Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tigris River'

Tigris and Euphrates rivers represent the artery of life in Iraq. Tigris River rises from Turkey and flows toward the southeast to enter Iraq. It drains a catchment area of 473 100 km² of which about 58% lies in Iraq. In this study the reach, about 50 km long, of the river inside Baghdad was been studied. It starts at Al-Muthana Bridge and ends at Tigris-Diyala River confluence. Generally, the river reach is part of an alluvial plain, single channel and meandering. The bed material of the river is composed mainly of fine sand and small portion of silt and clay. Other significant features of the reach are the growing islands and bank depositions. Recently water resources of Iraq are negatively affected by climatic changes and the huge water projects in the riparian countries. As a result, the flow of Tigris River at Baghdad city has significantly decreased where the average monthly flow is 520 m³/s for the period 2000-2012 which represents about 50% reduction compared to previous periods. The estimated trend for the average monthly discharges is a reduction of 5.4 % during the last 23 years. Low flow and low water levels have enhanced the water to erode the banks below its protected part. This might affect the future stability of the banks. The drop of the river discharge together with debris from the last wars in 1991 and 2003 enhanced the growing of islands in the river. In this research, changes in the morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad are to be investigated and the causes will be highlighted in order to take the right measures to restore the river system. This is a first step toward studying the hydrological characteristics of the reach. One-dimensional gradually varied flow model, using HEC-RAS, was applied to examine the flood capacity and the possibilities of inundation of the banks. The geometry of the river was represented by the findings from the river survey of 2008. Additional data about the locations and dimensions of the bridges were supplied to the model. The average monthly discharge at Sarai Baghdad for the years 2000-2012 was assumed as the base flow. A range of different scenarios were examined by increasing the discharges in order to determine the critical discharge that may cause inundation. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting the Manning’s roughness coefficient for an observed water surface profile along the lowest part of the reach. The associated error with the computed water surface profiles was in order 0.026m. Additional water level observations at Sarai Baghdad were used for verification purposes. It was found that the discharges higher than 2700 m3/s could cause partial inundation in some areas in the northern part of the reach and these areas extend to approximately 9 km for discharges greater than 3500 m3/s. The southern part of the reach is still safe from inundation for discharges below 3500 m3/s. The slope of water surface profile varies from 6.03 to 10 cm/km for discharges between 400 and 4000 m3/s respectively. In this study, a field survey was conducted between May, 2012 and January, 2013. It involved the installation of 25 bench marks, surveying the upper river banks (from the crest of the stony protection to the water surface) and 250 cross sections. Three kinds of samples were collected at this stage work: (i) river bed material, (ii) suspended load samples and (iii) bed loads samples. Hydraulic measurements were conducted and included water surface elevations, water depths at sampling points, water discharges and transversal velocities. Water temperature and other environmental measurements were also conducted. Particle size distribution, specific gravity and concentration of suspended sediment were executed in the laboratory for the collected samples.<br>Godkänd; 2013; 20130514 (ammali); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-22 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Ammar Adel Ali Ämne: Geoteknik/Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Uppsats: Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City Examinator: Professor Sven Knutsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr. PhD Govand H. M. Sherwani, G. D. of Scholarships, Ministry of Higher Education – KRG, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Tid: Tisdag den 18 juni 2013 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): T.V. Paul, James Russel. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100). Also available online.

