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Journal articles on the topic 'Tigrinya language'
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Fesseha, Awet, Shengwu Xiong, Eshete Derb Emiru, Moussa Diallo, and Abdelghani Dahou. "Text Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Word Embedding for Low-Resource Languages: Tigrinya." Information 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020052.
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This article studies convolutional neural networks for Tigrinya (also referred to as Tigrigna), which is a family of Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Tigrinya is a “low-resource” language and is notable in terms of the absence of comprehensive and free data. Furthermore, it is characterized as one of the most semantically and syntactically complex languages in the world, similar to other Semitic languages. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on the state-of-the-art embedding technique that is shown here. We investigate which word representation methods perform better in terms of learning for single-label text classification problems, which are common when dealing with morphologically rich and complex languages. Manually annotated datasets are used here, where one contains 30,000 Tigrinya news texts from various sources with six categories of “sport”, “agriculture”, “politics”, “religion”, “education”, and “health” and one unannotated corpus that contains more than six million words. In this paper, we explore pretrained word embedding architectures using various convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict class labels. We construct a CNN with a continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) method, a CNN with a skip-gram method, and CNNs with and without word2vec and FastText to evaluate Tigrinya news articles. We also compare the CNN results with traditional machine learning models and evaluate the results in terms of the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scoring techniques. The CBOW CNN with word2vec achieves the best accuracy with 93.41%, significantly improving the accuracy for Tigrinya news classification.
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Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė, Jurgita, and Senait Gebremichael Tesfagergish. "Part-of-Speech Tagging via Deep Neural Networks for Northern-Ethiopic Languages." Information Technology And Control 49, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.49.4.26808.
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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have proven to be especially successful in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging—which is the process of mapping words to their corresponding POS labels depending on the context. Despite recent development of language technologies, low-resourced languages (such as an East African Tigrinya language), have received too little attention. We investigate the effectiveness of Deep Learning (DL) solutions for the low-resourced Tigrinya language of the Northern-Ethiopic branch. We have selected Tigrinya as the testbed example and have tested state-of-the-art DL approaches seeking to build the most accurate POS tagger. We have evaluated DNN classifiers (Feed Forward Neural Network – FFNN, Long Short-Term Memory method – LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, and Convolutional Neural Network – CNN) on a top of neural word2vec word embeddings with a small training corpus known as Nagaoka Tigrinya Corpus. To determine the best DNN classifier type, its architecture and hyper-parameter set both manual and automatic hyper-parameter tuning has been performed. BiLSTM method was proved to be the most suitable for our solving task: it achieved the highest accuracy equal to 92% that is 65% above the random baseline.
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Cacchioli, Gioia. "The Tigrinya zɨ- prefix." Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 232–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01501004.
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Abstract Head-final languages are not expected to display verbal prefixes. However, in Tigrinya—a consistent SOV Ethio-Semitic language—the “relative marker” is a prefix that precedes the subordinate verb. Taking an antisymmetric and LCA approach to head-finality, I challenge the idea that what have been traditionally called prefixes in head-final languages have an intrinsic “prefixal morphological property”. Instead, I argue that prefixes are elements that are subject to specific syntactic constraints that result in them appearing in front of verbs. I therefore propose a new syntactic analysis of relative clauses in Tigrinya that explains not only the appearance of the prefix zɨ- on the left of the subordinate verb, but also its occurrence on both the verb and the auxiliary in periphrastic verbal forms expressing progressive aspect: I suggest that zɨ- is a marker of successive-cyclic movement.
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Yohannes, Hailemariam Mehari, and Toshiyuki Amagasa. "A method of named entity recognition for Tigrinya." ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review 22, no. 3 (September 2022): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3570733.3570737.
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This paper proposes a method for Named-Entity Recognition (NER) for a low-resource language, Tigrinya, using a pre-trained language model. Tigrinya is a morphologically rich, although one of the underrepresented in the field of NLP. This is mainly due to the limited amount of annotated data available. To address this problem, we present the first publicly available datasets of NER for Tigrinya containing two versions, namely, (V1 and V2) annotated manually. The V1 and V2 datasets contain 69,309 and 40,627 tokens, respectively, where the annotations are based on the CoNLL 2003 Beginning, Inside, and Outside (BIO) tagging schema. Specifically, we develop a new pre-trained language model for Tigrinya based on RoBERTa, which we refer to as TigRoBERTa. Our model is then fine-tuned on down-stream tasks on a more specific target NER and POS tasks with limited data. Finally, we further enhance the model performance by applying semi-supervised self-training using unlabeled data. The experimental results show that the method achieved 84% F1-score for NER and 92% accuracy for POS tagging, which is better than or comparable to the baseline method based on the CNN-BiLSTM-CRF.
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ullendorff, edward. "a tigrinya letter from an eritrean notable." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 2 (June 2005): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000145.
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tigrinya (t[schwa]gr[schwa]ňňa) is, next to amharic, the most widely spoken semitic language in ethiopia, mainly in the tigre province and in eritrea. in most respects it is closer to the orthodox semitic typology than amharic. in terms of the number of semitic language speakers in general it follows arabic and amharic and surpasses hebrew by those who speak that language indigenously.
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Buckley, Eugene. "Against vowel length in Tigrinya." Studies in African Linguistics 26, no. 1 (June 1, 1997): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v26i1.107394.
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The premise of this paper is that vowel length plays no role in the synchronic phonology of Tigrinya: processes affecting vowels should be treated in qualitative terms only. The evidence in favor of synchronic vowel length is weak, and stronger evidence favors an analysis in which vowel length is phonologically irrelevant. While some researchers have made use of contrastive vowel length in the modern language to account for ostensible closed-syllable shortening, the analysis presented here shows that the relevant alternations are very limited in scope and represent at best the residue of historical vowel length. The evidence presented includes word minimality, vowel coalescence, wordfinal fronting, guttural lowering, and low dissimilation, with analyses of these phenomena in purely featural terms.
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Shosted, Ryan K., and Sharon Rose. "Affricating ejective fricatives: The case of Tigrinya." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 1 (March 28, 2011): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000319.
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The production of an ejective fricative involves an aerodynamic dilemma. An ejective requires increased intraoral air pressure, while a fricative requires air to be continuously vented through a narrow constriction. This venting may defeat the pressure increase. Because ejectivity is realized by forming a complete oral closure, we hypothesize that complete closure (i.e. affrication) may also typify ejective fricatives in some languages. We test this hypothesis through an acoustic production experiment with speakers of Tigrinya. We find substantial evidence that Tigrinya /s’/ is commonly realized as [ts’] and comment on the plausibility of affrication as a general strategy for the realization of ejective fricatives.
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Tesfagiorgis, Gebre Hiwet. "Alemseged Tesfai’s trilogy of books in the Tigrinya language." Journal of the African Literature Association 12, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2018.1501196.
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Bulakh, M. "Verbs of falling in Tigrinya." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (January 2020): 677–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716121.
