Journal articles: 'Tigray'

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Gebrewahd, Meressa Tsehaye. "The War on Tigray: Geopolitics and the Struggle for Self-Determination." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 17, no. 3 (June 15, 2024): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2023.17.3.1.

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Tigray continues to be a unique case among ancient kingdoms, Westphalia nation-states, post-colonial Africa, and post-Cold War national liberation struggles. It is one of the oldest civilizations (Aksumite Kingdom) and the historical, cultural, and political soul of ancient and modern Ethiopia. But it was made to be an ‘oppressed nation struggling for regional autonomy and survival from genocidal aggression’ by the empire state of Ethiopia and the ‘garrison state’ of Eritrea. It also survived Egyptian and Mahdist expansionists, and Italian colonialism, though it lost ‘Bahre-Negash’ (Eritrea) to Italy due to the Wuchale Agreement (or Treaty of Wichale) in 1889. Eritrea was handed over to Italian colonialists by Menelik II of Shewa-Amhara in order to weaken Tigray’s geopolitical power base. Tigray was also the hotbed of the first Woyane rebellion in 1943 which sparked the idea of ‘land to the Tiller, fair taxation, and self-rule,’ and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) led the second Woyane rebellion (1975–91) that restructured the empire state of Ethiopia into a federation with the 1995 constitution. Since 2018, after 27 years of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)- led federal experiment, Tigray again became a victim of a ‘genocidal war’ led by the Ethiopian federal army, Amhara forces, Ethiopian regional forces, and Eritrean army, supported by UAE and Turkey drones, and the Somalian army. The international community and the African Union supported Abiy Ahmed and Issaias Afewerki’s genocidal war in the name of “maintaining the territorial integrity of Ethiopia” by neglecting the principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), people’s self-determination rights, and the prevention of genocide. Tigray, therefore, is a rare case in the vicious cycle of violence. The Tigrayan ‘two-year’ survival war (from November 2020 to November 2022) against those who practice genocide was destined to break Tigray’s historically vicious cycle of violence perpetrated by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper aims to investigate the historical, geopolitical, and security reasons that have trapped Tigray into facing the post-2020 genocidal war.

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Ahsani Maulinardi, Yon Machmudi, and Sri Yunanto. "THE EXODUS OF ETHIOPIAN REFUGEES IN SUDAN: A STUDY OF THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOST COUNTRIES." Sociae Polites 23, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v23i2.4433.

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The Government of Sudan hastened to handle refugees when a mass influx of Tigrayan refugees swarmed the Ethiopian-Sudanese border in late 2020. Political rivalry between the TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front) and the coalition led by Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed's newly formed political coalition Prosperity Party/Paartii Badhaadhiina reached an all-time high when Federal Government decided to halt the financial aid planned for Tigray and formally reject regional election results held by Tigray earlier in September 2020; PM Abiy Ahmed condemned it as an illegal election carried out without Federal Government’s approval. In countermeasure, TPLF stormed the Ethiopian Defense Force regional base headquartered in Tigray capital, Mekelle, An action that provoked PM Abiy Ahmed's intentions to crush the TPLF once and for all. The military coalition consisted of Ethiopian Defense Force, Amhara Milita the Liyu Hayl, and Eritrean forces attacked Tigray from two consecutive fronts, forcing the civilians to flee their homes west into the Ethiopian-Sudanese border, begging for asylum from the Sudanese Government. This study aims to answer the roles and responsibilities carried out by the Sudanese Government in handling the Ethiopian refugees sheltered in the states of Kassala, Gedaref, and Blue Nile during the Tigray crisis. Using Kayongo-Male’s African Refugee Migration research model, the authors find the eagerness shown by the Sudanese Government to handle the Ethiopian refugees, the difficulties of rehabilitating the infrastructure, and the passive role of the African Union in mediating the conflict between the TPLF and Federal Ethiopian Government.

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Reid, Richard. "Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War." Africa 73, no. 3 (August 2003): 369–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.369.

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AbstractThis article examines the problematic relationship between Eritrea and Tigray as represented by the Eritrean and Tigray Peoples’ Liberation Fronts. The EPLF won independence for Eritrea in 1991, at the same time as the TPLF seized power in Ethiopia; the two movements had had a difficult relationship, beginning in the mid-1970s, during their respective armed struggles, and the issues which had caused disagreement remained unresolved as the movements made the transition to government. This paper examines the nature of those issues and the degree to which the war of 1998-2000 between the two countries can be seen to have reflected much older tensions and indeed contradictions in the Eritrean–Tigrayan/Ethiopian relationship. Thus, the paper begins with an overview of Eritrean opinion, during the recent war, about the relationship in question, and then moves back in time to the era of the liberation struggle. Here, the author attempts to explain the complexities of the respective Eritrean and Tigrayan revolutions insofar as each impinged on and influenced the other, with particular reference to the issues of frontiers, nationality and ethnicity, and sovereignty. The paper, finally, considers the apparent paradoxes in the perceptions which Eritreans have of Tigray and Ethiopia, and suggests that changes in attitude are necessary on both sides of the Mereb river border if the relationship is not to be defined by perpetual confrontation.

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Pramowardani, Widya, and Arie Kusuma Paksi. "Peran United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee dalam Membantu Kebutuhan Kesehatan Pengungsi Konflik Tigray di Ethiopia (2022-2023)." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 6, no. 2 (November 18, 2023): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v6i2.1790.

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This article aims to explain the health conditions of Tigray Conflict refugees and the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in assisting the health needs of Tigray Conflict refugees in Ethiopia in the period 2022-2023. The author uses the theory of international organizations which sees that international organizations have five important roles in resolving problems. This theory is very relevant to the context of the author’s research by looking at UNHCR as an international organization which has one of the five important roles of international organizations, namely as an Aid Provider in resolving conflict in the Tigray region. The type of research used in this article is descriptive, using a library study method which is carried out by collecting data from journals, books, websites and articles as a data collection technique. Based on the results of this research, UNHCR as an international organization working in the field of refugees took part in handling refugees due to the conflict that occurred in Ethiopia, specifically in the Tigray region, namely the conflict between the central government and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), so the author found that UNHCR had plays a role in providing assistance in the form of basic health services, distribution of vaccines and immunizations, as well as workshops and mental health services.

