Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tigris River

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Academic literature on the topic 'Tigris River'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tigris River"

1

Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Limnological Effects of River Lesser-Zab on Tigris River, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.452-457.

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The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which their values influenced in Tigris river. The concentration of plant nutrients (NO2,NO3,PO4 and SiO2) were fluctuated during the study period in Lesser-Zab and their effects were cleared on Tigris river.N:P ratio values were indicated the deficiency of nitrogen in both rivers.
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Hamad, Samera Hussein, James Jay Schauer, Martin Merrill Shafer, Esam Abed Al-Raheem, and Hyder Satar. "The Distribution between the Dissolved and the Particulate Forms of 49 Metals across the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/246059.

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The distribution of dissolved and particulate forms of 49 elements was investigated along transect of the Tigris River (one of the major rivers of the world) within Baghdad city and in its major tributary (Diyala River) from 11 to 28 July 2011. SF-ICP-MS was used to measure total and filterable elements at 17 locations along the Tigris River transect, two samples from the Diyala River, and in one sample from the confluence of the two rivers. The calculated particulate forms were used to determine the particle-partition coefficients of the metals. No major changes in the elements concentrations down the river transect. Dissolved phases dominated the physical speciation of many metals (e.g., As, Mo, and Pt) in the Tigris River, while Al, Fe, Pb, Th, and Ti were exhibiting high particulate fractions, with a trend of particle partition coefficients of [Ti(40) > Th(35) > Fe(15) > Al(13) > Pb(4.5)] * 106 L/kg. Particulate forms of all metals exhibited high concentrations in the Diyala River, though the partition coefficients were low due to high TSS (~270 mg/L). A comparison of Tigris with the major rivers of the world showed that Tigris quality in Baghdad is comparable to Seine River quality in Paris.
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AL-Mahmood, Hassan K. H. "Hydrological changes in the lower part of Mesopotamian Basin." Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture 12, no. 1 (2021): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v12i1.128.

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This study was examined the hydrological changes in the water ways for the and the marshes associated with them in Southern part of lower Mesopotamian catchment area (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their branches in Amarah, Nasiriyah and Basra ) and the main tributaries of the Shatt al-Arab River( Swaib, Garmat Ali and Karun ), and the significant changes in the overall hydrological conditions of water discharge and water quality. Water discharge and water samples were collected quarterly for four sites during 2011, the laboratory analysis were performed to determine physical and chemical characteristics at these sites. Results shows that the quarterly water discharge rate in Tigris River is seasanal 41.05 m3/s at Qalaat saleh, Euphrates River at Chabaish 11.65 m3/s, Shatt Al-Arab River in Qurna 39.65m3/sec, that the Garmat Ali to cause the loss of an average of 20.1 m 3 / sec from Shatt al-Arab water into to Hor Alhammar, during a seasonal fluctuation between summer and winter, causes water relapsing during the winter water Contamination of the central part of the Shatt al-Arab. Clear water shortage reflected on water quality in Southern Iraqi Rivers and their branches. While water salinity is ranging between 1.31-1.42 gm/l in Tigris River, 3.46-5.15 gm/l in Euphrates River, 2.00-2.29 gm/l in Garmat Ali River, 1.00 -1.98 gm/l in Ezz River and 1.59-1.83 gm/l in Shatt al-Arab River . This study shows that the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers suffer of large water scarcity and lack of supply from Swaib and Garmat Ali Rivers to the Shatt al-Arab, as well as stop the flow of Karun River to the Shatt al-Arab and wasting a large portion of water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to restore some parts of Southern Iraqi marshes. the contribution of the Euphrates River in the salinity of the Shatt al-Arab 50% during the winter, Although the total discharge does not exceed 25% , and the contribution of the Garmat Ali 30% and 20% of the Tigris River, while the effect of the salt of the Tigris River 100 % during the summer. The study concludes that the hydrological situation in the study area is continuous deterioration due to absence of any instant or far-reaching strategies to handle this deterioration, which calls for the intensification of future studies in various disciplines related to water resources management.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Effects of Organic Pollution on some Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Groups in Rivers Tigris and Diyala at Baghdad Area." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (2011): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.462-470.