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The paper gives a survey of verbs of falling in Tigrinya (an Ethio-Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia). The employment of each verb related to the situation of falling down is illustrated with phrasal examples. The Tigrinya data is further compared with Geez, a closely related extinct language. A special subsection deals with metaphorical use of the basic verb ‘to fall’ in Tigrinya. Tigrinya possesses one basic verb of falling, wädäḳä, which is applied to describe the downward movement of a solid object through the air or a loss of vertical position of a vertically oriented object. Falling of a solid, heavy object, either through the air or, less typically, along an oblique surface, can also be referred to by a special verb ṣädäfä. In all situations deviating from this default situation of falling in Tigrinya, special verbs are employed. Thus, the verbs tägälbäṭä ‘to be overturned, to topple’ or tägämṭälä ‘to be turned over’ are used to describe the situation of toppling, overturning which does not involve physical falling from a higher level to a lower one. Detachment of an object which had been fi rmly fi xed to another object, is usually denoted by the verb moläḳä ‘to slip off ; to become detached’. Falling to pieces of buildings or other built structures is described by the special verbs färäsä ‘to collapse, crumble, to fall’ or ʕanäwä ‘to collapse’ (but ṣädäfä can also be used in such contexts). Detachment of parts of body or plants due to natural reasons is denoted by the special verb rägäfä ‘to fall off (leaves), to break off , break loose (fruit, leaf), to shed a coat (livestock)’ (although the physical falling which is caused by such a detachment can well be described by the verb wädäḳä ‘to fall’). Furthermore, with respect to teeth, a special verb goräfä ‘to lose milk teeth, to have one’s tooth pulled out’ is used, with the possessor of the tooth encoded as the subject, and the tooth itself, as the object. Downward movement of liquids is denoted by a wide range of verbs, such as wäḥazä ‘to fl ow’, näṭäbä ‘to fall in drops, to drop (water), to drip (water)’, fäsäsä ‘to be spilled, poured (out) (water, grain, etc.), to fl ow (liquid, stream), to run (water), to fall (water)’, ṣärär bälä ‘to ooze, exude’, läḥakʷä ‘to drip, run (water along a wall after leaking through a roof), lo leak, to seep, fi lter through (intransitive)’. The verb wärädä ‘to descend’ is also used to describe the movement of liquids from a higher level to the lower. Spilling of granular material is denoted by fäsäsä ‘to be spilled, poured (out) (water, grain, etc.)’. Rolling down is denoted by the verb ʔankoraräyä/ʔankoraräwä ‘to roll’. Downward movement in water is described by the verb ṭäḥalä ‘to sink, to submerge’. Intentional losing of vertical position is described by the verb bäṭṭ bälä ‘to lie down’,and intentional movement from a higher level to the lower is described by wärädä ‘to descend’. The metaphors of falling include the employment of the verb wädäḳä to describe an abrupt, unexpected (and often unpleasant) change. This involves decrease in a measure, loss of interest, the destruction of a social power, arriving of a sudden calamity. A separate group of metaphorical employment is the verb wädäḳä as the standard predicate of such nouns as “lottery” and “lot”, presumably by extension from the situation of dice falling to the ground. Finally, death in battle is also denoted by the verb wädäḳä. The Geez cognate of wädäḳä likewise functions as the basic verb ‘to fall’, whose employment is very similar to, although not identical with, its Tigrinya equivalent. Similarly, Geez ṣadfa does not display any signifi cant diff erence from Tigrinya ṣädäfä in its semantics and usage.
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Fellman, Jack. "Lines on an African-Semitic language: The case of Tigrinya." Folia Linguistica Historica 26, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih.2007.163.
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ASFAHA, YONAS MESFUN, JEANNE KURVERS, and SJAAK KROON. "Grain size in script and teaching: Literacy acquisition in Ge'ez and Latin." Applied Psycholinguistics 30, no. 4 (October 2009): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990087.
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ABSTRACTThe study investigated reading in four African languages that use either syllabic Ge'ez (Tigrinya and Tigre languages) or alphabetic Latin scripts (Kunama and Saho). A sample of 385 Grade 1 children were given letter knowledge, word reading, and spelling tasks to investigate differences at the script and language levels. Results showed that the syllable based Ge'ez script was easier to learn than the phoneme-based Latin despite the bigger number of basic units in Ge'ez. Moreover, the syllable based teaching of alphabetic Saho produced better results than alphabetic teaching of Kunama. These findings are discussed using the psycholinguistic grain size theory. The outcomes confirm the importance of the availability of phonological units in learning to read.
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Alqarni, Muteb. "Arabic loanwords in seven Ethiopian languages." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 423–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01302009.
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Abstract Within the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (Paradis, 1988a,b; Paradis & LaCharité, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, henceforth TCRS), we provide a formal analysis to the Arabic loanwords in seven languages spoken in Ethiopia: Ge’ez, Tigre, Tigrinya, Amharic, Harari, Argobba and Gurage. The analysis draws upon a corpus of 540 loanwords extracted from the works of Leslau (1956a,b,c; 1957a,b,c; 1958; 1963; 1990). The article presents theoretical challenges to the TCRS Loanword Model (Paradis & LaCharité, 1997), in particular to the Threshold Principle which stipulates that an illicit segment should universally undergo less than two repairs to be licensed in the borrowing language; beyond this limit, it will be deleted. The adaptations of Arabic segmental malformations in these seven Ethiopian languages, however, exceed this number totaling in certain cases to six repairs. The article also discusses the Arabic gutturals, [ʔ], [ʕ] and [ħ], which undergo unpredictable deletion in Amharic and Argobba, showing that the Non-Availability Hypothesis (Paradis & LaCharité, 2001) cannot account for these deletions either. Although the Francophones systematically delete gutturals in Arabic loanwords due to the non-availability of Pharyngeal node in French, the inventories of Amharic and Argobba include the laryngeal [h], the uvular [q] and the glottalized ejectives, thus employing Pharyngeal node plus the features [RTR] and [constricted glottis] as phonologically treatable primitives.
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Asfaha, Yonas Mesfun, Jeanne Kurvers, and Sjaak Kroon. "Negen Talen En Drie Schriften." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 75 (January 1, 2006): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.75.09asf.
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In view of its sociolinguistic situation and its mother tongue language policy Eritrea qualifies as an excellent site for comparatively investigating the acquisition and use of literacy in nine different languages (Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Saho, Bidhaawyeet, Kunama, Nara, Bilen and Rashaida) using three different scripts (syllabic Geez, alphabetic Latin and consonantal-alphabetic Arabic) within one and the same cultural and educational context. This contribution presents first results of a literacy survey with 670 Eritreans (which is part of a larger NWO-WOTRO research project). It goes into the respondents' level of literacy, their use of reading and writing in a number of societal domains, their use of the different scripts, and their preferences for the different scripts. A main outcome of the survey is that both, religion and ethnolinguistic group membership, play an important role in the use and positive evaluation of specific scripts. The majority of respondents report a preference for either Geez or Arabic, the scripts of the holy books of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Islam respectively, whereas the Latin alphabet, notwithstanding the official support it gets and the fact that it is used for six out of nine Eritrean languages, hardly plays a societal role.
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Fellman, Jack. "Lines on the classification of Ethopian-Semitic." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 15, 1996): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i2.107398.
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Ethiopian-Semitic constitutes a compact, readily defined and homogeneous linguistic family, consisting of Ge' ez, Tigre, Tigrinya, Amharic, Argobba, Harari, Gafat, and the Gurage cluster. The most recent attempt to set up a classification of Ethiopian-Semitic was Hetzron [1972}, but this work was rather thoroughly criticized by Goldenberg [1977], and the field has yet to recover from it. The present note seeks to open the classification question anew by providing a basic, minimalist classification scheme, which can serve as a starting-off point for any future work on the subject. We begin with some of the results of Marcel Cohen [1931], "the father of Ethiopian studies" in the twentieth century. Cohen treats Tigre and Tigrinya as Northern Ethiopic, and Amharic, Harari, and the Gurage cluster as Southern Ethiopic. All are ultimately descendants of a ProtoEthiopic koine most closely resembling Ge'ez. Gurage, according to Cohen, is not a language or a linguistic unit in itself, but rather an ensemble of at least two separate and mutually unintelligible dialect clusters, Eastern Gurage and Western Gurage. Eastern Gurage consists of Wolane, Selti-Ulbarag, (and in the present state of our knowledge also Zway) , and is most closely connected with Harari. Western Gurage consists of several subgroups of dialects, in particular (a) Chaha, Ezha, Ennemor (Inor), Gumar, Gyeto (and in the present state of our knowledge Endegefi) and (b) Muher, Gogot, Masqan. Aymallel (Soddo, Kgstangiiiia), another Gurage tongue, is left unclassified by Cohen, as being perhaps intermediate between the two groups. Tentatively, he terms it North-Eastern Gurage. (Gafat and Argobba are not classified by Cohen.) Cohen's classification may be modified and/or expanded on the basis of the following points. Western Gurage tongue.