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Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari. "Peran Unchr dalam Permasalahan Pengungsi Konflik Ethiophia-Tigray." Journal of Integrative International Relations 6, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jiir.2021.6.2.75-89.

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The conflict between Ethiopia and Tigray which began in November 2020 is a conflict caused by political and ideological differences between the Federal government of Ethiopia and the Tigray ethnic group until a clash between the two caused thousands of people to die, not only a ceasefire, the Ethiopia-Tigray conflict also caused a humanitarian crisis. one of the reasons is because the Ethiopian federal government has closed access to the Tigray area so that no one can enter or leave the Tigray area and make thousands of other people have to flee to other places due to conditions that are no longer conducive. By using the question how is the role of UNCHR in providing protection for refugees from Tigray, because as an organization that is engaged in refugee issues and is tasked with finding solutions for refugees by collaborating with partners in providing facilities to refugees and providing international protection. This writing uses qualitative methods with library studies which are then analyzed descriptively. Konflik antara Ethiophia dan Tigray yang dimulai pada November 2020 merupakan konflik yang disebabkan oleh Perbedaan politik dan Ideologi antara pemerintahan Federal Ethiophia dan kelompok etnis Tigray hingga terjadi benturan diantara keduannya yang menyebabkan ribuan orang meninggal tidak hanya gencatan senjata konflik Ethiophia-Tigray juga menyebabkan adanya krisis kemanusiaan salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena pemerintah federal Ethiophia menutup akses wilayah Tigray sehingga tidak ada yang bisa masuk atau keluar dari wilayah Tigray dan membuat ribuan orang lainnya harus mengungsi ke tempat lain dikarenakan kondisi yang sudah tidak kondusif lagi. Dengan menggunakan pertanyaan bagaimana peran UNCHR dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap pengungsi dari Tigray, karena sebagai organisasi yang bergerak dalam permasalahan pengungsian dan bertugas mencari jalan keluar bagi para pengungsi dengan bekerjasama dengan mitranya dalam memberikan fasilitas kepada para pengungsi dan memberikan perlindungan interasional. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi Pustaka yang kemudian di analisis secara deskriptif.

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Tareke, Gebru. "From Af Abet to Shire: the defeat and demise of Ethiopia's ‘Red’ Army 1988–89." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 2 (May 12, 2004): 239–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000114.

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Within a period of just a year during the late 1980s, the Ethiopian Revolutionary or ‘Red’ Army suffered serious defeat in both Eritrea and Tigray. Although numerically and technically superior to its opponents, dissension in the army's ranks, political meddling from Addis Ababa, loss of will, and the remarkable skill and determination of its opponents prevented it from achieving victory. Two years after its humiliating defeat in Tigray, the army collapsed, and the military regime it had sustained disappeared. Eritrea succeeded in declaring its independence and the Tigrayan rebels seized power in Ethiopia. This article demonstrates that the Eritrean and Tigrayan forces ultimately won because they had grass-roots support and because they were able to back each other militarily and politically. In the meantime, the dictatorship in Addis Ababa was losing popular support as its ‘citizens’ were no longer willing to make the sacrifices that were necessary to continue the struggle. Only by considering these points can we appreciate why Africa's second-largest army was annihilated or, conversely, why the insurgents triumphed, for their success was not inevitable.

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Adugna, Aynalem. "Regional Economic Favoritism and Redistributive Politics as a Public Good: The Case of Tigray Region in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n1p1.

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The study investigated whether or not misdirection of public resources to a favored region brings material improvements in the lives of the population that is alleged to be receiving the resources.  In this study, the region in question is Tigray province in northern Ethiopia.  Economic data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) are examined with a focus on Tigray Region.  The neighboring Amhara Region is used as control. Sample data on 1734 households from Tigray and 1902 households from Amhara Region were analyzed without weighting using the statistical software SAS 9.4 and the Geographic Information System software ArcGIS 10.4.1. We found evidence of a statistically significant advantage for Tigray Region in ownership of four modern amenities – radio, mobile phones, refrigerator, and access to electricity by individual households (p< 0.001). However, we did not find evidence of greater wealth in Tigray for the general population when the analysis was rerun based on DHS’ wealth index. On the contrary, the data for sampling clusters in Tigray appeared to show the region as being poorer than Amhara when viewed through the lens of DHS’ wealth index which is a more comprehensive measure of economic wellbeing than owning a radio or possessing a mobile phone.  A one-tailed Wilcoxon Man-Whitney U statistic of DHS’ wealth index for Tigray and Amhara Regions showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) with a higher mean score for Amhara Region (1870.3) than for Tigray Region (1761.6) suggesting a better economic standing for the population of Amhara Region than Tigray Region. We also found Amhara Region to be more egalitarian and Tigray Region less so on the scale of livelihoods captured by DHS’ economic indicators. Evidence for this comes from a Geographic Information System (GIS) Kernel Density analysis of DHS’ wealth index which showed what appear to be significant geographic concentrations of both poverty and wealth in Tigray Region.

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Lumintosari, Feyza Raharsh, Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari, and Feyza Raharsh Lumintosari. "PERAN UNCHR DALAM PERMASALAHAN PENGUNGSI KONFLIK ETHIOPHIA-TIGRAY." Global Mind 3, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53675/jgm.v3i2.292.

