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1
Maraditha Simanjuntak, Lewi, Iesje Lukistyowati, and Feliatra Feliatra. "ADDITION OF SUPERIOR HETEROTROF BACTERIA MIXED IN FEED TO IMPROVE HEALTH OF SALINE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticu." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 2, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.2.3.170-180.
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This research was conducted in May 2019 until July 2019 which took place at the Laboratory of Marine Microbiology and the Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases at the Faculty of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, Riau University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of superior heterotrophic bacterial isolates that were sprayed on feed could affect the health of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through erythrocyte and leukocyte blood images. The treatments are Kn, Kp, feed sprayed with B.cereus heterotrophic bacterial isolate solution (0.15% dose), feed sprayed with heterotrophic V. fluvialis bacterial isolate solution (0.15% dose), feed sprayed with combined Isolate solution. The results of the study of the addition of superior heterotrophic bacterial isolates sprayed on feed can improve the health of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 30 days of maintenance and post-infection of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria showed that the treatment of P3 (combined isolates) which is the best treatment with a total leukocyte value of 89.67 x 103 cells / mm3, lymphocytes 80.33%, neutrophils 10.67%, monocytes 9.66%, total erythrocytes 235.00 x 104 cells / mm3, hematocrit 32.00% and hemoglobin 7.33 g / dL and weight growth absolute 7.05 g, a survival rate of 83.33%.
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Zaher, Hanan A., Mohamad I. Nofal, Basma M. Hendam, Moustafa M. Elshaer, Abdulaziz S. Alothaim, and Mostafa M. Eraqi. "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila in the Flesh of Nile Tilapia, with Special Reference to Their Virulence Genes Detected Using Multiplex PCR Technique." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060654.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila are major public health problems and the main cause of bacterial disease in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and some virulence genes of both V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila isolates from Nile tilapia. From Manzala Farm at Dakahlia governorate, 250 freshwater fish samples were collected. The confirmed bacterial isolates from the examined Nile tilapia samples in the study were 24.8% (62/250) for V. parahaemolyticus and 19.2% (48/250) for A. hydrophila. multiplex PCR, revealing that the tlh gene was found in 46.7% (29/62) of V. parahaemolyticus isolates, while the tdh and trh virulence genes were found in 17.2% (5/29). Meanwhile, 39.5% (19/48) of A. hydrophila isolates had the 16s rRNA gene and 10.5% (2/19) had the aerA and ahh1 virulence genes. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices of V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila were 0.587 and 0.586, respectively. In conclusion, alternative non-antibiotic control strategies for bacterial infections in farmed fish should be promoted to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is suggested that farmers should be skilled in basic fish health control and that molecular detection methods are more rapid and cost-effective than bacteriological methods.
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Liang, Fu-Rui, Qin-Qing Wang, Yun-Lin Jiang, Bei-Ying Yue, Qian-Zhi Zhou, and Jiang-Hai Wang. "Characterization of Matrix Metalloprotease-9 Gene from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Its High-Level Expression Induced by the Streptococcus agalactiae Challenge." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010076.
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The bacterial diseases of tilapia caused by Streptococcus agalactiae have resulted in the high mortality and huge economic loss in the tilapia industry. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may play an important role in fighting infection. However, the role of MMP-9 in Nile tilapia against S. agalactiae is still unclear. In this work, MMP-9 cDNA of Nile tilapia (NtMMP-9) has been cloned and characterized. NtMMP-9 has 2043 bp and encodes a putative protein of 680 amino acids. NtMMP-9 contains the conserved domains interacting with decorin and inhibitors via binding forces compared to those in other teleosts. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis reveals that NtMMP-9 distinctly upregulated following S. agalactiae infection in a tissue- and time-dependent response pattern, and the tissues, including liver, spleen, and intestines, are the major organs against a S. agalactiae infection. Besides, the proteolytic activity of NtMMP-9 is also confirmed by heterologous expression and zymography, which proves the active function of NtMMP-9 interacting with other factors. The findings indicate that NtMMP-9 was involved in immune responses against the bacterial challenge at the transcriptional level. Further work will focus on the molecular mechanisms of NtMMP-9 to respond and modulate the signaling pathways in Nile tilapia against S. agalactiae invasion and the development of NtMMP-9-related predictive biomarkers or vaccines for preventing bacterial infection in the tilapia industry.