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Various activities taking place within the city of Baghdad have significantly contributed to organic pollution in Rivers Tigris and Diyala. The present study aimed to assess some physical, chemical and biological aspects of six sites on Rivers Tigris and Diyala as they flow through the city of Baghdad. Monthly samples were collected for the period January to December, 2005. Marked differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of water were noted between the two rivers’ sites. Average values during the study period of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, particulate organic matter, nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solids for Tigris and Diyala were 7.8,4.7; 2.4,10.4; 350.1,921.4;7.8,13.9;1.2,4.8;814,2176 mg / l respectively. The populations of two fish species, known to be present in polluted waters Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusis, were also investigated. The two species markedly differed in their favored sites, and their numbers were significantly correlated with particulate organic matter. Average length and weight of Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusius were respectively 40.1mm, 56.8gm and 15.3mm, 68.3gm for River Tigris, and 40.5mm, 67.5gm and 17.9mm, 73gm respectively for River Diyala. Average population densities of the major groups of benthic macro invertebrate fauna [Crustaceans, Annelids, Insects and Mollusks] were 1496, 2640, 2574 and 1744 individual/m2 respectively for River Tigris and 463, 2312, 2287 and 1700 individual/m2 respectively for River Diyala. Most invertebrate groups showed positive correlation with particulate organic matter. Despite the severity of organic enrichment in River Diyala, biotic conditions in its sites were rather similar, unlike sites on River Tigris where they significantly differed in many physical, chemical and biotic respects.
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Alrubayi, Ali A., Emadulaeen A. Almukhtar, and Alwan J. Alwaily. "Effects of Organic Pollution on some Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Groups in Rivers Tigris and Diyala at Baghdad Area." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (2011): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2011.8.1.462-470.

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Various activities taking place within the city of Baghdad have significantly contributed to organic pollution in Rivers Tigris and Diyala. The present study aimed to assess some physical, chemical and biological aspects of six sites on Rivers Tigris and Diyala as they flow through the city of Baghdad. Monthly samples were collected for the period January to December, 2005. Marked differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of water were noted between the two rivers’ sites. Average values during the study period of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, particulate organic matter, nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solids for Tigris and Diyala were 7.8,4.7; 2.4,10.4; 350.1,921.4;7.8,13.9;1.2,4.8;814,2176 mg / l respectively. The populations of two fish species, known to be present in polluted waters Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusis, were also investigated. The two species markedly differed in their favored sites, and their numbers were significantly correlated with particulate organic matter. Average length and weight of Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusius were respectively 40.1mm, 56.8gm and 15.3mm, 68.3gm for River Tigris, and 40.5mm, 67.5gm and 17.9mm, 73gm respectively for River Diyala. Average population densities of the major groups of benthic macro invertebrate fauna [Crustaceans, Annelids, Insects and Mollusks] were 1496, 2640, 2574 and 1744 individual/m2 respectively for River Tigris and 463, 2312, 2287 and 1700 individual/m2 respectively for River Diyala. Most invertebrate groups showed positive correlation with particulate organic matter. Despite the severity of organic enrichment in River Diyala, biotic conditions in its sites were rather similar, unlike sites on River Tigris where they significantly differed in many physical, chemical and biotic respects.
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Ghdhban, Idan Ibraheem, and Raad Hoobi Irzooki. "Estimation of Total Sediments Load for Makhoul Dam Reservoir." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 32, no. 2 (2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.32.2.12.

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The problem of sediment accumulation in dam reservoirs is considered one of the most important problems facing these large projects. The present study estimated the total amount of sediment from the Tigris and Lower Zab Rivers that will enter annually into the reservoir of the Makhoul Dam, which is currently under construction on the Tigris River in Iraq. Field and laboratory measurements were conducted to estimate the bed load of the two rivers using the Helley-Smith device, in addition to estimating this sedimentary load using five empirical equations. The filtration method was used to estimate the suspended load of the two rivers by taking samples and examining them weekly for one year. The results showed that the bed load of the two rivers using the Helley-Smith device was less than 1% of the suspended load. When calculating the bed load using the five applied equations, the results varied, as the Meyer-Peter, Schoklitsch, and Casey formula achieved unacceptable results, while the results of the Kalinske equation were good, as it estimated the bed load for the Tigris River to be 7.6% and for the Lower Zab River to be 10.9%. The results of the Einstein equation were also good, where the bottom load for the Tigris River was estimated to be 2.4% and the Lower Zab River 11.8%. The average of the results of the two equations was taken to represent the bed load and added to the suspended load. Also, the results showed that the highest value of the suspended load was during April for the Tigris and Lower Zab Rivers. The total sediment load of the Tigris River reached 2875461 tons annually, and the Lower Zab River reached 1503739 tons annually. In other words, the total sediment load of the two rivers entering the Makhoul Dam reservoir amounted to 4379200 tons annually, or the equivalent of 3368615 m3 annually.
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Nassrullah, Shahla Abdulqader, Alhassan H. Ismail, Ayad Mohammed rdhewa, Qater Al-Nada Ali Kanaem Al-Ibady, Mudhaffar S. Al-Zuhairy, and Ahlam Abdul-Rheem Farhan. "Spatial and temporal variations of the water quality of Tigris River in North and South of Baghdad city." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1507, no. 1 (2025): 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1507/1/012033.