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Kapeliuk, Olga. "Gäbrä Iyyäsus Kifle, ታሪኽ ትውልዲ ልሳን ግእዝ Tariḵ tǝwlǝddi lǝssan Gǝʿǝz [History of the origin of the Gǝʿǝz language – in Tigrinya]." Aethiopica 6 (January 20, 2013): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.399.
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Alamgir, Akm, and Christen Kong. "Implementation Research with Expressive Arts Therapy (EAT) to Support the Newcomer Survivors of Gender-based Domestic Violence (GBDV) in Toronto." International Conference on Gender Research 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/icgr.7.1.2265.
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Context: Canada hosts thousands of newcomers from disadvantaged economies. Because of cultural non-essentialism and stigma, newcomer women in Canada embrace multi-level barriers to express their everyday discrimination and trauma experienced at home. Language creates another level of challenge. To understand the under-expressed domestic violence and the level of their trauma, this study added an arts-based evidence-generation technique followed by healing strategies by expressive arts modalities for this implementation research. Methodology: This mixed-method implementation research adopted an outcome-harvesting approach. Peer researchers conducted a collaborative review of the literature to find the best arts practices for identifying violence (type, bases, frequency, and severity), sort out the best modalities of expressive arts therapy (EAT) for such a vulnerable population group, and efficient measures to evaluate the intervention findings. Intervention: After screening for eligible participants (not in a crisis state) and their preparedness, a series of twelve sessions of EAT were conducted by a registered therapist on a closed group of newcomer participants. In a pilot phase, therapies are completed with three linguistic newcomer women groups- Arabic, Farsi/Dari, and Bengali. Three more groups (women speaking Tigrinya, newcomer women living in a shelter, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ communities) are selected for the next therapy sessions. The three sequential modalities were movement and discussion, storytelling and cognitive, and visual art and journaling. The key procedures were psychoeducation, self-regulation, co-regulation, strength-based, cognitive/tactile, and collective painting. The peer researcher conducted a 1-to-1 telephone interview with every participant for wellness and vulnerability checks three months after the last session. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is done for every group six months after the last session to assess sustainability and emerging challenges. Call into action: After triangulation of quantitative, qualitative, and arts-based evaluation findings, the study team prepares a scalable culturally appropriate practice guideline, a resource navigation toolkit for the survivors, and a policy advocacy document for necessary legislative amendment.
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Teferra, Solomon, Martha Yifiru, and Tanja Schultz. "DNN-based Multilingual Acoustic Modeling for Four Ethiopian Languages." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 46, no. 3 (March 27, 2024): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i3.2.
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In this paper, we present the results of experiments conducted on multilingual acoustic modeling in the development of an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system using speech data of phonetically much related Ethiopian languages (Amharic, Tigrigna, Oromo and Wolaytta) with multilingual (ML) mix and multitask approaches. The use of speech data from only phonetically much related languages brought improvement over results reported in a previous work that used 26 languages (including the four languages). A maximum Word Error Rate (WER) reduction from 25.03% (in the previous work) to 21.52% has been achieved for Wolaytta, which is a relative WER reduction of 14.02%. As a result of using multilingual acoustic modeling for the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, a relative WER reduction of up to 7.36% (a WER reduction from 23.23% to 21.52%) has been achieved over a monolingual ASR. Compared to the ML mix, the multitask approach brought a better performance improvement (a relative WERs reduction of up to 5.9%). Experiments have also been conducted using Amharic and Tigrigna in a pair and Oromo and Wolaytta in another pair. The results of the experiments showed that languages with a relatively better language resources for lexical and language modeling (Amharic and Tigrigna) benefited from the use of speech data from only two languages. Generally, the findings show that the use of speech corpora of phonetically related languages with the multitask multilingual modeling approach for the development of ASR systems for less-resourced languages is a promising solution.
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Kiros, Atakilti Brhanu, and Petros Ukbagergis Aray. "Tigrigna language spellchecker and correction system for mobile phone devices." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2307-2314.
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This paper presents on the implementation of spellchecker and corrector system in mobile phone devices, such as a smartphone for the low-resourced Tigrigna language. Designing and developing a spell checking for Tigrigna language is a challenging task. Tigrigna script has more than 32 base letters with seven vowels each. Every first letter has six suffixes. Word formation in Tigrigna depends mainly on root-and-pattern morphology and exhibits prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. A few project have been done on Tigrigna spellchecker on desktop application and the nature of Ethiopic characters. However, in this work we have proposed a systems modeling for Tigrigna language spellchecker, detecting and correction: a corpus of 430,379 Tigrigna words has been used. To indication the validity of the spellchecker and corrector model and algorithm designed, a prototype is developed. The experiment is tested and accuracy of the prototype for Tigrigna spellchecker and correction system for mobile phone devices achieved 92%. This experiment result shows clearly that the system model is efficient in spellchecking and correcting relevant suggested correct words and reduces the misspelled input words for writing Tigrigna words on mobile phone devices.
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Dinneen, Brid, and Jennifer Ahrens. "Complex Conflicts for the Asylum Seeker – External, Internal and Therapeutic." BJPsych Open 9, S1 (July 2023): S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.342.
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AimsIn 2020, 82 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced. In the same year, the UK received asylum applications for over 37,500 people. 76% of initial decisions made in the year to June 2022 have been grants of protection, meaning they have been awarded refugee status or humanitarian protection. However, many people wait years for a final decision on their claim. COVID-19 has exacerbated this issue and extended the backlog further. Most refugees are survivors – of transit, war, torture, trauma, loss. Recognition of the mental health needs of these survivors in countries of settlement is growing and with it an acknowledgment of the complexities faced. Despite finding relative security in their country of asylum, settlers are often faced with new psychosocial stressors as they simultaneously contend with the impact of their trauma in a foreign settings with cultural and language differences. Providing access to good quality mental health care, one that caters to these complexities, is essential.MethodsWe report the case of a 25-year-old, single, Tigrinya speaking, male Eritrean asylum seeker. In August 2022 he arrived into the UK in the back of a lorry having left Eritrea on foot three years previously having fled conscription. Whilst migrating, he was tortured, witnessed killings, was human trafficked and enslaved. Shortly after arrival in the UK he developed a psychotic illness and was admitted to an acute psychiatric ward. Treatment resistant schizophrenia emerged, clozapine was commenced and his condition improved.ResultsThe journey to clozapine was not smooth. His clinical presentation was complex, in the beginning we struggled to establish the source of his distress unsure of what was psychosis and what were symptoms of post-traumatic stress. We struggled to distinguish medication side effects from somatising. We struggled communicating, building trust, breaking down language and cultural barriers.In order to treat the illness we had to understand it and our patient. We adopted a multidisciplinary approach to deliver, in the first instance, principals of psychological first aid: addressing the refugee agenda as part of meeting his basic needs. With time and thanks to a wonderful interpreter we were able to build trust, strong and safe lines of communication. Slowly we became better interpreters ourselves, more able to decipher his distress. The interpreter helped us to be more culturally competent, thus, building our connection stronger. As the young man's acute condition settled, he began to trust us and his psychosis abated.ConclusionOur case highlights the importance of holistic care when managing displaced individuals in psychiatric settings. Interpreters are invaluable to trauma informed practice, beyond facilitating verbal communication they can help us to understand the culture of the people we are supporting, helping us to provide connection beyond the words. Trust in the context of psychosis and trauma in a displaced individual is hard earned but should be prioritised.