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SARI, DINA SELVIA, ARTINI PANGASTUTI, and ELISA HERAWATI. "Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 11, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f110201.
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Sari DS, Pangastuti A, Elisa Herawati E. 2013. Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome. Biofarmasi 11: 31-35. In tilapia aquaculture, some diseases can disturb the growth and production of fish. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the pathogenic bacteria that can cause a disease in tilapia. Aeromonas hydrophila uses a quorum sensing system and the virulence of organisms as a controller to other organisms. The one of infection prevention effort of A. hydrophila that efficient enough is to use a compound of natural ingredients, i.e. Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome that needed to prevent the infection of A. hydrophila bacterial in tilapia. The method used in this study was an immersion method. Tilapia was soaked in water mixed with A. hydrophila and the ethyl acetate extract of C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentrations of 0 mL/L, 10 mL/L, 20 mL/L, 30 mL/L, 40 mL/L, 50 mL/L and control for 90 minutes. At the end of the study, it was observed for the fish behavior after immersion, the reaction of fish, the type and morphology of fish, and the number of bacteria in the water conservancy. The results showed that the A. hydrophila infection could be prevented by using the ethyl acetate extract of the C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentration of 40 mL/L. During immersion, tilapia was get an experience stress, often to the surface of water, and then quietly at the bottom of aquarium. The response to eat of tilapia decreased by 50% after soaking, but after 2-3 days of immersion time, the fish feeding was normally again.
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Pulpipat, Theeraporn, Shun Maekawa, Pei-Chi Wang, and Shih-Chu Chen. "Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy of a Formalin-Killed Francisella Noatunensis Subsp. Orientalis Vaccine Evaluated through Intraperitoneal and Immersion Challenge Methods in Oreochromis Niloticus." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020163.
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Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno), an intracellular bacterium, causes systemic granulomatous diseases, resulting in high mortality and huge economic losses in Taiwanese tilapia farming. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a formalin-killed Fno vaccine in cultured tilapia. Fno was isolated from diseased tilapia, inactivated with formalin, and mixed with the mineral oil base adjuvant (MontanideTM ISA 763 AVG). A total of 300 tilapia were divided into two groups. The experimental group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 mL of vaccine, which was substituted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in the control group. A booster was administered at 2 weeks post-immunization. Tilapia were challenged at 6 weeks post primary immunization by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and immersion methods. Mortality was recorded at 21 and 60 days. The results revealed that the vaccine induced a greater antibody titer and led to 71% and 76% of relative percent survival (RPS) after the IP and immersion challenge. The transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines and immune-related genes, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and interleukin-17C (IL-17C), were significantly upregulated after vaccination. Additionally, vaccinated fish had lower bacterial loads in the blood and lower granuloma intensities in the kidney, spleen, liver, and gill than control fish. The results in this study demonstrate that the inactivated Fno vaccine could be an essential resource in Taiwanese tilapia farming.
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Sari, Endang T. P., Tri Gunaedi, and Ervina Indrayani. "Pengendalian Infeksi Bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dengan Ekstrak Rimpang Lengkuas Merah (Alpinia purpurata)." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 9, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.110.
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MAS diseases (Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia) is caused by the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as an alternative to inhibit bacterial activity is the extract of red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata). Active substances possessed of this material have potential as antibacterial. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of red galangal rhizome extract in the control of MAS disease in tilapia. The type of this research is experimental research in Completely Random Design (RAL) with 6 treatments, which are positive control, negative control, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. The result of the research on the activity of the galangal extract bacteria on A. hydrophila obtained the widest clear zone at 1000 ppm constipation, which is 9.7625 mm. The treatment has been conducted by immersion of Tilapia fish into the extracted red galangan rgizomes for 5 minutes, then it was put into aquarium for maintenance for 7 days. 0.1 ml A. hydrophila (108 cfu/ml) was injected to Tilapia. The result of the research on antibacterial shoes the wides clear zone at 1000 ppm with constipation, which is 9.7625 mm and the effectiveness test of red galangal extract on tilapia infected by A. hydrophila bacteria experience (ulcer) healing after 7 days with the concentration of rhizome extract of galangal 1000 ppm. Key words: red galangal rhizome extract, A. hydrophila, A. purpurata.
