-political history and a lived experience in the village of Abraha We Atsebaha among farmers of the region. It uses a variety of methodologies and methods, including a literature review, grounded theory, narrative inquiry and ethnography, to expand on the factors that have contributed to the current degradation, the implications for traditional farming and the potential for land regeneration. The first journal article seeks to explore how Ethiopians have shaped their natural environment. In particular, it focuses on deforestation, soil degradation, the role of changing governance and land-ownership patterns, and the effects of climate change. The article demonstrates that traditional farming systems do not operate in isolation from their socio-political and environmental context. The second journal article provides an in-depth narrative inquiry conducted in Abraha We Atsebaha over a three-month period in 2014. This village is known for its indigenous farming knowledge, commitment to regeneration and innovation in conservation practices. Interviews were conducted with selected farmers and local leaders and informal discussions were carried out with government extension representatives using the ethno-ecological cosmos-corpus-praxis guidelines to enable an integrated exploration of the nature of traditional farming, the causative factors of environmental deterioration and the resultant communal response. In addition to written interview notes, observations and field notes were recorded daily. Photographs are used to give a real sense of the community and their work. It emerged during this process that underlying belief systems were exceptionally important in a context of traditional conservation. Both articles discuss the development work undertaken by government in the rural farming sector and the successes and challenges faced. They also show that elements of traditional farming, sustainability measures and environmental care were suspended in favour of short-term survival as a consequence of social, political and population stressors. This study provides learning points, gained from insights gleaned from the literature review and the lived experience, for improving development interventions in this region. This study did not explicitly explore the role of religion in conservation or the potential long-term effects of current government policies and initiatives. However, it contributes to the small pool of literature on the region focused on traditional farming systems by providing a comprehensive overview of the drivers of degradation (historical and current) and offers a unique, “soft” experiential narration of a village in northern Ethiopia that allows insight into farmer experiences, pressures and adaptation efforts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tigray-streek in die noorde van Ethiopië is ’n historiese sentrum van landbouproduksie en die tuiste van menige bestaansboer wat nog op tradisionele boerderystelsels en reënbesproeiing staatmaak. Die streek het eeue lank onder hongersnood en periodieke droogtes gebuk gegaan en is kwesbaar vir klimaatsverandering. Boere bewerk klein stukke, dikwels afgetakelde, grond en het deur hul eie optrede die natuurlike hulpbronne waarop hulle staatmaak – veral die grond, water en bome – uitgeput. Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om ’n beter begrip te vorm van die omgewingsaftakeling in Tigray. Vir hierdie doel is ’n literatuurstudie van die sosiopolitieke landbougeskiedenis van die gebied onderneem, en is die lewe in die dorp Abraha We Atsebaha tussen boere van die streek ervaar. Die navorsing het van ’n verskeidenheid metodologieë en metodes, waaronder ’n literatuuroorsig, gegronde teorie, narratiewe ondersoek en etnografie, gebruik gemaak om lig te werp op die faktore wat tot die huidige aftakeling bygedra het, die implikasies vir tradisionele boerdery, en die potensiaal vir grondvernuwing. Die eerste tydskrifartikel verken hoe Ethiopiërs hul natuurlike omgewing gevorm het. Dit konsentreer veral op ontbossing, grondaftakeling, die rol van veranderende staatsbestuurs- en grondbesitpatrone, en die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering. Die artikel toon dat tradisionele boerderystelsels nie afsonderlik van hul sosiopolitieke en omgewingskonteks funksioneer nie. Die tweede tydskrifartikel beskryf ’n narratiewe diepte-ondersoek wat oor ’n drie maande lange tydperk in 2014 in Abraha We Atsebaha onderneem is. Hierdie dorp is bekend vir sy inheemse landboukennis, toewyding aan vernuwing, en innoverende bewaringspraktyke. Onderhoude is met ’n uitgesoekte groep boere en plaaslike leiers gevoer, en voorligtingsbeamptes van die staat is by informele gesprekke betrek. Die etno-ekologiese cosmos-corpus-praxis-riglyne is gebruik om ’n geïntegreerde studie te onderneem van die aard van tradisionele boerdery, die oorsaaklike faktore van omgewingsaftakeling, en die gevolglike gemeenskapsreaksie. Benewens skriftelike aantekeninge gedurende die onderhoude, is waarnemings en veldnotas ook daagliks opgeteken. Foto’s word gebruik om die gemeenskap en hul werk getrou uit te beeld. Gedurende hierdie proses het aan die lig gekom dat onderliggende oortuigingstelsels besonder belangrik is in ’n tradisionele bewaringskonteks. Albei artikels bespreek die ontwikkelingswerk wat die regering in die landelike boerderysektor onderneem, sowel as die suksesse en uitdagings daarvan. Dit toon ook dat elemente van tradisionele boerdery, volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls en omgewingsorg as gevolg van maatskaplike, politieke en bevolkingsfaktore laat vaar is ten gunste van korttermynoorlewing. Die insigte wat uit die literatuuroorsig sowel as die lewenservaring in die bestudeerde gemeenskap spruit, bied lesse vir die verbetering van ontwikkelingsintervensies in die streek. Die studie het nie uitdruklik die rol van godsdiens in bewaring of die potensiële langtermynuitwerking van huidige staatsbeleide en -inisiatiewe ondersoek nie. Tog dra dit by tot die klein hoeveelheid beskikbare literatuur oor tradisionele boerderystelsels in die streek deur ’n omvattende oorsig te bied van die (historiese en huidige) snellers van aftakeling, en vertel dit ’n unieke, ‘sagte’ ervaringsverhaal oor ’n dorp in die noorde van Ethiopië om sodoende insig in landbou-ervarings, -druk en -aanpassingspogings te bied.
2
Asgedom, Aster. "Combating Desertification in Tigray, Ethiopia : Field study on the implementation of the UNCCD in the rural region of Tigray." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8802.
Full textAbstract:
In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen.
The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.
3
Chiari, Gian Paolo. "Land tenure and livelihood security in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289234.
Full text
4
Balesh, Fadi W. "Analysis of correlates and determinants of household behaviour towards Malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30807.
Full textAbstract:
This study is based on a survey of over 900 respondents living in Tigray, Ethiopia and is intended to assist the Ethiopian government as well as other interested parties in analyzing the factors affecting the incidence of malaria in Tigray and those affecting people's choice of health care provider.Two models were designed to answer these two questions. The first was a multinomial logit model in which socio-economic indicators were related to the incidence of malaria. The second model was specified as a conditional logit model aimed at determining people's choice between seeking treatment at a hospital/clinic or at a pharmacy/community health worker.
Economic development is the key to eradication of the major parasitic diseases, particularly malaria. An interesting result was obtained on the gender of the respondent; women in Tigray are less likely to report having had malaria than men.
Education level was found to be positively correlated with the likelihood of choosing the Hospital/Clinic option over the Pharmacy/Community Health Worker.
The Hospital/Clinic option was less likely to be chosen with increasing cost of treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
5
Dessoffy, Thomas R. "Governance of hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia : a case study." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595823.
Full text
6
Hammond, Jenny. "The social construction of revolutionary change in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975-1997." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391175.
Full text
7
Kassaye, Tarik. "Association between vitamin A status and lung function in children aged 6-9 years in northern Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36964.
Full textAbstract:
The overall aim of the research described in this thesis was to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health, assessed by lung function in children aged 6--9 years. It comprises three studies.The first study determined the magnitude of vitamin A deficiency in the target population in Wukro wereda, Northern Ethiopia. Of the 1339 eligible children identified by house to house surveys, 824 had complete data for vitamin A indicators and anthropometry. Xerophthalmia was detected in 5.8% of the children, 8.4% had serum retinol levels <0.35 mumol/L and 51.1% between 0.35--0.70 mumol/L. Liver vitamin A reserve was also found to be low in 41.0% of the children using the Modified Relative Dose Response (MRDR) and in about 85% of the children, the daily vitamin A intake was below the FAO/WHO basal requirement (<250 RE/day).
The second study found that in comparison with children with adequate vitamin A reserve (MRDR < 0.06), those with low reserve (MRDR ≥ 0.06) had forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 48.8 ml (p = 0.006) lower when unadjusted, 23.1 ml (p = 0.04) when partially adjusted for age, gender and height and 14.1 ml (p = 0.20) when fully adjusted for demographic, general health, lung function and household related characteristics.
The third study describes the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health as assessed by change in FEV1 at 4 months. The average change was 53.3 ml (n = 496) and 53.8 ml (n = 501) in the vitamin A and placebo groups respectively. After adjusting for baseline covariates, the difference between them was -3.6 ml (95%CI: -21.6, 14.4). In sub-analysis of the data, gender and vitamin A status subcategories were found to be effect modifiers.
In conclusion, high dose vitamin A supplementation did not show an effect on change in FEV1 at 4 months in children aged 6--9 years with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Sub-analysis findings suggest that the benefits to vitamin A intervention in the study setting can probably be achieved if the other nutritional deficiencies such as zinc are addressed. Moreover, the results also suggest that the effects of vitamin A supplementation on respiratory health status are complex and these need to be taken into account in future studies to assess the clinical and public health implications of vitamin A supplementation in this age group.
8
Moore, Charity Maria Troyer. "Formal Land Rights, Plot Management, and Income Diversification in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330537872.
Full text
9
Förch, Wiebke. "Community Resilience in Drylands and Implications for Local Development in Tigray, Ethiopia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265354.
Full textAbstract:
Progress in human development is threatened by the complexities of global environmental change - a defining challenge of our time. Appropriate societal responses are needed to address disturbances and increasing vulnerability of social-ecological systems. This changing context calls current development thinking into question and requires new approaches, policies, and tools to cope with growing uncertainty. With a focus on capacities instead of vulnerabilities, an approach is needed emphasizing the role of communities in planning interventions and strengthening community resilience. This research draws on vulnerability, social-ecological systems and drylands development theory to advance an integrated understanding of resilience at community level and its role towards sustainable development. To develop a general approach for development actors to characterize a community's resilience and plan locally targeted interventions is the overall objective of this research. A participatory approach towards defining and assessing community resilience forms the basis, as it is assumed this would enable development actors to more efficiently address development concerns and empower communities to strengthen their resilience. Underlying factors that determine community resilience in selected dryland communities in Tigray, northeastern Ethiopia are identified. Here, most of the population depends on subsistence agriculture, while food insecurity and poverty persist despite concerted regional development efforts. This research compares and consolidates local perceptions of determinants of community resilience that form the basis for guidelines towards a methodological framework for determining levels of community resilience in Tigray. The guidelines were used to compare levels of community resilience of communities, with implications for operationalizing community resilience in the context of drylands development practice. Findings reflect the importance of recognizing that resilience is not about maintaining a status quo, but about addressing how societies can develop in a changing environment. Prominence of resilience thinking can promote a development practice better suited to address the challenges and opportunities that changes create for poor dryland communities. Resilience thinking does not provide quick solutions, but contributes a long-term, multi-dimensional perspective of building capacities for improved responses to current needs and future change. Resilience is not a solution in itself but can contribute towards developing more resilient trajectories for drylands development.