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Konflik antara Ethiophia dan Tigray yang dimulai pada November 2020 merupakan konflik yang disebabkan oleh Perbedaan politik dan Ideologi antara pemerintahan Federal Ethiophia dan kelompok etnis Tigray hingga terjadi benturan diantara keduannya yang menyebabkan ribuan orang meninggal tidak hanya gencatan senjata konflik Ethiophia-Tigray juga menyebabkan adanya krisis kemanusiaan salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena pemerintah federal Ethiophia menutup akses wilayah Tigray sehingga tidak ada yang bisa masuk atau keluar dari wilayah Tigray dan membuat ribuan orang lainnya harus mengungsi ke tempat lain dikarenakan kondisi yang sudah tidak kondusif lagi. Dengan menggunakan pertanyaan bagaimana peran UNCHR dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap pengungsi dari Tigray, karena sebagai organisasi yang bergerak dalam permasalahan pengungsian dan bertugas mencari jalan keluar bagi para pengungsi dengan bekerjasama dengan mitranya dalam memberikan fasilitas kepada para pengungsi dan memberikan perlindungan interasional. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi Pustaka yang kemudian di analisis secara deskriptif.

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Abbay, Alemseged. "State-Building/State-Destroying in Ethiopia – A Backdrop to the Tigray Genocide." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (June 10, 2023): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.3.6.

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Federalist Tigray and unitarian Amhara have been historical rivals in the daunting task of state-building in Ethiopia. To neutralize Tigray and its de facto federalism (1872–89), Amhara found a formidable ally in Italy, which colluded with Britian to have “a place in the sun.” Amhara rewarded Italy with half of Tigray, which was christened “Eritrea,” and imposed the unitarian system in the country. Worse still, in the middle of the 1950s, Amhara annexed the western and southern parts of Tigray. Tigray and Eritrea (which returned to Ethiopia in 1952) were suffocated by amharanization and political centralization, the twin pillars of the unitarian system. Military insurgencies brought the system to an end in 1991 and the Tigrayans who assumed the reins of power introduced de jure federalism, to the chagrin of the Amhara. The paper offers a critical historical analysis of state-building and state-destroying in Ethiopia, with particular attention given to the Amhara return to power in 2018 and humanity’s newest genocide in Tigray.

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Plaut, Martin. "The Tigray Famine." RUSI Journal 166, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1981630.

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Terranova, Margherita, Valeska Padovese, Sidney Klaus, and Aldo Morrone. "Onchocerciasis in Tigray." International Journal of Dermatology 46, s2 (November 2007): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03472.x.

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Ismagilova, Roza. "Ethiopia: Difficult Way to Peace." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 64, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2023-64-3-75-92.

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Article for the first time analyzes in detail the complex situation in Ethiopia from 2020 when the political elite of the Tigray under the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) started the war against the Ethiopian federal government. The author characterizes the causes of the conflict and the balance of power. In 1991 the new political system – the ethnic federalism – was introduced in Ethiopia. As the consequence, for 27 years the power in the country was monopolized by the Tigray. The protests’ movements which began in 2015 resulted in the change of the political regime. In the 2018 a new premier-minister Abiyu Ahmed came to power. This meant the end of the Tigray rule. But the Tigray elite and the TPLF didn’t accepted defeat. On the 2nd of November 2020 it started the war against the federal government. The war lasted for two years. Hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers were killed, economy, medical and educational facilities in the states Tigray, Amhara and Afar were destroyed. And, what is most important, the interethnic relations enormously deteriorated. On the 2nd of November 2022 in Pretoria an Agreement was signed between the TPLF and the federal government. In the March 2023 in Tigray Interim Government was introduced. But it will take a lot of time and efforts to heal all wounds.

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Hailu, Teweldemedhn Gebretinsae, Alem Tadesse Atsbeha, Kibebew Wakjira, and Alison Gray. "High Rates of Honey Bee Colony Losses and Regional Variability in Ethiopia Based on the Standardised COLOSS 2023 Survey." Insects 15, no. 6 (May 22, 2024): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15060376.

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The COLOSS research association has been assessing honey bee colony losses, associated risk factors and management, focusing on Western countries but with a progressive international expansion. Here, we report the first survey on the loss rates of colonies in 2022/2023 in Ethiopia using COLOSS monitoring survey tools. A face-to-face interview questionnaire survey was conducted on 64 beekeepers selected from Oromia and Tigray regions. This covered 1713 honey bee colonies distributed in 68 apiaries. The percentages of colonies lost were significantly different between Oromia (24.1%) and Tigray (66.4%) regions. Colony losses were attributed as unsolvable queen problems (8% in Oromia; 10% in Tigray), natural disaster (32%; 82%), and empty hives or dead colonies (60%; 8%). The loss rate was significantly affected by queen replacement (p < 0.0001), use of natural comb (p < 0.0001), feed supplementation (p < 0.0001), region (p < 0.0001), varroa treatment (p < 0.0001), colony splitting (p < 0.01), and merging (p < 0.01). Beekeepers in Oromia managed more colonies and implemented improved practices compared to those in Tigray. However, all beekeepers in Oromia detected at least some bees with signs of deformed wing virus, compared to 76% of beekeepers in Tigray. In conclusion, the colony loss rate was significantly different between Oromia and Tigray regions due to differences in natural disasters, management, environment and health factors.

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Geberegziabher, Sintayoh Fissha, and Shahid Islam. "Voices of Tigray Women on the 2020 Election: The Freedom to Vote." International Journal of Regional Development 9, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v9i2.19698.

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Between 1974 to 1991 the Tigray women played a remarkable role in the country’s history. Realizing the unfair gender relations and its implication for socio-economic and political development they joined the armed struggle which led to the inclusion of women in national/regional politics. Subsequently, a normative question of gender norms was clearly defined; political and other public positions that disregarded women slowly diminished.There are still positive questions raised due to the mis-implementation of laws and policies, but Tigray women hoped that the gap can be narrowed as democracy progresses, and when they are able to elect their representatives. While expecting more in the six-round national and regional election of Ethiopia, which was supposed to be in April 2020, the Tigray women had been told due to COVID-19 the sixth-round election has been postponed/canceled for an unlimited period.Tigray women challenged this action, firstly; the decision was without public participation, and secondly; the time when COVID-19 will become harmless was unknown. An informant articulated the danger of the current Ethiopian government; omissions threatened to breach or breached the constitutional order. Consequently, Tigray women resisted the decision saying, “Tigray will vote” following the regional laws as the constitution grants.This paper presents why Tigray women were in favor of having an election unlike a decision made at the federal, which was explained using the warm glow theory. To conduct this study primary and secondary data were collected using snowball sampling that was analyzed by applying qualitative (thematic) analysis. The findings revealed that Tigray women preferred to have an election than canceling, as they deemed it help them to maximize their expected utility and granted them with warm glow pay-off.