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Teklehaimanot, Hailay Kidu. "A Mobile Based Tigrigna Language Learning Tool." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 9, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4322.
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Hagos, Lemlem, Million Meshesha, Solomon Atnafu, and Solomon Teferra. "Identifying Amharic-Tigrigna Shared Features: Towards Optimizing Implementation of Under Resourced Languages." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 46, no. 2 (November 22, 2023): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i2.5.
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In this article, exploratory research is conducted to analyze statistical overlap across Amharic and Tigrigna at different level of abstraction, namely, word level, CV syllable level, and at phoneme level. Amharic and Tigrigna are among the most widely spoken Ethiosemitic languages in Ethiopia, yet under resourced to be fully integrated into TTS applications that assist oral society in their day-to-day activities. Text to speech research requires linguistic resources involving intensive text analysis and acoustic resources that involve digital signal analysis. TTS researches for Ethiosemitic languages have been explored on monolingual basis which require fragmented research activities towards the resource intensive task. Investigating the level of overlap for Amharic and Tigrigna gives an insight to reuse shared acoustic and linguistic resources across these languages and reduce duplication of effort in the process of designing higher level applications such as TTS. According to our statistical analysis, Amharic and Tigrigna share 86.36% at phonemic level, 85.93% at CV syllable level, and encouraging level of overlap at the word level. The extent to which these languages overlap at different level of abstraction implies the opportunity to reduce duplication of effort in the design and development of bilingual and multilingual TTS for Ethiosemitic polyglots.
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Mogos, Mulubrhan F., Jason W. Beckstead, Mary E. Evans, Kevin E. Kip, and Roger A. Boothroyd. "Forward-backward translation and cross-cultural validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale among Tigrigna-speaking Eritrean refugees." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2017-0007.
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Purpose The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale is a widely used instrument for studying depression in the general population. It has been translated into several languages. Cross-cultural relevance of the construct of depression and cultural equivalence of the CES-D items used to measure it are crucial for international research on depression. Given the increasing number of refugees from Eritrea entering the USA and Europe, there is a need among health care researchers and providers for an instrument to assess depressive symptoms in the native language of this vulnerable population. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The study employed forward–backward translation and assessed the CES-D scale for cross-cultural research and depression screening among Tigrigna-speaking Eritrean refugees. Forward–backward translation, cognitive interview and semantic analysis were conducted to ensure equivalence of comprehension of the items and instructions between Tigrigna- and English-speaking samples. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the measurement invariance of the translated version. Findings Translation efforts were successful as reflected by the results of semantic analysis and pilot testing. Evidence supporting the measurement invariance of data collected using the Tigrigna version of the CES-D was obtained from a sample of 253 Eritrean refugees in the USA. Practical implications The findings of this study provide support for reliability and validity of data collected using the Tigrigna version of the CES-D scale. This important tool for assessing depression symptoms among Eritrean refugees is now available for health care providers and researchers working with this vulnerable population. Originality/value This work is an original work of the authors and it has not been published previously.
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Araya Keletay, Mezgebe, and Hussien Seid Worku. "Developing Concatenative Based Text to Speech Synthesizer for Tigrigna Language." Internet of Things and Cloud Computing 8, no. 2 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.iotcc.20200802.12.
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Teklehaymanot, Yemane,, and Melese, Beshah. "Semitic Words Found in Tigrigna but not in Ge’ez." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i1.10869.
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This paper deals with Semitic words which are found in Tigrigna Language but not in Ge’ez. The result shows that there are indeed some such words, including basic vocabulary, but not many. This provides a lexical perspective on the question of how close Ge’ez was to proto-Ethiopic: very close, but not identical.
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Gebremeskel, Hagos Gebremedhin, Feng Chong, and Huang Heyan. "Design and Development of Morphological Analyzer for Tigrigna Verbs using Hybrid Approach." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 12, no. 5 (October 27, 2023): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2023.12501.
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Morphological analyzer is the base for various high-level NLP applications such as information retrieval, spell checking, grammar checking, machine translation, speech recognition, POS tagging and automatic sentence construction. This paper is carefully designed for design and analysis of morphological analyzer Tigrigna verbs using hybrid of memory learning and rules based approaches. The experiment have conducted using Python 3 where TiMBL algorithms IB2 and TRIBL2, and Finite State Transducer rules are used. The performance of the system has been evaluated using 10 fold cross validation technique. Testing was conducted using optimized parameter settings for regular verbs and linguistic rules of the Tigrigna language allomorph and phonology for the irregular verbs. The accuracy of the memory based approach with optimized parameters of TiMBL algorithm IB2 and TRIBL2 was 93.24% and 92.31%, respectively. Finally, the hybrid approach had an actual performance of 95.6% using linguistic rules for handling irregular and copula verbs.
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Demilie, Wubetu Barud. "Comparative Analysis of Automated Text Summarization Techniques: The Case of Ethiopian Languages." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 13, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3282127.
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Nowadays, there is an abundance of information available from both online and offline sources. For a single topic, we can get more than hundreds of sources containing a wealth of information. The ability to extract or generate a summary of popular content allows users to quickly search for content and obtain preliminary data in the shortest amount of time. Manually extracting useful information from them is a difficult task. Automatic text summarization (ATS) systems are being developed to address this issue. Text summarization is the process of extracting useful information from large documents and compressing it into a summary while retaining all the relevant contents. This review paper provides a broad overview of ATS research works in various Ethiopian languages such as Amharic, Afan Oromo, and Tigrinya using different text summarization approaches. The work has identified the novel and recommended state-of-the-art techniques and methods for future researchers in the area and provides knowledge and useful support to new researchers in this field by providing a concise overview of the various feature extraction methods and classification techniques required for different types of ATS approaches applied to the Ethiopian languages. Finally, different recommendations for future researchers have been forwarded.
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Goba, Gelila Kidane, Jessica George, Mussie Alemayehu, Fasika Amdeslasie, Ken Divelbess, Gregory Makoul, Raymond H. Curry, and Mary D. Stephenson. "Translation, Adaptation, and Assessment of the Communication Assessment Tool in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 11, no. 4s (August 1, 2019): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-18-00711.
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ABSTRACT Background Ethiopia has experienced tremendous growth in medical education beginning in the early 2000s. Research shows a need for emphasis on empathy and compassionate care in this setting. In the United States, the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) is a widely used, validated survey measuring provider-patient interactions. Objective The goal of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and pilot the CAT to allow it to be used with trainees and patients in Ethiopia. Methods Bilingual experts translated the CAT into Tigrigna, the primary language of the Tigray region in northern Ethiopia, followed by focus group discussions, back translation, and review by the original author of the CAT. The translated tool was administered to the patients of resident physicians in 6 specialties at Ayder Referral Hospital between December 2016 and February 2017. Results Our translation of the CAT into Tigrigna had semantic, idiomatic, and experiential equivalence. Of 1024 patients recruited, 1002 (98%) completed interviews using the CAT. Mean score was 3.09; 3% of all scores were excellent and 54% were good. Cronbach's alpha score for the full survey was 0.942, demonstrating high reliability. Conclusions The translated CAT in Tigrigna can be used to assess communication skills in Ethiopian residents. Both mean score and percentage of excellent scores were considerably lower than scores in other countries, suggesting that there may be opportunities for improvement in residents' communication skills.