The Tigris River is one of two primary rivers in Iraq and is, along with the Euphrates, the main source for drinking and irrigation water in the country. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and is 1850 km long. The majority of the river lies within Iraq. The river passes through, and is the primary drinking water source for major cities such as Mosul, Baeji, Samarra, Baghdad (the capital), and Kut. The Tigris River joins the Euphrates River in Qurna city within Basra province to form the Shatt Al-Arab River which eventually discharges into the Persian Gulf. As a result of fluctuations in flow rate along the Tigris River that cause both potential flooding and drought, Mosul Dam was built on the mainstem of the Tigris River upstream of the city of Mosul and was operated starting in July 1986 to control the river flow and to generate hydroelectricity. Some canals were also constructed to divert excess fresh water from the mainstem of the river at Samarra Barrage located 125 km north (upstream) of Baghdad to Tharthar Lake, an artificial lake located 100 km northwest Baghdad city. The Tigris-Tharthar canal, 75 km long, was constructed in 1956 to divert excess water from Samarra Barrage to Tharthar Lake and to prevent potential flooding in Baghdad. During dry seasons, high total dissolved solids (TDS) water is diverted from Tharthar Lake into the mainstem of the Tigris River through the 65 km long Tharthar-Tigris canal, which is located 25 km upstream Baghdad. Due to rapid population growth and increasing industrial activates, the Tigris River is also facing many water quality challenges from inflows of contaminated wastewater from treatment plant stations. A water quality model that simulates the Tigris River system is therefore needed to study the effects of these discharges and how water quality of the Tigris River could be managed. To address this issue, CE-QUAL-W2 was used to develop a 2-D (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model of the mainstem Tigris River from Mosul Dam (Rkm 0) to Kut Barrage (Rkm 880). In addition, Tharthar Lake and its canals were modeled. A full suite of hydrodynamic and water quality variables were simulated for the year 2009, including flowrates, water level, and water temperature. Additionally, water quality constituents such as total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also simulated. Bathymetry of the Tigris River and field data such as flowrate, water level, TDS, NO3 were obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq, while surface water temperatures of the Tigris River were estimated remotely using Landsat satellites. These satellites provided a continuous observation record of remote sites. Other water quality field data, such as PO4, NH4, BOD, and DO, were estimated from literature values. Meteorological data, including, wind speed, wind direction, air and dew point temperatures, cloud cover, and solar radiation were obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation, the General Organization for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. Model predictions of flow and water level were compared to field data at three stations along the mainstem of the Tigris River, including Baeji, downstream of Samarra Barrage, and Baghdad. The absolute mean error in the flow varied from 12.6 to 3.4 m3/s and the water level absolute mean error varied from 0.036 to 0.018 m. The percentage error of the overall flowrate at Baeji, downstream Samarra Barrage and Baghdad was 1.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8% respectively. Injecting a conservative tracer at Mosul Dam showed that a parcel of water reaches to Baeji, Samarra Barrage, Baghdad, and Kut Barrage after approximately 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 19 days, respectively. Water temperature field data in Iraq are limited and there was no archive of existing field data. Therefore, I obtained estimates of surface water temperature on the Tigris River using the thermal band of the Landsat satellite, one of a series of satellites launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The calibration between satellite data and water temperature was validated using sparse field data from 2004, and the calibration then applied to 82 Landsat images from the year 2009. Landsat estimates showed a bias of -2°C compared to model results in winter months, possibly due to uncertainty in Landsat estimations. The absolute mean errors of the CE-QUAL-W2 model predictions of water temperature compared to Landsat estimated temperatures were 0.9 and 1.0°C at Baeji and Baghdad respectively. Temperature calibration in the Tigris River system was highly sensitive to meteorological input data. Landsat Images were also used to estimate longitudinal variation in surface water temperature of Tharthar Lake. It was found that surface water temperature in Tharthar Lake varied longitudinally along the North-South axis with warmer temperatures in the lower part compared with the upper part of the lake. Total dissolved solids concentrations in the Tigris River significantly increased from Mosul Dam to Kut Barrage with peak concentrations of 900 mg/l and 1050 mg/l at Baghdad and Kut, respectively, due to high TDS water diverted from Tharthar Lake, irrigation return flow, urban runoff, and uncontrolled