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1
Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Limnological Effects of River Lesser-Zab on Tigris River, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.452-457.
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The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which their values influenced in Tigris river. The concentration of plant nutrients (NO2,NO3,PO4 and SiO2) were fluctuated during the study period in Lesser-Zab and their effects were cleared on Tigris river.N:P ratio values were indicated the deficiency of nitrogen in both rivers.
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Hamad, Samera Hussein, James Jay Schauer, Martin Merrill Shafer, Esam Abed Al-Raheem, and Hyder Satar. "The Distribution between the Dissolved and the Particulate Forms of 49 Metals across the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/246059.
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The distribution of dissolved and particulate forms of 49 elements was investigated along transect of the Tigris River (one of the major rivers of the world) within Baghdad city and in its major tributary (Diyala River) from 11 to 28 July 2011. SF-ICP-MS was used to measure total and filterable elements at 17 locations along the Tigris River transect, two samples from the Diyala River, and in one sample from the confluence of the two rivers. The calculated particulate forms were used to determine the particle-partition coefficients of the metals. No major changes in the elements concentrations down the river transect. Dissolved phases dominated the physical speciation of many metals (e.g., As, Mo, and Pt) in the Tigris River, while Al, Fe, Pb, Th, and Ti were exhibiting high particulate fractions, with a trend of particle partition coefficients of [Ti(40) > Th(35) > Fe(15) > Al(13) > Pb(4.5)] * 106 L/kg. Particulate forms of all metals exhibited high concentrations in the Diyala River, though the partition coefficients were low due to high TSS (~270 mg/L). A comparison of Tigris with the major rivers of the world showed that Tigris quality in Baghdad is comparable to Seine River quality in Paris.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Effects of Organic Pollution on some Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Groups in Rivers Tigris and Diyala at Baghdad Area." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2011): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.462-470.
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Various activities taking place within the city of Baghdad have significantly contributed to organic pollution in Rivers Tigris and Diyala. The present study aimed to assess some physical, chemical and biological aspects of six sites on Rivers Tigris and Diyala as they flow through the city of Baghdad. Monthly samples were collected for the period January to December, 2005. Marked differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of water were noted between the two rivers’ sites. Average values during the study period of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, particulate organic matter, nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solids for Tigris and Diyala were 7.8,4.7; 2.4,10.4; 350.1,921.4;7.8,13.9;1.2,4.8;814,2176 mg / l respectively. The populations of two fish species, known to be present in polluted waters Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusis, were also investigated. The two species markedly differed in their favored sites, and their numbers were significantly correlated with particulate organic matter. Average length and weight of Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusius were respectively 40.1mm, 56.8gm and 15.3mm, 68.3gm for River Tigris, and 40.5mm, 67.5gm and 17.9mm, 73gm respectively for River Diyala. Average population densities of the major groups of benthic macro invertebrate fauna [Crustaceans, Annelids, Insects and Mollusks] were 1496, 2640, 2574 and 1744 individual/m2 respectively for River Tigris and 463, 2312, 2287 and 1700 individual/m2 respectively for River Diyala. Most invertebrate groups showed positive correlation with particulate organic matter. Despite the severity of organic enrichment in River Diyala, biotic conditions in its sites were rather similar, unlike sites on River Tigris where they significantly differed in many physical, chemical and biotic respects.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Organic Content in the Sediments of Tigris and Diyala Rivers, south of Baghdad, and its Relationship with some Environmental factors, Benthic Invertebrates Groups and Values of Diversity Indices." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1354-1360.
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This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfate as SO4 ?(183,366),And finally nitrate as NO3 (4, 6) mg / l. Significant differences were found in the organic matter content as a percentage in the sediments of Diyala River for most months of the study period. Annual average of the percentage of organic matter in the samples of Tigris and Diyala Rivers were respectively: 0.7425 and 1.1375. The benthic groups included variety of benthic organisms; insects, Oligochaetes, Mollusks, and Crustaceans. Highest population density in Tigris River was for insects 31493 individual / m2, Mollusks 23177 individual / m2, Oligochaetes 10774 individual / m2, and Crusteacea 176 individual / m2 which were confined to Tigris River. In Diyala River highest population density was 9908, 18046, 82649 individual / m2 for Mollusks, Insects and Oligochaetes respectively. Values of diversity indices of benthic invertebrates were highest for species richness and equitability in Diyala River respectively, 18.6 and 8.29 in February, while lower values for species richness and equitability in Tigris River were respectively 1.56 and 3.31 in the same month. Most groups of invertebrate have shown significant positive and negative relationships with the physical and chemical and organic characteristics in both Rivers.
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Oleiwi, Alyaa Shakir, and Moutaz Al-Dabbas. "Assessment of Contamination along the Tigris River from Tharthar-Tigris Canal to Azizziyah, Middle of Iraq." Water 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081194.
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The Tigris River is the second-longest river in Western Asia and runs through heavily populated areas, especially in Baghdad city with nearly 8 million inhabitants. The water demand is at its highest levels, nevertheless the Tigris discharge has severely declined in the last decades; combined with the fact that the wastewater quantities are increasing, and the wastewater treatment plants are experiencing a deficiency. Four sites were chosen: the Tharthar-Tigris Canal which is located in the north part of Baghdad city, Baghdad city, the Diyala River conjunction with the Tigris River site, and Al-Azizziyah site in the south of Baghdad city near Kut government, to determine the effect of the decreasing Tigris River flow on the water quality and to identify the sources of pollution. In this research, the used method evaluates the concentration of the contaminants along the course of the Tigris River to determine the source of the contaminants as the novelty of this research. The data include the discharge of The Tigris River, a hydrochemical analysis, such as major ions and trace elements, and biological parameters (BOD5, COD, E. coli bacteria, and coliform bacteria MPN/100 mL) as contamination indicators. Multivariate statistical techniques (factor analysis) were applied to evaluate spatial variations, for the years 2005 to 2020, and Phreeqc software was used to assess the saturation indices determine the dominant geochemical processes source responsible for surface water quality. The dominant minerals of the Tigris River were gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The Tigris River is within the permissible limits for drinking, except at the Tharthar-Tigris Canal and Diyala River, and the main water quality deterioration factors of the Tigris River were recognized as: total dissolved solids, E. coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, BOD5, and COD. By applying the SPSS program, two factors were identified. The first anthropogenic factor discharged into the river represents 71.27% of the variance and is comprised of agricultural land wastewater and sewage water. While the second factor represents 17.02%, indicated by the variables Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42−. This factor accounts for the chemical weathering of rocky components. It is recommended that a periodic monitoring system is needed to. follow up on pollution levels and water quality for the Tigris River, by conducting seasonal surveys.
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Abed, Ayat N., Ghydaa Y. Al Kindi, and Tariq A. Hussain. "Assessment of the Water Quality Index of the Tigris River between the University of Baghdad and Diyala River." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 3A (March 25, 2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i3a.1392.
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The Tigris River is considered as one of the two major rivers in Iraq. Many factories are located on both bank of the river such as the public company for soft drinks, Al-Dura oil refinery, chemical, plastic, and leather factories, Dura electricity station, and others. It is well known that most discharge effluents into the river do not match national standard specifications. In addition, the major aim of the presented work is to assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Tigris River starting from The University of Baghdad to 0.5 km downflow the confluence of the Diyala River. The samples were collected during a six months period; one sample each month for fifteen locations along the Tigris River. Different parameters were studied to calculate the water quality index: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), NO3, Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Zinc), and pH. The water quality index with regard to such samples is ranging between (58.24 and 160.66) and classified between poor to unfit.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Biodiversity Index value of benthic invertebrates' community in relation with variation of some environmental properties in Rivers Tigris and Diyala within Baghdad city." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.969-974.