10
Godefay, Debeb Hagos. "Maternal Mortality Then, Now, and Tomorrow : The Experience of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128117.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Maternal mortality is one of the most sensitive indicators of the health disparities between poorer and richer nations. It is also one of the most difficult health outcomes to measure reliably. In many settings, major challenges remain in terms of both measuring and reducing maternal mortality effectively. This thesis aims to quantify overall levels, identify specific causes, and evaluate local interventions in relation to efforts to reduce maternal mortality in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, thereby providing a strong empirical basis for decision making by the Tigray Regional Health Bureau using methods that can be scaled at national level. Methods: This study employed a combination of community-based study designs to investigate the level and determinants of maternal mortality in six randomly selected rural districts of Tigray Region. A census of all households in the six districts was conducted to identify all live births and all deaths to women of reproductive age occurring between May 2012 and September 2013. Pregnancy-related deaths were screened through verbal autopsy with the data processed using the InterVA-4 model, which was used to estimate Maternal Mortality Ratio. To identify independent determinants of maternal mortality, a case-control study using multiple logistic regression analysis was done, taking all pregnancy-related deaths as cases and a random sample of geographical and age matched mothers as controls. Uptake of ambulance services in the six districts was determined retrospectively from ambulance logbooks, and the trends in pregnancy-related death were analyzed against ambulance utilization, distance from nearest health center, and mobile network coverage at local area level. Lastly, implementation of the Family Folder paper health register, and its potential for accurately capturing demographic and health events, were evaluated using a capture-recapture assessment. Results: A total of 181 deaths to women of reproductive age and 19,179 live births were documented from May 2012 to April2013. Of the deaths, 51 were pregnancy-related. The maternal mortality ratio for Tigray region was calculated at 266 deaths per 100,000 live births (95% CI 198-350), which is consistently lower than previous “top down” MMR estimates. District–level MMRs showed strong inverse correlation with population density (r2 = 0.86). Direct obstetric causes accounted for 61% of all pregnancy–related deaths, with hemorrhage accounting for 34%. Non-membership in the voluntary Women’s Development Army (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.04-4.11), low husband or partner involvement during pregnancy (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.14-4.18), pre-existing history of other illness (AOR 5.58, 95% CI 2.17-14.30), and never having used contraceptives (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.37-4.85) were associated with increased risk of maternal death in a multivariable regression model. In addition, utilization of free ambulance transportation service was strongly associated with reduced MMR at district level. Districts with above-average ambulance utilization had an MMR of 149 per 100,000 LB (95% CI: 77-260) compared with 350 per 100,000 (95% CI: 249-479) in districts with below average utilization. The Family Folder implementation assessment revealed some inconsistencies in the way Health Extension Workers utilize the Family Folders to record demographic and health events. Conclusion: This work contributes to understanding the status of and factors affecting maternal mortality in Tigray Region. It introduces a locally feasible approach to MMR estimation and gives important insights in to the effectiveness of various interventions that have been targeted at reducing maternal mortality in recent years.
11
Osorio, Amy Camille. "Incentives to Plant Trees in Tigray Ethiopia: Interactions of Public Microdams and Health." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33394.
Full textAbstract:
Governments of developing countries face the dual tasks of increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring sustainability of resources. The government of Ethiopia initiated a major rural development program in Tigray, Ethiopia ten years ago, called SAERT (Sustainable Agricultural and Environmental Rehabilitation), to change the decline in agricultural productivity and reverse local forest degradation. SAERT targets water resource development through the construction of regional public microdams, intended to bring irrigated agriculture to surrounding villages and improve household income. Through SAERT, villagers can choose to plant trees on public microdam sites, protected and monitored by the surrounding villages. Unfortunately, microdams may cause potentially serious side effects to human populations through water-borne illnesses such as malaria and schistosomiasis. This paper examines incentives for villagers in Tigray to plant trees for private use, in both villages with and without access to regional public microdams. In addition, we investigate the importance of health factors on the household decision to plant trees on household and public land.Master of Science
12
Mekonnin, Alemselam Birhanu. "Monitoring and improving reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28876.
Full textAbstract:
Ethiopia maintains an extensive livestock population; however, reproductive performance of cattle and their breeding management are unsatisfactory. Currently, the sole diagnostic tool in the country is rectal palpation, which is inaccurate for early pregnancy in cattle. The study assessed reproductive performance and major reproductive problems using questionnaire survey, and evaluated simple, cost-effective alternative monitoring approaches using on-farm diagnostic tools to determine milk and serum progesterone (P4) and evaluate reproductive status. There were 177 dairy farms (range 1-115 cattle per farm) included in the questionnaire survey. Of these, 47 participated in the quantitative determination of P4 and estradiol profiles that used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in the on-farm diagnostic trial that used qualitative ELISA (Target P4 and Dipstick (P4 Rapid), and the reproductive status of 319 crossbred [Holstein Friesian (HF) X Zebu] dairy cattle was assessed. Questionnaires indicated that heifers in the study area reach puberty at older age and calve late, and cows have long postpartum estrus and calving interval. Anestrus, repeat-breeding, dystocia, retained fetal membranes (RFM), endometritis and abortion as the major reproductive problems in dairy cattle in the study area. Serum, milk, saliva and urine P4 and serum estradiol profiles of cattle at different reproductive status was determined using quantitative laboratory ELISA. High P4 levels was detected in pregnant and diestrus cattle than cattle that were anestrus and in-heat. Estradiol level was higher in cattle that were in-heat than cattle in other reproductive conditions. On-farm P4 ELISA indicated in-heat (estrus) 10 (3.1%), anestrus 77 (24.2%), repeater (follicular cyst) 9 (2.8%), normally cycling 69 (21.6%) and pregnant 154 (48.3%). The field P4 ELISA findings were validated using quantitative laboratory P4 ELISA, and similar results were obtained. The sensitivity and specificity of on-farm and laboratory P4 ELISA tests for diagnosing pregnancy were 88.6 & 99.4% and 98.1 & 100%, respectively. Once reproductive problems were identified using on-farm P4 ELISA and per rectal palpation, along with reproductive history, 122 cattle (75 cows and 47 heifers) were assigned to a 10-day Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) in combination with prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α) and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) based estrus synchronisation protocol to study the estrus response and conception rate. The overall estrus response and conception rates were 97.5% and 78.3%, respectively, with no significant differences in parity, pre-treatment reproductive status (anestrus or cycling (repeat-breeding/silent-estrus)) and farming system (smallholder vs organised commercial farms). The study has shown high estrus response and conception rate. Hence, this protocol is highly recommended to enhance fertility of dairy cattle in the study area and other regions. Finally, the study has determined the macronutrient composition of milk and assessed the effect of reproductive status, farm (nutritional) management, stages of lactation, parity and breed on milk composition in 246 dairy cows. This consisted of 184 crossbred cows from smallholder (n= 76: 36 non-pregnant and 40 pregnant) and organised commercial dairy farms (n= 108: 62 non-pregnant and 46 pregnant) in and around Mekelle, Ethiopia and by way of comparison, 62 HF cows (25 non-pregnant and 37 pregnant), either managed indoors or outdoors in a commercial farm in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. The mean milk fat, protein, lactose, total solid (TS) and solid-no-fat (SNF) recorded were 2.36%, 3.46%, 4.37%, 10.39% and 7.82%, in crossbred dairy cows, compared with 5.05%, 3.71%, 4.72%, 13.68% and 8.43%, in HF cows, respectively. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) level of macronutrient was recorded in milk from crossbred cows than HF cows. Milk fat in both breeds was affected by reproductive status, farm (nutritional) management and stages of lactation, but not by parity. In both cattle breeds, the milk fat content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pregnant than non-pregnant cows. Milk protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by reproductive status (in crossbreds) and stages of lactation (in both breeds), but not by farm management or parity. Reproductive status (in crossbreds), stages of lactation (in both breeds) and parity (in crossbreds) affected lactose level; however, farm management had no effect on lactose level in both breeds. Milk fat was the most affected macronutrient content in both breeds. Low milk fat level in crossbred cows could be as a result of samples obtained from early milking coupled with nutritional management. In conclusion, the present study has determined the major reproductive problems in crossbred dairy cattle, assessed their actual reproductive status using rapid, cost effective, simple and applicable on-farm P4 tests, and established P4 and estradiol profiles at different reproductive status. The major breeding problem was poor estrus detection evidenced when animals reported anestrus were confirmed normally cycling using on-farm as well as laboratory P4 assays. These studies offer opportunities for establishing simple field reporting of reproductive status in these crossbred dairy cattle, which can have a major impact on breeding management and productivity.
13
Gebrehiwot, Kindeya. "Ecology and management of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. dry forests in Tigray, northern Ethiopia /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010652931&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
14
Blond, Ninon. "Dynamiques sédimentaires holocènes et terrasses agricoles dans les montagnes du Tigray oriental (Ethiopie) : évolutions, trajectoires et fonctionnement d’un paysage palimpseste depuis 8 500 ans." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2086.
Full textAbstract:
Le nord du Tigray (Éthiopie) est caractérisé par de vastes plateaux en bordure desquels se trouvent des vallées encaissées aux versants abrupts. Les fonds de ces vallées sont aujourd’hui densément mis en culture à l’aide de terrasses, ouvrages de conservation des eaux et des sols. Dans ce contexte montagnard, des vestiges archéologiques d’époque axoumite (Ier millénaire av. n. è. - Ier millénaire de n. è.) ont été découverts sur le site de Wakarida. Localisée sur un éperon, cette petite installation urbaine a soulevé la question des relations entre milieu, aménagements hydroagricoles et sociétés. Aujourd’hui, les vallons alentours sont comblés par des accumulations sédimentaires épaisses de plusieurs mètres, cultivées en gradin au moyen de terrasses. Ces aménagements sont-ils le fruit de la transmission pluriséculaire d’un paysage qu’on pourrait appeler « fossile » ? Le résultat de la sédimentation dirigée entreprise de longue date par les Axoumites et leurs descendants ? La proximité des aménagements et des vestiges archéologiques pourrait le laisser penser, d’autant que la culture axoumite présente des similitudes avec celle des Sud-Arabiques, connus pour leur talent dans la construction d’ouvrages hydrauliques. Pour répondre à ces interrogations, une méthodologie systémique est appliquée. Elle emprunte des techniques à la géomorphologie, la géoarchéologie et la sédimentologie, à l’histoire du paysage et la géohistoire, et développe des approches ethnoarchéologique et ethnogéomorphologique. Dans un premier temps, l’étude d’accumulations sédimentaires dans les vallées de la région permet de mettre en évidence les principales phases de mise en place des comblements et les différents facteurs de contrôle du détritisme, qu’il s’agisse de processus biophysiques (changement climatique, couvert végétal) ou d’actions anthropiques (déboisement, agriculture). Les sédiments s’accumulent à partir du VIIe millénaire av. n. è., sous un climat plus humide aux précipitations plus régulières que de nos jours (African Humid Period). À partir du IVe millénaire av. n. è., les équilibres changent, entraînant l’alternance de flux hydrosédimentaires de faible et de grande énergie. Enfin, à partir du Ier millénaire av. n. è., l’influence des sociétés humaines devient plus sensible dans les dépôts qui témoignent d’un déboisement avancé à partir du XIIIe siècle de n. è. Aucun vestige d’aménagement agricole n’a été détecté dans les comblements, qui ne résultent pas d’une sédimentation dirigée. À partir du XVIIe siècle de n. è., les enregistrements chronostratigraphiques manquent. Des archives textuelles et iconographiques sont mobilisées pour comprendre l’évolution des couverts végétaux et préciser la période d’apparition des terrasses. Elles éclairent sur la position de Wakarida, en marge du royaume d’Axoum, des royaumes éthiopiens suivants et des routes d’exploration. Cette situation a permis la persistance sur le temps long de techniques culturales dont certaines remontent à la préhistoire. Seule exception notable, les terrasses sont absentes de ces témoignages. D’après les archives, elles n’apparaissent pas avant les années 1960 dans le Tigray. Le croisement des entretiens et des archives apporte des précisions à l’échelle du site étudié. Les alentours de Wakarida ont été repeuplés récemment et les aménagements actuels ont été érigés à partir des années 1990, en lien avec des réformes agraires et des évènements socio-politiques. Les terrasses de Wakarida témoignent de relations étroites entre processus économiques, sociaux, politiques et biophysiques. Leur avenir est aujourd’hui menacé par l’érosion régressive qui touche les vallons et par l’exode rural qui risque de rompre l’équilibre fragile entre pente, aménagements, cultures et sociétés. Les ouvrages actuels, de construction récente, reposent donc sur des comblements anciens qui continuent à évoluerThe northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures.To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches.First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s.The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest
15
Peters, Petula Christine. "Liquid gold : an ethnographic exploration of the water - gender - power nexus in Tigray, Highland Ethiopia." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424367.
Full text
16
Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom. "The effects of dams on malaria transmission in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, and appropriate control measures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312201.
Full text
17
Kebede, Freweyini Hadush. "Human Rights Responsibilities Of States In Armed Conflicts : case of Eritrean involvement in Ethiopia’s Tigray war." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184542.
Full text
18
Finneran, Niall Patrick. "Post-Pleistocene socio-economic developments in the northern Ethiopian/Eritrean Highlands : a case study from Aksum, Tigray." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273076.