discharge of wastewater effluents. NO3 concentrations did not significantly increase between Samarra Barrage and Baghdad city. BOD concentrations within Baghdad were extremely high due to direct discharge of industrial wastewater into the mainstem of the Tigris River from outlets located within the city. Management scenarios were simulated with the model of the Tigris River system and were compared with the base model. The main scenarios implemented on the Tigris River system were altering upstream hydrology, increasing air temperature due to the effect of climate change, disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the Tigris River system, and simulating long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. Increasing upstream inflows caused a decrease in TDS concentrations from 495 mg/l to 470 mg/l over all the mainstem of the river. In addition, CBOD concentrations decreased somewhat from 5.9 mg/l to 5.74 mg/l. On the other hand, decreasing upstream flows caused a significant increase in average TDS concentrations over the entire Tigris mainstem from 495 mg/l to 527 mg/l. Also, an increase in CBOD concentrations from 5.9 mg/l to 6.2 mg/l was predicted over all the mainstem of the river. Implementing the climate change scenario on the base model of the Tigris River system showed a 5% increase in annually averaged water temperature from 20.7°C to 21.68°C over the mainstem river. Climate change scenarios produced no significant impacts on TDS and CBOD concentrations in the mainstem, while DO concentrations decreased from 8.15 mg/l to 7.98 mg/l with a slight increase in Chl-a concentration from 1.97 µg/l to 2 µg/l in the mainstem. Disconnecting Tharthar Lake from the system showed a remarkable 25% decrease in TDS concentrations, with an average concentration changed from 495 mg/l to 397 mg/l in the mainstem due to an extra 36% increase in flow discharged downstream of Samarra Barrage. Also, Chl-a concentration significantly decreased by 40% with an average concentration changed from 2 µg/l to 1.2 µg/l. Additionally, a 6-year model simulation of the Tigris River system was performed to evaluate the long-term effects on Tharthar Lake. No significant impact was observed in the average temperature of the lake. TDS concentrations in the lake decreased from 1239 mg/l to 1041 mg/l. PO4, NH4 and NO3 concentrations decreased by 2%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Chl-a concentration in Tharthar Lake decreased from 2.0 µg/l to 1.61 µg/l. After decreasing BOD concentrations of the Tigris River by 50%, BOD concentrations in the mainstem decreased by 24%, while DO concentrations increased by 2.8%. There were no significant impacts on Chl-a concentrations in the mainstem of the river. Finally, for a scenario where extremely low dissolved oxygen release from Mosul Dam in the summer, it was found that approximately 50 km below Mosul Dam was affected before DO concentrations reached an equilibrium concentration. For further work on the Tigris River system, it is recommended to model the Tigris River from Kut Barrage to the confluence with the Euphrates River, about 400 km long, and connect it with the current model to have a complete model of the Tigris River system from Mosul Dam to the confluence with the Euphrates River. This is necessary to manage water the entire system of the Tigris River and also to provide enough water with good quality in Basra.

This thesis investigates the mechanisms that might be used to determine the rights and obligations of Turkey, Syria and Iraq to govern the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (TERB) in accordance with the international water law. In particular, it advocates for the protection of Iraq?s equitable rights through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework for joint use of the TERB. As a contribution towards addressing the issues of transboundary water law at the TERB level, this thesis explores the possibilities for potential cooperation between the three riparian States of the TERB through forming a legally binding treaty under the auspices of contemporary international water law. From this perspective, the thesis hypothesises that international law provides a solid basis on which the State of Iraq can rely on for achieving its legal entitlements to the equitable and reasonable use of the TERB. In this context, the thesis first examines international law in order to establish how it applies to the TERB. Next, the thesis considers how the legal positions of the riparian States can be determined under international law. When the aforesaid requirements are met, the thesis makes recommendations on how international water law can strengthen the legal framework for equitable joint use of the TERB. The thesis offers the methodology and analytical framework that deals with different relevant issues covered within the scope of the thesis. Later on, water uses within the TERB are discussed, followed by a literature review of publications on contemporary Middle East transboundary water conflict and cooperation. Afterwords, the thesis examines the applicable international law and international water law to the riparian States of the TERB. Finally, it explores the legal regime of the inter-State relationships in order to foster improved transboundary water management of the TERB.

