Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tigris River

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Academic literature on the topic 'Tigris River'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Tigris River"

1

Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Limnological Effects of River Lesser-Zab on Tigris River, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.452-457.

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The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which their values influenced in Tigris river. The concentration of plant nutrients (NO2,NO3,PO4 and SiO2) were fluctuated during the study period in Lesser-Zab and their effects were cleared on Tigris river.N:P ratio values were indicated the deficiency of nitrogen in both rivers.
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Hamad, Samera Hussein, James Jay Schauer, Martin Merrill Shafer, Esam Abed Al-Raheem, and Hyder Satar. "The Distribution between the Dissolved and the Particulate Forms of 49 Metals across the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/246059.

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The distribution of dissolved and particulate forms of 49 elements was investigated along transect of the Tigris River (one of the major rivers of the world) within Baghdad city and in its major tributary (Diyala River) from 11 to 28 July 2011. SF-ICP-MS was used to measure total and filterable elements at 17 locations along the Tigris River transect, two samples from the Diyala River, and in one sample from the confluence of the two rivers. The calculated particulate forms were used to determine the particle-partition coefficients of the metals. No major changes in the elements concentrations down the river transect. Dissolved phases dominated the physical speciation of many metals (e.g., As, Mo, and Pt) in the Tigris River, while Al, Fe, Pb, Th, and Ti were exhibiting high particulate fractions, with a trend of particle partition coefficients of [Ti(40) > Th(35) > Fe(15) > Al(13) > Pb(4.5)] * 106 L/kg. Particulate forms of all metals exhibited high concentrations in the Diyala River, though the partition coefficients were low due to high TSS (~270 mg/L). A comparison of Tigris with the major rivers of the world showed that Tigris quality in Baghdad is comparable to Seine River quality in Paris.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Effects of Organic Pollution on some Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Groups in Rivers Tigris and Diyala at Baghdad Area." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2011): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.462-470.

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Various activities taking place within the city of Baghdad have significantly contributed to organic pollution in Rivers Tigris and Diyala. The present study aimed to assess some physical, chemical and biological aspects of six sites on Rivers Tigris and Diyala as they flow through the city of Baghdad. Monthly samples were collected for the period January to December, 2005. Marked differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of water were noted between the two rivers’ sites. Average values during the study period of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, particulate organic matter, nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solids for Tigris and Diyala were 7.8,4.7; 2.4,10.4; 350.1,921.4;7.8,13.9;1.2,4.8;814,2176 mg / l respectively. The populations of two fish species, known to be present in polluted waters Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusis, were also investigated. The two species markedly differed in their favored sites, and their numbers were significantly correlated with particulate organic matter. Average length and weight of Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusius were respectively 40.1mm, 56.8gm and 15.3mm, 68.3gm for River Tigris, and 40.5mm, 67.5gm and 17.9mm, 73gm respectively for River Diyala. Average population densities of the major groups of benthic macro invertebrate fauna [Crustaceans, Annelids, Insects and Mollusks] were 1496, 2640, 2574 and 1744 individual/m2 respectively for River Tigris and 463, 2312, 2287 and 1700 individual/m2 respectively for River Diyala. Most invertebrate groups showed positive correlation with particulate organic matter. Despite the severity of organic enrichment in River Diyala, biotic conditions in its sites were rather similar, unlike sites on River Tigris where they significantly differed in many physical, chemical and biotic respects.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Organic Content in the Sediments of Tigris and Diyala Rivers, south of Baghdad, and its Relationship with some Environmental factors, Benthic Invertebrates Groups and Values of Diversity Indices." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1354-1360.

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This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfate as SO4 ?(183,366),And finally nitrate as NO3 (4, 6) mg / l. Significant differences were found in the organic matter content as a percentage in the sediments of Diyala River for most months of the study period. Annual average of the percentage of organic matter in the samples of Tigris and Diyala Rivers were respectively: 0.7425 and 1.1375. The benthic groups included variety of benthic organisms; insects, Oligochaetes, Mollusks, and Crustaceans. Highest population density in Tigris River was for insects 31493 individual / m2, Mollusks 23177 individual / m2, Oligochaetes 10774 individual / m2, and Crusteacea 176 individual / m2 which were confined to Tigris River. In Diyala River highest population density was 9908, 18046, 82649 individual / m2 for Mollusks, Insects and Oligochaetes respectively. Values of diversity indices of benthic invertebrates were highest for species richness and equitability in Diyala River respectively, 18.6 and 8.29 in February, while lower values for species richness and equitability in Tigris River were respectively 1.56 and 3.31 in the same month. Most groups of invertebrate have shown significant positive and negative relationships with the physical and chemical and organic characteristics in both Rivers.
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Oleiwi, Alyaa Shakir, and Moutaz Al-Dabbas. "Assessment of Contamination along the Tigris River from Tharthar-Tigris Canal to Azizziyah, Middle of Iraq." Water 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081194.