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Zubaidah, Anis, Sri Samsundari, and Vivi Fitriani. "Effectiveness of extract Songga wood (Strychnos lucida) towards survival and antibody titers on Tilapia (Oreocromis niloticus) that infected Streptococcus agalactiae." Indonesian Journal of Tropical Aquatic 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/ijota.v2i2.11136.
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Nile Tilapia or Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of commodity with a high number of consumers. But, Streptococcus agalactiae attack caused a decline in production. One way to reduce these diseases by using natural materials of songga wood (Strychnos lucida R.Br) where the songga wood contains many compounds like alkaloid, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, which can inhibit bacterial growth by damaged cell membrane. The results showed that the inhibitory songga wood extract against Streptococcus agalactiae was highly significant, and shows with the highest survival rate of 90% and proved by theincreasingantibodytitersafteraddingsonggawood extract.
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Kristianingrum, Yuli Purwandari, Bambang Sutrisno, Sitarina Widyarini, and Kurniasih Sugiyono. "Disease incidence of freshwater fish in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213306001.
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The potential of freshwater farming in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is very high. Infectious and non-infectious diseases can cause significant economic losses. The main problem of infectious disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This study was conducted to identify diseases that attack freshwater fish using data analysis on fish disease cases in the Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UGM in 2019. A total of 239 cases of fish diseases were examined by the Laboratory Diagnostic Co-assistance students in 2019 from the Special Region of Yogyakarta which includes Sleman district, Kulonprogo district, Yogyakarta City, Bantul district and Gunungkidul district. Based on data analysis, it showed that the highest fish sample was tilapia (52%), came from Sleman Regency (94%). The highest disease infection was caused by bacterial infections (54%) followed by parasite infections (35%). Macroscopic changes were observed in the liver (25%), skin (19%). and gills (26%). These changes included a yellow swollen liver, ulcer in the skin, fragile consistency and nodules in the surface of kidneys, attachment lamella and necrosis of gill lamellas. The parasite identification resulted in following parasite taxa/species Dactylogyrus., Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Ichtyopthirius sp. in the Parasitology Laboratory. The histopathological changes were identified using the the Hematoxillin & Eosin st aining technique, the organs showed dermatitis (18%), hepatitis (27%) and branchitis (23%). It can be concluded that in this research the highest cases of freshwater fish disease in Yogyakarta Special Region were caused by bacterial infections of tilapia from the Sleman district.
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Miccoli, Andrea, Matteo Manni, Simona Picchietti, and Giuseppe Scapigliati. "State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020140.
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In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
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Enyidi, U. I., and C. P. ORji. "Effects of Curcuma longa on Growth and Biochemical Variables of Oreochromis niloticus Challenged with a Consortium of Bacteria." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 35, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i2.25.
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This study evaluated effects of turmeric on growth and immune response of Nile tilapia. Five phytogenic feeds were formulated with varying inclusion levels of turmeric thus: F1 20 %/kg; F2 15 %/kg; F3 10 %/kg; F4 % g/kg and F5 0 %/kg. There was a commercial feed (F6) which served as the control experiment. Fish fingerlings (initial weight ca. 14.2g) were fed experimental diets for 70 days, thereafter, they were subjected to dual bacterial challenge by injecting a consortium of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Flavobacterium columnare into the culture media and then intraperitoneal injection of the bacteria into the fish muscle. Growth, nutritional performances and immunity of the fish were analyzed using standard procedure. Results showed that the relative protection levels of fish fed diets F1 to F3 were 100%, while 95.56% was obtained in group fed diet F4. A 0% mortality was recorded for fish fed diets F1 to F3, 4.4 % for those fed diet F4 and 100% for those fed diets F5 and F6. The best specific growth rate was recorded in fish fed diet F1 with the values decreasing with decrease inclusion levels of turmeric in diets. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase reduced with the inclusion of turmeric. Results showed that increasing turmeric inclusion up to 20% in tilapia diet would increase growth rate and enhance immunity against bacterial diseases.