Full text
19
Amare, Selamawit A. "The Impact of Ethiopian Health Services Extension Program on Maternal and Child Health Outcomes:The Case of Tigray Region." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/257.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Background: The Health Extension Program (HEP) is one of the most innovative community-based health programs launched by the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) to make health services accessible to rural communities by setting out women health extension workers (HEWs) in rural health posts. The program was officially rolled out in 2003 and become operational in 2004. Its approach is based on the assumption that access to and quality of primary health care in rural communities can be improved through transfer of health knowledge and skills to households. Deployed as pairs, the HEWs are premised to provide basic, largely preventive, primary health services to rural villages and empower families to take charge of their own health. Primarily, the program gives special attention to children and mothers.
Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the short and medium-term impact of the HEP on maternal and child health outcomes in Tigray region and analyze if the impact suggests that the region is moving in a direction towards achieving the 4th and 5th Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Additionally, the study sought to provide some policy relevant insights into the performance of the program in the region.
Methods: Using administrative data, the study estimated the impact of the HEP on child health variables (ex., child vaccines:-DPT3, BCG, OPV3 & measles and full immunization) and on maternal health (ex., tetanus toxoid injection and attended delivery). Two empirical models were estimated. Using these models, the study estimated multiple regression equations for each outcome of interest against the predictor variable (HEW coverage) controlling for confounding factors such as electricity, telephone etc. and year to capture variations over time.
Results: Since it became operational in 2004, the program has had a tangible effect on child health outcomes. Results showed that a 10% increase in the program (HEWs coverage) increased full immunization rates by 1.85%, BCG vaccination by 2.6%, DPT3 by 2.4% and OPV3 by 2.7%, all of which were statistically significant. However, the impact on measles was found statistically insignificant. For maternal health outcomes, results showed that a 10% increase in the program coverage increased TT2 uptake of pregnant women by only 0.5%, TT2 by non-pregnant women 0.08%, and attended delivery by 1.06%--all statistically insignificant.
Conclusion: Result of the estimation indicated that there is significant impact on child health indicators which could be attributable to the presence of the HEP in the districts. Particularly, the program has statistically significant effect on BCG, OPV3, DPT3 and full immunizations. Although the impact on measles was positive, it was not statistically significant. No effect of the program on maternal health indicators was found .Therefore, federal, regional and local governments should put collaborative efforts to increase the utilization of maternal health services as well as support and strengthen the outreach effort of the health extension workers to reach the targeted goal.
20
Fisiha, Mekonnen Yohannes. "Do local environmental changes resulting from the construction of microdams lead to increased malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia?" Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3867/.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate the impact of microdams on local microclimate and malaria transmission and in order to develop appropriate methods for the control of this disease, a longitudinal microclimatic, entomological, and clinical study was conducted. The study took place in two topographically similar villages: Deba, near a microdam and Maisheru, 3-4km away, in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, where an extensive dam construction is in progress in epidemic prone areas. The weather was recorded in both villages, on the dam embankment and at different mosquito habitats. A community-led larval intervention study followed the impact assessment phase in the dam village. There was a 3.1 times greater prevalence of an enlarged spleen and 2-5.5 times higher incidence of falciparum malaria in children under 10 years of age in the dam village compared to the remote village, indicating a greater level of exposure experienced in the dam village. Anopheles arabiensis, which was highly anthropophilic, partially exophilic, and showed early biting peak (19:00-20:00hr), was 6.5-8 times more abundant in the dam village compared to the remote village and this was even higher during the dry season (xl6) when a second peak in density was observed in the former. This corresponded to when the fields were irrigated indicating that transmission of malaria was no longer restricted to the rainy season in the dam village compared to the remote village. Despite DDT spraying and prompt treatment of clinical cases with Fansidar at a community level, the findings demonstrated that dams have the potential to increase transmission of malaria parasites. The dam not only created abundant mosquito breeding sites throughout the year, but also resulted in significant microclimate changes; notably elevated minimum atmospheric temperature, the influence weakening with distance from the dam. The dam site was 1.5 ºC warmer than the dam village and that of the dam village was 1.3 ºC higher than the remote village and was especially pronounced (>3.5 ºC) in the cool/dry season. Mean air temperature recorded under vegetation was 1.7 ºC lower than outside and the dam provided numerous cool and humid microhabitats elsewhere by raising the water table, increasing water seepage, saturating the soil and promoting abundant growth of vegetation. Indoor temperature was relatively stable with higher minima and lower maxima than outdoors and on the average 2.8-3.4 ºC warmer than outdoors. The warming effect of the dam, together with profuse breeding sites, suitable indoor and outdoor resting microhabitats may have contributed to the extended and dramatic increased risk of malaria observed in near dam communities in the Ethiopian highlands in Tigray. Most importantly the larval intervention study, which involved minimal community participation, showed a49% relative reduction in An. arabiensis abundance in the dam village compared with the pre-intervention period. Thus, if dams could be constructed further away from settlements and if serious and sustainable community-led environmental management measures could be introduced as a package, it would be possible to mitigate the impact of microdams to an appreciable extent and calls for an integrated approach to malaria control, in fringe areas of malaria, such as the Tigray highlands, particularly nearmicrodams. Key words: Dams, microclimate, mosquito ecology, Ethiopia, Tigray, malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, highland fringes.
21
Hendrie, Barbara. "'Now the people are like a lord' : local effects of revolutionary reform in a Tigray village, northern Ethiopia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318003/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines aspects of social change in rural Tigray, northern Ethiopia. It is based on fieldwork conducted between February 1993 and February 1995 in two villages located on the south central highland plateau: Enda Mariyam, and Tegula. The majority of fieldwork was conducted in Enda Mariyam - a village of some 228 farming households - and spanned two complete agricultural years. The thesis considers the local implications of reform measures implemented by nationalist rebels - the Tigray People's Liberation Front - as part of a revolutionary agenda for the transformation of 'traditional' Ethiopian peasant society. These measures included, most notably, land tenure reform, as well as changes in customary law and the re-organisation of rural administration. In addition, campaigns were mounted aimed at modifying certain aspects of peasant practice. In the context of a village-based ethnography, the thesis aims to qualify the most significant effects of these measures on social life and livelihoods. A key concern is how reform measures have affected the relationship between subsistence-oriented production, social organisation, and social stratification. In a setting where agricultural inputs - including land, oxen, and seed - are scarce, differential abilities amongst farming households to access agricultural inputs informs the pattern of social relationships. In this context, land reform is intimately linked to changes in the dynamics of wealth differentiation and social stratification in the village. The implications for the position of 'big men' and cultural notions of status-honour are considered. Together with land reform, reform of customary law in the area of marriage and divorce has wrought subtle but important changes in marriage and divorce practices, and the nature of intra-household relationships. It is argued that public campaigns for the 'emancipation' of women have probably had less effect on the ability of women to exert power within marriage, than the economic penalties that men now face upon divorce. Attempts to modify peasant religious practice are also examined, including efforts to minimise the number of holidays in the Ethiopian Orthodox calendar. The outcome of these attempts is explored in terms of notions of disaster and risk, the traditional authority of the Church, and the fragmentation of consensus around religious practice in the village.
22
Gebremariam, Solomon Gebresilassie. "Nature and characteristics of metasedimentary rock hosted gold and base metal mineralization in the Workamba area, central Tigray, northern Ethiopia." kostenfrei, 2009. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10882/.
Full text
23
Gebremariam, Solomon. "Nature and characteristics of metasedimentary rock hosted gold and base metal mineralization in the Workamba area, central Tigray, northern Ethiopia." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-108823.