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The Tigris River is the second-longest river in Western Asia and runs through heavily populated areas, especially in Baghdad city with nearly 8 million inhabitants. The water demand is at its highest levels, nevertheless the Tigris discharge has severely declined in the last decades; combined with the fact that the wastewater quantities are increasing, and the wastewater treatment plants are experiencing a deficiency. Four sites were chosen: the Tharthar-Tigris Canal which is located in the north part of Baghdad city, Baghdad city, the Diyala River conjunction with the Tigris River site, and Al-Azizziyah site in the south of Baghdad city near Kut government, to determine the effect of the decreasing Tigris River flow on the water quality and to identify the sources of pollution. In this research, the used method evaluates the concentration of the contaminants along the course of the Tigris River to determine the source of the contaminants as the novelty of this research. The data include the discharge of The Tigris River, a hydrochemical analysis, such as major ions and trace elements, and biological parameters (BOD5, COD, E. coli bacteria, and coliform bacteria MPN/100 mL) as contamination indicators. Multivariate statistical techniques (factor analysis) were applied to evaluate spatial variations, for the years 2005 to 2020, and Phreeqc software was used to assess the saturation indices determine the dominant geochemical processes source responsible for surface water quality. The dominant minerals of the Tigris River were gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The Tigris River is within the permissible limits for drinking, except at the Tharthar-Tigris Canal and Diyala River, and the main water quality deterioration factors of the Tigris River were recognized as: total dissolved solids, E. coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, BOD5, and COD. By applying the SPSS program, two factors were identified. The first anthropogenic factor discharged into the river represents 71.27% of the variance and is comprised of agricultural land wastewater and sewage water. While the second factor represents 17.02%, indicated by the variables Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42−. This factor accounts for the chemical weathering of rocky components. It is recommended that a periodic monitoring system is needed to. follow up on pollution levels and water quality for the Tigris River, by conducting seasonal surveys.
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Abed, Ayat N., Ghydaa Y. Al Kindi, and Tariq A. Hussain. "Assessment of the Water Quality Index of the Tigris River between the University of Baghdad and Diyala River." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 3A (March 25, 2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i3a.1392.

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The Tigris River is considered as one of the two major rivers in Iraq. Many factories are located on both bank of the river such as the public company for soft drinks, Al-Dura oil refinery, chemical, plastic, and leather factories, Dura electricity station, and others. It is well known that most discharge effluents into the river do not match national standard specifications. In addition, the major aim of the presented work is to assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Tigris River starting from The University of Baghdad to 0.5 km downflow the confluence of the Diyala River. The samples were collected during a six months period; one sample each month for fifteen locations along the Tigris River. Different parameters were studied to calculate the water quality index: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), NO3, Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Zinc), and pH. The water quality index with regard to such samples is ranging between (58.24 and 160.66) and classified between poor to unfit.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Biodiversity Index value of benthic invertebrates' community in relation with variation of some environmental properties in Rivers Tigris and Diyala within Baghdad city." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.969-974.