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Baro, Hayelom, and Pawan Dwivedi. "STYLISTICS ANALYSIS OF SOUND DEVICE USING PARALLELISM ON THE SELECTED TIGRINA POEMS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.828.
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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the article is to identify parallelism as the kind of sound device utilized and to examine the role these sound devices play in encoding or reinforcing meaning within the lines and the whole poem in the selected poems of Tigrigna written by Giemay Gebru.
Methodology: The research is theoretical, methodical and descriptive in nature and draws on library materials. Therefore, linguistics and stylistics approach i.e. phonological is used to analyze the data. Parallelism is one of the most important sound devices which is one of many stylistic approaches is used in this study as a descriptive method. As a model, the study adopts the revised method proposed by (Leech 1969) in his book “A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, and (Mick Short's 1996) “Exploring the Language of Poems, play, and prose”. Furthermore, the chart that shows the phonemes of Tigrigna and writing systems that are summarized by Yohanes Zewedie is used as one method of analysis. In addition to that, the poems are translated into the English language and written in their phonetic transcription.
Results: The main result of the findings shows that parallelism as sound devices is observed in the selected poems. As revealed in the study, the poet, Girmay Gebru utilizing parallelism devices for the purpose of highlighting the issue and need to be emphasized and strongly express his tone of an idea what he needs to portray.
Application of this study: The study undertaken in the present study is justifiable and valuable since it attempts a new-fangled area. Therefore, this study will be of considerable importance to all those who are fascinated by the literature of Tigrigna.
Novelty/Originality of this study: In this research, the model of the stylistic aspect of translation and phonetic transcription-translation of the selected poems are presented in a full and complete manner.
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Abebe, Berhane. "Application of elementary probability models for text homogeneity and segmentation: A case study of Bible." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 7, 2024): e0303432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303432.
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For the purpose of this study, A statistical test of Biblical books was conducted using the recently discovered probability models for text homogeneity and text change point detection. Accordingly, translations of Biblical books of Tigrigna and Amharic (major languages spoken in Eritrea and Ethiopia) and English were studied. A Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution with a parameter range of 0.55 to 0.88 was obtained in these three Bibles. According to the statistical analysis of the texts’ homogeneity, the translation of Bible in each of these three languages was a heterogeneous concatenation of different books or genres. Furthermore, an in-depth examination of the text segmentation of prat of a single genre—the English Bible letters revealed that the Pauline letters are heterogeneous concatenations of two homogeneous segments.
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Reznikova, T., E. Rakhilina, and D. Ryzhova. "Verbs of falling in the languages of the world: frames, parameters, and types of the systems." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 9–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716101.
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The article presents the results of a typological analysis of FALLING verbs performed on a sample of 42 languages. Under falling we understand uncontrolled gravity-forced downward motion in the air without contact with a surface. Within this semantic domain, we identify 4 main situations (frames) that consistently underlie lexical oppositions: moving from a higher surface to a lower one (‘the vase fell from the table’), loss of vertical orientation (‘the vase fell and the water spilled on the tablecloth’), falling-destruction (‘the house collapsed’) and detaching (‘the dress fell off the hanger’). Depending on the encoding strategy of these frames, we distinguish between several types of FALLING systems. Two extremes in this typology are represented, on the one hand, by a dominant strategy (i.e., all frames may be covered by the same verb) and, on the other, by a distributive system (a special verb is used for each of the frames). Within our sample, the dominant system is encountered, e.g., in Hindi, Greek, Basque, and Tigrinya, and the distributive one is characteristic of Hungarian, Chukchi, Adyghe, and Khmer. These and other lexicalization patterns are visualized using both a traditional semantic map model and formal concept analysis. The paper also discusses additional parameters that may affect the choice of lexical means — in particular, the type of falling subject, the number of falling items, the peculiarity of the subject’s initial and final positions, the cause of the fall, etc. For example, languages tend to use special verbs to encode falling of precipitation. Multiple subjects (e.g., granular solids or apples) may be lexically opposed to separate elements. In case of humans, verbs of falling may imply a certain orientation of the subject after the falling event (e.g., on one’s back or face down), or a specific reason (falling caused by an internal malfunction — faint, loss of balance, etc., or by an external impact — hitting, shooting, etc.)
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Dominicé Dao, Melissa, Désirée Gerosa, Iris Pélieu, and Guy Haller. "Allophone immigrant women’s knowledge and perceptions of epidural analgesia for labour pain: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e057125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057125.
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ObjectivesTo explore allophone immigrant women’s knowledge and perceptions of epidural analgesia for labour pain, in order to identify their information needs prior to the procedure.DesignWe conducted focus groups interviews with allophone women from five different linguistic immigrant communities, with the aid of professional interpreters. Thematic analysis of focus group transcripts was carried out by all authors.SettingWomen were recruited at two non-profit associations offering French language and cultural integration training to non-French speaking immigrant women in Geneva.ParticipantsForty women from 10 countries who spoke either Albanian, Arabic, Farsi/Dari, Tamil or Tigrigna took part in the five focus groups. Four participants were nulliparous, but all others had previous experience of labour and delivery, often in European countries. A single focus group was conducted for each of the five language groups.ResultsWe identified five main themes: (1) Women’s partial knowledge of epidural analgesia procedures; (2) Strong fears of short-term and long-term negative consequences of epidural analgesia during childbirth; (3) Reliance on multiple sources of information regarding epidural analgesia for childbirth; (4) Presentation of salient narratives of labour pain to justify their attitudes toward epidural analgesia; and (5) Complex community positioning of pro-epidural women.ConclusionsWomen in our study had partial knowledge of epidural analgesia for labour pain and held perceptions of a high risk-to-benefits ratio for this procedure. Diverse and sometimes conflicting information about epidural analgesia can interfere with women’s decisions regarding this treatment option for labour pain. Our study suggests that women need comprehensive but also tailored information in their own language to support their decision-making regarding epidural labour analgesia.
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Reka, Mahder. "A Comparative Postcolonial Analysis: The Conscript (1950) and The Glass Palace (2000)." Shanlax International Journal of English 8, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/english.v8i3.2449.
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The present comparative postcolonial analysis aims at drawing thematic parallels between two postcolonial novels: The Conscript (1950) by Ghebresus Hailu (Eritrea, Horn of Africa) and The Glass Palace (2000) by Amitav Ghosh, India. Though the novels are productions of two different geographical space, cultural and colonial experience, they have stark similarities. In The Conscript Hailu paints a picture of his colonized country men under Italian masters similarly, Ghosh in The Glass Palace attempts to delineate the life of Indo-Burmese people under the British Empire. Although a lot of research has been carried out on Anglophone and Francophone colonial literature, there hardly exists any analysis of Italian colonial literature. In this regard comparative analysis of The Conscript (a novel written in Tigrigna, a language spoken in Eritrea, East Africa and translated into English by Ghirmay Negash, a professor in Ohio University) and The Glass Palace, I believe will provide additional knowledge concerning Italian colonial experience visà-vis wide existing Anglophone and Francophone literature. The thematic commonalities drawn between The Conscript and The Glass Palace in this paper are native role and complicity, racism and interiorization, dislocation, colonial order, traumatic effects of colonialism in the colonized, decolonization strategies, and anticolonial consciousness. I will explore and analyze the relations of the two novels based on afore mentioned aspects. Then following the discussion I will conclude by revisiting some general points concerning the texts. This paper mainly frames its arguments on theoretical frameworks of Rene Wellek, Robert Young, Edward Said, and Franz Fanon about notions of comparative literature, resistance, and representation, exploitation, and interiorization.