Iraq has since post conflict of 2003 administrated the Euphrates and Tigris River in accordance to the countries plan management. It is researched in this study how the Iraqi Government and the Kurdistan Regional Government have managed and prioritized its water resource comparing the Euphrates and Tigris River flowing through Western and Northern Iraq. The focus is also on approaches and the alternative consequences derived from different management perspectives. It is concluded in this study that there are different priorities and management approaches in Iraqi Government and Kurdistan Regional Government. Iraqi Government has not managed Euphrates River as needed post conflict of 2003 where the approach is not satisfactory to resolve the problem facing the Euphrates River. It can become an underlying problem to an additional distress among the population which can heighten the risk for disputes and uprising of further conflicts in the region if the problems are not solved in Western Iraq. Tigris River that is also managed by the Iraqi Government has not been the top priority and there are unsolved problems around the river. The distress amongst the population can outburst in a bad manner if problems not solved surrounding the Tigris River. However the tributaries that flow through Kurdistan Regional Government to the Tigris River are of better condition more attention is directed to water management and there are aspirations for meeting the challenges and well as changing management approach. Kurdistan Regional Government has managed to prioritize and manage water from the tributaries better than Iraqi Government.

Research focus: This paper asks to what extent the European Union (EU) can influence as an external actor Turkey’s integrated water management policy. In particular this paper focuses on the case example of the water conflict arising over the usage of the transboundary Euphrates-Tigris river basin and what extent the EU can bring to bear its influence on Turkey to bring a resolution to the management of this river basin. Method: This paper consists of a comparative literature review of recent journals, academic articles, official publications and website content as well as respected news website material. The research method used consisted of an analysis assessing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s water policy. Whilst this analysis tool is fairly straight forward to apply to assessing the EU’s influence on Turkey’s broad national water management policy, assessing how the EU can encourage Turkey to cooperate further on the International river basin of the Euphrates-Tigris is far more difficult, owing to the controversy and importance of the river to all three Countries sharing it; Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Findings: Through using a comparison of literature this paper has found that the main strength of the EU’s influence on Turkey’s integrated water management policy is through the very definite obligations Turkey must fulfil under the WFD as a candidate member for the EU. Secondly, this paper submits that the EU’s strong river management experience through large river cooperation projects, for example that of the Danube river basin, further enhances the ability of the EU’s credibility in its influence. The weakness the EU’s influence faces is the difficulty associated with Turkeys candidacy process to the EU which if hampered could quickly reduce the EU’s influence on Turkey. Opportunities for cooperation on the Euphrates–Tigris are also looked at positively in this paper especially in the light of a new Middle Eastern politics even though considerable uncertainty remains as to the full outcome. Lastly a threat that could face the EU’s influence is the results that a third way relationship between the EU and Turkey could have on limiting the EU’s influence with regard to integrated water policies. The main conclusion: This paper has concluded that the EU’s influence through the WFD is very strong on Turkey’s water policy, owing largely to Turkeys desire to obtain eventual full membership of the EU. Should the candidacy process fail, this could have a quick and damaging impact on the EU’s influence. This paper has also found that the EU has a strong potential influence in pushing Turkey towards further cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris, however Turkey’s progress has to date been slow and remains a major challenge.   This paper recommends that Turkey uses the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to open up dialogue with lower riparian river states towards cooperation, that the EU suggest setting up a ‘commission’ as a means of achieving improved transboundary river cooperation and the need for a research network or center to bring together efforts towards cooperation on the Euphrates-Tigris river basin.