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This study was carried out to determine the effects of some environmental variables on biodiversity index value of benthic invertebrates' community in samples that collected monthly from two adjacent sites nearby the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers within Baghdad city that’s from November 2007 - October 2008. Results showed differences in chemical and physical characteristics for each river. Where the annual averages of these characteristics in Rivers Tigris and Diyala respectively for: water temperature (20, 19) Cº, pH (8, 8), Dissolved oxygen DO(8,4 ) mg/l , EC(1152,2979)µc/cm , Turbidity (28,74) NTU, Total Hardness of CaCO3 (485,823)mg/l, and finally NO3 (4,6)mg/l. Concerning the biological groups, included types of Insects, Mollusks, Oligochaeta and finally Crustacea. The results revealed that the highest population density of insects in Rive Tigris was (31493.28) individual / m2, mollusks were (23177.64) individual / m2, Oligochaeta (10774.95) individual / m2, Crustacea (176.92) individual / m2. In River Diyala, the highest population density (18046.71),(382649.733) and (9908.00) individual / m2 respectively for mollusks, insects and Oligochaeta. The results also showed that the highest biodiversity values according to Shannon-weaver Index, where appeared in Diyala river was higher from this that recorded in Tigris river , where H value (18.6) and J value(8.29), Tiger river distinguished The lower values (3.31,1.56) each of H,J respectively . Positive and Negative relationships shows between almost invertebrates groups with physical and chemical characteristic of water. Positive significant relationship distinguished with almost all groups with Nitrate NO3 except Crustacea, whereas Negative relations with DO with each of Insects and Mollusks, where pH values Negative relationships with each of Insects and Oligochaeta. Also the relations were Negative to turbidity NTU values with each of Mollusks, Oligochaeta and Crustacea. These Connections may explain the effects of these characteristics on the survival and adaptation of these organisms to the study area.
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Al-Ankaz, Zinah, Ruaa Muslim, Najah Al-Ghasham, and Hasan Jasim. "Mineral Composition and Provenance of Al-Chabbab Stream Sediments, Wasit, Southeastern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2E (November 30, 2022): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2e.16ms-2022-11-30.

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A mineralogical study was carried out on the sediments of Al-Chabbab stream, one of the seasonal tributaries of the Tigris River, southeast of Wasit, Iraq. This study includes the sediments of the Tigris River sited before and after the mouth of the Al-Chabbab stream. Light and heavy minerals are determined by using polarized microscope and X-Ray Diffraction technique. The light minerals are composed of quartz, rock fragments, and feldspar, which are the prevailing compositions in all samples. The quantity of monocrystalline quartz in the Tigris River was more than Al- Chabbab stream, which refered to the supplied of felsic sours rocks sediments to the Tigris River more than the sediments of Al-Chabbab stream. The average value of minerological maturity index and ZTR index of Al-Chabbab stream, Tigris and Al-Chabbab inflow samples indicates that clasts generally are sub-mature. The Tigris River clasts have high mineralogical maturity index, which refers to the long transportation. Heavy mineral accumulation of the recent sediments from Al-Chabbab inflow and the Tigris River is composed of opaque and transparent minerals including epidotes; pyroxenes; amphiboles (hornblende and glaucophane); zircon; garnet; tourmaline; rutile; kyanite; staurolite; flaky minerals (muscovite; biotite and chlorite) and celestite (glaucophane and celestite are absent in the sediment of Tigris River). Based on the mineralogical signatures, the light and heavy minerals reflect metamorphic, mafic and felsic igneous rocks, of the active margin of the unstable shelf, in addition to the carbonate, evaporite and mud rocks that could be sourced from the Euphrates, Fatha and Injana formations.
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Et al., Issa. "Evaluation of Some Trace Elements Pollution in Sediments of the Tigris River in Wasit Governorate, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 0009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0009.

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The main objectives of present study are to evaluate the trace elements pollution in the sediment of the Tigris River and drainage canals in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Assessment of trace elements pollutants were conducted for 18 sediment samples collected in March 2017. Trace elements were analyzed in sediment Tigris River samples in Wasit Governorate. This metal pollution was evaluated using geo-accumulation (I-geo) index, Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI). According to these statistical indices, the sediments collected from Tigris River in the study area are highly polluted with Titanium (71.9 ppm), Nickel (226.6 ppm) Chromium (425.2 ppm), Cadmium (2ppm) and Molybdenum (15.8 ppm) while the sediments were moderately polluted with Cobalt (25.1 ppm), Strontium (839.3 ppm), Copper (56.2), Manganese (106.1ppm), Vanadium (135 ppm), Niobium (9.79 ppm). However, the sediments of the Tigris River is not polluted by Lead, Barium, Gallium, Rubidium and, Zinc. Metals concentration levels in the sediments of the drainage canals that discharged into the Tigris River showed higher concentrations than the Tigris sediments in Ta, V, Ni, Cu, Ga, Br, Sr and Mo.
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F. Fawzi, Sura, and Hussein A. Mohammed. "Design and implementation of remotely Tigris river water monitoring system in Baghdad." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16699.

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Tigris River in Baghdad city that penetrate the rural and urban areas is polluted by many organic substances from different user activities including industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Therefore to monitor and protect the river water from pollution, a remote monitoring system for Tigris river water in Baghdad is suggested. Different water quality parameters; Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and PH are measured from two areas near the Tigris River; oil refinery and power station. It show that wastes from these stations are polluted the river with their industrial wastes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tigris River"

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Ali, Ammar Adel. "Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25995.