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Kelecha, Mebratu. "Understanding Ethiopia's Tigray war." International Affairs 100, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad328.

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Molfino, Santiago. "Claves para entender el conflicto de Tigray." CUPEA Cuadernos de Política Exterior Argentina, no. 134 (December 29, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi134.123.

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A un año del inicio del conflicto armado en la región septentrional de Tigray en Etiopía, entre el gobierno federal etíope de Abiy Ahmed Ali y las fuerzas armadas del Frente Popular de Liberación de Tigray (TPLF) – Fuerzas de Defensa de Tigray (FDT)- la situación no ha tendido más que a degradarse y a expandirse de manera inquietante. El grado de violencia perpetrado, la intransigencia de las partes a una salida pacífica y la irrupción de disputas locales paralelas, le imprimen un carácter polifacético de cierta complejidad a la guerra en curso en Etiopía, país central en el Cuerno de África.

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H. HAFTOM, A. HAFTU, K. GOITOM, and H. MESERET. "Agroclimatic zonation of Tigray region of Ethiopia based on aridity index and traditional agro-climatic zones." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i2.229.

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The aim of this study was to identify the agroclimatic zones of Tigray region based on aridity index and traditional agroclimatic zone using 37-year (1981-2017) spatial climate data downloaded for Tigray region from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) for rainfall and from Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) data for temperature. Arc map 10.3 was used for mapping of all climatic variables and zonation of agro-climatic zones. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) was computed based on Hargreaves formula and the aridity index was computed. Besides, the digital elevation model was downloaded from ASTER data. The aridity map of Tigray divided into three index zones (0.03-0.2, 0.2–0.5 and 0.5–0.65) and five traditional agro-climate zones (<1500,1500-2000,2000- 2500, 2500-3000, >3000 m.a.s.l.) were overlaid, which divided entire region of Tigray into fifteen agroclimatic zones. Hot semi-arid, warm semi-arid, tepid semi-arid and hot arid were the dominant zones in the region.

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AREFAYNE, Demoz, Leake LEGESSE, and Daniel ALEMSHET. "ASSESSMENT OF PROMOTIONAL MIXES PRACTICE OF TIGRAY TOURISM INDUSTRY, ETHIOPIA." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 36, no. 2spl (June 30, 2021): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.362spl06-688.

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Tigray Regional State has significant tourism potentials. However, it is unable to exploit the existing tourism products using a promotional strategy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the promotional practice of the Tourism industry. This study applied a quantitative study design. The data was collected from 180 foreign and domestic tourists. The findings of the study indicated that Tigray tourism office frequently used television and radio promotional Media which are the most traditional, but infrequently used modern promotional tools (Websites, Short Mobile Messages (SMS), word of mouth, public relation). Sales Promotion and Public Relations mixes are mostly applied promotional elements in Tigray tourism sites.

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Cahyani, Made Ananda Bella, and I. Made Budi Arsika. "PROSECUTING RAPE ATROCITIES IN TIGRAY: SHOULD INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT TAKE OVER THE CASE?" Diponegoro Law Review 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.8.1.2023.41-58.

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Thousands of women in Tigray have experienced massive atrocities of rape since early November 2020, the beginning of the wage of war between the Tigray People’s Liberation Front and the Ethiopian Government. This article examines rape in Tigray as a war crime and analyzes the prospect of holding perpetrators criminally responsible before the International Criminal Court (ICC). This paper is legal research using the statutory, case, fact, and conceptual approaches. The result suggested that there exist war crimes of rape in Tigray. In order to achieve justice for the victims and the sake of a sense of the humanity of people over the world, the case must be tried before an impartial and reliable court, which in this regard, is the ICC. Facts that both Ethiopia and Eritrea are not state parties of the Rome Statute of the ICC do not prevent the case from being prosecuted before the ICC. The most potential means is that international society urges the United Nations Security Council to refer the present case before the ICC to hold the perpetrators criminally responsible.

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Afriyie, Frederick Appiah, Shirley Ayangbah, and Kwaku Obeng Effah. "Diagnosing Ethiopia’s Tigray War: Reverberations in the Horn of Africa." Insight on Africa 15, no. 2 (July 2023): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09750878231170177.

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The flare-up of hostilities in Ethiopia’s Tigray district in November 2020 is simply the aftereffect of a forced battle between so-called reformist Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s central government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). This previous revolutionary development ruled Ethiopian legislative issues for over 25 years before Abiy’s rise to control of power in 2018. Numerous Ethiopians considered the TPLF’s rule authoritative, and misconducts executed under its authority stirred up scorn in several groups. The fight additionally displays ethnic strains in the country, which have been exacerbated as of late as the nation goes through political and financial modifications. The advancing battle has effectively brought about outrage, expanded the flow of refugees, and stressed territorial relations. This research article provides an account of the origins of the TPLF and the Tigrayans, Eritrea’s involvement in the conflict, the sources of tension, and the paths to war. Finally, the repercussions of Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict and its corollaries on the Horn of Africa. Specifically, the article draws on the Protracted Social Conflict Theory to explain Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict. The answer stipulates a hint at addressing the current problem.

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Devi, Sharmila. "Medical aid returns to Tigray." Lancet 399, no. 10326 (February 2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00309-9.

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Devi, Sharmila. "Humanitarian access deal for Tigray." Lancet 396, no. 10266 (December 2020): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32669-6.

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Belay, Fikre, Desalegn Berhane, Haftom Teshale, Gebretsadkan Mulubrhan, Tsigab Hagos, Hagos Gebremariam, Tadesse Brhane, and Zubairul Islam. "The effect of war on educational institutions of Eastern Tigray zone, Tigray state, Ethiopia." International Journal of Educational Development 102 (October 2023): 102864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102864.