The present study deals with reconstruction of the ancient courses of the Tigris and the Euphrates in the Mesopotamian floodplain, which covers most of the central and southern parts of Iraq. The focus is on tracing palaeochannel courses, determining when these palaeochannels were active, and understanding the patterns of avulsion and its impact on human settlements of ancient civilisations. The research was carried out using a combination of geological, geomorphological, remote sensing, historical and archaeological approaches. Fieldwork included “groundtruthing” of the remote sensing work. A total of thirty seven boreholes were dug, sedimentary and geomorphologic documentation has been carried out, and twenty five shell samples were collected, and analysed by radiocarbon dating. This study has reconstructed palaeochannels and archaeological sites within the area of southern Mesopotamia; intensive networks of palaeochannels and archaeological sites within the study area have been identified. More than eight thousand archaeological sites have been plotted during this study, and most of them show a location and alignment consistent with an identified palaeochannel. Eleven major river avulsions and their nodes have been identified, five for the Euphrates and six for the Tigris. It has been found that these avulsions contributed to the shaping, formation and aggradation of both the ancient and present–day landscapes of the floodplain. Two kinds of avulsion have taken place in the floodplain, re-occupational and progradational. In the first of these types of avulsion, the major flow diverted into a previously existing channel. In contrast, the progradational avulsion began by inundating a large section of the floodplain between elevated ridges, producing prograding deposits that filled topographic lows of the floodplain. These avulsions have affected the distribution, flourishing and degradation of human settlements of the southern Mesopotamian civilisations. The present study has demonstrated how human impact played a leading role in distribution of sediments across the floodplain and shaping both the Holocene and the recent landscapes of the Mesopotamian floodplain. By using periods of human occupation of archaeological sites to date associated palaeochannels, we can get acceptable accuracy on their timing and duration, and can give clear indications about the activity of a given channel.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T17:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Rodrigues - 2007.pdf: 1538909 bytes, checksum: 0a976b8281558b7da7e02c2b92b427c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T17:56:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Rodrigues - 2007.pdf: 1538909 bytes, checksum: 0a976b8281558b7da7e02c2b92b427c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-18T17:56:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Rodrigues - 2007.pdf: 1538909 bytes, checksum: 0a976b8281558b7da7e02c2b92b427c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-28<br>Periphyton algae community on slides glasses at Água Limpa River and Lake of Tigres (Britânia, State of Goiás, Brazil) during two low waters periods. The aims of this dissertation was analyze the community of periphytic algae of Lake of Tigres (15°36"33,1''S/ 51º17'55,7''W) and Agua Limpa river (15°36"33,5''S / 51º17'56,3'' W ). Both environment belong the Tocantins-Araguaia basin and have differents water hydrodynamics. The first one is a blocked valley. This study looking for the influence of differents day of artificial substratum disposed in differents moths of low water periods (dry and beginning of the rain periods) in the first chapter and colonization during four weeks in dry period of 2005 in the second one. Were collected informations about climatic variables (temperature of air, pH, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and total phosphorous). The synthesis of limmnologicals variables was made by principal components analysis (PCA) and the synthesis of limnological and periphyton algae community were made by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and dissimilarity analysis (WPGMA) In the firs part of the study (2004) the artificial substratum were exposed during 20 until 37 days, both environments studied had high level of dissolved oxygen and water temperature, low level of nutrients and pH between alkaline and acid. Still had 67 taxa the majority was microperiphytics and ordinary species, high diversity and density tendency the β diversity had tendency to be homogeneous. The diatoms, R and S-selected taxa group were predominant in both sample stations. Only two species were dominant taxa (Navícula sp1- A1; Pinularia flexuosa - N2) and 34 were abundant. CCA characterized phosphorous and R-estratgist algae and Pseudoanabaena sp1, Surirella sp2, Oedogonium sp1, Cosmarium sp1, Cosmarium sp4 e Diploneis subovalis how the most important descriptors of the community of periphytic algae. In 2005, the artificial substratum that were exposed only in