Keywords: Turmeric, phytogenic feed, O. niloticus, bacterial challenge, aquatic microbes
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Mian, Gláucia Frasnelli, Charles Oswaldo Roncancio, Maria Cristina de Souza Silva, Amanda Carvalho Rosado Ferreira, Dircéia Aparecida da Costa Custódio, Victor Hugo Silva Souza, and Geraldo Márcio da Costa. "Evaluation of resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in four farmed strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p353.
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Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has always been considered more resistant to diseases compared to other fish species. However, in recent decades, this fish species has also been susceptible to many bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and nutritional diseases. In Brazil, streptococcosis is one of the main diseases that affect tilapia and has caused many economic losses. A resistance test was conducted with 93 tilapia of four varieties (UFLA strain and three commercial varieties: SC1, SC2, and SC3) to evaluate resistance to experimental inoculation with Streptococcus agalactiae. Each variety was distributed in five aquariums, with nine specimens of the same variety. Among the five aquariums, four housed fish were intraperitoneally inoculated with 107 CFU/fish of S. agalactiae and one aquarium harbored fish from the control group, which received 0.1 mL of sterile BHI (Brain Heart Infusion). Significant differences were observed in the survival rates accumulated at the end of the experiment (day 15), with values of 22, 36, 36, and 15% for SC1, SC2, SC3, and UFLA, respectively. The UFLA strain presented lower survival than other strains, which did not differ among the 15 days of challenge. These results demonstrate that there are animals with a better response to the resistance test than others.
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Abdul Kari, Zulhisyam, Wendy Wee, and Lee Seong Wei. "Citrus microcarpa extract as bio-immunostimulator for Edwardsiellosis in red hybrid tilapia culture." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 6, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v6i1.721.
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This paper described the application of Citrus microcarpa extract as bio-immunostimulator in red hybrid tilapia against Edwardsiellosis infection. Edwardsiellosis due to Edwardsiella tarda is one of the well-known bacterial diseases in aquaculture which leads to significant economic losses. The increasing antibiotic resistant cases among pathogenic bacteria led to many commercial antibiotics no longer effective in controlling bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Hence, in the present study was carried out to evaluate potential of C. microcarpa extract as immunostimulator against Edwardsiellosis infection in red hybrid tilapia. Comparison in terms of cumulative mortalities and antibody response against E. tarda among group of fish received C. microcarpa extract at different concentrations (CM1-1, 1 g kg-1 of fish; CM-2, 2 g kg-1 of fish and CM-4, 4 g kg-1 of fish) and group of fish received no medicated commercial feed (control) was carried out in the present study. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor antibody response of fish that received medicated feed. The results of the present study showed that the values of antibody response against E. tarda of fish after seven days received C. microcarpa extract (CM-1, 0.113 ± 0.02 OD; CM-2, 0.14 ± 0.02 OD; CM-4, 0.173 ± 0.03 OD) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to fish from group of control (0.0 OD). Whereas cumulative mortality of fish from group of control (53.3 ± 11.5 %) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to fish from all of groups received C. microcarpa extract (CM-1, 13.3 ± 5.8 %; CM-2, 13.3 ± 5.8 % and CM-4, 6.7 ± 5.8 %). The results indicated the potential of C. microcarpa extract as immunostimulator in finfish culture.
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Zaki, Viola, Ahmed EL-gamal, and Yasmin Reyad. "STUDIES ON SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO TREATMENT." Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal, no. 19 (July 7, 2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35943//mvmj.2018.19.1414.