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Abstract Tigris River is one of the main rivers of Syria and Iraq extents to 1,900 km, its length is about 1415 km within Iraq and a catchment area is about 235000 km2. It is the main source for human use particularly for drinking water similar to Euphrates River which passes through most cities in the country. In addition, this study focuses on quality of water of the Tigris River within Baghdad city such as comparison at entrance (north Baghdad near Al Karkh treatment plant) and exit of city (south of Baghdad near Al Rasheed treatment plant). It is found that the quality water of Tigris River deteriorates when it is close to south of Baghdad near Al Rasheed treatment plant. There are many reasons for deterioration mainly due to the increase of population in the Capital of Iraq without a right plan. First, a growing number of industrials might discharge water to Tigris River without treatment. Secondly, it should be pointed out that the nature of materials of catchment change stretching to south of country and climate change, they could add another reason to increase water pollution. This study recommends that water quality of Tigris River needs high management. Otherwise, the country will lose this river day by day.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Organic Content in the Sediments of Tigris and Diyala Rivers, south of Baghdad, and its Relationship with some Environmental factors, Benthic Invertebrates Groups and Values of Diversity Indices." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (2014): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1354-1360.

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This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfate as SO4 ?(183,366),And finally nitrate as NO3 (4, 6) mg / l. Significant differences were found in the organic matter content as a percentage in the sediments of Diyala River for most months of the study period. Annual average of the percentage of organic matter in the samples of Tigris and Diyala Rivers were respectively: 0.7425 and 1.1375. The benthic groups included variety of benthic organisms; insects, Oligochaetes, Mollusks, and Crustaceans. Highest population density in Tigris River was for insects 31493 individual / m2, Mollusks 23177 individual / m2, Oligochaetes 10774 individual / m2, and Crusteacea 176 individual / m2 which were confined to Tigris River. In Diyala River highest population density was 9908, 18046, 82649 individual / m2 for Mollusks, Insects and Oligochaetes respectively. Values of diversity indices of benthic invertebrates were highest for species richness and equitability in Diyala River respectively, 18.6 and 8.29 in February, while lower values for species richness and equitability in Tigris River were respectively 1.56 and 3.31 in the same month. Most groups of invertebrate have shown significant positive and negative relationships with the physical and chemical and organic characteristics in both Rivers.
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Al-Kinany, Dahlia M. Ali Hasan, and Emaduldeen A. Almukhtar. "Organic Content in the Sediments of Tigris and Diyala Rivers, south of Baghdad, and its Relationship with some Environmental factors, Benthic Invertebrates Groups and Values of Diversity Indices." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (2014): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.3.1354-1360.

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This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfate as SO4 ?(183,366),And finally nitrate as NO3 (4, 6) mg / l. Significant differences were found in the organic matter content as a percentage in the sediments of Diyala River for most months of the study period. Annual average of the percentage of organic matter in the samples of Tigris and Diyala Rivers were respectively: 0.7425 and 1.1375. The benthic groups included variety of benthic organisms; insects, Oligochaetes, Mollusks, and Crustaceans. Highest population density in Tigris River was for insects 31493 individual / m2, Mollusks 23177 individual / m2, Oligochaetes 10774 individual / m2, and Crusteacea 176 individual / m2 which were confined to Tigris River. In Diyala River highest population density was 9908, 18046, 82649 individual / m2 for Mollusks, Insects and Oligochaetes respectively. Values of diversity indices of benthic invertebrates were highest for species richness and equitability in Diyala River respectively, 18.6 and 8.29 in February, while lower values for species richness and equitability in Tigris River were respectively 1.56 and 3.31 in the same month. Most groups of invertebrate have shown significant positive and negative relationships with the physical and chemical and organic characteristics in both Rivers.
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Ghazwan, Muhammad I. "Survey of some Fish Species from Different Localities in Baghdad." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 7 (2023): 072011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/7/072011.

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Abstract This study is concerned with a survey of seven species belonging to seven genera under two families and two orders found in some different areas of the Tigris River, especially since these areas have not been surveyed for a long time, and an attempt to identify the existing species at the present time after the recent water scarcity of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and all water bodies interior of Iraq and the impact of this scarcity on the fish diversity found in some areas of the Tigris River in Baghdad.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tigris River"

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Ali, Ammar Adel. "Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25995.