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This study was carried out to determine the effects of some environmental variables on biodiversity index value of benthic invertebrates' community in samples that collected monthly from two adjacent sites nearby the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers within Baghdad city that’s from November 2007 - October 2008. Results showed differences in chemical and physical characteristics for each river. Where the annual averages of these characteristics in Rivers Tigris and Diyala respectively for: water temperature (20, 19) Cº, pH (8, 8), Dissolved oxygen DO(8,4 ) mg/l , EC(1152,2979)µc/cm , Turbidity (28,74) NTU, Total Hardness of CaCO3 (485,823)mg/l, and finally NO3 (4,6)mg/l. Concerning the biological groups, included types of Insects, Mollusks, Oligochaeta and finally Crustacea. The results revealed that the highest population density of insects in Rive Tigris was (31493.28) individual / m2, mollusks were (23177.64) individual / m2, Oligochaeta (10774.95) individual / m2, Crustacea (176.92) individual / m2. In River Diyala, the highest population density (18046.71),(382649.733) and (9908.00) individual / m2 respectively for mollusks, insects and Oligochaeta. The results also showed that the highest biodiversity values according to Shannon-weaver Index, where appeared in Diyala river was higher from this that recorded in Tigris river , where H value (18.6) and J value(8.29), Tiger river distinguished The lower values (3.31,1.56) each of H,J respectively . Positive and Negative relationships shows between almost invertebrates groups with physical and chemical characteristic of water. Positive significant relationship distinguished with almost all groups with Nitrate NO3 except Crustacea, whereas Negative relations with DO with each of Insects and Mollusks, where pH values Negative relationships with each of Insects and Oligochaeta. Also the relations were Negative to turbidity NTU values with each of Mollusks, Oligochaeta and Crustacea. These Connections may explain the effects of these characteristics on the survival and adaptation of these organisms to the study area.
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Al-Ankaz, Zinah, Ruaa Muslim, Najah Al-Ghasham, and Hasan Jasim. "Mineral Composition and Provenance of Al-Chabbab Stream Sediments, Wasit, Southeastern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2E (November 30, 2022): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2e.16ms-2022-11-30.
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A mineralogical study was carried out on the sediments of Al-Chabbab stream, one of the seasonal tributaries of the Tigris River, southeast of Wasit, Iraq. This study includes the sediments of the Tigris River sited before and after the mouth of the Al-Chabbab stream. Light and heavy minerals are determined by using polarized microscope and X-Ray Diffraction technique. The light minerals are composed of quartz, rock fragments, and feldspar, which are the prevailing compositions in all samples. The quantity of monocrystalline quartz in the Tigris River was more than Al- Chabbab stream, which refered to the supplied of felsic sours rocks sediments to the Tigris River more than the sediments of Al-Chabbab stream. The average value of minerological maturity index and ZTR index of Al-Chabbab stream, Tigris and Al-Chabbab inflow samples indicates that clasts generally are sub-mature. The Tigris River clasts have high mineralogical maturity index, which refers to the long transportation. Heavy mineral accumulation of the recent sediments from Al-Chabbab inflow and the Tigris River is composed of opaque and transparent minerals including epidotes; pyroxenes; amphiboles (hornblende and glaucophane); zircon; garnet; tourmaline; rutile; kyanite; staurolite; flaky minerals (muscovite; biotite and chlorite) and celestite (glaucophane and celestite are absent in the sediment of Tigris River). Based on the mineralogical signatures, the light and heavy minerals reflect metamorphic, mafic and felsic igneous rocks, of the active margin of the unstable shelf, in addition to the carbonate, evaporite and mud rocks that could be sourced from the Euphrates, Fatha and Injana formations.
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Et al., Issa. "Evaluation of Some Trace Elements Pollution in Sediments of the Tigris River in Wasit Governorate, Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 0009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0009.
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The main objectives of present study are to evaluate the trace elements pollution in the sediment of the Tigris River and drainage canals in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Assessment of trace elements pollutants were conducted for 18 sediment samples collected in March 2017. Trace elements were analyzed in sediment Tigris River samples in Wasit Governorate. This metal pollution was evaluated using geo-accumulation (I-geo) index, Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI). According to these statistical indices, the sediments collected from Tigris River in the study area are highly polluted with Titanium (71.9 ppm), Nickel (226.6 ppm) Chromium (425.2 ppm), Cadmium (2ppm) and Molybdenum (15.8 ppm) while the sediments were moderately polluted with Cobalt (25.1 ppm), Strontium (839.3 ppm), Copper (56.2), Manganese (106.1ppm), Vanadium (135 ppm), Niobium (9.79 ppm). However, the sediments of the Tigris River is not polluted by Lead, Barium, Gallium, Rubidium and, Zinc. Metals concentration levels in the sediments of the drainage canals that discharged into the Tigris River showed higher concentrations than the Tigris sediments in Ta, V, Ni, Cu, Ga, Br, Sr and Mo.
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F. Fawzi, Sura, and Hussein A. Mohammed. "Design and implementation of remotely Tigris river water monitoring system in Baghdad." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2018): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.16699.
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Tigris River in Baghdad city that penetrate the rural and urban areas is polluted by many organic substances from different user activities including industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Therefore to monitor and protect the river water from pollution, a remote monitoring system for Tigris river water in Baghdad is suggested. Different water quality parameters; Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and PH are measured from two areas near the Tigris River; oil refinery and power station. It show that wastes from these stations are polluted the river with their industrial wastes.
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Noor, Anwar Ridha, Fikrat M. Hassan, and Abdul Hameed M. Jawad Al-Obaidy. "Water Quality Status of Tigris River Using Index Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1088, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1088/1/012011.
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Abstract This study investigates the effects of Al-Doura oil refinery effluent, in Baghdad city, on the water quality of the Tigris River using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) and Rivers Maintaining System (1967). Water samples were collected monthly from Tigris River at three stations, which are Al-Muthanna Bridge (upstream), Al-Doura Refinery (point source), and Al–Zafaraniya city (downstream) from October 2020 to April 2021. Fourteen water quality parameters were studied, namely pH (6.50-8.10), Water Temperature (WT) (5.00-27.00 °C), Electrical Conductivity (EC) (877.00-1192.00 μs/cm), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (5.03-7.57 mg/L), Biological Oxygen demand (BOD) (0.53-2.23 mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (455.67-770.00 mg/L), Chloride (Cl) (22.66-84.97mg/L), Sulfate (SO4) (150.00-241.67 mg/L), phosphate (PO4) (0.37-0.57mg/L), Turbidity (Turb) (12.13- 86.13), Total Hardness (TH) (86.19-526.67 mg/L), Calcium (Ca) (60.53-137.61 mg/l), Magnesium (Mg) (46.62-110.45 mg/L), and Alkalinity (Alk) (86.33-171.67 mg/L). The water quality of the Tigris River ranged from 51 to 63, which indicated the marginal status of the river quality. The deterioration of water quality has appeared at Al-Dura Refinery and Al–Zafaraniya city stations, which could be attributed to the industrial activities in these regions. Generally, the results indicated that the Tigris River requires extensive treatment before it can be accepted for domestic.
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Al-Rubaie, Fatima Muqdad, and Nawar Omran Al-Musawi. "The Effect of Diyala River Water Quality on the Quality of Tigris River Water using GIS Mapping." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.10.06.