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he present research carried out to study the common bacterial infections in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) in Manzala area at Dakahlia governorate and possible antimicrobial agents used for treatment. A total number of 400 fish were randomly collected from Manzala private farms at Dakahlia governorate and subjected to the clinical, bacteriological and histopathological examination. The highest prevalence of bacterial isolates during the whole period of examination of naturally infected O.niloticus was recorded for A.hydrophila (22.66%), followed by V.alginolyticus (19.01%), V.parahemolyticus (13.80%), Streptococcus spp. (12.24%), A.caviae (11.72%), V.cholera (10.16%), A.salmonicida (7.55%), while the lowest prevalence was recorded for Klebsiella oxytoca (2.86%). The seasonal highest total prevalence of bacterial isolates from examined naturally infected O. niloticus was recorded in spring (30.21%), followed by autumn (28.39%), then summer (22.40%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in winter (19.01%). Histopathological findings of the tissue samples which collected from different organs of naturally infected O.niloticus revealed that spleen show marked hemosiderosis and sever hemorrhage, gills showsever congestion of lamellar capillaries with marked aneurysm, necrosis and hemorrhage of lamellar epithelium and liver show sever hydropic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic against all isolated bacterial strains
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Lusiastuti, Angela Mariana, Lila Gardenia, Tatik Mufidah, and Yani Aryati. "Streptococcus agalactiae INFECTION ON TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) IN CIRATA RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.1.2009.47-51.
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Streptococcosis is one of bacterial diseases in the culture of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and has caused significant economic losses. Streptococcus iniae, is known as pathogen to marine and freshwater fishes whereas Streptococcus agalactiae is known as pathogen to Tilapia. The isolation and characterization of four isolates of S. agalactiae, were described from an infected Tilapia from Cirata Reservoir, West Java, in July 2008. Conventional and rapid identification systems were used to determine isolates of S. agalactiae from brain and kidney tissues. In this paper, we have characterized S. agalactiae and this was the first isolation of this bacteria from fish. The isolates were gram positive, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, haemolytic cocci colonies on blood agar. All of the of isolates were biochemically characterized with the API 20 Strep System (bioMerieux). Bacterial chromosomal DNA used in PCR assay was extracted by heating method. The forward primer is Sdi 61: 5’-AGGAAACCTGCCATTTGCG-3’ and the reverse primer is Sdi 252: 5’-CAATCTATTTCTAGATCGTGG-3’ with gene target 16S intergenic spacer and it has 192 bp in length. These primers were designed by Alpha DNA (Montreal, Quebec). The biochemical patterns of four isolates were rather different although almost all traits were similar with the exception of pyroglutamic acid (pyra) and L-arginin (ADH), for which we observed negative and positive reaction in this study. Therefore, some of the biochemical characteristics of the four isolates did not fit 100% with the typical patterns of S. agalactiae. However, the PCR result showed that this PCR assay is an effective tool for rapid and specific detection of S. agalactiae, the main pathogens involved in warm-water streptococcosis, obtained from pure culture of naturally infected fish. Therefore, it could be a useful alternative for culture-based routine diagnosis of warm-water streptococcal infections in fish.
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Amrullah, Amrullah, wahidah wahidah, ardiansyah ardiansyah, and indrayani indrayani. "Transfer of maternal immunity using a polyvalent vaccine and offspring protection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus." F1000Research 10 (September 24, 2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52932.1.
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Background: Vaccination is an effective and alternative means of disease prevention, however, it cannot be conducted on the offspring of fish. For this process to take place, the transfer of maternal immunity must be implemented. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of transferring immunity from the broodstock to the offspring using a polyvalent vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Methods: Nile tilapia broodstock, with an average weight of 203g (±SD 23 g) was injected with a vaccine used as a treatment. Example include A. hydrophila monovalent (MA), S. agalactiae monovalent (MS), P. fluorescens monovalent (MP), A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae bivalent (BAS), A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens bivalent (BAP), P. fluorescens and S. agalactiae bivalent (BPS), and A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens polyvalent vaccines (PAPS). While the control was fish that were injected with a PBS solution. The broodstock’s immune response was observed on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day, while the immune response and challenge test on the offspring was conducted on the 10th, 20th, 30th, and 40th day during the post-hatching period. Result: The application of PAPS in broodstock could significantly induce the best immune response and immunity to multiple diseases compared to other treatments. The RPS of the PAPS was also higher than the other types of vaccines. This showed that the transfer of immunity from the broodstock to the Nile tilapia offspring could protect it against bacterial diseases such as A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens. Conclusion: The application of PAPS A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, P. fluorescens vaccines increased the broodstock’s immune response and it was transferred to their offsprings. They were able to produce tilapia seeds that are immune to diseases caused by A. hydrophila, S. agalactiae, and P. fluorescens.