Agua Limpa River during four weeks and removed in 4th , 6th , 8th , 17th and 30th days, the water had high level of oxygen, nutrients and water temperature. Were registered 121 taxa, the majority micoperiphytic, ordinary species and diatoms. Were found high density and specific diversity. The β diversity was homogeneous specific composition, 72 abundant species, R and S-selected taxa group, and diatoms were representatives during the study, especially in richness and density. Both samples stations had same specific composition and functional group because de very closes geographic area. At the end of the study were detected the principal explanations of the periphyton algae community were made by R and S-selected taxa of functional group, Bacillariophyceae, high diversity and density and Total phosphorous.<br>Comunidade de algas perifíticas em substrato artificial no rio Água Limpa e lago dos Tigres (Britânia-Go) durante dois períodos de águas baixas - O Lago dos Tigres (15°36"33,1''S/ 51º17'55,7''W) e o rio Água Limpa (15°36"33,5''S/51º17'56,3''W) fazem parte da bacia Tocantins-Araguaia, região Oeste do Estado de Goiás. Este lago é um vale bloqueado formado pelo barramento do rio Água limpa pelo rio Vermelho. Encontra-se em uma região agropecuarista sob forte pressão antrópica. Até o presente, nenhum estudo sobre o perifiton foi desenvolvido nestes ambientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a estrutura e dinâmica da comunidade de algas perifíticas entre uma região lótica (Rio Água Limpa- Estação 1) e outra região lêntica (Lagos dos Tigres – Estação 2) em 2004 e em região lótica em 2005 (Margem direita – Estação 1 e Margem esquerda – Estação 2), verificar se existem diferenças na estrutura de comunidade entre os dois ambientes com relação ao tempo de exposição de substrato artificial aos diferentes regimes hidrológicos em 2004 e ainda analisar o processo de colonização em substrato artificial durante um período de seca de 2005 no Rio Água Limpa. As coletas de 2004 foram realizadas no período de águas baixas (julho a setembro – seca; outubro a novembro – início de chuva), inicialmente com a instalação de armadilhas para o ficoperifiton e posterior recolhimento em diferentes períodos, mas dentro da maturidade da comunidade (entre 20 e 37 dias). As coletas de 2005 foram realizadas em quatro semanas de período seco, sendo que após a instalação o substrato artificical foi recolhido nos 4o, 6o, 8o,17o e 30o dias de colonização. As variáveis climáticas (temperatura do ar, precipitação, vento), morfométricas (profundidade, largura) e as limnológicas (transparência, pH, condutividade, temperatura da água, turbidez, sólidos totais dissolovidos, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio total e fósforo total) foram analisados em todos os períodos amostrais. O diagnóstico das tendências temporais das variáveis limnologicas foram efetuadas através de Análise de Componente Principais (ACP) e a síntese dessas variáveis com a comunidade ficoperifitica foram efetuadas por meio de Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC). Efetuou-se para amostragens de 2004 uma Análise de Dissimilaridade (WPGMA). Em 2004, a avaliaçao da comunidade em substratos artificiais retirados em diferentes espaços de tempo (em regiões lótica e lêntica) mostrou os seguintes resultados: ambas estações apresentaram acentuados níveis de oxigênio, baixos teores de nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósoforo total), pH variou de levemente ácido a levemente alcalino e temperatura da água praticamente homogênea ao longo do período estudado. A comunidade ficoperifítica do rio Água Limpa e lago dos Tigres apresentou apenas 67 táxons (maioria microperifíticas), a maioria dos táxons foram classificados como comuns quanto a frequencia de ocorrência, diversidade específica foi elevada e diversidade beta tendendo a ser mais homogênea ao final do estudo indicando que nesses locais está ocorrendo a estabilidade da composição floristica da comunidade ficoperifitica. Entre rio de lago em relação aos dois períodos estudados não houve heterogeneidade, pois a riqueza e a densidade foram semelhantes entre as duas estações. Ocorreram apenas duas espécies dominantes (Navícula sp1- A1; Pinularia flexuosa - N2) e 34 abundantes no sistema. A ACC caracterizou a variável limnológica fósforo total como provavelmente importante na instalação de algas de estratégia R em ambas estações. Os grupos funcionais de estrategias S e R predominaram provavelmente favorecido pelo fóforo total conforme indica a ACC. A classe Bacillariphyceae (Navícula sp1. Gomphonema truncatum, Fragilaria capuccina var. fragilarioides, Bacillariophyceae sp1) foi a mais representativa durante todo o período amostral tanto em densidade quanto em riqueza específica. O rio Água Limpa e o lago dos Tigres não apresentaram diferença entre si de acordo com a composição florística, classes taxonômicas e grupos funcionais. Quando realizado um estudo de colonização da comunidade ficoperifítica no rio Água Limpa em quatro semanas do período