Full text
24
Woldemariam, Asmelash. "The effects of land reform on peasant social organisation : a study of village-level dynamics in Central Tigray, 1974-1994 /." Addis Ababa : Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Addis Ababa University, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy1001/2008349420.html.
Full text
25
Gebrehiwet, Tesfay Gebregzabher. "No woman should die while giving life : Does the Health Extension Program improveaccess to maternal health services in Tigray, Ethiopia?" Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101210.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Ensuring access to universal primary health care is essential to secure a safe and pleasant motherhood and to provide compassionate care for mothers and newborns.However, inequalities in the access to maternal health services still remain a prominent problem in many countries. As part of reducing inequalities, Ethiopia launched the Health Extension Program (HEP) in 2003. The HEP is a community based program designed with a defined package of essential promotive, preventive and basic curative services targeting households, particularly mothers and children. Despite the construction of over 600 health posts and deploying more than 1200 Health Extension Workers (HEWs), preliminary data suggests a low utilization of maternal health care services. This thesis explores the HEP contribution in improving women’s access to maternal health care, and the reasons for the low use of maternal health care services from the perspectives of the involved actors in the Tigray region in Ethiopia. The five dimensions of access were used as a framework to explore the access to maternal health care utilization in this setting. Methods: A total of four districts were included in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. In the first sub-study, we assessed the HEP and its association with change in the utilization of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services. Retrospective longitudinal data for 10 years was extracted from three selected districts and checked for accuracy. Segmented linear regression technique was used to control the secular trends adjusted for correlation of the data. For the second sub-study, we conducted a cross sectional survey with 1115 women (aged 15-49 years who had given birth within five years prior to the survey period) to determine the prevalence of antenatal care and institutional delivery utilization and explore their determinant factors of low utilization. For the third sub-study, we conducted six focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 51 women to explore women’s experiences of childbirth and maternal care. An interview with eight HEWs and four midwives were carried out to capture health workers’ perspective on access to maternal health care services in the fourth sub-study. Grounded theory for the former, and thematic analysis for the latter were used for the analysis. Main findings: The finding of the first sub-study showed a statistically significant upward trend for delivery care (DC) and postnatal care (PNC) in all facilities during the HEP late implementation period (July 2008-June 2012). In addition, a substantial trend of antenatal care (ANC) service use was observed at health centres after the intervention. In the second sub-study, the determinant predictors for ANC utilization were: proximity to health facilities, to be married, ≥5 years of education and having non-farming husbands. The last three factors were also significantly associated with institutional delivery, but also lower parity, previous history of obstructed/prolonged labour and ANC counselling. Findings from the qualitative studies pointed out that elderly women influenced women’s decision making about where to give birth. Women were mostly positive about giving birth at health facilities, but were concerned about the poor quality of care, inaccessibility and unavailability of transport. From the health workers’ perspective: specialized performance of hospital services, community assistance during referral and an increased awareness among women regarding the benefits of giving birth at a health facility were perceived as facilitators for institutional deliveries. Poor perceived competence of HEWs, poor conditions of health care facilities and inaccessibility of transportation, among others, were perceived as barriers for giving birth at health facilities. Conclusion: Overall, this research revealed a considerable contribution of the HEP in improving the access and coverage of maternal health services (ANC, DC and PNC). However, cultural traditions, scattered localities, mountainous roads without adequate transportation and low quality of care are still the major obstacles to accessing the services. Mechanisms need to be designed to enable health facility access of safe delivery for women in hard to reach areas, improving the proficiency of health workers and introducing a women centered approach that enhances acceptability of the services.ሽፋን መሰረታዊ ክንክን ጥዕና ምዕባይ ድሕንነት ኣዴታትን ህፃናትን ንኽረጋገፅ ዝለዓለ ተራ ከምዘለዎ ይፍለጥ፡፡ ይኹንደኣምበር ግልጋሎት ጥዕና ኣዴታት ብማዕረ ኣብ ምብፃሕን ብምዕሩይ ኣገባብ ኣብ ምሃብን ብዙሓት ሃገራት እናተፀገማ እየን፡፡ ነዚ ዘይምዕሩይን ማዕረ ዘይኾነን ኣዋህባ ግልጋሎት ጥዕና ንምምሕያሽ ኣብ ሃገርና (ኢትዮጵያ) ብ1994-1995 (ብአቆፃፅራ ግእዝ) ዝተኣታተወ ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና ቤተሰብ (Health Extension Program/HEP) 10 ዓመታት ኣሕሊፉ ይርከብ፡፡ ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና (HEP)፣ ሕብረተሰብ መሰረት ዝገበረ-ምክልኻል ሕማማትን ምስጓም ጥዕናን - ምትእትታው ግልጋሎት ሕክምና ቀለልቲ ሕማማትን ብፍላይ ድማ ንኣዴታትን ህፃናትን ትኹረት ብምግባር ስድራ ቤት ብምሕቋፍ ዝንቀሳቐስ ፕሮግራም እዩ፡፡ እዚ ፕሮግራም ንምትግባር ኣብ ክልል ትግራይ ልዕሊ 600 ኬላታት ጥዕና ተሃኒፀን፡፡ ልዕሊ 1200 ሞያተኛታት ጥሙር ጥዕና እውን ሰልጢነን እየን፡፡ ክልተ ሞያተኛታት ኣብ ሓደ ኬላ ጥዕና ተመዲበን ካብ 5000-7000 በዝሒ ንዘለዎ ሕብረተሰብ ግልጋሎት እናሃባ ይርከባ፡፡ እንተኾነ ግን ዝተፈላለዩ መፅናዕታታት ከምዘመላኽትዎ ግልጋሎት ኣዴታት ጥዕና (ወሊድን ድሕሪ ወሊድን) ትሑት ሽፋን ከምዘለዎ ይሕበር፡፡ ዕላማ እዚ ዝገበርናዮ መፅናዕቲ እውን ኩነታት እቲ ግልጋሎት ብኣሃዝ ንምዕቃንን ከምኡ እውን ምኽንያታት እቲ ትሑት ግልጋሎት ንምድህሳስን እዩ፡፡ ኣብዚ መፅናዕቲ እዚ ምኽንያታት ትሑት ሽፋን ግልጋሎት ክንክን ጥንሲ ወሊድን ድሕረ ወሊድን እንታይ ምዃኑ ካብ ሕሉፍ ልምዲ (ተሞክሮ) ኣዴታትን ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕናን ብዝርዝር ብምድህሳስ - ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና ንቐረብ ግልጋሎት ኣዴታት ጥዕና ንምምሕያሽ ዘለዎ ኣስተዋፅኦ እንታይ ከምዝመስል ተተንቲኑ ቐሪቡ ኣሎ፡፡ እቲ ቀረብ ግልጋሎት ጥዕና ሓሙሽተ መዐቀኒታት ብዘለዎ ፍሬም ዎርክ እዩ ተዳህሲሱ እቶም ሓሙሽተ መመዘኒታት 1. ቅርበት ትካል ጥዕናን ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕናን ንተገልገልቲ 2. ህልውነት ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕናን ናውትን ድሌት ተገልገልትን 3. ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕና ብተገልገልቲ ዘለዎም ተቐባልነት 4. ትካል ጥዕና ንድሌት ተገልገልቲ ንምዕጋብ ዘለዎ ድልውነት 5. ተገልገልቲ ወፃኢታት ሕክምና ንምሽፋን/ንምኽፋል ዘለዎም ድሌትን ዓቕምን እዮም፡፡ እዞም ሓሙሽተ መዐቀኒታት መሰረት ዝገበሩ ኣርባዕተ ዓይነታዊን አሃዛዊን ሜላታት ብምጥቃም ዝተኻየዱ መፅናዕትታት ኣብ ኣብ 4ተ ወረዳታት ትግራይ እዮም ተኻይዶም፡፡ ኣብቲ ቀዳማይ መፅናዕቲ ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና ቤተሰብ (HEP) ኣብ ምምሕያሽ ክንክን ጥንሲ-ወሊድን-ድሕረ ወሊድን ግልጋሎት ዘምፅኦ ለውጢ ኣብ ሰለስተ ወረዳታት (ጋንታአፈሹም፤ ክልተ ኣውላዕሎ፣ ሕንጣሎ ዋጅራት) ንዝሓለፉ 10 ዓመታት ኣብ ዝተዋህበ ግልጋሎት ብምድራኽ እዩ ዳህሰሳ ተኻይዱ፡፡ ትኽክለኛነት እቲ ፀብፃብ እውን ካብ ትካላት ጥዕና ዝተልኣኸ ወርሓዊ ኣብ ወረዳ ምስ ዘሎ ፀብፃብ ብምንፅፃር ንኽረጋግፅ ተገይሩ እዩ፡፡ እቲ ካልኣይ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ወረዳ ሰሓርቲ ሳምረ ካብ 19 ጣብያታት ካብ ዝተመረፃ 30 ቑሸታት ዕድሚአን ካብ 15-49 ዓመት ምስ ዝኾና 1115 ደቂኣንስትዮ ኣስታት 30 ደቓይቕ ዝወደአ ቃለ መሕትት ብምኽያድ እዩ ዳህሰሳ ተኻይዱ፡፡ ኣብ ወሊድ ግልጋሎት ዘሎ ልምድን ተሞክሮን ንምድህሳስ 51 ኣዴታት ዝተሳተፋሉ ሽዱሽተ ጉጅላዊ ምይይጥ በቲ ሳልሳይ መፅናዕቲ ምርምር ዝተፈፀመ እንትኾን ምስ ሸሞንተ ሞያተኛታት ጥሙር ጥዕናን ኣርባዕተ ነርስ መዋልዳንን ቃለ መሕትት ብምኽያድ እቲ 4ይ ምርምር/መፅናዕቲ ተፈፂሙ እዩ፡፡ ውፅኢት ቀዳማይ መፅናዕታዊ ፅሑፍ ኣብዚ ቐዳማይ መፅናዕቲ እቶም ዝተአከቡ መረዳእታት ኣብ ሰለስተ ደረጃታት - ቅድመ ፕሮግራም-ፕሮግራም-ድሕረ ፕሮግራም ብዝብል ዝተመቐሉ እዮም፡፡ እቲ ቐንዲ ዕላማ ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና ድሕሪ ምጅማር ዝተራእየ ለውጢ ንምፍታሽ እዩ፡፡ ኣብ ድሕሪ እቲ ፕሮግራም ካብ 2001-2004 ዓ/ም ብዝተኻየዱ ንጥፈታት ጥዕና ግልጋሎት ወሊድን ድሕረ ወሊድን ኣብ ኩለን ትካላት ጥዕና ካብ ዓመት ናብ ዓመት ልዑል ኣዝማሚያ እናርኣየ ከምዝኸደ ብስታቲስቲካዊ መረዳእታ ንምርግጋፅ ተኻኢሉ እዩ፡፡ ብተመሳሳሊ ኣብዚ ወቕቲ እዚ ኣዝማሚያ ግልጋሎት ክንክን ጥንሲ ኣብ ጥዕና ጣቢያታት ጥራሕ እናለዓለ ከምዝኸደ ውፅኢት እቲ መፅናዕቲ የረድእ፡፡ እቲ መፅናዕቲ ከም ዘረድኦ ሽፋን ክንክን ጥንሲ ብ1995 ካብ ዝነበሮ 28.2% ብ2004 ናብ 46.7 ክምዝለዓለ፤ ግልጋሎት ወሊድ ብ1995 ካብ ዝነበሮ 5% ዝነበረ ናብ 23% ከምዝደየበ ድሕረ ወሊድ ግልጋሎት እውን 11% ዝነበረ ናብ 41% ከምዝለዓለ ንምርዳእ ተኻኢሉ ኣሎ፡፡ ውፅኢት ካልኣይ መፅናዕታዊ ፅሑፍ ኣዴታት ግልጋሎት ክንክን ጥንሲ ኣብ ጥዕና ጣቢያ ንኽጥቀማ ቅርበት ትካላት ጥዕና ንመንበሪ ገዛውቲ፣ ሓዳር ምግባር፣ ልዕሊ 5 ዓመት ስሩዕ ትምህርቲ ምምሃርን ካብ ሕርሻ ወፃኢ ኣብ ካልእ ስራሕቲ ዝተዋፈሩ ሰብ ሓዳር ምህላው ወሰንቲ ኣካላት ምዃኖም በቲ ዝተገብረ ካልኣይ መፅናዕቲ ተረጋጊፁ፡፡ ብተመሳሳሊ ኣብ እዋን ክንክን ጥንሲ ንኣዴታት ምኽሪ ግልጋሎት ምሃብ ቅድመ ታሪኽ ዝንጉዕ ሕርሲ ወይ ሃልኪ ምንባር እውን ኣብ ትካላት ጥዕና ወሊድ ግልጋሎት ንኽመሓየሽ ወሰንቲ ኩነታት ከምዝኾኑ በቲ መፅናዕቲ ተረጋጊፁ፡፡ ብሓፈሻ ፕሮግራም ምግፋሕ ጥሙር ጥዕና ቤተሰብ (HEP) ቀረብ ግልጋሎት ጥዕናን ሽፋን ክንክን ጥንሲ ወሊድን ድሕረ ወሊድ ግልጋሎትን ኣብ ምምሕያሽ ዝተፃወቶ ተራ ትርጉም ዘለዎ ምዃኑ በቲ ዝገበርናዮ መፅናዕቲ ንምርዳእ ተኻኢሉ ኣሎ፡፡ እንተኾነ ግን ባህላዊን ልማዳዊን ኩነታት (ኣብ ገዛ ክትወልድ ምድላይ- ነፍሰፁር ዓይኒሰብ ከይረኽባ ኢልካ ምእማን) - ተበቲኖም ዝሰፈሩ ነበርቲ ምህላው - ኣፀገምቲን ዓቐብ ቁልቁልን ጎቦታትን ዝበዝሖም መንገድታትን እኹል መጉዓዝያ ዘይምህላውን ቀንዲ ሃልኪታትን ዕንቅፋታትን እቲ ዝወሃብ ግልጋሎት ምዃኖም ኣብዚ መፅናዕቲ ተገሊፁ እዩ፡፡ ብተወሳኺ ኣብ ላዕለዎት ትካላት ጥዕና ዘይብሩህ ገፅን ሰሓባይ ኣቀራርባ ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕና ዘይምህላውን ተቐባልነት ዘይብሎም ባህሪያት ምንፅብራቕን ነቲ ግልጋሎት ዝዓዘዘ ዕንቅፋት ከምዘለዎ በቲ መፅናዕቲ ንምርዳእ ተኻኢሉ እዩ፡፡ ማይን መብራህትን ዝኣመሰሉ ትሕቲ ቕርፂ ኣብ ኬላታት ጥዕና ዘይምህላዉ ኣዴታት ኣብ ቀረበአን ዘሎ ትካል ጥዕና ንኽወልዳ ዘየተባብዕ ከምዝኾነ እውን ተሓቢሩ እዩ፡፡ ውፅኢት ሳልሳይን ራብዓይን መፅናዕታዊ ፅሑፍ ኣብ ሳልሳይ መፅናዕቲ ምስ ኣዴታት ብዝተገበረ ምይይጥ - ኣደ እትወልደሉ ቦታ ባዕላ ንኽትውስን ከምእነሓጎታት ዝመሰላ ዕድመ ዝደፍኣ ኣዴታትን ፀቕጢ (ተፅእኖ) ከምዝግበረላ እቶም መፅናዕቲታት ይሕብሩ፡፡ ዋላ አኳ ኣብ ትካል ጥዕና ብዛዕባ ምውላድ ኣዎንታዊ ኣረኣእያ ኣዴታት ዝዓዘዘ እንተኾነ ብዛዕባ ድኹም ኣዋህባ አገልግሎት ጥዕና ኣዝዩ ከምዘተሓሳስበን እቲ መፅናዕቲ ይገልፅ፡፡ ትካል ጥዕና ናብ መንበሪ ኣዴታት ዘለዎ ርሕቐትን መጓዓዓዚ ዘይምርካብ ዝኣመሰሉ ፀገማት ከምዘገድስወን እውን እቲ መፅናዕቲ ይሕብር፡፡ ኣብቲ ራብዓይ መፅናዕቲ ብወገን ሞያተኛታት ጥሙር ጥዕናን ነርስ መዋልዳንን ብዝተገበረ ምይይጥ - ኣብ ሆስፒታል ዝዋሃቡ ዝሐሹ ግልጋሎት ኣዴታት ካብ ታሕተዋይ ትካል ጥዕና ናብ ሆስፒታላት ሪፈር እንትበሃላ ኣብ ምጉዕዓዝ ብሕብረተሰብ ዝግበር ምትሕግጋዝ ከምኡ እውን እናዓበየ ዝኸይድ ዘሎ ግንዛበ ሕብረተሰብ ኣዴታት ኣብ ትካል ጥዕና ንኽወልዳ መሳለጢ ከምዝኾነ እቲ ፅንዓት የረድእ፡፡ ዓቕሚ ምንኣስ ሞያተኛታት ጥሙር ሞያተኛታት ጥሙር ጥዕናን ነርስ መዋልዳንን - ድኹም ኩነታት ትካል ጥዕናን (ሕፅረት ናውቲ ጥዕና ምህላዉ - ትሕቲ ቅርፂ ዘይምምላእ) ፀገም መጉዓዝያን እውን ኣዴታት ኣብ ትካል ጥዕና ንኸይወልዳ ዕንቅፋታት ከምዝኾነ እቲ ፅንዓት የመላኽት፡፡ መጠቓለሊ እቶም ዝተጠቐሱ ዕንቅፋታትን ፀገማትን ብምንካይ ቀረብ ወሊድ ግልጋሎት ጥዕና ንምዕባይ እዞም ዝስዕቡ ፃዕሪታት ምክያድ ይግባእ፡፡ ኣብ ጎቦታትን ኣዝዩ ርሑቕን ኣፀገምትን ዝሰፈረ ሕብረተሰብ ካብቲ ልሙድ ዝተፈለየ ቀረብ ግልጋሎት ጥዕና ምሃብ (ንኣብነት ካብ ጥዕና ጣቢያ ኣዝየን ዝርሕቓ ኬላታት ጥዕና ክእለት ዘለወን ነርስ መዋልዳን (midwives) ምምዳብ - ኣደ ማእኸል ዝገበረ ግልጋሎት ንኽወሃብ ሰብ ሞያ ጥዕና ብዓቕሚ ንኽዓብዩ ምግባርን ነቶም ሓሙሽተ መዐቀኒታት ቀረብ ግልጋሎት ብምምላእ ኣብቲ ሕብረተሰብ ተቐባልነት እቲ ግልጋሎት ክዓቢ ምግባርን፡፡
26
Mitchell, Rafael. "An ethnographic case study of the agendas, participation and influence of stakeholders at an urban government primary school in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39570.