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Soto, Esteban, Richard G. Endris, and John P. Hawke. "In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Florfenicol for Treatment of Francisella asiatica Infection in Tilapia." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 11 (August 16, 2010): 4664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00206-10.
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ABSTRACT Francisella asiatica is a recently described, Gram-negative, facultative intracellular fish pathogen, known to be the causative agent of francisellosis in warm-water fish. Francisellosis outbreaks have increased in frequency among commercial aquaculture operations and have caused severe economic losses in every case reported. The lack of effective treatments for piscine francisellosis led us to investigate the potential efficacy of florfenicol for inhibition of F. asiatica in vitro and as an oral therapeutic agent in vivo. The MIC of florfenicol for F. asiatica, as determined by the broth dilution method, was 2 μg/ml, which indicates its potential efficacy as a therapeutic agent for treatment of francisellosis. The intracellular susceptibility of the bacterium to florfenicol in tilapia head kidney-derived macrophages (THKDM) was also investigated. Addition of florfenicol to the medium at 10 μg/ml was sufficient to significantly reduce bacterial loads in the THKDM in vitro. Cytotoxicity assays done in infected THKDM also demonstrated drug efficacy in vivo, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Levels of LDH released from infected THKDM were significantly lower in macrophages treated with florfenicol (P < 0.001) than in untreated cells. In medicated-feed trials, fish were fed 15 mg of florfenicol/kg of fish body weight for 10 days, and the feeding was initiated at either 1, 3, or 6 days postchallenge. Immersion challenges resulted in 30% mean percent survival in nontreated fish, and fish receiving medicated feed administered at 1 and 3 days postinfection showed higher mean percent survival (100% and 86.7%, respectively). A significant decrease (P < 0.001) in bacterial numbers (number of CFU/g of spleen tissue) was observed in treated groups compared to nontreated infected fish at both 1 and 3 days postchallenge. There were no differences in bacterial burden in the spleens between fish treated 6 days postchallenge and untreated controls. In conclusion, if florfenicol is administered during early stages of infection, it has the potential for effectively treating piscine francisellosis, including the capacity for intracellular penetration and bacterial clearance.
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El-Gohary, Fatma A., Eman Zahran, Eman A. Abd El-Gawad, Adel H. El-Gohary, Fatma M. Abdelhamid, Amany El-Mleeh, Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy, and Mona Mohieldin Elsayed. "Investigation of the Prevalence, Virulence Genes, and Antibiogram of Motile Aeromonads Isolated from Nile Tilapia Fish Farms in Egypt and Assessment of their Water Quality." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081432.