de seca de 2005 observou-se que as águas do rio apresentaram acentuados níveis de oxigênio, elevados teores de nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo total), pH ácido e temperatura da água elevada praticamente homogênea ao longo do período estudado. Foram registrados 121 táxons, a maioria espécies microperifiticas e de freqüência comum composta principalmente por diatomáceas. O ambiente estudado apresentou densidade e diversidade específica elevada e diversidade beta tendendo a uma composição florística homogênea ao final do estudo. Os valores de densidade foram elevados e ocorreram 72 espécies abundantes. Fósforo total foi provavelmente importante para a instalação de algas perifíticas com estratégia R em ambas estações. Os grupos funcionais de estratégia R (Pseudoanabaena sp1,Cosmarium sp1, Cosmarium sp4 e Diploneis subovalis) e S (Surirella sp2), e foram provavelmente favorecidos pelo fósforo conforme indicou a ACC. A presença de Bacillariophyceae foi mais representativa durante todo o período amostral, tanto em número de táxons quanto em densidade. As duas estações tiveram praticamente a mesma composição florística e grupos funcionais, em decorrência da proximidade geográfica. Ao final do estudo destaca-se a importância de baixa transparência e valores de fósforo total um pouco elevados beneficiando Bacillariophyceae, grupos funcionais de estratégias R e S, elevadas densidades e diversidade específica nos dois períodos analisados (2004 e 2005) e o fósforo total como variável limnológica mais importante durante as duas etapas deste estudo.

L’eau douce est une ressource clé à la santé, prospérité et sécurité humaine. Elle est essentielle à l’éradication de la pauvreté, à l’égalité des gens et à la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins, des milliards d’êtres humains sont confrontés à de sérieux défis liés à l’eau. Le Proche-Orient est la région du monde où la ressource en eau est la plus susceptible de mener à des guerres. La dislocation de l’Empire ottoman a enlevé aux bassins hydrographiques leur unité politique, les nouvelles frontières les ayant partagés entre plusieurs États, à la suite des événements qui ont marqué la création de l’Irak, de la Transjordanie, du Liban, de la Syrie et de la Palestine. La région du Proche-Orient qui a une histoire mouvementée, vit un stress hydrique. La situation géopolitique influence directement les besoins des populations en eau. En l’absence d’une stratégie de l’eau, cette dernière est devenue un moyen de pression politique pour les États. Certains d’entre eux utilisent l’eau comme une arme hydraulique permettant d’obtenir des concessions de leurs voisins, l’exemple de la Turquie avec la Syrie et l’Irak, et l’Iran avec l’Irak et les tensions régionales relatives au partage de l’eau du Jourdain et les eaux du Nil. L'importance de travailler sur un sujet de ce genre se base sur le fait d'une grande probabilité que la prochaine guerre au Proche-Orient sera une guerre de l'eau<br>Freshwater is a key resource for health, prosperity and human security. It is essential to the eradication of poverty, to the equality of people and to food security. However, billions of human beings face serious water-related challenges. The Middle East is the region of the world where the water resource is most likely to lead to wars. The dislocation of the Ottoman Empire has removed from the watersheds their political unity, the new frontiers having shared them between several states, following the events that marked the creation of Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine.By 2030, nearly half of the world's population will live in areas subject to high water stress. The reason to choose of writing a thesis in this field. The Middle East is at the heart of major geostrategic issues and remains a space of tension and confrontation due to the multiplicity of geopolitical, environmental and security issues. Watersheds are often shared among several countries. This delicate situation worsens as a result of population growth, rising standards of living and climate change. In this thesis, we tried to trace the problems to give a thorough legal and geopolitical visibility on the subject and tried to give solutions that could change at any time depending on the political situation in the region

This thesis outlines hydrological, political, economic and social facts related to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers dispute between the three major riparian states, Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Once the factual base was constructed, it describes how each of the states uses water based on direct quotes, inferences and interpretations from secondary literature, interviews and other primary sources. The author used these narratives to analyze the current level of coordination and prospects for further cooperation among the riparians. Using these narratives, the author has drafted an agreement that could be a starting point from which the riparian states could address regional water issues.