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Tesfau, Yemane Berhane, Tesfay Gebregzabher Gebrehiwot, Hagos Godefay Debeb, and Alemayehu Bayray Kahsay. "“Mothers will be lucky if utmost receive a single scheduled postnatal home visit”: An exploratory qualitative study, Northern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): e0265301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265301.
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Background Postnatal home visits (PNHVs) have been endorsed as strategy for delivery of postnatal care (PNC) to reduce newborn mortality and improve maternal outcomes. Despite the important role of the Health Extension Workers (HEWs) in improving the overall healthcare coverage, PNHV remains as a missed opportunity in rural Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of scheduled postnatal home visits in Northern Ethiopia. Methods We conducted an exploratory qualitative study on a total of 16 in-depth interviews with HEWs and mothers who gave birth one year prior to the study. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted with HEWs and key informant interviews were conducted with women development group leaders, supervisors, and healthcare authorities from April to June 2019 in two rural districts of Northern Ethiopia. Discussions and interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim in the local language (Tigrigna) and translated into English. The translated scripts were thematically coded using Atlas ti scientific software. Field notes were also taken during the discussion and while conducting the interviews. Results Health system factors, community context, and individual level factors were considered as the barriers and facilitators of scheduled PNHVs. Leadership, governance, management, support and supervision, referral linkages, overwhelming workload, capacity building, logistics and supplies are the major sub-themes identified as health system factors. Physical characteristics like geographical location and topography, distance, and coverage of the catchment; and community support and participation like support from women’s development groups (WDGs), awareness of the community on the presence of the service and cultural and traditional beliefs were community contexts that affect PNHVs. Self-motivation to support and intrinsic job satisfaction were individual level factors that were considered as barriers and facilitators. Conclusion The finding of this study suggested that the major barriers of postnatal home visits were poor attention of healthcare authorities of the government bodies, lack of effective supervision, poor functional linkages, inadequate logistics and supplies, unrealistic catchment area coverage, poor community participation and support, and lack of motivation of HEWs. Henceforth, to achieve the scheduled PNHV in rural Ethiopia, there should be strong political commitment and healthcare authorities should provide attention to postnatal care both at facility and home with a strong controlling system.
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Voigt, Rainer. "Tigrinya, an “African-Semitic” language." Folia Linguistica Historica 43, Historica vol. 30 (January 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih.2009.007.
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Haile, Gezae. "Bridging the Digital Divide: Developing Local Digital Heritage Content and Investigating Localized Digital Solutions." Libri, June 13, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/libri-2023-0109.
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Abstract The digital divide, in my view, is not only created due to the lack of local contents but also due to the fact that few digital contents from local sources are found in the digital libraries of higher education in Ethiopia. Likewise, the creation and dissemination of local contents could be facilitated not only by the presence of local digital contents but also by the presence of usable digital technology at a local level. This article aims to give a practical solution to bridging the digital divide by unlocking local heritage knowledge through creating digital contents from locally grown literary heritage as well as by developing a localised digital library system. Therefore, this article presents the research processes and results that were undertaken to unlock local heritage knowledge and developed the localised digital library system: customising a free and open-source software; digitising and translating the local literary heritage contents; and building the digitised and translated literary heritage contents into the localised digital libraries, which Greenstone digital library software was used to customise into local use. The English version of the Greenstone user interface (macro files) was translated into the Tigrinya language, one of the locally spoken languages in Ethiopia. For translation purposes, a list of suitable and compatible Tigrinya words and phrases that basically fit with the meaning of the English version of the Greenstone spreadsheet was developed. As a result of this translation work, the Tigrinya language interface has become one of the languages that are included in Greenstone digital library software version 2.83 for the first time (Language short name=ti “long name=ትግርኛ (Tigrinya)” default encoding=utf-8). To unlock the heritage knowledge and build the localised digital library with local digital collections, a sample of Ethiopia’s ancient Ge’ez parchment manuscripts were digitised and translated into Tigrinya and English languages. To facilitate the retrieval of information and to be easily recognised by internet search engines in the Tigrinya language, a local specific metadata standard for Ethiopia’s ancient Ge’ez parchment manuscripts was developed at three hierarchical levels, at manuscript level, at chapter level and at page level, with each translated page tagged using HTML. To facilitate the link between the translated text and the corresponding digital image, an “item” file was created using a WordPad. As a result, three collections were built into the customised digital library: the digitised image of the Abushakir manuscript as well as the Tigrinya and English translated texts of the same manuscripts. The functionality and usability of the localised digital system was tested by searching keywords and browsing titles from the built collection of the Tigrinya text and the original digital image of the manuscript. The result of this test shows that the localised digital library system is capable of allowing end-users to discover the information they want at the granular level from digital content of the local literary heritage. Therefore, further manuscript collection through digitisation, translating into local language and building the digitised collection into this localised digital library system is necessary for wider access to the local literary heritage digital content and for bridging the digital divide in the long-term.
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Kievit, Dirk, and Saliem Kievit. "Differential object marking in Tigrinya." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 30, no. 1 (January 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall.2009.004.
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Demilie, Wubetu Barud, and Ayodeji Olalekan Salau. "Automated all in one misspelling detection and correction system for Ethiopian languages." Journal of Cloud Computing 11, no. 1 (September 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13677-022-00299-1.
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AbstractIn this paper, a misspelling detection and correction system was developed for Ethiopian languages (Amharic, Afan Oromo, Tigrinya, Hadiyyisa, Kambatissa, and Awngi). For some of these languages, there have been few works on typo detection and correction systems. However, an effective and all-in-one typo detector and corrector system for Ethiopian languages have yet to be developed. A dictionary-based methodology is used to detect and rectify various forms of misspelling-related issues. The major characteristics of the proposed model can be outlined by presenting suggestions for detected flaws and automatically correcting them utilizing the first suggestion. In addition, the proposed model is evaluated using dictionary-based data sets for all languages. The corpora used were gathered from a variety of sources, including economic, political, social, and related publications, newspapers, and magazines. In this model, the users can perform all spelling-related issues within a single system (all-in-one). That means if the user(s) is (are) working on the Amharic language and then he/she/they can change the language she/he/they prefer(s) without shifting to another graphical user interface (GUI). Here, the users can save time and perform their tasks easily. Similarly, the user(s) can improve their skills in the selected languages accordingly. Finally, precision, recall, and f-measures for each language have been computed following a successful evaluation of the model. The system outperforms an f-measure of 89.57%, 87.57%, 88.31%, 86.83%, 81.83%, and 87.59% for Amharic, Afan Oromo, Tigrinya, Hadiyyisa, Kambatissa, and Awngi languages respectively. Furthermore, recommendations have been provided for future researchers.
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Franck, Julie, and Despina Papadopoulou. "L2 French learning by Eritrean refugee speakers of Tigrinya." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, February 23, 2022, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728921001048.