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The assessment of a river water’ quality is an essential procedure of monitor programs and is used to collect basic environmental data. The management of integrated water resources in a sustainable method is also necessary to allow future generations to meet their water needs. The main objective of this research is to assess the effect of the Diyala River on Tigris River water quality using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. Water samples have been collected monthly from November 2017 to April 2018 from four selected locations in Tigris and Diyala Rivers using the grab sampling method. Fourteen parameters were studied which are Turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Sodium, and Total Alkalinity. The results of GIS maps showed that the water quality of the Tigris River nearly affected by the water quality of the Diyala River within the locations selected. The maps also reveal that in March and April 2018 the quality of surface water got a sudden peak compared with the other months. This is due to the increase in both the parameter of Turbidity and Total Dissolved Solids.
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Sabeeh, Nadia Nazhat, and Waleed M. Sh Alabdraba. "The Hydrodynamic Model using HEC-RAS: The case of Tigris River Downstream of Samarra Barrage (Iraq)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012017.
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Abstract Tigris River is one of the Iraq’s two main rivers. In the present study, one dimensional hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAS) was used to simulate the flow pattern of Tigris River to understand the flow movement. The hydrodynamic model was calibrated by evaluating its performance using Manning’s roughness coefficients which has a final calibration range of 0.018–0.020, with an average of 0.019 in most parts of the study area. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and the coefficient of discrimination (R2) were close to 1 which means a high degree of conformity between the simulated and observed data. The validation results show that there is a very close relationship between the observed flow discharge with the hydrodynamic model built by HEC-RAS. This finding would be a very productive tool to estimate the amount of discharge at ungagged locations along the Tigris River downstream of Samarra Barrage.
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Aldafiay, Hayder Abbas, Tariq Abed Hussain, Mohammed Ali Alhashimi, and Ruaa Issa Muslam. "Hydrochemical and Biological study of surface water in Al-Kut city." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012044.
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Abstract In this study, physicochemical and biological examinations of water samples were performed. These analyses included measuring the pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, and COD. Turbidity was also measured. Along with the primary cations and anions, heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Mo, Hg, Al, Li, Be, Se, V, U, and Sr are included. The study of hydrochemistry incorporates both the geochemistry of the surface water in Al-Kut city as well as the water from the Tigris River that is discharged into the main river. There are a total of sixteen surface water samples that have been collected. These samples have been dispersed as sixteen from the Tigris River portion of the study region separately, which discharged onto the main river. In order to evaluate the quality of the water for a variety of applications, physicochemical parameters of water samples are tested, and the results of those analyses are compared to both Iraqi and international standards. The findings support the hypothesis that the pH of the Tigris River ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline. It is characterized by having slightly brackish water and an abundance of Ca2+ and SO4 =, which are the predominant ions in the water. In the Tigris River, the cations are arranged in the following order: Ca2+ Na+> Mg2+>K+, and the anions are organized as follows: SO4 = > Cl- > HCO3 -. The Tigris River in the city of Al-Kut was contaminated with PO4 3- and NO3. The concentrations of the trace elements Al, As, Sr, Mn, Fe, Li, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Mo, V, and Ba in the Tigris River are all within the acceptable limits, with the exception of Sr and b, which both exceed these limits. Trace elements appear to be concentrated in the Tigris River. According to BOD, the situation with the Tigris River is critical. The BOD and COD readings were visibly affected by the various forms of excreta that were not treated in the waste water. Because the water in the Tigris River is high in salinity (both TDS and EC) and nutrients, it cannot be used for drinking. However, the water may be used for irrigation, and its quality ranges from acceptable to outstanding.
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Ünlü, Erhan. "Fish Fauna of Ilisu Area on the Tigris River, Before Impoundment of the Ilisu Dam (Turkey)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 23, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2021-0020.
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Abstract The Ilisu Dam is a large hydroelectric power plant that started to collect water in 2019 on the Tigris River in Turkey. This study was done during the period 2010 to 2014 to determine fish fauna of the Tigris River and its tributaries related to the potential reservoir area of the Ilisu Dam before its foundation. 35 fish species belonging to 10 families have been identified in the main river and its tributaries to be covered by the dam reservoir. One of these species, Glyptothorax steindachneri was recorded for the first time from the Turkish part of the Tigris River. 22 species were found widely distributed. At least 16 species were found to be endemic to the Tigris and Euphrates basins. Three species were already recommended with some level of international protection as per IUCN Red List. Cobitis kellei and Paraschistura chrysicristinae species, whose type localities were reported as upper Tigris, were not recorded.
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Asaad, Bushra I., and Basim Sh Abed. "Flow Characteristics Of Tigris River Within Baghdad City During Drought." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.03.07.
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The main source of water supply in Iraq is the surface water, especially Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. In the recent years there was a great drop in the water levels of Tigris River within Baghdad City which had affected the operation of twelve water supply projects located on the banks of Tigris River in Baghdad City, due to significant climate changes, and the expansion of hydraulic construction (dams) and implementation of new irrigation projects in Turkey, these factors have greatly reduced the water flowrates of river by about 46%. In the present study the flow characteristics of Tigris River within Baghdad City was studied, the reach involved was about 49km in which it represents the urban zone beginning from the north of the Baghdad City at Al-Muthana Bridge to the confluence of Tigris River with the Diyala River south of Baghdad, using steady flow one-dimensional hydraulic model to achieve raising of water levels within this reach during drought periods. This model was implemented using HEC-RAS software.Three sets of observation data were used to calibrate the model to estimate suitable Manning roughness coefficient (n) considering the root mean square error (RSME) as an accurate indicator. The results showed that n of value 0.032 for the main river bed and 0.040 for flood banks of the river gave the best results with minimum RMSE of 0.076. Several treatments were suggested such as construction of barrage, inflatable weir, and the use of obstruction for the purpose of raising water levels. Moreover, selection of the suitable site of these treatments or hydraulic structures was studied, as well as their cost was analyzed. The results show that the proper solution for maintain the required water levels that ensure continuous operation of water supply project was the construction of an inflatable weirs, due to low initial cost, simplicity of operation, their ability to inflate and deflate quickly and easily to prevent upstream flooding, and offering a high level of control and easy method for recapturing water.
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Saeed, Mohammad A. "Effect of Upper Zab River Confluence Point on The Quality Characteristics of Tigris River Water." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.16.2.09.
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Many sources play a significant role in changing the Tigris river water quality within Iraqi territory, such as the river’s tributaries receiving points, impounding like Mosul dam, the residential settlements as Mosul city, and the untreated discharge of agricultural activities. The First river tributary is Khabbor which confluences the Tigris River at Feshkhaboor village, near the Iraqi-Turkish borders. The second one is Upper Zab which meeting the river at Mishraq, 45 Km south of Mosul. Upper Zab Tributary is characterized by high discharges rates, and high pollution content. The study aim to evaluate its effect on the Tigris river water quality. The Study revealed that the Upper Zab river has buffering capacity that polishes or enhances the Tigris river water characteristics, with an adverse effect for the others. For example, the values increased by 6% for pH, 56% for Dissolved oxygen, and 134.5% for alkalinity, Whereas the other characteristics decreased by 27.7% for electrical conductivity, 23.6% for total solids, 40% for suspended solids,16.5% for calcium ion, 20% for chloride, 33% for sulfate, 50% for chemical oxygen demand, and 6% for biological oxygen demand.