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Tigris and Euphrates rivers represent the artery of life in Iraq. Tigris River rises from Turkey and flows toward the southeast to enter Iraq. It drains a catchment area of 473 100 km² of which about 58% lies in Iraq. In this study the reach, about 50 km long, of the river inside Baghdad was been studied. It starts at Al-Muthana Bridge and ends at Tigris-Diyala River confluence. Generally, the river reach is part of an alluvial plain, single channel and meandering. The bed material of the river is composed mainly of fine sand and small portion of silt and clay. Other significant features of the reach are the growing islands and bank depositions. Recently water resources of Iraq are negatively affected by climatic changes and the huge water projects in the riparian countries. As a result, the flow of Tigris River at Baghdad city has significantly decreased where the average monthly flow is 520 m³/s for the period 2000-2012 which represents about 50% reduction compared to previous periods. The estimated trend for the average monthly discharges is a reduction of 5.4 % during the last 23 years. Low flow and low water levels have enhanced the water to erode the banks below its protected part. This might affect the future stability of the banks. The drop of the river discharge together with debris from the last wars in 1991 and 2003 enhanced the growing of islands in the river. In this research, changes in the morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad are to be investigated and the causes will be highlighted in order to take the right measures to restore the river system. This is a first step toward studying the hydrological characteristics of the reach. One-dimensional gradually varied flow model, using HEC-RAS, was applied to examine the flood capacity and the possibilities of inundation of the banks. The geometry of the river was represented by the findings from the river survey of 2008. Additional data about the locations and dimensions of the bridges were supplied to the model. The average monthly discharge at Sarai Baghdad for the years 2000-2012 was assumed as the base flow. A range of different scenarios were examined by increasing the discharges in order to determine the critical discharge that may cause inundation. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting the Manning’s roughness coefficient for an observed water surface profile along the lowest part of the reach. The associated error with the computed water surface profiles was in order 0.026m. Additional water level observations at Sarai Baghdad were used for verification purposes. It was found that the discharges higher than 2700 m3/s could cause partial inundation in some areas in the northern part of the reach and these areas extend to approximately 9 km for discharges greater than 3500 m3/s. The southern part of the reach is still safe from inundation for discharges below 3500 m3/s. The slope of water surface profile varies from 6.03 to 10 cm/km for discharges between 400 and 4000 m3/s respectively. In this study, a field survey was conducted between May, 2012 and January, 2013. It involved the installation of 25 bench marks, surveying the upper river banks (from the crest of the stony protection to the water surface) and 250 cross sections. Three kinds of samples were collected at this stage work: (i) river bed material, (ii) suspended load samples and (iii) bed loads samples. Hydraulic measurements were conducted and included water surface elevations, water depths at sampling points, water discharges and transversal velocities. Water temperature and other environmental measurements were also conducted. Particle size distribution, specific gravity and concentration of suspended sediment were executed in the laboratory for the collected samples.
Godkänd; 2013; 20130514 (ammali); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-22 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Ammar Adel Ali Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Uppsats: Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City Examinator: Professor Sven Knutsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr. PhD Govand H. M. Sherwani, G. D. of Scholarships, Ministry of Higher Education – KRG, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Tid: Tisdag den 18 juni 2013 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Hamza, Kanar. "Desertification and political instability in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (2.54 MB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/hamzakh/hamzakh_masters_05-06-2010.pdf.

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Yilmaz, Mehmet. "The war that never happened : the sharing of Euphrates-Tigris Rivers' water between Turkey, Syria and Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FYilmaz.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): T.V. Paul, James Russel. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100). Also available online.
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Albadran, A. A. "Factors influencing river bank stability in the Tigris and Shatt al Arab waterways, Iraq." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514193.

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Al, Murib Muhanned. "Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Tigris River System in Iraq Using CE-QUAL-W2." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4230.