Full textAbstract:
This study provides an account of the agendas, participation and influence of management, teachers, students and parents at a primary school in Tigray, Ethiopia. A literature review revealed gaps in the knowledge of these stakeholders’ involvement in school leadership structures in the current national policy context. A broader review of the major traditions of school research informed the design of this ethnographic case study. Fieldwork at ‘Ketema School’ took place over an eight-month period in 2014, and involved participant observation, informant-led interviews, and the collection of institutional documents. Data collection focused on the meetings of various bodies, and the activities of a single class in Grade 6 and 7. Inductive analysis of the case data was supported by Atlas.ti. The study reveals a convergence of understandings about the purposes and processes of the school consistent with the state-authorised model of schooling for national development. Structures and processes of surveillance and control incentivise and normalise compliance with government directives. These include positions of distributed leadership and mechanisms of mutual surveillance and internal accountability through which teachers and students share responsibility for supervising peers and colleagues. For example, the student leaders of the ‘one-to-five’ networks perform an academic support and behavioural control function in relation to their peers; and gim gima is a practice of public critique used for exposing misconduct. Meetings and other participative spaces enable members of the school community to share their views on conditions in school according to their interests and priorities; however, these forums are dominated by management agendas, and school-level decisions are restricted by a strong external policy context. This study extends knowledge of school leadership practices in Ethiopia and informs wider debates around community participation, accountability and school autonomy in developing countries. Recommendations are made for sharing and strengthening democratic practices and for future research.
27
Lemma, Hailemariam. "Improving efficiency, access to and quality of the rural health extension programme in Tigray, Ethiopia : the case of malaria diagnosis and treatment." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-54250.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Ensuring universal access to primary health care (PHC) is a key component of the Ethiopian nationalhealth policy. The policy also emphasises promoting and enhancing national self-reliance in health development bymobilizing and efficiently utilizing resources including community participation. To this end, the government introducedthe accelerated expansion of the PHC strategy through a comprehensive health extension programme (HEP). HEP is afamily and community-based health care delivery system institutionalised at health post level which combines carefullyselected high impact promotive, preventive and basic curative interventions. All HEP interventions are promotive and preventive except the malaria intervention which, in addition, incorporates a curative service. In the country, malaria is a leading disease. Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries where P. falciparum accounts for almost all malaria infections, in Ethiopia both P. falciparum and P. vivax are co-dominant. Considering this peculiar epidemiological nature, the national guideline recommends alternative diagnosis and treatment strategies. Rationale: The lack of adequate resources and the efficiency with which available resources are being utilised are the main challenges in any health care setting. Therefore, if the HEP which consumes consideral amount of resource desires to reach its intended goal, monitoring and improving its efficiency is of great public heath importance. HEP has been successful in improving access to PHC including the malaria diagnosis and treatment service. Though this is a crucial measure, its quality ought to be considered. For the malaria curative service, studying the cost-effectiveness of the available strategy and patients’ adherence to the treatment regimen can be considered as proxy measures of quality for which local evidence is lacking. However, none of the existing studies in this field of research has addressed the Ethiopian malaria epidemiological context and its diagnosis and treatment guideline. In Tigray, for more than two decades, access to malaria early diagnosis and prompt treatment was facilitated by volunteer community healthworkers (CHWs). However, with the introduction of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) the service was compromised mainly for reasons of cost, safety and logistic. Therefore, it was important to explore the feasibility and the impact of community deployment of AL with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The aim: to explore the overall performance of HEP and particularly the access to and quality of malaria early diagnosis and prompt treatment in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Methods: Different study designs and populations were used for each of the four specific objectives. Data envelop analysis (DEA) was applied to assess the HEP efficiency. For this, register data for the output variables and primary data for the input and the environmental factors were collected. A health provider perspective cost-effectiveness analysis was used to determine which among the currently available diagnostic and treatment strategies is best for the country. Effectiveness data were generated from a stratified cross-sectional survey and secondary data were used to calculate the cost. For measuring adherence to the six-dose AL regimen, an assessment questionnaire and pill count was employed at patients´ home. To determine whether deploying AL with RDT at community level was feasible and effective, a number of designs were used: longitudinal follow-up, cross-sectional surveys, cost analysis, verbal autopsyquestionnaires and focal group discussions. Main findings: More than three-quarters of the health posts were found to be technically inefficient with an average score of 42%, which implies potentially they could improve their efficiency by 58%. Scale of operation was not a cause of inefficiency. None of the considered environmental factors was associated with efficiency. The Parascreen-based strategy (multispecies RDT-BS) was found to be the most cost-effective strategy, which allowed treating correctly an additional 65% of patients with less cost than the paracheck-BS. Presumptive-BS was highly dominated. Among P.falciparum positive patients to whom AL was prescribed, more than a quarter did not finish their treatment. The main reasons for interrupting the dose were ‘too many tablets’ and ‘felt better before finishing the dose’. The ownership of aradio, the belief that malaria cannot be treated traditionally and a delay of more than one day in seeking treatment after the onset of fever were significantly associated with being adherent. Deploying AL with RDT at community level was demonstrated to be effective and feasible. In the intervention district, almost 60% of suspected cases were managed by CHWs. Malaria transmission was lower at least threefold and malaria mortality risk by around 40% compared to the control district. The use of RDTs reduced cost and possibly the risk of drug resistance development. Conclusion: Though improving access to health care is important, it should be considered a means, not an end. Themore accessible a system is the more people could utilise it to improve their health. Thus, ensuring the access obtainedthrough HEP is maintained, its quality is improved and efficiently utilised to its optimal productivity level is a necessarytask. The DEA study revealed a high level of inefficiency where majority of the health posts needed improvement.This thesis also found parascreen-BS to be the most cost-effective strategy and that there is no epidemiological andeconomical contextual justification to keep both, the presumptive-BS and the RDT-BS specific only to P.falciparum.The high poor adherence levels raises great concern as it leads to recurrent malaria attacks of the patient, speed upthe development and spread of drug resistance strains and reduces the effect of the drug on the transmission. Therefore,providing effective drug alone is not sufficient; assessing and monitoring adherence to the treatment is by faressential. Deployment of AL with RDT through a community-based service has shown an enormous impact in termsof cost, transmission, morbidity and mortality. However, it is worth noting that this results came from an area wherea community-based service has been involved in the PHC system for more than three decades.
28
Blom, Sofie Clara. "The integration of school garden activities, the classroom and the feeding scheme : a case study of two primary schools in Tigray, North Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86348.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil) Stellenbosch University, 2014ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an increasingly complex world where food security remains a challenge in many areas and especially Africa; it is essential to educate children about food – from production to consumption; and to ensure they eat enough as this is a crucial factor for concentration and learning abilities. How can we teach children about food in a sustainable way? This study focuses on schools in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, which have a school feeding programme, school garden and nutrition curriculum. The question studied is: To what extent do two primary schools in central- and east Tigray (North Ethiopia) integrate the feeding scheme, school garden and nutrition curriculum? The methodology chosen is a case study and the empirical data was collected through interviews, surveys and observations. Principals of 14 schools were interviewed about the school gardens, curricula and school gardens. Two schools were then selected for a further in-depth research. The school gardens, mostly initiated by the staff, serve the purpose of creating income for the school and teaching students the skills of gardening. The curriculum is standard for Tigray and focuses on different food types and creating a balanced diet. The school food in most schools is provided by the World Food Programme (WFP), but some exceptions exist. This research shows that integration between the three objectives will be beneficial. Obstacles include getting the staff ‘on board’ as a priority and controlling the unification of the three, for example schools feel that they have less ownership over the feeding scheme because it is organised by an external NGO. This study suggests stakeholders view school gardens, nutrition education and school feeding schemes under one umbrella for the ultimate benefit of creating a sustainable model to teach about food. The case study provides an insight to the specific challenges in Tigray, Ethiopia but important conclusions can also be generalised.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ’n toenemend komplekse wêreld waar voedsel sekuriteit in baie gebiede, veral in Afrika ’n uitdaging bly, is dit baie belangrik om kinders oor voedsel op te voed - vanaf produksie tot by die verbruik daarvan, en ook om seker te maak dat hulle genoeg eet, wat baie belangrik is vir konsentrasie en die vermoë om te leer. Hoe kan ons kinders op ’n volhoubare manier leer oor voeding? Hierdie studie fokus op twee skole in Tigray, in Ethiopië wat skoolvoedingskemas, skooltuine en voedingkurrikula het. Die vraag wat gevra is, is: Tot watter mate integreer hierdie twee skole in Tigray die voedingskemas, die skooltuine en die voedingkurrikula? Die gekose metodologie is ’n gevallestudie. Empiriese data is ook deur middel van onderhoude, oorsigte en observasies versamel. Onderhoude oor skooltuine, voedingskemas en die kurrikula is gevoer met die skoolhoofde van 14 skole. Twee skole is toe gekies vir in-diepte navorsing. Die skooltuine bring geld in vir die skool en word ook gebruik om vir die leerling tuinmaakvaardighede aan te leer. Die kurrikulum is standaard vir die hele Tigray en word deur die Wêreld Voedsel Program verskaf. Daar is egter ’n paar uitsonderings. In hierdie navorsing is daar bewys dat die integrasie van die skooltuin, die voedingskema en die kurrikula, goeie gevolge kan hê. Dit is egter belangrik dat die skool personeel moet saamwerk en dat die vereniging van die drie beheer moet word. Skole voel bv. Tans dat hulle nie eienaarskap oor die voedingskema het nie, want dit word deur eksterne NROs beheer. Hierdie navorser stel voor dat die skooltuine, skoolvoedingskema en die voedingkurrikulum onder een sambreel beskou moet word met die doel om ’n volhoudbare model vir die onderrig van voeding te skep. Die gevallestudie verskaf insig in die spesifieke uitdagings in Tigray, Ethiopië, maar belangrike slotsomme kan ook veralgemeen word.
29
Josefsson, Per. "Mänskliga tigrar : En preferensutilitaristisk diskussion kring hantering av psykopater." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103731.