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The aquaculture industry is a fast-growing sector in Egypt; however, the progress of this industry is impeded by many challenges such as poor water quality and associated bacterial infections. Among others, Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), caused by aeromonads, is among the most important bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture due to its zoonotic potential. In the present work, motile aeromonads were isolated from water samples (n= 8) and Nile tilapia (n= 240) in four fish farms (farms I, II, III, and IV) in Kafr El-Sheikh province during the period March to August 2017. This step was followed by investigation of the prevalence and phenotypic, molecular, and histopathological characterization of aeromonads. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene detection were analyzed. Interestingly, physicochemical water analysis revealed different ranges in relation to the fish farms and seasons. More importantly, Aeromonas isolates were phenotypically identified in 33.3% and 12.5% from fish and water samples, respectively. The highest prevalence of motile aeromonads (46.7%) was recorded from farm IV, and only 12.5% of water samples were positive for them. Out of 80 isolates, 65 (81.25%) were molecularly identified at the genus level using gyrase B (gyrB). The prevalence of the virulence genes detected in the isolated motile aeromonads was aerolysin (aer), 52.2%; elastase (ahp), 26.25%; hemolysin (hyl), 35%; and lipase (lip), 3.75%. The antibiogram profile revealed that the highest resistance of aeromonads isolates (80%) was recorded to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and azithromycin. Meanwhile, lower resistance levels of 40%, 30%, and 20% were found for streptomycin, cefotaxime, and amoxicillin, respectively. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged between 0.27 and 0.82 of motile aeromonads isolates. Furthermore, the histopathological examinations of naturally diseased tilapia revealed widespread hepatocellular necrosis with diffuse, numerous rod-shaped bacteria in liver with melanomacrophages and lymphocytic depletion with edema and hemosiderosis in the spleen. Our findings provide an updated epidemiological baseline for future reference and highlight the likely role of the adverse impact of water quality in the outbreaks of motile aeromonads with special reference to virulence genes and antibiotic resistant traits.
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Mertes, Verena, Alexander Kashulin Bekkelund, Leidy Lagos, Elia Ciani, Duncan Colquhoun, Hanne Haslene-Hox, Håvard Sletta, Henning Sørum, and Hanne Cecilie Winther-Larsen. "The Use of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles for Immunization against Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)." Vaccines 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010034.
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Francisellosis in fish is caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis and Francisella orientalis. The disease is affecting both farmed and wild fish worldwide and no commercial vaccines are currently available. In this study, we tested isolated membrane vesicles (MVs) as possible vaccine candidates based on previous trials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) indicating promising vaccine efficacy. Here, the MV vaccine-candidates were tested in their natural hosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Injection of MVs did not display any toxicity or other negative influence on the fish and gene expression analysis indicated an influence on the host immune response. However, unlike in other tested fish species, a protective immunity following vaccine application and immunization period could not be detected in the Atlantic cod or tilapia. Further in vivo studies are required to achieve a better understanding of the development of immunological memory in different fish species.
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Mertes, Verena, Alexander Kashulin Bekkelund, Leidy Lagos, Elia Ciani, Duncan Colquhoun, Hanne Haslene-Hox, Håvard Sletta, Henning Sørum, and Hanne Cecilie Winther-Larsen. "The Use of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles for Immunization against Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)." Vaccines 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010034.
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Francisellosis in fish is caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis and Francisella orientalis. The disease is affecting both farmed and wild fish worldwide and no commercial vaccines are currently available. In this study, we tested isolated membrane vesicles (MVs) as possible vaccine candidates based on previous trials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) indicating promising vaccine efficacy. Here, the MV vaccine-candidates were tested in their natural hosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Injection of MVs did not display any toxicity or other negative influence on the fish and gene expression analysis indicated an influence on the host immune response. However, unlike in other tested fish species, a protective immunity following vaccine application and immunization period could not be detected in the Atlantic cod or tilapia. Further in vivo studies are required to achieve a better understanding of the development of immunological memory in different fish species.
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Mwainge, Venny Mziri, Caleb Ogwai, Christopher Mulanda Aura, Alice Mutie, Veronica Ombwa, Hilda Nyaboke, Kennedy Ngoko Oyier, and Joseph Nyaundi. "An overview of fish disease and parasite occurrence in the cage culture of Oreochromis niloticus: A case study in Lake Victoria, Kenya." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.08.