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Yirga, Gidey, Herwig Leirs, Hans H. De Iongh, Tsehaye Asmelash, Kindeya Gebrehiwot, Jozef Deckers, and Hans Bauer. "Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) concentrate around urban waste dumps across Tigray, northern Ethiopia." Wildlife Research 42, no. 7 (2015): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14228.

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Context The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) lives in remarkably close proximity to humans in the degraded and prey-depleted landscapes in Tigray in northern Ethiopia, predominantly feeding on human organic waste. Aims We sought to provide an estimate of spotted hyena abundance at garbage dumps and open agricultural areas across Tigray. Methods We used 28 calling stations, including 12 at garbage dumps and 16 in open agricultural areas located in nine randomly selected urban districts across Tigray. We also used 65 randomly placed calling stations in three districts to establish spotted hyena abundance in Tigray. We also collected 610 scat samples during wet (n = 134) and dry season (n = 476) so as to identify diet. Key results A total of 398 hyenas responded, including 356 hyenas at garbage dumps and 42 hyenas in open agricultural areas. The response at the garbage dumps was significantly higher. Approximately 2525 hyenas were estimated from 65 calling stations in three districts. There was no statistically significant difference in the diet of hyena between wet and dry seasons for any food item. Frequency occurrence of prey remains of donkeys and cattle were dominant, followed by human, goat and sheep, respectively. Key conclusions We infer that a very large hyena population persists in unprotected areas of Tigray in northern Ethiopia, where they concentrate around urban waste dumps at night for scavengeable food resources, mainly originating from slaughterhouse waste of livestock. Implications We suggest promotion of nature-based ecotourism of this exceptional coexistence of hyenas and humans in Ethiopia. We raise questions about local hyena social structure, movement, home-range, activity pattern and the implications for human–hyena coexistence.

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Zenawi, G., T. Goitom, and B. Fiseha. "Assessment of an Invasive Weed “Maimaio” Commelina foecunda in the Sesame Fields of Western Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." International Journal of Agronomy 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1981656.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed. It has multiple uses; it is used as a source of food and in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The average yield of sesame in western Tigray is too low (about 400 kg/ha to 500 kg/ha) due to different factors, and weed infestation takes a lion’s share. More than 80 weed species were recorded and identified as weed pests for sesame in western Tigray. “Maimaio” Commelina foecunda is the most troublesome weed of sesame. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of C. foecunda and quantify its infestations. The survey was conducted in 24 sesame growing areas and 48 sesame farms from the three districts of western Tigray in the 2017 production season. The survey result showed that about 91.7% of the assessed sesame farms in western Tigray were found infested with C. foecunda. The weed frequently appeared in Kafta Humera. And, it occurred abundantly and closely in Kafta Humera, whereas it occurred poorly and irresolutely in Tsegede. Concentrated frequency, abundance, and density of the weed were recorded by large-scale sesame producers, lower growing altitudes, and early growth stage of sesame; whereas, it was limited in the small-scale farms, higher growing altitudes, and late growth stage of sesame.

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Weledegebriel, Migbnesh Gebremedhin, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Kidu Gidey, Haileselassie Bisrat, Tekae Gebru, Niguse Tsegay, Bisrat Tesfay Abera, et al. "The impact of war on HIV/AIDS service provision: In rural health facilities of Tigray, northern Ethiopia, a cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 2, 2023): e0278976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278976.

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Back ground HIV/AIDS remained among the common public health problems in developing country. Despite the extensive delivery of ART and improved coverage of the service access, still, man-made problems like war have negatively influenced the utilization of antiretroviral treatment services. The war in Tigray Region in the northern Ethiopia broke out in November 2020 and thereby has brought about an extreme damage on most of the infrastructure in Tigray, including the health institutions. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to assess and report the trend of HIV service provision across the war affected rural health facilities in Tigray. Methods The study was conducted in 33 rural health facilities during the active war in Tigray. A facility based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted among health facilities from July 03 to August 05, 2021. Result A total of 33 health facilities from 25 rural districts were included in the HIV service delivery assessment. A total of 3274 and 3298 HIV patients were seen during pre-war period in September and October 2020, respectively. The number of follow-up patients during the war period in January remained to be only 847(25%) which is significantly reduced with a P value<0.001. A similar trend was observed during the subsequent months until May. The trend of follow-up patients on ART significantly declined from 1940 in September (pre-war) to 331(16.6%) in May (during the war). This study also revealed a 95.5% reduction of laboratory service provision to HIV/AIDS patients during the war in January and with similar trends thereafter (P<0.001). Conclusion The war has led to a significant decline of HIV service provision in the rural health facilities and most part of the region during the first eight months of active war in Tigray.

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Abdulkadr, Ahmed Abduletif, and György Iván Neszmélyi. "Root Causes and the Socio-Economic Impact of the Ongoing War Between the Tplf and the Federal Government of Ethiopia (2 November 2020 – 15 October 2021)." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 15, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2021.15.4.3.

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Abiy Ahmed, the current premier and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 2019, is the third prime minister to lead Ethiopia since the overthrow of Derg. Although he had high approval ratings at the beginning of his administration across the coun- try including Tigray, the premier has lost the trust of the TPLF, and most of its leaders have left the capital Addis to settle in Mekelle. This situation increased tension between TPLF and the federal government, which resulted in the ongoing war. This research aims at identifying the main causes of the ongoing conflict in Ethiopia and its socio-economic consequences, utilizing informal methods of data collection and phone interviews. In addition, observations, assessment, and infor- mal communications with members of the Ethiopian and Tigray defence forces were also included in the data collection. The root cause of this war was a matter of gaining power in the federal government. As a consequence of this conflict, peo- ple in the Tigray region and some parts of the Afar and Amhara regions have been suffering for several months. Hundreds of thousands of people displaced from western Tigray to Sudan and central Tigray and war zones in Afar and Amhara are currently searching for safety. The people of Tigray have not had electricity, banking services, and internet access for many months. In the past two months, some parts of the Amhara and Afar regions have also been similarly affected. The economy of the country has been impacted in many sectors including tourism. The military tanks, cars, and aircraft that were destroyed in the war were resources for the country. Most importantly, the country is losing its work force while fighting in the war with many fatalities. The war has also had a psychological impact on community due to rapes and robberies. The other key finding is that most of the people are rather spending their time with arguing on who is responsible for the current war instead of focusing on the development of the economy. In conclu- sion, this war broke out due to a few politicians seeking power, which negatively impacted the livelihood of Ethiopian citizens and country’s economy. As there is nothing more important than peace for the country and its people, it is recom- mended that politicians should sit down to work out their differences.