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Tigris and Euphrates rivers represent the artery of life in Iraq. Tigris River rises from Turkey and flows toward the southeast to enter Iraq. It drains a catchment area of 473 100 km² of which about 58% lies in Iraq. In this study the reach, about 50 km long, of the river inside Baghdad was been studied. It starts at Al-Muthana Bridge and ends at Tigris-Diyala River confluence. Generally, the river reach is part of an alluvial plain, single channel and meandering. The bed material of the river is composed mainly of fine sand and small portion of silt and clay. Other significant features of the reach are the growing islands and bank depositions. Recently water resources of Iraq are negatively affected by climatic changes and the huge water projects in the riparian countries. As a result, the flow of Tigris River at Baghdad city has significantly decreased where the average monthly flow is 520 m³/s for the period 2000-2012 which represents about 50% reduction compared to previous periods. The estimated trend for the average monthly discharges is a reduction of 5.4 % during the last 23 years. Low flow and low water levels have enhanced the water to erode the banks below its protected part. This might affect the future stability of the banks. The drop of the river discharge together with debris from the last wars in 1991 and 2003 enhanced the growing of islands in the river. In this research, changes in the morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad are to be investigated and the causes will be highlighted in order to take the right measures to restore the river system. This is a first step toward studying the hydrological characteristics of the reach. One-dimensional gradually varied flow model, using HEC-RAS, was applied to examine the flood capacity and the possibilities of inundation of the banks. The geometry of the river was represented by the findings from the river survey of 2008. Additional data about the locations and dimensions of the bridges were supplied to the model. The average monthly discharge at Sarai Baghdad for the years 2000-2012 was assumed as the base flow. A range of different scenarios were examined by increasing the discharges in order to determine the critical discharge that may cause inundation. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting the Manning’s roughness coefficient for an observed water surface profile along the lowest part of the reach. The associated error with the computed water surface profiles was in order 0.026m. Additional water level observations at Sarai Baghdad were used for verification purposes. It was found that the discharges higher than 2700 m3/s could cause partial inundation in some areas in the northern part of the reach and these areas extend to approximately 9 km for discharges greater than 3500 m3/s. The southern part of the reach is still safe from inundation for discharges below 3500 m3/s. The slope of water surface profile varies from 6.03 to 10 cm/km for discharges between 400 and 4000 m3/s respectively. In this study, a field survey was conducted between May, 2012 and January, 2013. It involved the installation of 25 bench marks, surveying the upper river banks (from the crest of the stony protection to the water surface) and 250 cross sections. Three kinds of samples were collected at this stage work: (i) river bed material, (ii) suspended load samples and (iii) bed loads samples. Hydraulic measurements were conducted and included water surface elevations, water depths at sampling points, water discharges and transversal velocities. Water temperature and other environmental measurements were also conducted. Particle size distribution, specific gravity and concentration of suspended sediment were executed in the laboratory for the collected samples.<br>Godkänd; 2013; 20130514 (ammali); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-22 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Ammar Adel Ali Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Uppsats: Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City Examinator: Professor Sven Knutsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr. PhD Govand H. M. Sherwani, G. D. of Scholarships, Ministry of Higher Education – KRG, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Tid: Tisdag den 18 juni 2013 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Hamza, Kanar. "Desertification and political instability in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (2.54 MB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/hamzakh/hamzakh_masters_05-06-2010.pdf.

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Yilmaz, Mehmet. "The war that never happened : the sharing of Euphrates-Tigris Rivers' water between Turkey, Syria and Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FYilmaz.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): T.V. Paul, James Russel. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100). Also available online.
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4

Albadran, A. A. "Factors influencing river bank stability in the Tigris and Shatt al Arab waterways, Iraq." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514193.

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Al, Murib Muhanned. "Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Tigris River System in Iraq Using CE-QUAL-W2." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4230.