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Majeed, Osama S., Ahmed J. M. Al-Azawi, and Muhanned R. Nashaat. "IMPACT OF THARTHAR ARM WATER ON COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF COPEPODA IN TIGRIS RIVER, NORTH OF BAGHDAD CITY, IRAQ." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 469–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2021.16.4.0469.
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This study is considered to be the first on this sector of Tigris River after 2003, to evaluate the effect of Tharthar Arm on the composition and diversity of Copepoda in Tigris River. Six sampling sites were selected; two on the Tharthar Arm and four sites along the Tigris River, one before the confluence as a control site and the others downstream the confluence; thirty-five copepod taxa were recorded, 34 taxa in the Tigris River and 25 taxa in the Tharthar Arm. The highest density of Copepoda was 265584.2 Ind./m3 in the site 2 at Tharthar Arm lead to an increasing in Copepoda density in the Tigris River from 63878.2 Ind./m3 in site 1 before the confluence to 127198.3 Ind./m3 in site 4 immediately downstream the confluence. Also, the mean values of richness index and diversity index increased from 1.71 and 0.98 bit/Ind. in site 1 before the confluence to 2.08 and 1.00 bit/Ind. in site 4 below the confluence, respectively. Moreover, the highest similarity percentage was between sites 3 and 4 reached 87.83% while, the lowest percentage was between the sites 1 and 2 recorded 65.41%. For constancy index the highest value was 9 at the site 6 whereas the lowest value was 2 at site3.
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FREYHOF, JÖRG, CÜNEYT KAYA, DAVUT TURAN, and MATTHIAS GEIGER. "Review of the Oxynoemacheilus tigris group with the description of two new species from the Euphrates drainage (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)." Zootaxa 4612, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4612.1.2.
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The Oxynoemacheilus tigris species group is reviewed, resulting in the recognition of six species, of which two are described herein as new. Oxynoemacheilus tigris is known from the endorheic Qweik River and the Merziman River, which is a tributary of the western Euphrates. Oxynoemacheilus ercisianus is endemic to the endorheic Lake Van basin and O. hazarensis is endemic to Lake Hazar basin in the upper Tigris drainage. Oxynoemacheilus kaynaki is widespread in the Euphrates drainage. The two undescribed species occur in the Euphrates drainage. Oxynoemacheilus arsaniasus, new species, from the Murat River and the upper Karasu (Muş) River drainage, is distinguished from other species of the O. tigris group by having a bold, black, irregularly-shaped bar at the caudal-fin base, an incomplete lateral line and a scaleless body. Oxynoemacheilus muefiti, new species, from the upper Murat River drainage and a tributary to the Atatürk reservoir, is most similar to O. ercisianus, from which it is distinguished by a more slender body and a shallower dorsal adipose crest. According to our molecular data, the Qweik population of O. tigris is suspected to be introgressed by O. namiri from the Orontes drainage. Oxynoemacheilus erdali is identified as a synonym of O. bergianus as we were unable to find differences between the two species.
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Hammash, Sufian Mohammed, and Mahmood Fadhil Abed. "Environmental Evaluation of the Surface Water, Ground Water and Wastewater using Pollution Indices at the Landfill Site, Southern Baiji, Salah Al-Din, Northern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 1B (February 28, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1b.10ms-2022-02-26.
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The current study aimed to assess the environmental risk of the municipal dump site on the quality of surface and groundwater in the city of Baiji in Salah al-Din Governorate, as 20 water samples were collected divided into three groups according to their type, 3 samples from the water of the Tigris River passing through the study area and 14 samples from water wells. Groundwater and 3 samples from the sewage drain passing through the study area. With regard to the concentrations of heavy metals, the results of the iron ion concentrations in the water samples of the Tigris River showed that they were within the permissible limit, while the percentage of 0.86 of the groundwater samples was within the permissible limit. Tigris and groundwater samples were within the permissible limit. The results of manganese and cobalt concentrations in all samples showed that they were above the permissible limit and the results of nickel concentrations in the Tigris River water samples showed that all of them were within the permissible limit, while the groundwater was 0.50 was within the permissible limit and 0.50 was above the permissible limit, while the concentrations of cadmium and zinc the device did not read them because their concentrations were below detection limit of the device. In terms of pollution of the Tigris River water and groundwater in the study area, the Heavy Metal Water Pollution Index showed that the Tigris River water samples were of medium pollution, as 0.78 of the groundwater samples were of low pollution and 0.22 of them were moderately polluted. Heavy metals results showed that the waters of the Tigris River were highly polluted, 0.78 of the groundwater samples were highly polluted, and 0.22 of them were moderately polluted and unfit for drinking according to the heavy metals assessment index. As for the degree of pollution index (Cd), it showed that the water samples of the Tigris River were of a high degree of pollution and that 0.71 of the groundwater samples were of low pollution, 0.21 of them were highly polluted and one well of medium pollution.
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Al-Obaidy, Abdul Hameed M. J., S. M. Khalaf, and Fikrat M. Hassan. "Application of CCME Index to Assess the Water Quality of Tigris River within Baghdad City, Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1088, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1088/1/012004.
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Abstract Monitoring the river’s water quality is important to predict the environmental risk. The Tigris River is Baghdad’s main source for living organisms, drinking water, and agro-industrial purposes. Three selected sites were carried out using different water quality parameters from July 2017 to April 2018 in the Tigris River in Baghdad. Fourteen water quality parameters: water temperatures, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved substances TDS, and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). According to CCME WQI analysis, the water quality of Tigris River water was Fair for aquatic life and Poor for drinking water
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Al-Musawi, Nawar. "Evaluation water quality of Diyala River in Iraq using Bhargava method." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205001.
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Diyala River is a tributary of Tigris River, it is one of the important rivers in Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (275 miles). 32600 km2 is the area that drains by Diyala River between Iraqi-Iranian borders. This research aims to evaluate the water quality index WQI of Diyala River, where three stations were chosen along the river. These stations are D12 at Jalawlaa City at the beginning of Diyala River, the second station is D15 at Baaquba City at the mid distance of the river, and the third station is D17 which is the last station before the confluence of Diyala River with Tigris River at Baghdad city. Bhargava method was used in order to evaluate the water quality index for both irrigation and drinking uses. The results indicated that Diyala river water quality at its beginning was excellent for irrigation and good for drinking, while at the mid distance of the river, it was good for irrigation but heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking. Water quality of the river at the third site was acceptable for irrigation but again severely polluted and unsafe for drinking.
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& et al., Mustafa. "HISTOPATHOLOGYANDLEVELOF BIOACCUMULATION OFSOME HEAVY METALS IN FISH, CARASOBARBUSLUTEUS AND CYPRINUSCARPIOTISSUES CAUGHTFROM TIGRIS RIVER, BAGHDAD." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i2.997.
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This study was undertaken to detect the histopathology and level of bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in water and in some freshwater fish (Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio) tissues caught from Tigers River. A total of 100 water samples and 100 fish specimens (kidney, gills, liver and muscle) were collected from three sites of Tigris River. These samples were used to detect Pb and Cd via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.Results exhibited high concentrations of Pb and Cd in water samples (>0.03 for both metals) and insome organs of the selected fish. It was observed that the levels of Pb and Cd accumulated in most organs (kidneys being most influenced) followed by gills, livers and muscles at three sites. The levels of these heavy metals were much above the maximum acceptable limit recommended by FAO and WHO. Histopathology was also conducted where heavy damages were noticed in both livers and gills in both fish species. The current study present data about increasing pollution in the Tigris River and it approves that it is having strong impact on fish health and on human beings.