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The Tigris River is one of two primary rivers in Iraq and is, along with the Euphrates, the main source for drinking and irrigation water in the country. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and is 1850 km long. The majority of the river lies within Iraq. The river passes through, and is the primary drinking water source for major cities such as Mosul, Baeji, Samarra, Baghdad (the capital), and Kut. The Tigris River joins the Euphrates River in Qurna city within Basra province to form the Shatt Al-Arab River which eventually discharges into the Persian Gulf. As a result of fluctuations in flow rate along the Tigris River that cause both potential flooding and drought, Mosul Dam was built on the mainstem of the Tigris River upstream of the city of Mosul and was operated starting in July 1986 to control the river flow and to generate hydroelectricity. Some canals were also constructed to divert excess fresh water from the mainstem of the river at Samarra Barrage located 125 km north (upstream) of Baghdad to Tharthar Lake, an artificial lake located 100 km northwest Baghdad city. The Tigris-Tharthar canal, 75 km long, was constructed in 1956 to divert excess water from Samarra Barrage to Tharthar Lake and to prevent potential flooding in Baghdad. During dry seasons, high total dissolved solids (TDS) water is diverted from Tharthar Lake into the mainstem of the Tigris River through the 65 km long Tharthar-Tigris canal, which is located 25 km upstream Baghdad. Due to rapid population growth and increasing industrial activates, the Tigris River is also facing many water quality challenges from inflows of contaminated wastewater from treatment plant stations. A water quality model that simulates the Tigris River system is therefore needed to study the effects of these discharges and how water quality of the Tigris River could be managed. To address this issue, CE-QUAL-W2 was used to develop a 2-D (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model of the mainstem Tigris River from Mosul Dam (Rkm 0) to Kut Barrage (Rkm 880). In addition, Tharthar Lake and its canals were modeled. A full suite of hydrodynamic and water quality variables were simulated for the year 2009, including flowrates, water level, and water temperature. Additionally, water quality constituents such as total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also simulated. Bathymetry of the Tigris River and field data such as flowrate, water level, TDS, NO3 were obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq, while surface water temperatures of the Tigris River were estimated remotely using Landsat satellites. These satellites provided a continuous observation record of remote sites. Other water quality field data, such as PO4, NH4, BOD, and DO, were estimated from literature values. Meteorological data, including, wind speed, wind direction, air and dew point temperatures, cloud cover, and solar radiation were obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation, the General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. Model predictions of flow and water level were compared to field data at three stations along the mainstem of the Tigris River, including Baeji, downstream of Samarra Barrage, and Baghdad. The absolute mean error in the flow varied from 12.6 to 3.4 m3/s and the water level absolute mean error varied from 0.036 to 0.018 m. The percentage error of the overall flowrate at Baeji, downstream Samarra Barrage and Baghdad was 1.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8% respectively. Injecting a conservative tracer at Mosul Dam showed that a parcel of water reaches to Baeji, Samarra Barrage, Baghdad, and Kut Barrage after approximately 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 19 days, respectively. Water temperature field data in Iraq are limited and there was no archive of existing field data. Therefore, I obtained estimates of surface water temperature on the Tigris River using the thermal band of the Landsat satellite, one of a series of satellites launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The calibration between satellite data and water temperature was validated using sparse field data from 2004, and the calibration then applied to 82 Landsat images from the year 2009. Landsat estimates showed a bias of -2°C compared to model results in winter months, possibly due to uncertainty in Landsat estimations. The absolute mean errors of the CE-QUAL-W2 model predictions of water temperature compared to Landsat estimated temperatures were 0.9 and 1.0°C at Baeji and Baghdad respectively. Temperature calibration in the Tigris River system was highly sensitive to meteorological input data. Landsat Images were also used to estimate longitudinal variation in surface water temperature of Tharthar Lake. It was found that surface water temperature in Tharthar Lake varied longitudinally along the North-South axis with warmer temperatures in the lower part compared with the upper part of the lake. Total dissolved solids concentrations in the Tigris River significantly increased from Mosul Dam to Kut Barrage with peak concentrations of 900 mg/l and 1050 mg/l at Baghdad and Kut, respectively, due to high TDS water diverted from Tharthar Lake, irrigation return flow, urban runoff, and uncontrolled discharge of wastewater effluents. NO3 concentrations did not significantly increase between Samarra Barrage and Baghdad city. BOD concentrations within Baghdad were extremely high due to direct discharge of industrial wastewater into the mainstem of the Tigris River from outlets located within the city. Management scenarios were simulated with the model of the Tigris River system and were compared with the base model. The main scenarios implemented on the Tigris River system were altering upstream hydrology, increasing air temperature due to the effect of climate change, disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the Tigris River system, and simulating long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. Increasing upstream inflows caused a decrease in TDS concentrations from 495 mg/l to 470 mg/l over all the mainstem of the river. In addition, CBOD concentrations decreased somewhat from 5.9 mg/l to 5.74 mg/l. On the other hand, decreasing upstream flows caused a significant increase in average TDS concentrations over the entire Tigris mainstem from 495 mg/l to 527 mg/l. Also, an increase in CBOD concentrations from 5.9 mg/l to 6.2 mg/l was predicted over all the mainstem of the river. Implementing the climate change scenario on the base model of the Tigris River system showed a 5% increase in annually averaged water temperature from 20.7°C to 21.68°C over the mainstem river. Climate change scenarios produced no significant impacts on TDS and CBOD concentrations in the mainstem, while DO concentrations decreased from 8.15 mg/l to 7.98 mg/l with a slight increase in Chl-a concentration from 1.97 µg/l to 2 µg/l in the mainstem. Disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the system showed a remarkable 25% decrease in TDS concentrations, with an average concentration changed from 495 mg/l to 397 mg/l in the mainstem due to an extra 36% increase in flow discharged downstream of Samarra Barrage. Also, Chl-a concentration significantly decreased by 40% with an average concentration changed from 2 µg/l to 1.2 µg/l. Additionally, a 6-year model simulation of the Tigris River system was performed to evaluate the long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. No significant impact was observed in the average temperature of the lake. TDS concentrations in the lake decreased from 1239 mg/l to 1041 mg/l. PO4, NH4 and NO3 concentrations decreased by 2%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Chl-a concentration in Tharthar Lake decreased from 2.0 µg/l to 1.61 µg/l. After decreasing BOD concentrations of the Tigris River by 50%, BOD concentrations in the mainstem decreased by 24%, while DO concentrations increased by 2.8%. There were no significant impacts on Chl-a concentrations in the mainstem of the river. Finally, for a scenario where extremely low dissolved oxygen release from Mosul Dam in the summer, it was found that approximately 50 km below Mosul Dam was affected before DO concentrations reached an equilibrium concentration. For further work on the Tigris River system, it is recommended to model the Tigris River from Kut Barrage to the confluence with the Euphrates River, about 400 km long, and connect it with the current model to have a complete model of the Tigris River system from Mosul Dam to the confluence with the Euphrates River. This is necessary to manage water the entire system of the Tigris River and also to provide enough water with good quality in Basra.
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Berthon, Rémi Jean-Paul [Verfasser]. "Animal exploitation in the Upper Tigris River valley (Turkey) between the 3rd and the 1st millennia BC / Rémi Jean-Paul Berthon." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1020244658/34.