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Abstract This study reports data on 47 Tigrinya speaking Eritrean refugees learning French. L2 French proficiency is assessed through the placement test Ev@lang, a standardized grammar test, and fine corpus analyses. Analysis of individual factors shows that, whereas school education, number of years in Switzerland, and French classes attended play no role in proficiency, age penalizes learning and, critically, multilingualism facilitates it. Corpus analyses replicate difficulties commonly reported in the literature with root infinitives, determiner omission and gender errors. Productions also depart from previous reports as we observed a low rate of subject drop, a high rate of gender errors involving animate nouns, and the overuse of the feminine, in line with Tigrinya grammar. Finally, our data provide preliminary evidence of the validity of Ev@lang in assessing French proficiency in refugees, an issue which is becoming critical with the increased role of language skills in European asylum policies.
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Fellman, Jack. "Lines on an African-Semitic language: The case of Tigrinya." Folia Linguistica Historica 39, Historica vol. 26,1-2 (January 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.26.1-2.163.
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Woldemariam, Hirut, and Elizabeth Lanza. "Language contact, agency and power in the linguistic landscape of two regional capitals of Ethiopia." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2014, no. 228 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0006.
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AbstractThe issue of language contact in the linguistic landscape has been rarely addressed, especially in regards to issues of agency and power in this domain of multilingual practices. The linguistic landscape provides an arena for investigating agency as related to literacy, language rights and identity. In this article, we explore the linguistic landscape of two different regions in Ethiopia to provide an analysis of language contact that takes place between regional languages, which only recently have made the transition to literacy in the country as the result of a new language policy, and Amharic, the federal working language, which has a long and established history of literacy. The study is based on data collected through field work and participant observation from two federal regions in the country – Tigray and Oromia – two regions that have fought for the recognition of language rights, for Tigrinya and Oromo, the former a Semitic language like Amharic and the latter a Cushitic language. Results indicate ways in which speakers of the regional languages draw on their multilingual resources to create a new arena for language use and thereby assert their agency in developing new literacy practices.
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Habtoor, Hussein Ali. "Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Second Generation Tigrinya-speaking Eritrean Immigrants in Saudi Arabia." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2, no. 5 (May 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.5.945-955.
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Busau, Filip. "Proverbs in Language Teaching: Using the Example of Let’s Speak Tigrinya (2018)." Aethiopica 23 (April 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.23.0.1347.
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Proverbs have been used in language teaching for centuries. Nowadays, language learners associate mastery of this traditionally oral genre to a certain level of fluency and regard it as an access key to a deeper understanding of the native speakers’ culture. The recently released Tǝgrǝñña coursebook Let’s Speak Tigrinya (2018) contains almost fifty proverbs, and provides students with an insight into this old and rich tradition. However, owing to the lack of commentary or translation, the paper here seeks to compensate for this deficiency. In comparison with several Tǝgrǝñña proverb collections, it becomes apparent that the expressions listed in the textbook are common in Eritrea as well as in the Tǝgray region, in several alternative variations, some of which have been attested to in earlier European research works. A few examples even have an Amharic equivalent. The proverbs focused on here cover a wide range of both grammatical and everyday life topics and should be implemented in a more effective manner than the textbook provides. However, due to the lack of translations and occasional misprints, their accessibility is radically reduced and of little use for the individual language learner unassisted by a classroom situation.
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Cekaite, Asta, and Maria Simonsson. "Guided Play Supporting Immigrant Children’s Participation and Bilingual Development in Preschools." International Journal of Early Childhood, November 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13158-023-00370-1.
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AbstractIn recent decades, refugee immigration has had significant impact on educational contexts in Sweden, with preschools the primary arenas for young children’s language learning experiences. The present study examines second language and literacy training practices for immigrant children (aged 1–5) in preschools in Sweden. The empirical data consist of video recordings of teacher-guided play activities. These were designed to create rich linguistic and cultural environments facilitating active and democratic participation by the children. Guided play activities were developed in close collaboration between teachers and researchers during action-based interventions that were aimed at constructing child-oriented participatory language learning practices in ethnically and linguistically diverse ECEC settings. The children’s first languages were Tigrinya, Arabic dialects, Somalian, Kurdish dialects, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. The participatory learning potential of guided play was collaboratively analyzed and assessed, and new and revised activities were implemented, based on the goals of inclusivity and children’s active engagement in play and language learning. The analysis shows that teachers’ use of multimodal semiotic means, such as questions, texts and cultural artifacts (stories, material story-related objects, play spaces) were important strategies for the preparation of appealing play environments and activities that contributed to children’s curiosity and participation. These resources served as affordances for guided play, allowing the simultaneous scaffolding of children’s play competencies and their language learning.
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Voigt, Rainer. "Issayas Tesfamariam, ትግርኛ ንዛረብ: Let’s Speak Tigrinya, Elementary Level, A First-Year Textbook, A Multidimensional Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Tigrinya As a Foreign Language." Aethiopica 23 (April 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.23.0.1638.
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Hernáiz, Rodrigo. "The grammaticalization of manner expressions into complementizers: insights from Semitic languages." Linguistics, January 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0197.
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Abstract Complementation strategies in both ancient and modern Semitic languages include the use of a series of cognate complementizers typically sharing a k-element: e.g., Tigrinya käm, Modern Hebrew ki, Akkadian kī(ma) or Ge’ez kama. The sources and the developments that led to the complementizer use of these multifunctional k-subordinators are not sufficiently clear, and diverse interpretations have been proposed. The present article analyses the oldest written record of k-complement markers in Semitic, focusing on Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian. The analysis of the type and distribution of complement constructions suggest a different explanation for their development based on the grammaticalization of similative manner expressions, a process attested in Afro-Asiatic and other languages. The article also highlights the presence and potential role of nominal complementation among the earliest recorded forms of complementation in Akkadian. The data presented here provide insights into the origin of k-complementizers in Semitic languages with less ancient written evidence, from Ancient Hebrew to Ethiosemitic.
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Idkowiak, Jan, Suma Uday, Sabba Elhag, Timothy Barrett, Renuka Dias, Melanie Kershaw, Zainaba Mohamed, Vrinda Saraff, and Ruth E. Krone. "Diabetes control is worse in children and young people with type 1 diabetes requiring interpreter support." Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare 4 (November 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1228820.
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IntroductionLanguage barriers can pose a significant hurdle to successfully educating children and young people with type 1 diabetes (CYPD) and their families, potentially influencing their glycaemic control.MethodsRetrospective case-control study assessing HbA1c values at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months post-diagnosis in 41 CYPD requiring interpreter support (INT) and 100 age-, sex- and mode-of-therapy-matched CYPD not requiring interpreter support (CTR) in our multi-diverse tertiary diabetes centre. Data were captured between 2009-2016. English indices of deprivation for each cohort are reported based on the UK 2015 census data.ResultsThe main languages spoken were Somali (27%), Urdu (19.5%), Romanian (17%) and Arabic (12%), but also Polish, Hindi, Tigrinya, Portuguese, Bengali and sign language. Overall deprivation was worse in the INT group according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD [median]: INT 1.642; CTR 3.741; p=0.001). The median HbA1c was higher at diagnosis in the CTR group (9.95% [85.2 mmol/mol] versus 9.0% [74.9 mmol/mol], p=0.046) but was higher in the INT group subsequently: the median HbA1c at 18 months post diagnosis was 8.3% (67.2 mmol/mol; INT) versus 7.9% (62.8 mmol/mol; CTR) (p=0.014). There was no hospitalisation secondary to diabetes-related complications in either cohorts.Summary and conclusionsGlycaemic control is worse in CYPD with language barriers. These subset of patients also come from the most deprived areas which adds to the disadvantage. Health care providers should offer tailored support for CYP/families with language barriers, including provision of diabetes-specific training for interpreters, and explore additional factors contributing to poor glycaemic control. The findings of this study suggest that poor health outcomes in CYPD with language barriers is multifactorial and warrants a multi-dimensional management approach.