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The Tigris River is one of two primary rivers in Iraq and is, along with the Euphrates, the main source for drinking and irrigation water in the country. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and is 1850 km long. The majority of the river lies within Iraq. The river passes through, and is the primary drinking water source for major cities such as Mosul, Baeji, Samarra, Baghdad (the capital), and Kut. The Tigris River joins the Euphrates River in Qurna city within Basra province to form the Shatt Al-Arab River which eventually discharges into the Persian Gulf. As a result of fluctuations in flow rate along the Tigris River that cause both potential flooding and drought, Mosul Dam was built on the mainstem of the Tigris River upstream of the city of Mosul and was operated starting in July 1986 to control the river flow and to generate hydroelectricity. Some canals were also constructed to divert excess fresh water from the mainstem of the river at Samarra Barrage located 125 km north (upstream) of Baghdad to Tharthar Lake, an artificial lake located 100 km northwest Baghdad city. The Tigris-Tharthar canal, 75 km long, was constructed in 1956 to divert excess water from Samarra Barrage to Tharthar Lake and to prevent potential flooding in Baghdad. During dry seasons, high total dissolved solids (TDS) water is diverted from Tharthar Lake into the mainstem of the Tigris River through the 65 km long Tharthar-Tigris canal, which is located 25 km upstream Baghdad. Due to rapid population growth and increasing industrial activates, the Tigris River is also facing many water quality challenges from inflows of contaminated wastewater from treatment plant stations. A water quality model that simulates the Tigris River system is therefore needed to study the effects of these discharges and how water quality of the Tigris River could be managed. To address this issue, CE-QUAL-W2 was used to develop a 2-D (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model of the mainstem Tigris River from Mosul Dam (Rkm 0) to Kut Barrage (Rkm 880). In addition, Tharthar Lake and its canals were modeled. A full suite of hydrodynamic and water quality variables were simulated for the year 2009, including flowrates, water level, and water temperature. Additionally, water quality constituents such as total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also simulated. Bathymetry of the Tigris River and field data such as flowrate, water level, TDS, NO3 were obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq, while surface water temperatures of the Tigris River were estimated remotely using Landsat satellites. These satellites provided a continuous observation record of remote sites. Other water quality field data, such as PO4, NH4, BOD, and DO, were estimated from literature values. Meteorological data, including, wind speed, wind direction, air and dew point temperatures, cloud cover, and solar radiation were obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation, the General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. Model predictions of flow and water level were compared to field data at three stations along the mainstem of the Tigris River, including Baeji, downstream of Samarra Barrage, and Baghdad. The absolute mean error in the flow varied from 12.6 to 3.4 m3/s and the water level absolute mean error varied from 0.036 to 0.018 m. The percentage error of the overall flowrate at Baeji, downstream Samarra Barrage and Baghdad was 1.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8% respectively. Injecting a conservative tracer at Mosul Dam showed that a parcel of water reaches to Baeji, Samarra Barrage, Baghdad, and Kut Barrage after approximately 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 19 days, respectively. Water temperature field data in Iraq are limited and there was no archive of existing field data. Therefore, I obtained estimates of surface water temperature on the Tigris River using the thermal band of the Landsat satellite, one of a series of satellites launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The calibration between satellite data and water temperature was validated using sparse field data from 2004, and the calibration then applied to 82 Landsat images from the year 2009. Landsat estimates showed a bias of -2°C compared to model results in winter months, possibly due to uncertainty in Landsat estimations. The absolute mean errors of the CE-QUAL-W2 model predictions of water temperature compared to Landsat estimated temperatures were 0.9 and 1.0°C at Baeji and Baghdad respectively. Temperature calibration in the Tigris River system was highly sensitive to meteorological input data. Landsat Images were also used to estimate longitudinal variation in surface water temperature of Tharthar Lake. It was found that surface water temperature in Tharthar Lake varied longitudinally along the North-South axis with warmer temperatures in the lower part compared with the upper part of the lake. Total dissolved solids concentrations in the Tigris River significantly increased from Mosul Dam to Kut Barrage with peak concentrations of 900 mg/l and 1050 mg/l at Baghdad and Kut, respectively, due to high TDS water diverted from Tharthar Lake, irrigation return flow, urban runoff, and uncontrolled discharge of wastewater effluents. NO3 concentrations did not significantly increase between Samarra Barrage and Baghdad city. BOD concentrations within Baghdad were extremely high due to direct discharge of industrial wastewater into the mainstem of the Tigris River from outlets located within the city. Management scenarios were simulated with the model of the Tigris River system and were compared with the base model. The main scenarios implemented on the Tigris River system were altering upstream hydrology, increasing air temperature due to the effect of climate change, disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the Tigris River system, and simulating long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. Increasing upstream inflows caused a decrease in TDS concentrations from 495 mg/l to 470 mg/l over all the mainstem of the river. In addition, CBOD concentrations decreased somewhat from 5.9 mg/l to 5.74 mg/l. On the other hand, decreasing upstream flows caused a significant increase in average TDS concentrations over the entire Tigris mainstem from 495 mg/l to 527 mg/l. Also, an increase in CBOD concentrations from 5.9 mg/l to 6.2 mg/l was predicted over all the mainstem of the river. Implementing the climate change scenario on the base model of the Tigris River system showed a 5% increase in annually averaged water temperature from 20.7°C to 21.68°C over the mainstem river. Climate change scenarios produced no significant impacts on TDS and CBOD concentrations in the mainstem, while DO concentrations decreased from 8.15 mg/l to 7.98 mg/l with a slight increase in Chl-a concentration from 1.97 µg/l to 2 µg/l in the mainstem. Disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the system showed a remarkable 25% decrease in TDS concentrations, with an average concentration changed from 495 mg/l to 397 mg/l in the mainstem due to an extra 36% increase in flow discharged downstream of Samarra Barrage. Also, Chl-a concentration significantly decreased by 40% with an average concentration changed from 2 µg/l to 1.2 µg/l. Additionally, a 6-year model simulation of the Tigris River system was performed to evaluate the long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. No significant impact was observed in the average temperature of the lake. TDS concentrations in the lake decreased from 1239 mg/l to 1041 mg/l. PO4, NH4 and NO3 concentrations decreased by 2%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Chl-a concentration in Tharthar Lake decreased from 2.0 µg/l to 1.61 µg/l. After decreasing BOD concentrations of the Tigris River by 50%, BOD concentrations in the mainstem decreased by 24%, while DO concentrations increased by 2.8%. There were no significant impacts on Chl-a concentrations in the mainstem of the river. Finally, for a scenario where extremely low dissolved oxygen release from Mosul Dam in the summer, it was found that approximately 50 km below Mosul Dam was affected before DO concentrations reached an equilibrium concentration. For further work on the Tigris River system, it is recommended to model the Tigris River from Kut Barrage to the confluence with the Euphrates River, about 400 km long, and connect it with the current model to have a complete model of the Tigris River system from Mosul Dam to the confluence with the Euphrates River. This is necessary to manage water the entire system of the Tigris River and also to provide enough water with good quality in Basra.
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Berthon, Rémi Jean-Paul [Verfasser]. "Animal exploitation in the Upper Tigris River valley (Turkey) between the 3rd and the 1st millennia BC / Rémi Jean-Paul Berthon." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1020244658/34.