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Haileselasie Gebru, Gebregziabher. "Financing preferences of micro and small enterprise owners in Tigray: does POH hold?" Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 16, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000910956083.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the determinants of financing preferences of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) owners in Tigray regional state of Ethiopia in light of the Pecking Order Hypothesis (POH).Design/methodology/approachStructured questionnaires were used to collect data from 120 MSEs in six zonal towns of Tigray regional state. Logistic regression model was used to empirically test the literature‐driven hypotheses.FindingsKey findings include that POH holds true for MSE owners in Tigray regional state as the educational level of owners decreases and there is less intrusion in the form of ownership. On the other hand, MSE owners with a higher degree of entrepreneurial skills are found to conform with the predictions of POH. Furthermore, factors such as ownership type, acquisition type, level of education of the owner/s and reason for business startups are found to be major determinants of MSE owners' financing preferences.Research limitations/implicationsThere are of course elements that could determine MSE owners' financing preferences that require better understanding before a reliable prescriptive position on SME financing can be reached. At the same time, in this paper, data were collected from one regional state of Ethiopia that limits the generalization power of the conclusions reached. A need for more in‐depth qualitative investigation is further pointed out.Originality/valueThe research shows significance of ownership structure, entrepreneurability and MSE owners' education level in financing decisions of MSEs. The paper empirically tests POH in MSEs in Tigray regional state of Ethiopia.

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Breton, Jean-François, and Yohannes Aytenew Ayele. "Kwiha (Tigray, Ethiopia): the Aksumite city." Afrique : Archeologie et Arts, no. 15 (December 15, 2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/aaa.2481.

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Nyssen, Jan, Katrien Descheemaeker, Amanuel Zenebe, Jean Poesen, Jozef Deckers, and Mitiku Haile. "Transhumance in the Tigray Highlands (Ethiopia)." Mountain Research and Development 29, no. 3 (August 2009): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00033.

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D’Costa, Bina. "Tigray’s Complex Emergency, Expulsions and the Aspirations of the Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010004.

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Abstract This article observes that with the intensification of humanitarian crisis in Tigray and the Horn of Africa region, an important question re-emerges: how could the international community, in cooperation with national and local actors, provide protection to vulnerable civilian populations against state repression? How could this be even possible when international practitioners face the threat of expulsions and the local human rights groups face possible retaliation. The violent civil war raging in Tigray once again reveals that the responsibility to protect (R2P) norm often encounters a paradox – state sovereignty vs international community’s responsibility.

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Tronvoll, Kjetil. "The Anatomy of Ethiopia’s Civil War." Current History 121, no. 835 (May 1, 2022): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.835.163.

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The civil war that erupted in November 2020 in Ethiopia was a culmination of several overlapping, long-running conflicts. The main conflict involves the nature of the Ethiopian state: whether it should be a unified structure reflecting a singular national identity, or a multiethnic federal system preserving autonomy for regional states. The discrete conflicts involve tensions between the central state and the regional states of Tigray and Oromo; territorial disputes between different ethnic groups; and an old rivalry between the regime of neighboring Eritrea and the ruling party in Tigray. The complex layers of the war make peace all the more elusive.

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Gebretnsae, Hailay, Nega Mamo, Tesfay Teklemariam, Kiros Fenta, Tesfay Gebrehiwet, Abera Berhe, Fana Gebreselasie, and Kiros Demoz. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Trachoma in Rural Communities of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: Implications for Prevention and Control." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3270530.

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Background. Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease which is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world. Trachoma is one of the major health problems in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. However, knowledge, attitudes, and practices about trachoma are not yet studied in depth. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on trachoma and its associated factors among rural communities in two districts of Tigay Region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, from May 7–24, 2017. Data were collected on paper based, were entered into Epi Info version 3.5.1, and then exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Results. In this study, a total of 194 respondents were included. The overall level of good knowledge, attitudes, and practices on trachoma was 51%, 49.5%, and 35.6%, respectively. Having ever received health education was significantly associated with good knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91–8.79) and attitudes (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.02–4.25). Moreover, good knowledge was associated with good practices on trachoma prevention and control (AOR = 2.86; 95% CI: 1.46–5.62). Conclusion. Our study implies that areas with high burden of trachoma need to improve communities’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards trachoma prevention and control in order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. Therefore, health education focused on SAFE strategy should be provided to increase knowledge and changing attitudes that contribute for good practices towards trachoma prevention and control among communities.

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Fisseha, Girmatsion, Tesfay Gebregzabher Gebrehiwot, Mengistu Welday Gebremichael, Shishay Wahdey, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Awol Yemane Legesse, et al. "War-related sexual and gender-based violence in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a community-based study." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 7 (July 2023): e010270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010270.