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Rahi, Khayyun Amtair, and Todd Halihan. "Salinity evolution of the Tigris River." Regional Environmental Change 18, no. 7 (May 1, 2018): 2117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1344-4.
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Khalaf, S. H. "Bacterial pollution of the river Tigris." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 25, no. 5 (July 1990): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529009375575.
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Amtair Rahi, Khayyun. "Salinity Management in the Shatt Al-Arab River." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25913.
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Shatt al-Arab River is originated at the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates in al-Qurna town in southern Iraq. Two other tributaries; the Karun and the Karkheh rivers; join the river downstream from the eastern bank. The length of Shatt al-Arab is about 192 km from its origin to its mouth in the Gulf. The width of the Shatt varies between 250 m at Qurna and 750 m at its mouth at Rass al-Bisha. The salinity of Shat al-Arab has increased steadily for the last four decades. High salinity of the shatt waters hindered their use and made them unfit for most domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Salinity as high as 18500 ppm was recorded in the City of Basra on the year 2009. The prime cause of the salinity problem is the reduction of fresh water inflow from all the contributing rivers; the high salinity of the inflow from the Euphrates; the marshes; and Garmat Ali River. The research paper recommends an environmental (a minimum instream) flow of 145 cms and several engineering works on the lower parts of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers to assure the delivery of the proposed flow.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "A study copepoda invertebrates ecology in lower Zab." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (September 4, 2005): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2.3.350-354.
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The samples were collected monthly crustaceans Mjmafah foot of two stations in tributary Zab down and two others in the Tigris River for one year with effect from November 2001 until October 2002 recorded during the study period the current 41 units taxonomic and were higher density of Mjmafah foot Guy Tigris River before the mouth of the tributary
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Ali, A. A., N. A. Al-Ansari, and S. Knutsson. "Morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad City." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 25, 2012): 3783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3783-2012.
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Abstract. In recent years, substantial changes have occurred in the morphology of the River Tigris within Baghdad City. Although huge volumes of sediment are being trapped in recently constructed headwater reservoirs, the number of islands in the Tigris at Baghdad is increasing. The debris of bridges destroyed in the wars of 1991 and 2003 and their subsequent reconstruction have enhanced the development of these islands. As a consequence the ability of the river to carry the peaks of flood waters has been reduced. This has led to potential increase of flooding in parts of the city. The bed of the River Tigris has been surveyed on three occasions (1976, 1991, and 2008). The most recent survey was conducted by the Ministry of Water Resources, extended 49 km from the Al-Muthana Bridge north Baghdad to the confluence with the Diyala River south Baghdad. It yielded cross-section profiles at 250 m intervals. The data are used to predict the maximum flood capacity for the river using the one-dimensional hydraulic model for steady flow "HEC-RAS" modeling. Calibration of the model was carried out using field measurements for water levels along the last 15 km of the reach and the last 10 yr of observation at the Sarai Baghdad gauging station. The model showed a significant predicted reduction in the current river capacity below that which the river had carried during the floods of 1971 and 1988. The three surveys conducted on the same reach of the Tigris indicated that the ability of the river to transport water has decreased.
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Al-Fradi, Falih Hasan Abdulhussein, Yulia A. Smyatskaya, and Natalia A. Politaeva. "Environmental assessment of Iraq's water system." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-5-123.
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The main sources of water supply for the Iraq industries and settlements are water resources of Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The settlements, agriculture and industry facilities, primary located along the banks of the main rivers and their tributaries, together negatively influence the surface waters of the region. The search for sources for water supply is a serious problem due to the high pollution of water in settlements, the growing problem of desertification in the region, the reduction of water volumes in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers due to the construction of dams. A major threat to surface water quality is emergency and unauthorized industrial and domestic discharges, which can be extremely dangerous for water sources. Traditional water treatment technologies are ineffective and do not provide reliable drinking water quality for the population. The water system of the Tigris rivers in Baghdad is characterized by a high content of dissolved substances, sulfates, calcium, some metals (Pb, Cd, Hg), bacteriological indicators. Significant pollution is observed in the Euphrates River, for such parameters as turbidity, suspended and dissolved substances, BOD, sodium, calcium, sodium chloride. Heavy metal pollution is noted in some sections of the river near Hill. The objective of this study was to examine and analyze the geoecological condition of water resources of Iraq as the essential source of water supply for the country. The information was gathered from literature, Internet and own research. The study showed that the water resources of all river systems in Iraq were polluted by some physicochemical parameters which do not satisfy to the Iraq standards.
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Issa, I. E., N. A. Al-Ansari, G. Sherwany, and S. Knutsson. "Trends and future challenges of water resources in the Tigris–Euphrates Rivers basin in Iraq." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2013): 14617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14617-2013.
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Abstract. Iraq is one of the riparian countries within basins of Tigris–Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region. The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to the increase of the demand and climate changes. In the present study, average monthly water flow measurements for 15 stream flow gaging stations within basins of these rivers in Iraq with population growth rate data in some of its part were used to evaluate the reality of the current situation and future challenges of water availability and demand in Iraq. The results showed that Iraq receives annually 70.29 km3 of water 45.4 and 25.52 km3 from River Tigris and Euphrates respectively. An amount of 18.04 km3 is supplied by its tributaries inside Iraq. The whole amount of water in the Euphrates Rivers comes outside the Iraqi borders. Annual decrease of the water inflow is 0.1335 km3 yr−1 for Tigris and 0.245 km3 yr−1 for Euphrates. This implies the annual percentage reduction of inflow rates for the two rivers is 0.294 and 0.960% respectively. Iraq consumes annually 88.89% (63.05 km3) of incoming water from the two rivers, where about 60.43 and 39.57% are from Rivers Tigris and Euphrates respectively. Water demand increases annually by 0.896 km3; of which 0.5271 and 0.475 km3 within Tigris and Euphrates basins respectively. The average water demand in 2020 will increase to 42.844 km3 yr−1 for Tigris basin and for Euphrates 29.225 km3 yr−1 (total 72.069 km3 yr−1), while water availability will decrease to 63.46 km3 yr−1. This means that the overall water shortage will be restricted to 8.61 km3.
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Jawad, Laith A., Alessandro Ligas, and Muhammad I. G. Al-Janabi. "Meristic character variability among populations of Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 from the Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt al-Arab Rivers, Iraq." Archives of Polish Fisheries 25, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2017-0003.
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Abstract Variation in the numbers of pectoral fin spines and rays, pelvic fin rays, gill rakers on the first gill arch, anal fin rays, and the number of vertebrae of Silurus triostegus Heckel were examined in specimens from 16 localities that span its entire distribution range in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt al-Arab rivers in Iraq. The mean number of the six meristic traits increases toward high latitudes with maximum and minimum values in the north and south of Iraq. Based on cluster analysis and PCA, the Mesopotamian river samples were clearly separated into three distinct groups. The upper Tigris populations were isolated from those of the middle and southern populations of this river and from those of the Euphrates River. Possible reasons for such differentiation among populations are discussed, and the integration of research on this species among the countries neighboring Iraq is required.
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Ali, A. A., N. A. Al-Ansari, and S. Knutsson. "Morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad City." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2012): 5671–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-5671-2012.