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Ahmmad, Yadgar Kamal. "Establishing a legal framework for the use and protection of Iraq's equitable right to the Tigris and the Euphrates River Basin." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a53e1971-bbbe-4616-9ed5-17c2178069c0.

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This thesis investigates the mechanisms that might be used to determine the rights and obligations of Turkey, Syria and Iraq to govern the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (TERB) in accordance with the international water law. In particular, it advocates for the protection of Iraq?s equitable rights through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework for joint use of the TERB. As a contribution towards addressing the issues of transboundary water law at the TERB level, this thesis explores the possibilities for potential cooperation between the three riparian States of the TERB through forming a legally binding treaty under the auspices of contemporary international water law. From this perspective, the thesis hypothesises that international law provides a solid basis on which the State of Iraq can rely on for achieving its legal entitlements to the equitable and reasonable use of the TERB. In this context, the thesis first examines international law in order to establish how it applies to the TERB. Next, the thesis considers how the legal positions of the riparian States can be determined under international law. When the aforesaid requirements are met, the thesis makes recommendations on how international water law can strengthen the legal framework for equitable joint use of the TERB. The thesis offers the methodology and analytical framework that deals with different relevant issues covered within the scope of the thesis. Later on, water uses within the TERB are discussed, followed by a literature review of publications on contemporary Middle East transboundary water conflict and cooperation. Afterwords, the thesis examines the applicable international law and international water law to the riparian States of the TERB. Finally, it explores the legal regime of the inter-State relationships in order to foster improved transboundary water management of the TERB.
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Sofi, Galawesh. "Post- conflict peace building and natural resources: A comparative study on water management: Euphrates and Tigris River Basin in Northern and Western Iraq." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231529.

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Iraq has since post conflict of 2003 administrated the Euphrates and Tigris River in accordance to the countries plan management. It is researched in this study how the Iraqi Government and the Kurdistan Regional Government have managed and prioritized its water resource comparing the Euphrates and Tigris River flowing through Western and Northern Iraq. The focus is also on approaches and the alternative consequences derived from different management perspectives. It is concluded in this study that there are different priorities and management approaches in Iraqi Government and Kurdistan Regional Government. Iraqi Government has not managed Euphrates River as needed post conflict of 2003 where the approach is not satisfactory to resolve the problem facing the Euphrates River. It can become an underlying problem to an additional distress among the population which can heighten the risk for disputes and uprising of further conflicts in the region if the problems are not solved in Western Iraq. Tigris River that is also managed by the Iraqi Government has not been the top priority and there are unsolved problems around the river. The distress amongst the population can outburst in a bad manner if problems not solved surrounding the Tigris River. However the tributaries that flow through Kurdistan Regional Government to the Tigris River are of better condition more attention is directed to water management and there are aspirations for meeting the challenges and well as changing management approach. Kurdistan Regional Government has managed to prioritize and manage water from the tributaries better than Iraqi Government.
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Davies, Jason Michael. "To what extent can the European Union influence as an external actor on Turkeys integrated water management policy? In particular with regard to the Euphrates-Tigris river basin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179998.