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Ahmmad, Yadgar Kamal. "Establishing a legal framework for the use and protection of Iraq's equitable right to the Tigris and the Euphrates River Basin." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a53e1971-bbbe-4616-9ed5-17c2178069c0.

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This thesis investigates the mechanisms that might be used to determine the rights and obligations of Turkey, Syria and Iraq to govern the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (TERB) in accordance with the international water law. In particular, it advocates for the protection of Iraq?s equitable rights through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework for joint use of the TERB. As a contribution towards addressing the issues of transboundary water law at the TERB level, this thesis explores the possibilities for potential cooperation between the three riparian States of the TERB through forming a legally binding treaty under the auspices of contemporary international water law. From this perspective, the thesis hypothesises that international law provides a solid basis on which the State of Iraq can rely on for achieving its legal entitlements to the equitable and reasonable use of the TERB. In this context, the thesis first examines international law in order to establish how it applies to the TERB. Next, the thesis considers how the legal positions of the riparian States can be determined under international law. When the aforesaid requirements are met, the thesis makes recommendations on how international water law can strengthen the legal framework for equitable joint use of the TERB. The thesis offers the methodology and analytical framework that deals with different relevant issues covered within the scope of the thesis. Later on, water uses within the TERB are discussed, followed by a literature review of publications on contemporary Middle East transboundary water conflict and cooperation. Afterwords, the thesis examines the applicable international law and international water law to the riparian States of the TERB. Finally, it explores the legal regime of the inter-State relationships in order to foster improved transboundary water management of the TERB.
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Sofi, Galawesh. "Post- conflict peace building and natural resources: A comparative study on water management: Euphrates and Tigris River Basin in Northern and Western Iraq." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231529.