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Abstract. Changes in the morphology of the River Tigris within Baghdad City are very noticeable in recent years. The number of islands is increasing with time despite the fact that huge amount of sediments are trapped in reservoirs upstream Baghdad City. The debris of destroyed bridges in the wars of 1991 and 2003 had enhanced the development of these islands. As a consequence the ability of the river had been reduced to pass flood waves. This fact caused partial flooding of parts of Baghdad City. Cross sections of the River Tigris were surveyed in three occasions (1976, 1991 and 2008). The last survey conducted in 2008 by Ministry of Water Resources covered 49 km of the river from Al-Muthana Bridge to its confluence with Diyala River at 250 m intervals. The data was used to predict the maximum flood capacity for the river using one-dimensional hydraulic model for steady flow "HEC-RAS". Calibration was carried out for the model using field measurements for water levels along the last 15 km from its reach and the last 10 yr observations at Sarai Baghdad station. The average discharge of the river in Baghdad had been calculated for the past ten years. This value was introduced in the model. Then different scenarios were applied by increasing the discharge in order to find out the critical discharge that can cause inundation. The procedure continued to detect the areas that had been inundated and the water level was recorded. The model showed a significant reduction in the current river capacity in comparison with what the river had used to hold during floods of 1971 and 1988. The three surveys conducted on the same reach of the River Tigris indicated that the capacity of the river to pass water had been decreased. In addition the changes in the morphology of the river cross sections were very clear.
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Othman, Khaleel, Adel Ali Bilal, and Yarob Ibrahim Sulaman. "Morphologic Characteristics of Tigris River with at Mosul City." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.19.3.12.
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In this research work the morphologic and bed material characteristic for 21 km of Tigris River at Mosul city were studied. Seventy seven cross sections were established on this reach. These cross sections were surveyed. Water surface levels were measured at each section and samples of surface and subsurface of bed material were collected. The concentration of the suspended loads was measured at different time periods.The results show that the river at the studied reach have a different morphology and includes three different shapes (meander part, braided part and straight part), also the rivers contents different bars. The sinuosity of river was 1.3 and bed slope was equal to 5*10-4, the deepest part was extending beside the right bank from upstream of Ninevah Bridge to downstream of Al-Horriya Bridge. The bed of Tigris River at the studied reach is distinguished in two layers surface and subsurface The D50 of these layers was equal to 32 mm and 13 mm respectively .The river bed are approached the armoring condition. The surface bed material particles have mainly a disc shape ,then blade, spherical, cylindrical with percentage 50%, 20%, 18% and 12% respectively.. The concentration of suspended load was in rage of 6-30ppm during the whole year except the rain fall periods where the suspended concentration may increased over 3000ppm.
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FREYHOF, JÖRG, and MATTHIAS GEIGER. "Oxynoemacheilus zarzianus, a new loach from the Lesser Zab River drainage in Iraqi Kurdistan (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)." Zootaxa 4273, no. 2 (June 2, 2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4273.2.6.
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Oxynoemacheilus zarzianus, new species, is described from the Lesser Zab River drainage, a tributary of the lower Tigris. It is distinguished from other Oxynoemacheilus species in the Tigris drainage by having a slightly emarginate caudal fin, no suborbital groove in males, a complete lateral line, the posterior process of the bony air-bladder capsule directed posteriorly, the flank and posterior part of back covered by scales, short barbels and a deep caudal peduncle. It is the fourth Oxynoemacheilus species known from the Lesser Zab drainage, where such loaches seem to be highly isolated in headwaters. Oxynoemacheilus species diversity in the Euphrates and Tigris drainage is exceptional high. Today 22 species are known from the entire Euphrates and Tigris drainage and 15 from the Tigris drainage alone.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Checklist of Aquatic Oligochaetes Species in Tigris–Euphrates River basin." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 1397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1397-1404.
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A total of 60 species of aquatic oligochaetes were identified in different sites within Tigris-Euphrates basin / Iraq, including River Tigris, River Euphrates, Southern marshes ( Al-Haweiza , Al-Hammar and Al-Chebaiesh ) , Shutt Al-Germa, and Shatt Al-Arab. In River Euphrates 39 species were identified, 40 species from River Tigris and 32 species from Shatt-Al-Arab and southern marshes.The identified species were classified as four species of Family Aeolosomatidae, 54 species of Naididae ( 31 Naidinae , 8 Pristininae and 15 Tubificid worms), one species of each of Lumbriculidae ( Lumbriculus variegates ) and Lumbricidae ( Eiseiella tetraedra). Among Aeolosomatidae , Aelosoma aquaternarium, A. Liedyi, A. variegatum and A. hemprichi, in which, A. variegatum was the most frequent species, found in Euphrates river. Naidinae community were represented by five species of genus Chaetogaster, two species of each of Paranais, Slavina, & Stylaria, four species of Allonais , and seven species of each of Dero and Nais, in addition to Stephensoniana trivandrana, Specaria josinae and Ophidonais serpentina. Nais variabilis was the most abundant and frequent species in River Tigris while Stylaria lacustris & Ophidonais serpentina are abundant in River Euphrates . Species of Pristininae were representative by four species of genus Pristina and three species of genus pristinella, among them Priatina longiseta is the most abundant species.Tubificid worms, Branchuira sowerbyi and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the most frequent and abundant species in the surface sediments of Iraqi waters. Beside L. hoffmeisteri , other five species of Limnodrilus, two species of Potomothrix, and a single species of Tubifex tubifex , Embolocephalus velutinus, Aulodrilus piguetia, Psammoryctides moravicus and Rhyacodrilus coccineus were recorded.
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Hilal, Bariq Ali, and Sami Ibrahim Al-Rubaiey. "Effect of pure Aluminum in Reduction of Silica from Sediments in Iraqi-Tigris." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i1.576.
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This work was carried out on sediments in the Iraqi- Tigris river within the city of Baghdad. Three locations were taken from the Tigris river. The first is at the entrance to Baghdad City (Al-Muthanna Bridge), the second in central Baghdad (Adhamiya) and the third at the end of Baghdad (Diyala Jisr).
The specimens were taken from the banks of the Tigris river at 1.5 meters from the edge of the water and a depth of 2 meter. The sediments contain in the three locations have a slight difference in concentrations of compounds. Sediments formed mainly from silica, which concentrations were between 59 - 66%. Therefore, the study focused on extracting the pure silicon element from these sediments.
The extraction process of silicon from the sediments was performed in two stages. The first is pyrometallurgy stage, in which the reduction of silica was performed by mixing pure aluminum powder with sediments at different mixing ratio (1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1) sediments/aluminum and at temperatures (900 - 950 and 1000)° C. The second stage was hydrometallurgy, which involved chemical reduction using at different concentrations (3,4 and 5M) of sulfuric acid to obtain silicon element with purity, 98. 9%. The efficiency of extracted silicon from sediments of Tigris river is ≥ (88%).
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Ewaid, Salam Hussein, Turki Diwan Hussein, and Faiza Kadhim Emran. "Fuzzy Logic Inference Index to Assess the Water Quality of Tigris River within Baghdad City." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 29, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v29i3.617.
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This study aimed to develop a new water quality index for routine assessment of the river water quality for drinking purpose based on fuzzy logic artificial intelligence method. Four water quality parameters were involved in light of their significance to Iraqi waters, these parameters are biological oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids, total hardness, and fecal coliform. Fuzzy logic inference system with specific rules was developed by Matlab software using Mamdani fuzzy logic Max–Min inference system method. To evaluate the performance of this new fuzzy water quality index (FWQI), tests were conducted using the Iraqi standards for drinking water quality and the 2017 data set of Tigris River within Baghdad. Results revealed the FWQI ability to assess the water quality of Tigris River during the period of the study and that the method of fuzzy inference system was a simple, valuable and applied water quality evaluation tool for human drinking water of Iraqi rivers.