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Research focus: This paper asks to what extent the European Union (EU) can influence as an external actor Turkey’s integrated water management policy. In particular this paper focuses on the case example of the water conflict arising over the usage of the transboundary Euphrates-Tigris river basin and what extent the EU can bring to bear its influence on Turkey to bring a resolution to the management of this river basin. Method: This paper consists of a comparative literature review of recent journals, academic articles, official publications and website content as well as respected news website material. The research method used consisted of an analysis assessing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s water policy. Whilst this analysis tool is fairly straight forward to apply to assessing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s broad national water management policy, assessing how the EU can encourage Turkey to cooperate further on the International river basin of the Euphrates-Tigris is far more difficult, owing to the controversy and importance of the river to all three Countries sharing it; Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Findings: Through using a comparison of literature this paper has found that the main strength of the EU’s influence on Turkey’s integrated water management policy is through the very definite obligations Turkey must fulfil under the WFD as a candidate member for the EU. Secondly, this paper submits that the EU’s strong river management experience through large river cooperation projects, for example that of the Danube river basin, further enhances the ability of the EU’s credibility in its influence. The weakness the EU’s influence faces is the difficulty associated with Turkeys candidacy process to the EU which if hampered could quickly reduce the EU’s influence on Turkey. Opportunities for cooperation on the Euphrates–Tigris are also looked at positively in this paper especially in the light of a new Middle Eastern politics even though considerable uncertainty remains as to the full outcome. Lastly a threat that could face the EU’s influence is the results that a third way relationship between the EU and Turkey could have on limiting the EU’s influence with regard to integrated water policies. The main conclusion: This paper has concluded that the EU’s influence through the WFD is very strong on Turkey’s water policy, owing largely to Turkeys desire to obtain eventual full membership of the EU. Should the candidacy process fail, this could have a quick and damaging impact on the EU’s influence. This paper has also found that the EU has a strong potential influence in pushing Turkey towards further cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris, however Turkey’s progress has to date been slow and remains a major challenge.   This paper recommends that Turkey uses the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to open up dialogue with lower riparian river states towards cooperation, that the EU suggest setting up a ‘commission’ as a means of achieving improved transboundary river cooperation and the need for a research network or center to bring together efforts towards cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris river basin.
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Erdem, Mete. "Utilisation of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers under international law." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531168.

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Books on the topic "Tigris River"

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Miller, Gary. The Tigris and Euphrates: Rivers of the fertile crescent. Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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Miller, Gary. The Tigris and Euphrates: Rivers of the fertile crescent. Crabtree Pub. Co., 2009.

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Elver, Hilal. Peaceful uses of international rivers: The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers dispute. Transnational Publishers, 2002.

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Ayșegul, Kibaroǧlu, ed. Building a regime for the waters of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. Kluwer Law International, 2002.

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Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül, editor of compilation, Kirschner, Adele J., editor of compilation, Mehring, Sigrid, editor of compilation, and Wolfrum, Rüdiger, editor of compilation, eds. Water law and cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris region: A comparative and interdisciplinary approach. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.

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Cox, Sydney. The Red Cross launch Wessex on the River Tigris, 1916. Natula, 2002.

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Brancato, Rodolfo. Settlement patterns and political landscapes in the upper Tigris River Valley. Arbor sapientiae editore, 2017.

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Palmer, Andrew. Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier: The early history of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Maxwell, Gavin. A reed shaken by the wind. ISIS, 1989.

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Jawad, Laith A., ed. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tigris River"

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Ersoy, Eyüp. "Euphrates-Tigris River basin." In River Basins and International Relations. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243434-13.

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Chabuk, Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Ali Almaliki, Jan Laue, and Hussain M. Hussain. "Water Quality Variation Along the Tigris River." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_101.

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Al-Sheikhly, Omar F. "The Avifauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_39.

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Koyuncu, Cafer Erkin, Harun Yilmaz, Faik Sertel Secer, Dogukan Kaya, and Ercument Genc. "Fish Parasites of Tigris and Euphrates River Systems." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_68.

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Yıldırım, Umut. "Eco-Redaction as Method." In Redacted. punctum books, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0466.1.10.

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How can the Armenian genocide be considered in terms of its ecological roots and remnants? Umut Yıldırım explores the nonhuman flora and fauna indigenous to the banks of the Tigris River in Upper Mesopotamia — in particular, centenarian mulberry trees — as resistant roots that register the evidentiary ecologies of the Armenian genocide through the Turkish state’s denialist present and its ongoing war against the Kurds.
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Yıldırım, Umut. "Mulberry Affects." In War-torn Ecologies, An-Archic Fragments. ICI Berlin Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-27_2.

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How can the Armenian genocide be considered in terms of its ecological roots and remnants? Umut Yıldırım explores the more-than-human flora and fauna indigenous to the banks of the Tigris river in Upper Mesopotamia — in particular, centenarian mulberry trees — as resistant roots that register the evidentiary ecologies of the Armenian genocide through the Turkish state’s denialist present and its ongoing war against the Kurds.
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Mohammed, Ruqayah, and Miklas Scholz. "Streamflow Alteration Impacts with Particular Reference to the Lower Zab River, Tributary of the Tigris River." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_9.

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Mohammed, Yusuf Ali, and Yücel Acer. "Management of Transboundary Watercourse in Euphrates-Tigris and Nile River Basins." In Springer Geography. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60251-1_15.

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Esmaeili, Hamid Reza. "Exotic and Invasive Freshwater Fishes in the Tigris-Euphrates River System." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_51.