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IntroductionSexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) during armed conflicts has serious ramifications with women and girls disproportionally affected. The impact of the conflict that erupted in November 2020 in Tigray on SGBV is not well documented. This study is aimed at assessing war-related SGBV in war-affected Tigray, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based survey was conducted in 52 (out of 84) districts of Tigray, excluding its western zone and some districts bordering Eritrea due to security reasons. Using a two-stage multistage cluster sampling technique, a total of 5171 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were randomly selected and included in the study. Analysis used weighted descriptive statistics, regression modelling and tests of associations.ResultsOverall, 43.3% (2241/5171) of women experienced at least one type of gender-based violence. The incidents of sexual, physical and psychological violence, and rape among women of reproductive age were found to be 9.7% (500/5171), 28.6% (1480/5171), 40.4% (2090/5171) and 7.9% (411/5171), respectively. Of the sexual violence survivors, rape accounted for 82.2% (411/500) cases, of which 68.4% (247) reported being gang raped. Young women (aged 15–24 years) were the most affected by sexual violence, 29.2% (146/500). Commonly reported SGBV-related issues were physical trauma, 23.8% (533/2241), sexually transmitted infections, 16.5% (68/411), HIV infection, 2.7% (11/411), unwanted pregnancy, 9.5% (39/411) and depression 19.2% (431/2241). Most survivors (89.7%) did not receive any postviolence medical or psychological support.ConclusionsSystemic war-related SGBV was prevalent in Tigray, with gang-rape as the most common form of sexual violence. Immediate medical and psychological care, and long-term rehabilitation and community support for survivors are urgently needed and recommended.

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Tefere, Mulu, Dambush Hadush, and Leake Abrha. "The Effect of Tourism Growth on Job Creation and its Determinants in Tigray Region." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 10(3) (June 30, 2021): 1013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-146.

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The objective of this study is to examine the effect of tourism growth on job creation and its determinants in Tigray. Descriptive research design was used in the study. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire from purposively selected 102 hotels, tour guides, handicraft producers and sellers, and tourism offices. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation and regression. The results of the study showed, limited infrastructure hinders stimulation of tourism and employment. Tourism growth has great contribution to employment creation in Tigray. The result indicates more effort is required to improve the factors that can affect tourism growth. Significant positive correlation exists between tourism growth and employment creation. Moreover, the proportion of the variation in tourism growth is explained by expanding infrastructure, accommodations, and education and training. The number of employees under star hotels, tour guides, handicraft producers and sellers, and tourism offices were growing in the last four years. Implications from this study indicate that Tigray Culture and Tourism Bureau should work in collaboration with private and governmental local stake holders and international development organizations to improve the infrastructural facilities of tourism and tourism promotional capability.

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Jimenez-Damary, Cecilia. "The International Response to the Situation in Tigray: A Concerted Effort by Both the Humanitarian and Human Rights Communities." Global Responsibility to Protect 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010011.

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Abstract This essay is based on detailed observations of the situation in Tigray following the 2019 visit to Ethiopia by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, the UN Special Rapporteur and the Assistant Secretary for Peacebuilding. Ever since the crisis in Tigray came to the attention of the international community, the humanitarian situation there was assessed through a human rights framework as well as the guidance provided by international humanitarian law. The response therefore incorporates a powerful dynamic between the humanitarian community and the human rights community, which worked together in a concerted effort to raise visibility to the situation and built on each other’s work.

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Netsanet, Serbi. "A Personal Testimony from a Combatant in the Tigrayan Defense Forces." Politique africaine 173, no. 1 (May 22, 2024): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polaf.173.0025.

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Ce texte retrace le parcours et l’expérience d’un jeune homme engagé comme combattant dans les Forces de défense du Tigray (TDF). Adoptant un point de vue subjectif et ancré, qui a rarement été publié, il renseigne sur l’intensité des combats, et décrit les souffrances et les restrictions subies par les soldats comme par les populations civiles. Il met également en lumière la crise politique interne au Tigray et révèle ses liens avec le déroulement du conflit au quotidien. Ce texte est un document original, il a été partiellement anonymisé par la rédaction et les événements qui nous ont semblé trop exposer l’auteur ont été reformulés entre crochets.

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Mukai, Shiro. "Collective Resource Management and Labor Quota Systems for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Semi-Arid Ethiopia." Land 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12091702.

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Since the mid-1970s, natural resource management package programs have been implemented mainly in the northern Ethiopian Highlands (Amhara and Tigray regions), providing participants with food-for-work (FFW) supported by donor agencies. Meanwhile, the government has sporadically implemented such programs in the Ethiopian Lowlands, including the semi-arid Ethiopian Rift Valley (the study area). Local villagers took the initiative to manage various natural and life resources. In this study, the following factors were determined: (i) the type of village organization that manages common-pool resources (CPRs) and controls collective work, and (ii) the kind of institutional arrangements that should be implemented in participatory CPR management and small-scale village infrastructure development programs. These issues were investigated using mixed methods research, combining multivariate analyses, interviews, and field observation. The analyses were compared specifically with advanced participatory CPR management in Tigray, northern semi-arid Ethiopia. Tigray has an indigenous labor quota system (baito) and a collective grazing land management system (hizati) at the hamlet (qushet) level. Since 1991, the Tigray government has incorporated hamlets into the local administration system and supplied FFW and other incentives to participants with a high participation rate in the baito collective work. Those institutional arrangements helped reduce soil erosion rates and restore grass and tree biomass in the area. In the study area, user groups and youth and women’s associations were (and still are) institutionally fragile CPR organizations (e.g., no bylaws). In contrast, an iddir is a robust CPR organization at the hamlet (gott) level having a labor quota system (iddir system) and funds. The requirements for sustainable participatory rural development in the two regions of semi-arid Ethiopia are, first, to institutionalize a local administration system that links the district, village, and hamlet; and second, to use various incentives provided by donor agencies to strengthen their indigenous labor quota systems.

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Abraha, Hiluf Ebuy, Hale Teka, Awol Yemane Legesse, Mohamedawel Mohamedniguss Ebrahim, Mache Tsadik, Girmatsion Fisseha, Bereket Berhe, et al. "Causes of death among women of reproductive age during the war in Tigray, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): e0299650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299650.