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Mawlood, Ibtihal, Abdul-Razzak Ziboon, and Abdul-Hammed Al-Obaidy. "Assessment of pollution in water quality of oil and grease for Tigris River-Iraq by GIS mapping (2010-2016)." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205016.
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In this study have followed the oils and grease in Tigris River within Baghdad city during the period 2010-2015 by using ArcGIS 10.2 program. Two satellite image of each year were used which were taken in as same time as collected samples and painted the mapping which show the locations of pollution the river by oil and grease. This study showed the Tigris river is pollution by the oil and grease, and the values were up limit allowable depend on the world health organization (who) and Iraqi criteria.
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Al-Taiee, Thair, and Adil Al-Hamdani. "Morphological Variations of A Certain Tigris River Reach For Different Periods in Iraq." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.14.4.06.
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A morphological variations occurs in the paths of rivers due to many reasons such as the hydraulic changes in the natural flow regime of rivers in-addition to the human activities on rivers such as dams constructions on rivers. Many morphological variations created on Tigris river reach within Mosul city, north Iraq for different periods between 1956 to 2002 had been studied such as the changes on the river width specially near the bridges sites and also the development of the dimensions of the islands and bars within the river reach. The available topographic maps and also an aerial photographs were depended during the data analysis with some field reconnaissance . The research work concluded that one of the main reasons for the development of the islands is the flow regime variation of Tigris river as a result of the Mosul dam operation which in-turn leaded to a reduction in the transported sediment load in the reach due to the released high stream power clear water discharges of sediment from Mosul dam. The second reason was the reduction in the water level which in-turn change the middle and side islands in the river with the growing vegetation cover such as trees and weeds specially in the sites downstream the meander of Al-Rashidia Village and downstream Al-Shuhadaa bridge and upstream Ninevah bridge and finally upstream the fourth bridge in Mosul city.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Sludge worms species (Oligochaeta: Naididae: Tubificinae) From Different Aquatic Habitat in Baghdad / Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 2 (June 2, 2013): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.2.269-281.
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The present investigation is concerned primarily with sorting and identification of subfamily Tubificinae from River Tigris and some water surface in Baghdad /Iraq . For this purpose six study sites were chosen, including a Al- Kadhemyia drainage canal, North Baghdad; three sites on the shore of River Tigris; in addition to site in Al-Jaish canal , East Baghdad, finally the sixth site was from pond in Al-Zawra'a park , within the center of Baghdad .These sites were characterized by sediment rang from clay, silty-clay to silty with a percentage of organic matter ranged between 0.7% - 9.9% . According to water temperature, salinity and pH values, they were nearly identical in all study sites, the water temperature was ranged through the study period between 12.5 – 300 C , while electrical conductivity and salinity values were ranged beteen 733.5-1227.5 ?s ,which equivalent to 0.469-0.787 ‰ salinity. All sites were slightly alkaline ,so the pH values were ranged between 7.5-8.1. 3628 individuals were sorted from 24 samples collected from different study sites.. Twelve species were identified belonging to seven genera, including , Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, L. claparedeianus, .L. profundicola, . L.udekemianus , L. silvani, Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Potamothrix. 2013 )2( ???? ????? ?????? ???? 10 982 bavaricus, , P. hammoniensis, Psammoryctide moravicus, Monopylephorus irroratus, and Rhyacodrilus coccineus. The result revealed that Al-Jaish canal and Tigris River / al-Sarafyia were considered as the richest sites according to the number of species recorded, where 8 species were recorded in each of them, but Al-Jaish canal had higher individual number of 1346 individuals , followed by Al-Kadhemyia drainage canal recorded only three species with high total individual number of 606 individual. The lowest total individual number was recorded in Tigris River / Al- Zaafaranyia of 326 individual. L. hoffmeisteri, records higher individuals number of 1870 individual , followed by B. sowerbyi which records 946 individual. Both species recorded highest percentage occurance of 100% followed by 79.16% recorded by L. profundicola. High densities of Tubificinae were recorded during all study period. The highest density was during March-April, reached between 2109 -534.9 ind/m2 in Tigris River sites , 7270.5 ind/m2 in Al-Jaish canal and 2419.8 ind/m2 in Al-Zawra'a pond. The .results of relative abundance revealed that L. hoffmeisteri was the dominant species in site Tigris River/Al- Jaderyia, and abundant in other study sites. B. sowerbyi was abundant in all study sites, while other species were recorded between few to rare species except L. udekemianus which was abundant in site Al-Jaish canal, and T. tubifex in site Tigris River / Al- Zaafaranyia.
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Obaid Hamad, Sabah. "Compared Some Water Characteristics of Tigris River With Euphrates River." Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37652/juaps.2015.127644.
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A. Adnan, Tamarah, Eman A. Mohammed, and Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi. "WATER QUALITY INDEX OF TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN BAGHDAD CITY: A REVIEW." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.25.3.4.
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Tigris River is the only potable source in Baghdad city therefor many water treatment plants were built on the banks such as Al-Karkh, Sharq Dijla, Al-Sadr, Al-Wathba, Al-Karama, AlQadisia, Al-Dora, Al-Wahda, and Al-Rashed project. Tigris River suffers from the pollution that comes from various sources such as Industry, domestic sanitation, and farming activities therefore several indices were used to calculate water quality within Baghdad to convert physicochemical parameters of water to a single value that represents the river status (good, bad, very bad, etc..).The aim of this review paper to show the results of previous studies about the water quality for the Baghdad region. Most results showed that water quality was good in the north of the city of Baghdad and bad in the south of Baghdad. The deterioration of water quality was due to many reasons such as the discharge of wastewater directly into the river without pretreatment, increase in (Electic conductivity, Turbidity, and total suspended solids, total hardness, Iron ion, the fecal coliform)concentrations, and Climate change, therefore, Tigris River needs intensive treatment before using by humans.
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Parker, Bradley J., Andrew Creekmore, Chiara Cavallo, Rik Maliepaard, and Richard Paine. "The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project: a final report from the 1999 field season." Anatolian Studies 52 (December 2002): 19–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643077.
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AbstractDuring the summer of 1999 members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) conducted archaeological excavations and surveys at two sites in the upper Tigris river region of southeastern Turkey. This article presents the results of that research. At the site of Boztepe excavations yielded four Halaf period burials, all of which contained grave goods, and an Iron Age house dated by C14 to the Assyrian Imperial period. Intensive surveys at Talavaş Tepe and Boztepe have refined the chronology and size of both sites. Although the exposures of the Halaf period are very small, these data add important insights into Halaf mortuary practices, while evidence from both Boztepe and Talavaş Tepe supplements our understanding of the upper Tigris river region during the Iron Age.
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Al-Sekar, Hala, and Moutaz Al-Dabbas. "The Influence of the Tigris River Discharge on the Hydrochemistry with Time, from Baghdad to Amara, Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2D (October 31, 2022): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2d.12ms-2022-10-28.