Full textAbstract:
Uppsatsen ämnar utröna huruvida rimligen farliga amoralister kan hanteras kollektivt på ett sätt som är etiskt riktigt. Gruppen rimligen farliga amoralister ges beteckningen "mänskliga tigrar". Diskussionen fokuseras på undergruppen psykopatiska mänskliga tigrar, där psykopati definieras av PCL-R. En eventuell kollektiv hantering av denna undergrupp diskuteras utifrån Peter Singers preferensutilitarism. Slutsatsen nås att en kollektiv hantering, för oskadliggörande, av gruppen psykopatiska mänskliga tigrar, är etiskt riktig. Detta motiveras genom hänvisning till faktiska, relevanta särdrag som delas inom gruppen. Denna kollektiva hantering, för att vara preferensmaximerande, måste vara mildast möjlig gentemot de psykopatiska mänskliga tigrarna, samtidigt som den måste uppfylla det stränga krav som ställs var det gäller effektivt oskadliggörande. Utifrån dessa krav leder diskussionen till slutsatsen att den etiskt riktiga kollektiva hanteringen är institutionalisering; en specialiserad form av internering anpassad för just den aktuella gruppen.
30
Krejčí, Václava. "Giacomo Puccini - Opera Edgar- studie interpretačních problémů role Tigramy." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze. Hudební fakulta AMU. Knihovna, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79446.
Full textAbstract:
In my master Thesis I decided to deal with the first full-lenght opera from Giacomo Puccini Edgar, with the auxiliary view of the lead role Tigrana. In the first part of my work I´m describing the rise of verism and it´s top personators with the inclusion of their fundamental work. Then I consider about the childhood and music starts of Giacomo Puccini. In the next chapter I follow the first Puccini´s opera Le Villi. I mention here the factors, the storyline and the interpretation problems of this opera. After this, my work is only about the opera Edgar. I describe the storyline and the factors of it´s creation, I also compare opera Edgar with the other veristic operas. At the end of my work I describe my professional experience with the role of Tigrana and the introduction of this opera in the Theatre F.X.Šalda in Liberec.
31
Viviers, Marlize Z. "Die karakterisering van die reukmerkvloeistof van die Bengaalse tier, Panthera Tigris Tigris." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1576.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Although the Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, appears on the IUCN Red Data List for endangered animals, very little information is available in the literature on the components of this animal's marking fluid. Scent marking is the main form of communication in all cat species. In some species, including the Bengal tiger, the liquid used for spraying is not pure urine, but is mixed with scent gland secretions. The objective of this study was to characterise the volatile components in the marking fluid of the Bengal tiger to achieve a better understanding of the semiochemical communication of this animal. The marking fluid of the tiger was characterised through the use of analytical techniques, such as gaschromatography, low resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and retention time comparison. Homologous series of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, methyl ketones, carboxylic acids, γ- and δ-lactones, amides and lactams, as well as esters and nitrogen containing compounds, were identified. Of these identified compounds the unbranched alkanes, saturated alcohols, aldehydes, branched methyl ketones, saturated carboxylic acids and γ- and δ- lactones are commonly found in mammalian secretions. Compounds that aren't as common in their secretions are the methyl ketones, branched carboxylic acids, dimethyl esters of dicarboxylic acids and amides. The marking fluid contains a phthalic acid ester. Phthalic acid esters are used in the polymer industry and are nowadays found almost everywhere in nature. It is known that these pollutants have endocrine disrupting properties. The heat, humidity and wet conditions that are characteristic of the Bengal tiger's natural habitat makes it necessary for the tiger to make use of a fixative to prolong the life of the semiochemical message. The compounds and the concentrations in which these compounds are present in the urine and the lipid fraction of the marking fluid of the tiger was determined and compared to assess the fixative role of the lipids. This study has provided evidence that the lipid material has a greater affinity for the volatile organic constituents of the marking fluid and that it can therefore extend the lifetime of a semiochemical message left by the tiger.
32
Singh, S. K. (Sujeet Kumar). "Conservation genetics of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in India." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215662.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tigers are endangered in the wild and face increasing threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. The majority of their range occurs in the Indian subcontinent, which is therefore a critical area for tiger conservation. Bengal tigers are distributed across many small protected areas in India. Two important Bengal tiger landscapes — Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) and Sundarbans in India were lacking in basic genetic information and needed to address the impact of anthropogenic pressure and climate change on their genetic makeup in order to identify conservation units. Therefore, I employed nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers on TAL and Sundarbans tiger individuals to respond these demands for the first time. Thirty-nine heterologous microsatellite loci were screened on Bengal tigers and thirteen of these loci were selected to genotype Bengal tiger samples from western TAL (WTAL) and Sundarbans. After I had genotyped seventy-one Bengal tiger individuals from WTAL, I found cryptic population genetic structure, moderate gene flow and asymmetric migration among the subpopulation. Genetic diversity was moderate and there were no signs of population bottlenecks. In order to maintain the connectivity of subpopulations and avoid human—wildlife conflict, relocation of villages is necessary. Preventive measures against habitat encroachment and a ban on sand and boulder mining in the corridor area should also be implemented. Noninvasively-collected tiger samples from Sundarbans were analyzed for mitochondrial and microsatellite markers and compared with mainland (northern and peninsular) Bengal tiger populations in India. Sundarbans tigers were found to be genetically distinct and had lower genetic variation in comparison to other mainland tiger populations. Demographic analysis indicated recent historical isolation (600—2000 years ago) of the Sundarbans tiger from the mainland. Both historical and genetic evidence supported that the Sundarbans tiger was genetically connected to other mainland tigers until recently. Conclusively, genetic isolation from the mainland tiger population and adaptation to the mangrove ecosystem might have jointly shaped the genetic architecture of the Sundarbans tiger. Hence, the Sundarbans tiger needs special conservation attention for the preservation of its unique ability to adapt and for its genetic individuality. It should be managed as an evolutionary significant unit (ESU) under the adaptive evolutionary conservation (AEC) criteria. I also addressed a problem in the previously suggested sex-specific gene flow estimation method and recommended an alternative approach for a more precise estimationTiivistelmä Tiikeri on nykyisin uhanalainen lajin elinympäristön supistumisen ja pilkkoutumisen vuoksi. Lajin tärkein esiintymisalue on Intian niemimaalla, joka on siten kriittisen tärkeä alue tiikerin suojelun kannalta. Intiantiikereitä esiintyy useilla pienillä suojelualueilla Intiassa. Kaksi tärkeää tiikerin esiintymisaluetta Intiassa ovat Terain kaaren (TAL) alue luoteis-Intiassa sekä Sundarbansin mangrovealue Bangladeshin rajalla. Näiden alueiden tiikereistä ei ole ollut olemassa geneettistä perustietoutta, jota tarvitaan, kun arvioidaan ihmisen toiminnan ja ilmastonmuutoksen aiheuttamia muutoksia tiikeripopulaatioiden geneettisessä koostumuksessa sekä kun määritellään lajin suojelun kannalta merkittäviä luonnonsuojeluyksikköjä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa tutkittiin Terain kaaren ja Sundarbansin alueen tiikereiden geneettistä monimuotoisuutta ja rakennetta sekä tuman että mitokondrion geenimerkkien avulla. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kolmenkymmenyhdeksän tuman geenimerkin (mikrosatelliitin) soveltuvuutta intiantiikerin geneettisiin tutkimuksiin, ja näistä valittiin kolmetoista käytettäväksi läntisen Terain kaaren ja Sundarbansin alueiden tiikereiden geneettisiin tutkimuksiin. Terain kaaren alueelta tutkittiin seitsemänkymmenentäyksi intiantiikerinäytettä. Tulosten perusteella alueella on aikaisemmin havaitsematonta kryptistä populaatiorakennetta. Geenivirtaa eri alapopulaatioiden välillä oli kohtuullisen paljon, mutta se oli epäsymmetristä. Tiikereiden geneettinen monimuotoisuus oli melko suurta eikä geneettisillä menetelmillä havaittu eri alapopulaatioissa merkkejä populaation koon pullonkauloista. Jotta alapopulaatioiden välinen yhdistyneisyys säilyisi jatkossa, joidenkin kylien siirto toisaalle on välttämätöntä. Ihmisten luvaton levittäytyminen tiikerin elinalueita yhdistävillä käytävillä täytyisi saada hallintaan sekä kieltää hiekanotto ja kivenlouhinta. Sundarbansin alueelta ei-invasiivisesti kerätyt tiikerinäytteet tutkittiin sekä tuman että mitokondrion merkkigeenillä ja alueen tiikereiden geneettistä koostumusta verrattiin manner-Intian tiikeripopulaatioiden koostumukseen. Sundarbansin tiikereiden todettiin poikkeavan geneettisesti manneralueen tiikeripopulaatioista ja niiden geneettinen monimuotoisuus oli alhaisempaa kuin manneralueella. Koalesenssisimulaatiohin perustava demografinen analyysi viittasi Sundarbansin tiikereiden suhteellisen viimeaikaiseen (600—2000 vuotta sitten) erkanemiseen manneralueen tiikereistä. Sekä historialliset että geneettiset todisteet tukivat teoriaa, jonka mukaan Sundarbansin tiikereillä olisi ollut yhteyksiä mannermaan tiikereihin aivan viime aikoihin asti. Geneettinen isolaatio mannermaan tiikereistä ja adaptaatio mangrove-ekosysteemiin ovat yhdessä muovanneet Sundarbansin tiikereiden geneettistä arkkitehtuuria. Tämän vuoksi Sundarbansin tiikerit vaativat erityistä suojelua, jotta niiden geneettinen ainutlaatuisuus ja kyky sopeutua erityisolosuhteisiin säilyisivät myös tulevaisuudessa. Populaatiota täytyy hoitaa evolutiivisesti merkittävänä yksikkönä (evolutionary significant unit; ESU) adaptiivisen evolutiivisen suojelun (adaptive evolutionary conservation; AEC) kriteeristön mukaisesti. Tutkimuksessa kiinnitettiin huomiota myös ongelmiin, joita saattoi ilmetä aikaisemmin ehdotetuissa menetelmissä eri sukupuolten kautta kulkevan geenivirran määrän arvioimiseksi ja ehdotettiin vaihtoehtoista menetelmää tarkempien arvioiden saamiseksi
33
Nath, Latika. "Conservation management of the tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, in Bandhavgarh National Park, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365364.
Full text
34
Pettersson, Lisa-Maria. "100 tigrar i djungeln : En studie om Posttraumatisk stressyndrom hos barn." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4936.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This essay will present actual research around the concept of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder, how it can reveal itself in school children and how it can influence young people’s learning ability and capacity to retain knowledge. The purpose is, above all, to clearly diagnose PTSD so that children with this complex of problems can receive good possibilities in learning and understanding. The question at hand is responded to by interviewees with an expertise on the subject and one “story”, collectively with literary studies. The results illustrate that there can be neurological and biological, as well as social explanations for PTSD but it is seldom a permanent diagnosis. It is though something to take very seriously. PTSD can lead to severe psychobiological consequences, mostly by causing damage in one particular part of the brain, known as hippocampus. The hippocampus is essential in terms of memory and concentration. Other negative effects caused by PTSD might be a disturbed cognition, difficulties in the ability to store information or a deterioration of language. All of these consequences affect the child’s ability to learn in a negative way. The essay demonstrates how educators can simplify a PTSD diagnosed child’s difficulties and how school time can be adjusted to fit their needs. The importance of educator’s getting deep knowledge of the diagnosis is emphasized. Children with this diagnosis need an individual designed study plan and one must take much consideration with the learning difficulty that hinder these young people.
35
Klippert, Isabelle, and Camilla Otterdahl. "Pedagogers bemötande av tigare och talare." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Teacher Education (LUT), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1710.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med studien är att visa på ett vidare perspektiv över hur pedagoger talar om bemötandet av de två kategorierna tigare och talare, samt hur pedagoger talar om användandet av gruppindelningar med hänsyn till tigare och talare. Vår studie tar sin utgångspunkt i socialkonstruktivistisk teori, och vi intresserar oss för hur pedagoger upplever tigare och talare i sociala interaktioner i klassrummet. Studien är inspirerad av diskursanalys med inriktning mot diskurspsykologi. Empirinsamlingen gjordes med en kvalitativ metod. Sex pedagoger intervjuades utifrån två olika intervjuguider.
Intervjusvaren visade att pedagogerna huvudsakligen strävade efter att få tigarna att bli talare. Pedagogerna ansåg att det finns två olika slags talare, varav den ena upplevdes som mer problematisk av pedagogerna. Pedagogerna menade att dessa elever måste styras upp på ett eller annat sätt. Den andra varianten av talare sågs som positiv på grund av att den skapar dynamik i klassrummet. Samtliga pedagogers åsikt var att tigarna kan göra sin röst hörd när de befinner sig i mindre grupper. Därmed funderade de inte nämnvärt över kategorierna tigare och talare vid gruppindelning.