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Background In resource-limited countries with weak healthcare systems, women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable during times of conflict. In Tigray, Ethiopia, where a war broke out on 04 November 2020, there is a lack of information on causes of death (CoD) among women of reproductive age. This study aims to determine the underlying CoD among women of reproductive age during the armed conflict in Tigray. Methods This community-based survey was carried out in six Tigray zones, excluding the western zone for security reasons. We used a multistage stratified cluster sampling method to select the smallest administrative unit known as Tabiya. Data were collected using a standardized 2022 WHO Verbal Autopsy (VA) tool. The collected data were analyzed using the InterVA model using R analytic software. The study reported both group-based and cause-specific mortality fractions. Results A total of 189,087 households were screened and 832 deaths were identified among women of reproductive age. The Global Burden of Disease classification showed that infectious and maternal disorders were the leading CoD, accounting for 42.9% of all deaths. External causes contributed to 26.4% of fatalities, where assault accounted for 13.2% of the deaths. Maternal deaths made up 30.0% of the overall mortality rate. HIV/AIDS was the primary CoD, responsible for 13.2% of all deaths and 54.0% of infectious causes. Other significant causes included obstetric hemorrhage (11.7%) and other and unspecified cardiac disease (6.6%). Conclusions The high proportion of infectious diseases related CoD, including HIV/AIDS, as well as the occurrence of uncommon external CoD among women, such as assault, and a high proportion of maternal deaths are likely the result of the impact of war in the region. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to address these issues and prioritize sexual and reproductive health as well as maternal health in Tigray.

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Manukonda, Rajeev Varma, Enyew Debash, S. Esen Tsegaye, and Dharmaraya Ingale. "Lightning Deaths in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 18, no. 1 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-083x.2018.00003.1.

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Ethiopia, Review on Construction Challenges in Tigray:. "Review on Construction Challenges in Tigray: Ethiopia." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 2768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1379.

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Burki, Talha. "Humanitarian crisis in Tigray amidst civil war." Lancet Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (June 2022): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00304-8.

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Devi, Sharmila. "Aid blocked as Tigray faces catastrophic hunger." Lancet 397, no. 10293 (June 2021): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01433-1.

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Fisher, Jonathan. "#HandsoffEthiopia: ‘Partiality’, Polarization and Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict." Global Responsibility to Protect 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010007.

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Abstract Over a year since the outbreak of war in Ethiopia’s northern Tigray region, the fighting continues. Indeed, the conflict theatre has now expanded considerably, with devastating consequences for many Ethiopians. With atrocities committed by all sides and a profound humanitarian crisis underway, the conflict currently stands as testament to the emptiness of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) commitments made by states and organisations across the world. This essay highlights two problematiques the Tigray conflict, and its consequences, raise for supporters and practitioners of R2P. The first relates to the relationships between R2P, social media access and governance, the second the ease with which R2P calls by Western actors especially can intersect with domestic discourses around cynical, untrustworthy and disingenuous outsiders. This is particularly so in a region where Western agendas have traditionally focused on their own geo-strategic and security concerns. Both, it is suggested, have served to reinforce the positions of the respective belligerents, making peace – sadly – a more distant prospect.

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Lyons, Suzi, Hans Veeken, and Jean Long. "Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia." Tropical Medicine and International Health 8, no. 8 (August 2003): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01088.x.

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YOUNG, JOHN. "Development and Change in Post-Revolutionary Tigray." Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 1 (March 1997): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002346.

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Morrone, Aldo, Valeska Padovese, Federica Dassoni, Maria Chiara Pajno, Rosalia Marrone, Gennaro Franco, Roberta Calcaterra, Lorenzo Manni, Gebre Ab Barnabas, and Elisa Maiani. "Podoconiosis: An experience from Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 65, no. 1 (July 2011): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.018.

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Dorso, Simon, and Anna Lagaron. "The Medieval Muslim Cemeteries of Tigray (Ethiopia)." Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, no. 153 (July 1, 2023): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/remmm.19303.

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Sari, Venisa Yunita, Nurfitri Nugrahaningsih, and Ully Nuzulian. "Implementasi Rezim Internasional dalam Menangani Conflict-Related Sexual Violence di Tigray." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 7, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v7n1.8.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas implementasi rezim internasional dalam penggunaan kekerasan seksual sebagai strategi perang dalam konflik bersenjata di Tigray. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan mengambil sumber dari buku, jurnal, artikel online, dan situs internet melalui studi literatur. Berlandaskan teori efektivitas rezim internasional Arild Underdal dilengkapi konsep keamanan manusia ditemukan bahwa rezim internasional tidak efektif dalam menangani kekerasan seksual terkait konflik pada perempuan di Tigray. Berdasarkan pada analisis tiga variabel, yakni variabel terikat, variabel bebas, dan variabel intervensi yang menunjukkan adanya ketidakpatuhan negara anggotanya terhadap aturan rezim yang berkaitan sehingga pengoperasian rezim internasional dalam penanganan kasus tidak optimal, dan berdampak pada kegagalan rezim yang tidak mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan hingga saat ini.

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BERHE, K., G. WELDESELASSIE, J. BETTRIDGE, R. M. CHRISTLEY, and R. D. ABDI. "Small ruminant pasteurellosis in Tigray region, Ethiopia: marked serotype diversity may affect vaccine efficacy." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 7 (January 23, 2017): 1326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881600337x.

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SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalentBibersteinia, MannheimiaandPasteurellaserotypes, risk factors and degree of serotype co-infections in sheep and goats in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Serum was collected from 384 sheep and goats from the Tanqua-Abergelle district of Tigray region using cross-sectional random sampling. An indirect haemagglutination test was used for serotyping. Risk factors for infections were evaluated by logistic regression. Potential clustering of multiple serotypes within individual animals due to common risk factors was evaluated by redundancy analysis. Eight serotypes were identified: all studied animals were serologically positive for at least one serotype. Overall, 355 (92·45%) of the animals were infected by four or more serotypes. Of the five risk factors studied, peasant association (PA), animal species, age (serotype A1), and bodyweight (serotype T15) were significantly associated with infection, but sex was not significant. Only PA explained a significant proportion of the variation (adjustedR2= 0·16) in the serological responses. After the effect of PA was accounted for, T3 and T4; A7 andPasteurella multocidaA; and A7 and T10 were positively correlated for co-infection, while T4 and T10 were less likely to be found within the same animal. Diverse serotypes were circulating in the Tigray region and could be a challenge in selecting serotypes for vaccine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tigray'

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