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Bains, S., J. Sundby, B. V. Lindskog, S. Vangen, L. M. Diep, K. Owe, and I. K. Sørbye. "Communication barriers in maternity care - a questionnaire study among migrants to Norway." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.765.
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Abstract Background Sub-optimal maternity care among migrants has been reported in a number of European countries. Explanations are multifactorial; however, communication barriers have been suggested as a major factor. Our aim was to explore recent migrant women's reported need for interpreter, actual interpreter use and the understanding of information provided during maternity care in Norway. Methods As part of the multidisciplinary, mixed method MiPreg-project, we applied a quantitative questionnaire, using a modified version of Migrant Friendly Maternity Care Questionnaire. We included recently (≤ 5 years) migrated women born in low or middle-income countries giving birth in urban Oslo, Norway, during 2019. Face-to-face interviews in women's own language of choice were conducted postpartum. Results We included 401 women from 65 countries. The five most frequent languages spoken at home were English, Polish, Arabic, Urdu and Tigrinya. The Norwegian proficiency was low; 23% not at all, 39% with difficulty, 39% good. Two thirds of women would have understood the information during maternity care better in another language. Two out of five felt a need for interpreting services and of these 44% and 81% were not offered interpreter during pregnancy and birth, respectively. The woman's partner or other adult family member interpreted most frequently, followed by professional interpreter and healthcare professionals. The women themselves often felt they understood the information provided; 78% always, 20% sometimes and 2% rarely/never. Increased length of residency and higher education was associated with better understanding, also after adjusting for maternal age and immigrant status. Discussions Several communication barriers exist for recent migrant women, with possible consequences for quality of maternity care. Recommended standards for interpretation services were not followed. To address barriers, increased use of interpreter and multilingual antenatal courses could be effective. Key messages Low language proficiency and use of interpreter may contribute to disparities in maternity care for migrants. The unmet needs for interpretation services must be addressed with appropriate actions.
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Souleymanov, Rusty, Bolaji Akinyele-Akanbi, Chinyere Njeze, Patricia Ukoli, Paula Migliardi, John Kim, Michael Payne, et al. "Migration and health study: a socio-ecological analysis of sexual health among migrants in Manitoba, Canada." BMC Public Health 23, no. 1 (December 6, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17379-9.
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Abstract Background To develop effective public health policies, programs, and services tailored to the unique sexual health needs of migrant populations, it is essential to understand the myriad socio-ecological factors that influence their sexual health. This qualitative community-based participatory study aimed to explore factors influencing migrants’ sexual health at different socio-ecological levels in a Canadian setting. Methods Participants (n = 34) from African, Caribbean, Black; Latin American; South Asian; Middle Eastern, as well as East and Southeast Asian communities were recruited across Manitoba using printed flyers, community organizations, and social media. Individual interviews, conducted in English, French, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tagalog, Arabic, Swahili, and Tigrinya languages, explored questions relating to sexual health and experiences with service providers. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and socio-ecological systems theory. Results The study uncovered a range of individual, interpersonal, institutional, and socio-structural factors that affect the sexual health of migrants in Manitoba. Individual factors such as sexual health knowledge and testing practices, interpersonal factors like the type of sexual partnerships, institutional factors such as sexual health information needs, language, and service access barriers, and structural-level factors like gender norms and HIV stigma exerted a significant influence on the sexual health practices of study respondents. Sexual health awareness was influenced by various factors including length of time in Canada and involvement in community-based services. Study respondents identified issues related to access to HIV testing and sexual health information, as well as language barriers, racism in healthcare, and HIV stigma. Gender and social norms played a significant role in discouraging communication about sex and safer sex practices. Conclusions The study highlights the complex interplay of factors that influence the sexual health of migrants, and the need for targeted sexual health awareness campaigns and provision of sexual health information in languages spoken by migrants. Public health interventions focused on improving the sexual health outcomes for migrants should consider the socio-ecological elements identified in this study. These findings can inform public health campaigns to increase access to services and address sexual health inequities among migrant communities in Canada.
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Chiche, Alebachew, Hiwot Kadi, and Tibebu Bekele. "A Hidden Markov Model-based Part of Speech Tagger for Shekki’noono Language." International Journal of Computing, December 31, 2021, 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47839/ijc.20.4.2448.
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Natural language processing plays a great role in providing an interface for human-computer communication. It enables people to talk with the computer in their formal language rather than machine language. This study aims at presenting a Part of speech tagger that can assign word class to words in a given paragraph sentence. Some of the researchers developed parts of speech taggers for different languages such as English Amharic, Afan Oromo, Tigrigna, etc. On the other hand, many other languages do not have POS taggers like Shekki’noono language. POS tagger is incorporated in most natural language processing tools like machine translation, information extraction as a basic component. So, it is compulsory to develop a part of speech tagger for languages then it is possible to work with an advanced natural language application. Because those applications enhance machine to machine, machine to human, and human to human communications. Although, one language POS tagger cannot be directly applied for other languages POS tagger. With the purpose for developing the Shekki’noono POS tagger, we have used the stochastic Hidden Markov Model. For the study, we have used 1500 sentences collected from different sources such as newspapers (which includes social, economic, and political aspects), modules, textbooks, Radio Programs, and bulletins. The collected sentences are labeled by language experts with their appropriate parts of speech for each word. With the experiments carried out, the part of speech tagger is trained on the training sets using Hidden Markov model. As experiments showed, HMM based POS tagging has achieved 92.77 % accuracy for Shekki’noono. And the POS tagger model is compared with the previous experiments in related works using HMM. As a future work, the proposed approaches can be utilized to perform an evaluation on a larger corpus.
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Ergetie Andargie, Kidst, and Tsegay Mullu Kassa. "Language Independent and Multilingual Language Identification using Infinity Ngram Approach." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, July 20, 2019, 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit195414.
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Now days it is possible to get massive amount of multilingual digital information that are generated, propagated, exchanged, stored and accessed through the web each day across the world. Such accumulation of multilingual digital data becomes an obstacle for information acquisition. In order to tackling such difficulty language identification is the first step among many steps that are used for information acquisition. Language identification is the process of labeling given text content into corresponding language category. In past decades research works have been done in the area of language identification. However, there are issues which are not solved until: multilingual language identification, discriminating language category of very closely related languages documents and labelling the language category for very short texts like words or phrases. In this investigation, we propose an approach which able to eradicate unsolved issues of language identification (i.e. multilingual and very short texts language identification) without language barrier. In order to attain this we adopt an approach of that uses all character ngram features of given text unit (i.e. word, phrase or etc). Moreover, the proposed approach has a capability of identify the language of a text at any text unit (i.e. word, phrase, sentence or document) in both monolingual and multilingual setting. The reason behind this capability of proposed approach is due to adopting word level features, in which every words need to be classify with regard to its language category. The infinity ngram approach uses all character ngrams of text unit together in order to label the language category of given text per word level. In order to observe the effectiveness of the proposed approach four experimental techniques are conducted: pure infinity character ngram, infinity ngram with location feature and infinity ngram with sentence and document level reformulation. The experimental result indicates that an infinity ngram with location feature and along with sentence and document level reformulation achieves a promising result, which is an average F-measure of 100% at word, phrase, sentence, document level in monolingual setting. As well, for multilingual setting also attains an average F-measure of 100% for both sentence and document level, but for phrase level achieves 84.33%, 88.95% and 90.19% For Amharic, Geeze and Tigrigna respectively. Beside this, at word level achieves 83.16%, 80.96% and 85.85% for Amharic, Geeze, and Tigrigna respectively.