Vår undersökning har visat på att det är en utmaning för pedagogen att få tigande och talande elever aktiva och engagerade i undervisningen.
36
Nagapetyan, Tigran [Verfasser], and Oleg [Akademischer Betreuer] Iliev. "Efficient algorithms for asymmetric flow field flow fractionation / Tigran Nagapetyan. Betreuer: Oleg Iliev." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052020356/34.
Full text
37
Malla-Mohammed, Nofa. "Verkligheten stöpt i en litteraturform : Självbiografi, självframställning och metafiktion i Myggor och tigrar." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35132.
Full textAbstract:
I denna uppsats har en undersökning av boken Myggor och tigrar gjorts där dels vad som är utmärkande för en självbiografi och ett självporträtt jämfört med andra typer av genrer, dels vad metafiktion är, belysts. Myggor och tigrar har drag av självbiografi, men även fiktion – i denna uppsats benämnd som självporträtt. Ytterligare en sak som har undersökts är hur författaren, Maja Lundgren, gång på gång kommenterar Myggor och tigrar, med avseende på genre. De självbiografiska avsnitten i Myggor och tigrar har gått att verifiera, likaså har de självporträtterande aspekterna utforskats. Det senare i form av exempelvis fokalisering som legat utanför författaren tillika berättaren Lundgrens synfält samt att Lundgren säger sig höra röster. Vad gäller de metafiktiva dragen i Myggor och tigrar har Lundgren genom kommentarer i texten gett dubbeltydiga besked om huruvida Myggor och tigrar ska betraktas som självbiografi eller roman. Hon använder även termen ”dokumentärroman” som innebär att Myggor och tigrar är delvis fabulerad och till viss del överensstämmande med verkligheten – en korsning mellan fiktion och fakta, där bägge gör sig gällande.
38
Lee, Pearl. "The regulation of TIGAR." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7026/.
Full textAbstract:
TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) functions to promote antioxidant defence, with a loss of TIGAR associated with a defect in a cell’s ability to control reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant oxidative damage. TIGAR can function as a fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, lowering the levels of fructose-2,6- bisphosphate, which is an activator of phosphofructokinase-1. As a consequence, TIGAR activity results in a dampening of the glycolytic pathway and, by enhancing the pentose phosphate pathway, increases cellular antioxidant capacity by promoting the generation of NADPH and GSH. Although TIGAR is clearly a transcriptional target of the tumour suppressor p53 in human cells, the activation of TIGAR expression in mouse cells in vitro and in a mouse model of intestinal regeneration was not dependent on p53 or its family member TAp73. However, TIGAR expression was strongly induced in the mouse intestine during proliferation following damage or APC loss, suggesting a role for the Wnt signalling pathway. The increase in TIGAR expression seen in response to APC loss was lost after simultaneous deletion of c-Myc, suggesting that TIGAR responds to c-Myc activation downstream of the Wnt signalling pathway. While TIGAR may be a direct Myc target, Myc was shown to induce ROS, which were also found to regulate the expression of TIGAR. In order to further understand the function of TIGAR, a TIGAR-deficient mouse was generated and TIGAR was found to play a role in supporting intestinal regeneration by lowering oxidative stress in the small intestinal crypts following tissue damage by irradiation or cisplatin treatment. Moreover, TIGAR-null mice showed decreased tumour development in a model of intestinal adenoma. In particular, it was found that TIGAR acts to lower the damaging pool of ROS during oxidative stress. Through this, TIGAR can function to promote tumourigenesis and elevated TIGAR expression has been observed in various cancer types, independently of p53 status. This suggests that a deregulated expression of TIGAR may play a role in supporting rather than inhibiting cancer development. This study reveals p53-independent mechanisms by which TIGAR is regulated and how TIGAR can contribute to promote cell growth and tumourigenesis.
39
Ali, Ammar Adel. "Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25995.
Full textAbstract:
Tigris and Euphrates rivers represent the artery of life in Iraq. Tigris River rises from Turkey and flows toward the southeast to enter Iraq. It drains a catchment area of 473 100 km² of which about 58% lies in Iraq. In this study the reach, about 50 km long, of the river inside Baghdad was been studied. It starts at Al-Muthana Bridge and ends at Tigris-Diyala River confluence. Generally, the river reach is part of an alluvial plain, single channel and meandering. The bed material of the river is composed mainly of fine sand and small portion of silt and clay. Other significant features of the reach are the growing islands and bank depositions. Recently water resources of Iraq are negatively affected by climatic changes and the huge water projects in the riparian countries. As a result, the flow of Tigris River at Baghdad city has significantly decreased where the average monthly flow is 520 m³/s for the period 2000-2012 which represents about 50% reduction compared to previous periods. The estimated trend for the average monthly discharges is a reduction of 5.4 % during the last 23 years. Low flow and low water levels have enhanced the water to erode the banks below its protected part. This might affect the future stability of the banks. The drop of the river discharge together with debris from the last wars in 1991 and 2003 enhanced the growing of islands in the river. In this research, changes in the morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad are to be investigated and the causes will be highlighted in order to take the right measures to restore the river system. This is a first step toward studying the hydrological characteristics of the reach. One-dimensional gradually varied flow model, using HEC-RAS, was applied to examine the flood capacity and the possibilities of inundation of the banks. The geometry of the river was represented by the findings from the river survey of 2008. Additional data about the locations and dimensions of the bridges were supplied to the model. The average monthly discharge at Sarai Baghdad for the years 2000-2012 was assumed as the base flow. A range of different scenarios were examined by increasing the discharges in order to determine the critical discharge that may cause inundation. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting the Manning’s roughness coefficient for an observed water surface profile along the lowest part of the reach. The associated error with the computed water surface profiles was in order 0.026m. Additional water level observations at Sarai Baghdad were used for verification purposes. It was found that the discharges higher than 2700 m3/s could cause partial inundation in some areas in the northern part of the reach and these areas extend to approximately 9 km for discharges greater than 3500 m3/s. The southern part of the reach is still safe from inundation for discharges below 3500 m3/s. The slope of water surface profile varies from 6.03 to 10 cm/km for discharges between 400 and 4000 m3/s respectively. In this study, a field survey was conducted between May, 2012 and January, 2013. It involved the installation of 25 bench marks, surveying the upper river banks (from the crest of the stony protection to the water surface) and 250 cross sections. Three kinds of samples were collected at this stage work: (i) river bed material, (ii) suspended load samples and (iii) bed loads samples. Hydraulic measurements were conducted and included water surface elevations, water depths at sampling points, water discharges and transversal velocities. Water temperature and other environmental measurements were also conducted. Particle size distribution, specific gravity and concentration of suspended sediment were executed in the laboratory for the collected samples.Godkänd; 2013; 20130514 (ammali); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-22 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Ammar Adel Ali Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Uppsats: Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City Examinator: Professor Sven Knutsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr. PhD Govand H. M. Sherwani, G. D. of Scholarships, Ministry of Higher Education – KRG, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Tid: Tisdag den 18 juni 2013 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
40
Mattisson, Ramona. "Kulturmaffians myggor och tigrar : En litteratursociologisk studie av litteraturkritik och härskartekniker i en tidningsdebatt." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20513.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this Master’s thesis is to examine how the literature criticism are in the Swedish media in the reception of the novel Mosquitoes and tigers from 2007 written by the Swedish author Maja Lundgren. A second aim is to examine how master suppression techniques have been used by the literature critics in the newspaper debate. This qualitative study is based upon a total of 52 articles and reviews from five big Swedish newspapers. The theoretical approach, literature criticism, mainly originates from the Swedish professor in Literature Science Tomas Forser and the literature scholar Gunnar Hansson. The theory of master suppression techniques founded by Berit Ås, Norwegian professor in Social Psychology, are used as an analytic tool. The method of analysis is textual, qualitative text analysis. The conclusion of this study shows that the literature criticism usually is divided in one ethical and one aesthetic part. The aesthetic criticism includes the book not being entertaining or well written or too long, and also that the form is a problem for the readers who do not know if the genre is fact or fiction. The criticism about the form issue is also ethical while the author can be vague about the truth. The ethical criticism also consists from the author using name of authentic people. Another conclusion of this study shows that mainly three of the master suppression techniques are visible in the debate: “making invisible”, “ridicule” and “heap blame/put to shame”. By merging various articles, it was possible to interpret the master suppression technique “double bind”. There was no sign of “withhold information”. This study also shows that the writer Maja Lundgren uses master suppression techniques herself.Program: Bibliotekarie
41
Elardt, Oscar. "Svenska tigrar och finska lejon : En kvalitativ studie om militär kulturs påverkan på försvarssamarbete." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9350.
Full textAbstract:
Försvarssamarbetet mellan småstaterna Sverige och Finland har i respektive land hög prioritet. Dess krigsavhållande ambition byggs upp av en gemensam vilja och en militär förmåga. Givet studier i militär kultur och interoperabilitet kommer såväl viljan som förmågan att påverkas av den militära kulturen i respektive land, vilket leder fram till syftet: att undersöka respektive lands militära kultur och hur likheter och skillnader påverkar det svensk-finska försvarssamarbetet och dess krigsavhållande ambition. Uppsatsen besvarar genom en fallstudie frågan:Hur påverkar militär kultur försvarssamarbetet mellan Sverige och Finland? Utifrån teorier om organisationskultur och militär kultur analyseras empiri i huvudsak från fokusgrupps- och samtalsintervjuer med officerare från respektive land. Resultatet påvisar att det trots många likheter, finns skillnader i militär kultur, vilka kan påverka möjligheten till integrerat samarbete. Skillnaderna i militär kultur och syn på försvarssamarbetet kan förstås utifrån olikheter i grundläggande antaganden i respektive organisationskultur.
42
Rodrigues, Marília Mezzomo. "Filho de tigre sai pintado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/92305.
Full textAbstract:
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Florianópolis, 2009Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T07:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 273184.pdf: 7697150 bytes, checksum: e2bd7371e3818c19392b7b58ec3b3437 (MD5)
Busquei compreender de que forma textos de Erico Verissimo (década de 1930) dialogaram com temas correntes das medicinas higienista e eugenista, das quais tradicionalmente se enfatizam aspectos autoritários e vinculação ao Estado Novo. O autor utilizou premissas médicas para apontar soluções a desequilíbrios sociais em seus textos, assim como uma profusão de imagens de decomposição, degeneração, decadência física e do meio. Em seus livros, o oposto da doença (física e social), mais que a saúde, parece ser a medicina. Uma aparente contradição se apresenta, pois o autor sempre se destacou pela crítica à arbitrariedade e ao autoritarismo. Nesse sentido, abordei o debate sobre adesões de artistas e intelectuais a projetos governamentais na era Vargas, entendendo que suas motivações foram variadas. Da mesma forma, tratei do destaque dado a saúde - desde as campanhas higienistas -, educação e literatura na construção da identidade nacional, convergindo na preocupação com o futuro das novas gerações. Premissas filosóficas e científicas do século 19 e a literatura naturalista de Émile Zola também foram analisadas, pois abriram espaço definitivo para a compreensão do mundo e intervenção social, essenciais às elaborações científicas e artísticas das primeiras décadas do século 20.
43
Rydberg, Annika, and Jenny Pöldmaa. "Mottagandet och debatten kring Myggor och tigrar : Förekommande diskurser och positioner i diskussionen om publiceringen." Thesis, Linköping University, Department for Studies of Social Change and Culture, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11939.
Full textAbstract:
Denna studie rör debatten som kulminerade efter publicerandet av romanen Myggor och tigrar, av Maja Lundgren. Studiens fokus ligger i att finna debattens essens, utifrån tidningsartiklar och artikelförfattares positionering gentemot romanen och debattens huvudfrågor, detta är vidare undersökningens huvudsakliga syfte. Huruvida genus har betydelse för debattens utgång och om artikelförfattarnas förhållningssätt påverkas är en central fråga.
44
Ramos, Nuñez Carlos A. "Alonso Cueto: Tigre blanco del Derecho." Foro Jurídico, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119966.