This thesis project addresses Islamic water management by presenting case studies on regional water issues and analyzing the extent to which Muslim-majority states behave in a way consistent with Islamic shariah law. The case studies presented in this thesis address both international cooperation related to the management of trans-boundary water basins (the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates River Basins) and domestic water management strategies employed by Muslim-majority states in the MENA region (Jordan and Yemen). In each case, it is not clear that there is consistency between the Islamic ideals discussed by academics and the actual techniques employed by various states. In international attempts at managing the shared waters of the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates Basins, the fact that many riparian states have Muslim-majority populations does not appear to make the management of trans-boundary resources any easier or more successful. The implications for Islamic water management at the domestic level is also unclear – with shariah playing a positive role in Jordanian attempts at water conservation but promoting the over-exploitation of resources in Yemen. Although shariah appears to play a limited role in the management of trans-boundary water resources, it seems to be better suited for informing how states internally manage their endowments of freshwater resources.<br>text

Australia and Northeast Iraq have scarce water resources which are vulnerable to climate change. Analyses of historical data have revealed that these two regions are experiencing climate change to a degree higher than generally reported elsewhere. To date the relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources of Australia and Northeast Iraq has been sparsely addressed in the published literature, and almost no attention has been paid to climate change-related water resources issues. In order to fill that gap, this research work first investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in these two regions, and this has been found to be true. The relationship between climate change and its impact on water resources is explored through the application of the widely used ‘white box’ model SWAT. The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters, for short-term and distant futures for the two regions. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrant urgent attention of planners and decision makers for certain places where (in both regions) the results show that climate change will have major impacts on water resources. The Fitzroy River Basin will experience hotter and wetter weather, while the Iraqi Basin will see hotter and drier weather in the near and distant futures, near being up to 2046-2064 and distant being up to 2080-2100. The research makes some projections of future water resource distributions in the two regions based on climatic scenarios from some widely used General Circulation Model (GCM) ensembles. The research further investigates how the population is adapting to already changed climates and how it is expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater.

At the end of the First World War, new states were created in the former domains of the Ottoman Empire. In the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Britain and France obtained through conquest and international writ new "mandate" territories in Iraq and Syria, while in 1923 a new Turkish republic was founded on the Anatolian peninsula. During the next two decades, governments in these states planned a series of water control projects on the two rivers as part of broad economic development efforts. Many of these projects were eventually constructed after the Second World War, shaping the environment of the river basin with dams, flood control and irrigation works, and hydroelectric power stations. By comparing these states' efforts to exploit natural resources and manage the environment of the basin, this study considers the environmental function in the shift from empire to independent nation-state and in the diverse processes of modern state formation. Through water resource exploitation, Iraq, Syria and Turkey founded modern bureaucracies, centralized control over natural resources, and justified new techniques to manage populations. However, the intentions of Baghdad, Ankara and Damascus, as well as the results obtained, differed in significant ways, providing insight not only into the nature of these states, but also the political dimensions of managing a critical natural resource. This dissertation is based on analysis of archival records in Arabic, English, French and Turkish, collected from institutions in England, France, the United States, India and Turkey.