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Iraq has since post conflict of 2003 administrated the Euphrates and Tigris River in accordance to the countries plan management. It is researched in this study how the Iraqi Government and the Kurdistan Regional Government have managed and prioritized its water resource comparing the Euphrates and Tigris River flowing through Western and Northern Iraq. The focus is also on approaches and the alternative consequences derived from different management perspectives. It is concluded in this study that there are different priorities and management approaches in Iraqi Government and Kurdistan Regional Government. Iraqi Government has not managed Euphrates River as needed post conflict of 2003 where the approach is not satisfactory to resolve the problem facing the Euphrates River. It can become an underlying problem to an additional distress among the population which can heighten the risk for disputes and uprising of further conflicts in the region if the problems are not solved in Western Iraq. Tigris River that is also managed by the Iraqi Government has not been the top priority and there are unsolved problems around the river. The distress amongst the population can outburst in a bad manner if problems not solved surrounding the Tigris River. However the tributaries that flow through Kurdistan Regional Government to the Tigris River are of better condition more attention is directed to water management and there are aspirations for meeting the challenges and well as changing management approach. Kurdistan Regional Government has managed to prioritize and manage water from the tributaries better than Iraqi Government.
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Davies, Jason Michael. "To what extent can the European Union influence as an external actor on Turkeys integrated water management policy? In particular with regard to the Euphrates-Tigris river basin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179998.

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Research focus: This paper asks to what extent the European Union (EU) can influence as an external actor Turkey’s integrated water management policy. In particular this paper focuses on the case example of the water conflict arising over the usage of the transboundary Euphrates-Tigris river basin and what extent the EU can bring to bear its influence on Turkey to bring a resolution to the management of this river basin. Method: This paper consists of a comparative literature review of recent journals, academic articles, official publications and website content as well as respected news website material. The research method used consisted of an analysis assessing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s water policy. Whilst this analysis tool is fairly straight forward to apply to assessing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s broad national water management policy, assessing how the EU can encourage Turkey to cooperate further on the International river basin of the Euphrates-Tigris is far more difficult, owing to the controversy and importance of the river to all three Countries sharing it; Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Findings: Through using a comparison of literature this paper has found that the main strength of the EU’s influence on Turkey’s integrated water management policy is through the very definite obligations Turkey must fulfil under the WFD as a candidate member for the EU. Secondly, this paper submits that the EU’s strong river management experience through large river cooperation projects, for example that of the Danube river basin, further enhances the ability of the EU’s credibility in its influence. The weakness the EU’s influence faces is the difficulty associated with Turkeys candidacy process to the EU which if hampered could quickly reduce the EU’s influence on Turkey. Opportunities for cooperation on the Euphrates–Tigris are also looked at positively in this paper especially in the light of a new Middle Eastern politics even though considerable uncertainty remains as to the full outcome. Lastly a threat that could face the EU’s influence is the results that a third way relationship between the EU and Turkey could have on limiting the EU’s influence with regard to integrated water policies. The main conclusion: This paper has concluded that the EU’s influence through the WFD is very strong on Turkey’s water policy, owing largely to Turkeys desire to obtain eventual full membership of the EU. Should the candidacy process fail, this could have a quick and damaging impact on the EU’s influence. This paper has also found that the EU has a strong potential influence in pushing Turkey towards further cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris, however Turkey’s progress has to date been slow and remains a major challenge.   This paper recommends that Turkey uses the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to open up dialogue with lower riparian river states towards cooperation, that the EU suggest setting up a ‘commission’ as a means of achieving improved transboundary river cooperation and the need for a research network or center to bring together efforts towards cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris river basin.
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Erdem, Mete. "Utilisation of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers under international law." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531168.

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Books on the topic "Tigris River"

1

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. New York: F. Watts, 1999.

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Miller, Gary. The Tigris and Euphrates: Rivers of the fertile crescent. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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Miller, Gary. The Tigris and Euphrates: Rivers of the fertile crescent. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2009.

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Elver, Hilal. Peaceful uses of international rivers: The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers dispute. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2002.

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Ayșegul, Kibaroǧlu, ed. Building a regime for the waters of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. Boston, MA: Kluwer Law International, 2002.

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Cox, Sydney. The Red Cross launch Wessex on the River Tigris, 1916. Christchurch, Dorset: Natula, 2002.

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Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül, editor of compilation, Kirschner, Adele J., editor of compilation, Mehring, Sigrid, editor of compilation, and Wolfrum, Rüdiger, editor of compilation, eds. Water law and cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris region: A comparative and interdisciplinary approach. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.