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The Tigris River discharge is constantly changing as a result of climate variations. Water flow differences will influence the water quality, the hydrochemistry and water type through time. Hence, evaluation of the relationship between the water flow,and the hydrochemistry with time is vital. The climatological data was studied for Baghdad, Kut, Ali Al Gharbi and Amara meteorological stations for 1990-2020. The data of this study covers annual flow conditions of the Tigris River, the total dissolved solids, and the main ions on monthly bases for the period 2005-2021 for the four sites: Baghdad , Kut , Ali Al Gharbi and Amara. These data were used to establish the relationships between water discharge (m3/sec) with total dissolved solids (mg/l) and main cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) and anions (Cl‾, SO42, HCO3‾). The climatological data for 1990-2020 show that the annual rainfall values of all sites decreased over time,while, the temperature and the evaporation are constantly increasing due to the climate change effects over the years. The average annual flow of the Tigris River at Baghdad and Kut sites are 535.9 and 231.8 m3/sec respectively. While for Ali Al Gharbi and Amara sites are with an average of 183.99 and 68.7 m3/sec respectively. The mean annual total dissolved solids averages are 664.7 and 759.09 mg/l for Baghdad and Kut sites respectively. While, for Ali Al Gharbi and Amara sites are with an average of 1066.1 and 1189.2 mg/l respectively. The decrease in the Tigris River discharge affects the chemistry. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions in Baghdad and Kut sites are dominated. While at Ali Al Gharbi and Amara, sodium and sulfate ions are dominant. Such variation is related to the decrease in the Tigris River discharge and the effect of the dissolution of ions. Moreover, the entry of the transported dissolved load, the city’s sewage, and the agricultural lands’ water that flows into the river increase as the transportation distance increase from Baghdad to Amara.
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Al-Khafaji, Mahmoud, Hayder Al Thamiry, and Ala Al-Saedi. "Possibility of reusing Al-Machraya River for feeding Hawizeh marsh." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816203004.
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Al Machraya River was considered as one of the water feeders of Hawizeh Marsh. In 1986, the outlet of this river into the marsh was blocked and the river was used as a main channel for the East Tigris Irrigation Project near Kalat Salih. This causes significant decrease in the available water supply sources, deterioration in the water quality distribution patterns and increasing the stagnation areas within the marsh. This research aims to study the possibility of reusing this river for feeding Hawizeh Marsh. A frequency analysis study was carried out to study the maximum and minimum probable water level (MMPWL) of Tigris River at the upstream of Kalat Salih Barrage. Six statistical models; Normal distribution, Log-Normal type II, Log-Normal type III, Pearson type III, Log- Pearson type III and Gumbel type I distribution were used to estimate the MMPWL. The results show that Pearson type III and Gumbel type I distribution models are the best to fit the maximum and minimum daily water level (WL), respectively, at the upstream of the Barrage. The estimated MMPWL were compared to the required WL in Hawizeh Marsh. The difference between Tigris River and Hawizeh Marsh water levels were found to be not operative to cause a significant flow toward the marsh. Therefore, Al Machraya River cannot be used to feed Hawizeh Marsh.
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Ali, Hydar Lafta, Badronnisa Yusuf, Thamer Ahamed Mohammed, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak, and Balqis Mohamed Rehan. "Enhancing the Flow Characteristics in a Branching Channel Based on a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Flow Model." Water 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2019): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091863.
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Natural rivers have many branching junctions. The flow in branching junctions is complex, owing to significant changes associated with flow dynamics and sediment transport that result in erosion and deposition problems. A branching channel of the Tigris River in Missan, Iraq, was selected for investigation of the scouring and deposition zones. A two-dimensional (2D) numerical model was used to simulate the hydro-morphodynamics in the branching channel, where hypothetical vanes as control structures were included at the junction to control the scouring and deposition zones. The simulation results suggest the most effective location, dimension, and angle of the introduced vanes. For the studied junction, controlling morphological features was achieved by introducing a single vane with an inclination angle of 90° on the flow direction of the Tigris River. The most effective location of the introduced vane was the location that caused considerable enhancement in the flow depth and velocity distribution.
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Parker, Bradley J., and Lynn Swartz Dodd. "The early second millennium ceramic assemblage from Kenan Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary assessment." Anatolian Studies 53 (December 2003): 33–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643086.
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AbstractIn the initial survey of the upper Tigris river valley the authors of the survey report concluded that ‘either this portion of the Tigris basin was bypassed entirely by Middle Bronze Age development attested to elsewhere or, more likely, it is characterised by a thus far unreported and unrecognised assemblage’ (Algaze et al. 1991: 183). Recent research by members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) at the site of Kenan Tepe confirms the latter hypothesis, that the early second millennium in this area is marked by a regionally distinct material culture assemblage that is influenced by ceramic traditions in upper Mesopotamia and other material culture traditions in Anatolia. This article outlines our initial assessment of these data including an analysis of the ceramic corpus, architecture, archaeobotany, small finds and carbon-14, and places these data in a regional context. We conclude by speculating that the inhabitants of Kenan Tepe may have participated in interaction spheres that linked the upper Tigris river region to greater Mesopotamia and Anatolia.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Survey of Keratinophilic Fungi in the Tigris River in Baghdad." Baghdad Science Journal 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2016): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.13.3.449-453.
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The present study includs the isolation and identification of Keratinophilic fungi in fresh water samples collected from Tigris river in Baghdad, Iraq. Samples were collected from different districts of Baghdad (Al-Rustumia, Madina Al-Teb, Al-Azamia, Al-Kadimia, Al-Dorha and Al-Kanah). The water samples were examined for keratinophilic fungi by the plating method culturing and Hair Baiting Technique. A total number of 18 genera are recorded, in which the Tigris water indicates an impressive diversity of fungi. A variety of fungal strains were isolated from river water, out of 814 fungal colonies, Aspergillus terrus (5.5%) was the most frequent species, followed by Aspergillus niger (5.2%) then Rhizopus stolonifer (3.3%). The results revealed that the highest number of fungal species are found in water surface near the margin (75%) followed by the fungi isolated from water surface in the middle of the river (25%), whereas the number of fungi in 50 cm depth from water surface near the margin and 50 cm depth from water surface in the middle of the river is 17.10% and 12.20% species respectively. The results suggest that the Tigris river is a potential transmission route of fungi and a healthily hazard mainly for the immune depressed individual.
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Al-Deen Ahmed, Mohammed Fakhar. "Evaluating Study of Tigris River Water Quality and Three Water Treatment Plants within Nineveh Governorate." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.23.1.12.
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Tigris River considers the main resource of water for Mosul city, therefore it is of great importance to evaluate its quality continuously. In this study, chemical and physical properties of Tigris River had been studied within Nineveh governorate during the year (2012) by using the average values for ten selected sites. Computing of Water Quality Index (WQI) was done by using Weight Average (WAV) method. In spite of the large amount of the wastewater disposed into the river, the results indicated that Water Quality (WQ) in all the studied sites was suitable for irrigation purposes. For drinking purposes, only the first northern four sites were in need to simple treatment, while the following remaining sites need conventional treatment. The efficiency of the three main Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) on Tigris River were computed according to a new (WQI) that include new additional parameters and different relative weights. These three plants are; Mosul new left side (WTP), Mosul right side monotheist (WTP), and Mosul old left side (WTP). The efficiency results were (07, 62, 55)% respectively. The Low efficiency of the old plant was due to the high effluent concentrations of turbidity, SO4, total hardness, and TDS.
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Abboud, Mohammed Salih, and Kefah Naser Abdul Ameer. "First Occurrence of Eudiplozoon Kamegaii Nishira & Urabe, 2020 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) in Iraq from Gills of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 29, 2022): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166401.
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In this study, the monogenean Eudiplozoon kamegaii Nishihira & Urabe, 2020 which is the second species of the genus Eudiplozoon Khotenovsky, 1985 described in the world, was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the gills of the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 which were collected from the Tigris river in the Al-Rashidiya region north of Baghdad province from August 2021 until May 2022. The description and measurements of this parasite, as well as its illustrations, were given. Keywords: Eudiplozoon kamegaii, Cyprinus carpio, Monogenea , Tigris river, Iraq.