Full text
45
Oliveira, Juliano Eduardo de. "Água: qualidade, interações ambientais e implicações socioeconômicas no estudo de caso do Lago dos Tigres (GO)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3175.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-25T15:49:41Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
Oliveira, Juliano Eduardo de.pdf: 5730750 bytes, checksum: b9584b08595f4e1aab12046ecb8150af (MD5)
license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T11:22:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Oliveira, Juliano Eduardo de.pdf: 5730750 bytes, checksum: b9584b08595f4e1aab12046ecb8150af (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T11:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Oliveira, Juliano Eduardo de.pdf: 5730750 bytes, checksum: b9584b08595f4e1aab12046ecb8150af (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07
The process of expansion and occupation of Goiás was based on farming practices. The municipality of Britain emerges in this context of agrarian expansion, in which the land is located where the city were bought and sold as small rural. The city has much of its economy facing livestock, however other activity has been increasing in the region such as tourism, which attracts hundreds of people there due to the Lago dos Tigres. The lake is the main postcard of the region, possessing 24km long and being located in the basins of the rivers Araguaia-Tocantins, this lake is formed by the meeting of the waters of the Rivers and Clean Water Red and that, combined with the local geography form a valley blocked. The lake has over time shown signs of environmental degradation due to the way the two main economic activities of the municipality using its resources. For this reason, the objectives of this study were: to survey, the main socioeconomic characteristics of the city, establishing the main income-generating activities in the region and see how these activities can impact upon quality of life of the local population and water quality lake. Also we made a characterization of the spatial evolution of the use and occupation of land in the county between the years 1988.1998 and 2009, in order to check how busy it was and how soil surrounding the Lake of the Tigers, was also verified how of land in the watershed may be interfering with the dynamics and interaction of phytoplankton communities and ficoperifíticas littorallimnetic gradient in the lake, as well as to analyze the influence of the hydrological cycle on these communities. The socioeconomic characteristics of the municipality of Britain was made with secondary data concerning agriculture, livestock, tourism, demographics, social and cultural region in the last ten years. Specific data on the region's economic development and the importance of the lake to the population were made through questionnaires. An Index of Sustainable Development for Municipalities (IDSM) was used to assess levels of sustainability in the region. The results highlighted the importance of the lake for the Tigers has the city's economy and for local people and how these activities are interfering with the water quality of the lake and in the diversity of species of algae that are the base of the food chain in aquatic system. The study found that deforestation in the region is endangering the Lake of the Tigers, and that this presents a direct relationship between man and water, harming the quality of life of people living in Britain. The reflection of local environmental change is reflected in the trophic status of the oligotrophic lake that already features indicative of transition to mesotrofia. The communities ficológicas not yet had major changes in its structure with significance. However, in recent years with morphological changes of the lake changes occurred in some aspects limnóligicos and this occurred with the rise of cyanobacteria at the site, indicating possible disturbances that may affect the water quality of the lake.
O processo de expansão e ocupação das terras em Goiás foi baseado em práticas agropecuárias. O município de Britânia surge nesse contexto de expansão agrária, na qual, as terras onde se localiza a cidade foram adquiridas e vendidas como pequenas glebas rurais. O município possui boa parte de sua economia voltada para a pecuária, entretanto outra atividade vem se destacando na região como o turismo, que atrai centenas de pessoas devido a existe do Lago dos Tigres. O lago é o principal cartão postal da região, possuindo 24km de extensão e localizando-se nas bacias dos Rios Araguaia-Tocantins, esse lago é formado pelo encontro das águas dos Rios Água Limpa e Vermelho e que, aliada à geografia local formam um vale bloqueado. O lago ao longo tempo vem apresentado sinais de degradação ambiental devido a forma com que as duas principais atividades econômicas do município utilizam seus recursos. Por esta razão, os objetivos deste estudo foi: fazer um levantamento, das principais características socioeconômicas do município, estabelecendo as principais atividades geradoras de renda na região e verificar como essas atividades podem refletir na qualidade de vida da população local e na qualidade da água do lago. Também foi feita uma Caracterização espacial da evolução do uso e ocupação do solo no município entre os anos de 1988,1998 e 2009, a fim de verificar a forma e como foi ocupado solo no entorno do Lago dos Tigres, também foi verificado de que forma de ocupação do solo na bacia hidrográfica pode estar interferindo na dinâmica e interação das comunidades fitoplanctônicas e ficoperifíticas no gradiente litorâneo-limnético do lago, bem como analisar a influência do ciclo hidrológico sobre essas comunidades. A caracterização socioeconômica do município de Britânia foi feita com dados secundários referentes à agricultura, pecuária, turismo, dados demográficos, sociais e culturais da região nos últimos dez anos. Os dados específicos sobre o desenvolvimento econômico da região e a importância do lago para a população foram feitos por meio de questionários. Um Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para Municípios (IDSM) foi aplicado para avaliar os níveis de sustentabilidade da região. Os resultados obtidos destacaram a importância que o Lago dos Tigres tem para a economia da cidade e para a população local e como essas atividades estão interferindo na qualidade da água do lago e na diversidade de espécies de algas que são base da cadeia alimentar nesse sistema aquático. O estudo concluiu que o desmatamento na região está colocando em risco o Lago dos Tigres, e que este, apresenta uma relação direta entre homem e a água, podendo prejudicar a qualidade de vida das pessoas que vivem em Britânia. O reflexo da alteração ambiental local se reflete no estado trófico do lago que de oligotrófico já apresenta indicativos de transição para mesotrofia. As comunidades ficológicas ainda não apresentaram grandes alterações com significância em sua estrutura. Contudo, nos últimos anos com as alterações morfométricas do lago ocorreram modificações em alguns aspectos limnóligicos e com isto ocorreu o aumento de cianobactérias no local, indicando possíveis distúrbios que podem prejudicar a qualidade da água do lago.
46
Robles, López Karla Lourdes. "The role of TIGAR in Parkinson's disease." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18939/.
Full textAbstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The pathological hallmark of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Common identifiable genetic causes of early onset PD (EOPD) are Parkin and PINK1 mutations. Tigarb, the orthologue of human TIGAR (TP53–Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator), up-regulation was demonstrated in a zebrafish pink1-/- model along with dopaminergic cell loss and mitochondrial dysfunction (Flinn et al., 2013). Tigarb knockdown rescued the dopaminergic neurons and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, tigarb upregulation suggests an involvement in PD neuropathology. Therefore, we investigated whether TIGAR is present in the human brain and elucidate its relationship between TIGAR protein and the Lewy body pathology. TIGAR was found in the Lewy Bodies and Neurites in SNpc of sporadic PD and Dementia with Lewy bodies patients. TIGAR protein was not found in the ubiquitylated inclusions of motor neurone disease or multiple system atrophy, suggesting a degree of disease specificity. TIGAR role was investigated in fibroblasts from PD patients and controls. TIGAR is expressed and translated in human fibroblasts. TIGAR gene expression and protein level between controls and parkin-mutant fibroblasts was not significantly different. TIGAR cellular localisation was not affected in parkin mutant fibroblasts after rotenone toxic and cellular stress exposure. TIGAR involvement in autophagy was not found in sporadic PD patients. RNAi methods for efficient TIGAR and PINK1 knockdown were designed in using HEK 293T cells as host line, where TIGAR and PINK1 deficiency showed no significant effect in the ATP production and mitochondrial morphology. CRISPR/Cas9 and microRNAs mediated knockdown were investigated to assess gene function and to select the best approach with reproducible and reliable results.
47
Erdem, Mete. "Utilisation of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers under international law." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531168.
Full text
48
Silva, Susana Maria Azinheira Duarte. "Influência do enriquecimento ambiental no comportamento de tigres em cativeiro." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/947.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em EtologiaEm cativeiro, o tipo de vida que os animais selvagens estão sujeitos é em geral consideravelmente diferente do meio natural. Este facto põe em causa, com frequência, a satisfação das suas necessidades. No caso dos felinos esta situação pode conduzir ao aparecimento, principalmente, das estereotipias locomotoras ou pacing e/ou ao excesso de inactividade, com consequente diminuição da diversidade comportamental. O presente trabalho consistiu num estudo de enriquecimento ambiental num grupo de cinco tigres alojados no parque zoológico Badoca Park (Alentejo, Portugal). Com a estratégia de enriquecimento adoptada esperou-se que os animais exibissem mais comportamentos naturais associados à exploração e caça e que este facto viesse a contribuir para o incremento das interacções com o meio ambiente, incluindo um melhor uso do espaço, para uma diversificação geral da actividade e para uma redução dos comportamentos anormais inicialmente observados. O estudo, com duração de 30 dias, consistiu na observação dos tigres em três períodos distintos de 30 minutos cada: de manhã (9h30), início da tarde (13h00) e final da tarde (16h30). O tempo despendido (% de scans) por cada tigre em seis categorias comportamentais e alguns dos respectivos comportamentos foi comparado antes, durante e após o enriquecimento (6 dias cada). Esta comparação foi igualmente feita para os índices de diversidade comportamental e ocupação do espaço. O primeiro enriquecimento consistiu em sacos com alimento pendurados e enterrados e o segundo em blocos de gelo com alimento e um recipiente com alimento escondido. De um modo geral, a estratégia adoptada de enriquecimento ambiental influenciou significativamente, em todos os períodos de amostragem, o comportamento dos tigres nos dias do seu uso e após o mesmo. A presença directa dos enriquecimentos estimulou e aumentou a realização de uma série de comportamentos activos típicos e não estereotipados [ex. exploratórios (cheirar, lúdicos), de caça (apetitivos e consumatórios) e sociais] e conduziu à diminuição do pacing nos três períodos de amostragem. Quando o interesse pelo enriquecimento diminuiu (final da tarde), a inactividade aumentou significativamente, mas não o pacing. O enriquecimento fomentou igualmente o uso da área central do recinto anteriormente pouco utilizada pela maioria dos tigres. Nos dias após o enriquecimento a maioria dos comportamentos activos tenderam a voltar aos valores da baseline, porém o pacing apresentou valores semelhantes aos dos dias de enriquecimento e a inactividade (repouso) aumentou. Pela natureza dos estímulos oferecidos aos tigres, o aumento da interactividade observado esteve também associado a um maior controlo sobre o ambiente e a um incremento da diversidade comportamental. No seu conjunto esta resposta implicou oportunidades de expressão que estão associadas a uma maior integração e interesse em relação ao meio em que vivem. Desta forma, é possível admitir que o enriquecimento ambiental apresentado possui um potencial positivo para o bem-estar destes tigres em cativeiro.
49
Marklund, Jonas. "Righty Tighty, Lefty Loosey : Att spela Open Handed på trumset." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för konst, kommunikation och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-68896.
Full textAbstract:
Under hösten 2017 och våren 2018 har jag jobbat med att spela tekniken open handed på trumset. Som en vänsterhänt trummis som spelar högerhänt ville jag utforska denna teknik för att sedan kunna applicera den i mitt vardagliga trumspel. Jag övat på allt från de mest enkla grunderna till tekniskt utmanande komp och skrivit rudiment för att öva på specifika moment. Jag har sedan applicerat denna teknik med ensemble där jag har repat och spelat in fyra låtar. Vardera låt har spelats in två gånger, en version där jag spelar open handed och en version där jag spelar standard. Jag har sedan analyserat skillnader i mitt spel, hållning etc. Arbetet har resulterat i en ökad säkerhet och kontroll i mitt open handed, övningsmetoder som jag kommer fortsätta att använda mig av och en allmän nyfikenhet till fortsatt övande.
50
Trusko, Robert. "“Before I Die…”: Original Composition with a Critical Essay Exploring the Techniques of Six Crossover Composers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700012/.
Full textAbstract:
Candy Chang developed a public art installation where people are given the opportunity to write their answers to "Before I Die I want to ________." in a public space. I created one of these walls in Denton, TX and set it to music in a 12 minutes and 42 second piece titled Before I Die..., which combines elements of South Indian carnatic music, gospel, R&B, jazz fusion, and minimalism. The composition was influenced by the music of several crossover artists Becca Stevens, Michael League (Snarky Puppy), Nico Muhly, Poovalur Sriji, Tigran Hamasyan, and James Blake. Crossover music, fusion, and third-stream are all synonymous terms used to describe music where multiple genres or styles are authentically combined. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the balance of musical elements in crossover works as well as how specific works composed by the artists mentioned have influenced the creation of the Before I Die... piece.