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Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier: The early history of Ṭur ʻAbdin. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Palmer, Andrew. Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier: The early history of Tur Abdin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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The Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Hockessin, Del: Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tigris River"

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Chabuk, Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Ali Almaliki, Jan Laue, and Hussain M. Hussain. "Water Quality Variation Along the Tigris River." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 447–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_101.

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Al-Sheikhly, Omar F. "The Avifauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 913–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_39.

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Koyuncu, Cafer Erkin, Harun Yilmaz, Faik Sertel Secer, Dogukan Kaya, and Ercument Genc. "Fish Parasites of Tigris and Euphrates River Systems." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 1389–417. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_68.

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Mohammed, Ruqayah, and Miklas Scholz. "Streamflow Alteration Impacts with Particular Reference to the Lower Zab River, Tributary of the Tigris River." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 243–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_9.

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Esmaeili, Hamid Reza. "Exotic and Invasive Freshwater Fishes in the Tigris-Euphrates River System." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 1103–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_51.

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Ahmed, Sumaya M. "Kinds and Distribution of Icthyoplankton in Shatt Al-Arab River." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 693–703. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_30.

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Al-Edany, Taha Y. "Medicinal Plants of Shatt al-Arab River and Adjacent Area." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 643–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_27.

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Mazlum, Ibrahim. "Transboundary Water Management in the Euphrates—Tigris Basin: Dynamics of Regional Cooperation, Sustainability and Governance." In The Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin, 139–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2989-8_8.

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Al-Imarah, Faris J. M., and Hamid T. Al-Saad. "Oil Pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab River and its Estuary 1980–2018." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 285–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_11.

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Ergönül, Mehmet Borga, and Sibel Atasağun. "The Zooplankton Fauna of the Turkish Part of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 679–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tigris River"

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Abbas, Massara, Iacopo Carnacina, and Rafid Alkhaddar. "Impact of a Regulator Dam on the River Water Quality—Tigris River Case Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483466.034.

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Al-Murib, M., and S. Wells. "Application of CE-QUAL-W2 on the Tigris River in Iraq." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479858.052.

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Hameed, Sadik, Hussein Ali Awad AL-Zamili, and Raheem Aziz H. Al-Uqaily. "Evaluation of water quality index in the Tigris River, Wasit, Iraq." In International Conference of Chemistry and Petrochemical Techniques (ICCPT). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093371.

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Al-Murib, M., S. Wells, and S. A. Talke. "Estimation of Surface Water Temperature of the Tigris River System in Iraq." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480632.016.

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Sakamoto, Maiko, Mikiyasu Nakayama, and Kazimierz A. Salewicz. "Effect of transparency on decision making the case of Euphrates and tigris river water use." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2014.6974137.

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Swiatlowski, Tomas. "HYDROPOLITICS OF THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN � THE LIMITS OF TURKEY�S �ZERO PROBLEMS� APPROACH." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b31/s12.047.

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AL-Bazi, Esraa Abdulmaged Abdulkareem. "Bioaccumulation of some heavy elements in Phragmites australis plant from Tigris River at Samarra city-Iraq." In 1ST SAMARRA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES (SICPS2021): SICPS2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123412.

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Al-Sharify, Zainab T., Hyman Jafar Meerza Al Jaaf, Zainab Abdul Razak Naser, Zinah Amer Idrees Alshrefy, Noor T. Al-Sharify, Talib A. Al-Sharify, Soumya Ghosh, Helen Onyeaka, and Taghi Miri. "Validating sustainable water resources and fluid flow by studying phosphorus concentration of Tigris River water in Baghdad." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND POWER, ICEP2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0109481.

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Al-Sharify, Zainab T., Hyman Jafar Meerza Al Jaaf, Zainab Abdul Razak Naser, Zinah Amer Idrees Alshrefy, Noor T. Al-Sharify, Talib A. Al-Sharify, Soumya Ghosh, Helen Onyeaka, and Taghi Miri. "Validating sustainable water resources and fluid flow by studying phosphorus concentration of Tigris River water in Baghdad." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND POWER, ICEP2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110377.

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Abbas, Malik R., Abd Wahid Bin Rasib, Talib R. Abbas, and Baharin Bin Ahmad. "Landsat 8 data to an invention a permanent seasonal model of water quality parameters in Tigris River-Iraq." In 1ST SAMARRA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES (SICPS2021): SICPS2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121114.

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Reports on the topic "Tigris River"

1

Al Murib, Muhanned. Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Tigris River System in Iraq Using CE-QUAL-W2. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6114.

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