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Ahmed, Sumaya M. "Kinds and Distribution of Icthyoplankton in Shatt Al-Arab River." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tigris River"

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Hommadi, Ali, Ali Al-Fawzy, and Fadhil Al-Mohammed. "Flood Forecasting for the Greater Zabb Tributary of Tigris River Using the Probability Techniques." In 4th International Conference on Architectural & Civil Engineering Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/icace2022/paper.875.

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The climate change in Iraq from 1933 until 1992 that caused fluctuation of rainfall led to fluctuation of rivers discharge. The increasing of rainfall intensity may cause flood which will impact on human by flooding the neighboring town that lead to damage the houses and human loss; while the decreasing of rainfall causes the scarcity. Therefore accurate forecasting must be done to measure the maximum incomes of discharge by statically analysis in rivers through 56 years to predict the maximum discharge through recurrence interval (T) 10 ,25 ,50 ,100 ,200 ,1000 ,10000, and 105years. In this study the data of Greater Zabb river in Aski Kelek station will be used because of it is not controlled by dams. In this research analyzing river flood is done by utilizing of Gamble, Log person type III., Normal distribution, Log normal distribution, Weibull distribution and GEV(General extreme value) that used by PWM (Power weighted method) distribution. The obtained results of this research were close in all used methods of T = 1000 year except the log normal distribution and GEV, whereas they were higher than the other distributions. Moreover; the outcomes of previous study for suggested dam (Bakhma dams) on the river which are Japanese report 1979, the study of Swiss consultants 1985, study and water resource design 2005 were close to t the outcomes of this research. The many distributions give a lot of probabilities of flood to obtain a clear view of maximum inflow (flood) to river and best design of reservoir.
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Abbas, Massara, Iacopo Carnacina, and Rafid Alkhaddar. "Impact of a Regulator Dam on the River Water Quality—Tigris River Case Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483466.034.

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Al-Murib, M., and S. Wells. "Application of CE-QUAL-W2 on the Tigris River in Iraq." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479858.052.

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Hameed, Sadik, Hussein Ali Awad AL-Zamili, and Raheem Aziz H. Al-Uqaily. "Evaluation of water quality index in the Tigris River, Wasit, Iraq." In International Conference of Chemistry and Petrochemical Techniques (ICCPT). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093371.

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Al-Murib, M., S. Wells, and S. A. Talke. "Estimation of Surface Water Temperature of the Tigris River System in Iraq." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480632.016.

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Obaid, Omar H., and Inbethaq M. Ali Abdulameer. "Assessment of the water quality of the Tigris River using satellite data." In TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY: TMREES22Fr. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129544.

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Abdulsatter Muhammed, Manal. "Hydrological Characteristics of the Gharraf Rivers." In III. International Rimar Congress of Pure, Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47832/duhokcongress-6.

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Given that the study area is located within the dry regions of the country, the total reliance on surface water represented by the Gharraf River is primarily, in addition to the loss of rain to cover losses due to evaporation and the absence of seasonal rivers or tributaries that supply the river with water, so the area was ruled by a permanent water deficit, and for this reason water management in the Gharraf Basin must receive sufficient attention to secure water protests and other various requirements. The Gharraf River is one of the rivers that branch off from the Tigris River from the front of the Kut Dam and heads towards the southeastern administrative borders of Wasit Governorate, then enters Nasiriyah Governorate at dawn with a length of (230) km, of which (86) km are in Wasit Governorate. The hydrological study showed that the natural conditions affecting the Gharraf River, such as high temperatures, increased evaporation, filtration and sediment values, caused its water discharges to decrease during the period (1985-2020) from 192 m3/s to 146 m3/s. The river was also calibrated with field levels using the (HEC-RAS) program, so the average Manninck coefficient was (0.026), in addition to knowing the effect of return water (RATING CURVES). There was a significant effect when closing and opening the gates of the neighborhood regulator. It was noted that the levels affected by the gate openings were more than 175 m3/s. Most of the streams branching off from the Gharraf River, which are located on the left side of the river, needed a discharge of (137) m3/s, and the right bank of the river needed (113) m3/s along its length
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Sakamoto, Maiko, Mikiyasu Nakayama, and Kazimierz A. Salewicz. "Effect of transparency on decision making the case of Euphrates and tigris river water use." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2014.6974137.

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Swiatlowski, Tomas. "HYDROPOLITICS OF THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN � THE LIMITS OF TURKEY�S �ZERO PROBLEMS� APPROACH." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b31/s12.047.

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Rasheed, Nisreen Jawad, Mahmoud S. Al-Khafaji, and Imzahim A. Alwan. "Hydrodynamic model-based investigation for hydraulic aspects of the Mosul-Makhool reach of Tigris River." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: BCEE5. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0238185.

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Reports on the topic "Tigris River"

1

Al Murib, Muhanned. Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Tigris River System in Iraq Using CE-QUAL-W2. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6114.

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