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Abstract Cage aquaculture has been on a steady rise in Lake Victoria, Kenya, since 2016, resulting in the current culturing of over 3,600 cages of Tilapia (O. niloticus) (Orina et al., 2018). Unfortunately, there has been limited, if any, focus on fish health aspects. Rise in intensification and commercialization predisposes fish stocks to disease due to rise in stress levels and consequent reduction in the fish immunity. Nutrient rich surroundings create a conducive environment for rapid proliferation of bacterial and saprophytic fungal growth leading to net clogging and consequently a low biological oxygen demand. Such conditions predispose the stocks to infections. This study was conducted to provide a baseline analysis of the health conditions/status of the cultured fish in this region. It encompassed studies from 2016 to 2018 on tilapia of the genus O. niloticus using both experimental (using standard procedures and protocols) and socio-economic studies (using structured questionnaires, see annexure 1). Results found the following occurrences; bacterial infections (10%), fungal infestations (12.5%), myxosporean parasites in the gills (5%), parasitic copepods (10%) and fin rot (2.5%) in the stocks. There were no significant differences between abiotic parameters in the cage locations and the wild (p > 0.05). Additionally, 90% of the respondents had no fish disease training or clue on the treatment action necessary whenever fish diseases struck. Findings from this study put to the fore the significance of fish diseases in a cage culture system in light of commercialization of the industry and the importance of biosecurity and maintenance of optimal environmental conditions within the scope of Blue Economy growth in this region. This study did not detect any disease or parasite of zoonotic importance.
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Taukhid, Taukhid, Lila Gardenia, and Septyan Andriyanto. "EFIKASI VAKSIN KOMBINASI “TRIVALEN” (Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, DAN Mycobacterium fortuitum) UNTUK PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT BAKTERI POTENSIAL PADA BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, no. 4 (January 17, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.4.2016.373-385.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi vaksin “trivalen” merupakan kombinasi dari tiga jenis antigen bakteri, yaitu: Aeromonas hydrophila-AHL0905-2, Streptococcus agalactiae-N14G, dan Mycobacterium fortuitum-31 untuk pencegahan penyakit bakteri potensial pada budidaya ikan air tawar. Ikan uji menggunakan ikan lele, nila, dan gurami; di mana masing-masing jenis ikan tersebut merupakan representasi dari jenis ikan yang rentan terhadap infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, dan Mycobacterium fortuitum. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah formulasi sediaan vaksin kombinasi “trivalen”, dengan komposisi sebagai berikut: (A) formulasi proporsional yang mengandung ketiga jenis antigen dengan perbandingan 1:1:1 (v/v), (B) formulasi non-proporsional yang mengandung ketiga jenis antigen dengan perbadingan 1:3:3 (v/v), dan (C) tanpa pemberian vaksin sebagai kontrol. Vaksinasi diberikan melalui perendaman dalam larutan vaksin “trivalen” pada konsentrasi bakteri 107 cfu/mL selama 30 menit. Efikasi vaksin dievaluasi berdasarkan sintasan pada akhir uji tantang terhadap bakteri patogen target, dan selanjutnya dihitung nilai relative percentage survival (RPS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai RPS vaksin “trivalen” dengan kombinasi proporsional pada ikan lele terhadap bakteri A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2, ikan nila terhadap bakteri S. agalactiae-N14G, ikan gurami terhadap bakteri M. fortuitum-31 dan A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2 masing-masing sebesar 44,61%; 43,30%; 17,86%; dan 45,00%. Nilai RPS vaksin kombinasi “trivalen” non-proporsional pada ikan lele terhadap bakteri A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2, ikan nila terhadap bakteri S. agalactiae-N14G, ikan gurami terhadap bakteri M. fortuitum-31 dan A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2 masing-masing sebesar 39,61%; 40,00%; 7,14%; dan 45,00%. Vaksin “trivalen” berpotensi sebagai sediaan vaksin yang dapat digunakan untuk pencegahan penyakit pada budidaya air tawar yang disebabkan oleh ko-infeksi lebih dari satu jenis bakteri patogen.The study aimed to determine the efficacious of combined “three-valent” vaccine composed of three bacterial antigen for the prevention of bacterial diseases on freshwater aquaculture has been carried out at laboratory level. The study used catfish, tilapia, and giant goramy; that are representative of susceptible species against Aeromonas hydrophila infection, Streptococcus agalactiae infection, and Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. The treatments applied in this study included: (A). Proporsional formula of combined “three-valent” vaccine composed of three bacterial antigens at the ratio of 1:1:1 (v/v), (B). Non-proportional formula composed of three bacterial antigens at the ratio of 1:3:3 (v/v), and (C). Un-vaccinated group as a control. The vaccine was applied through immersion at the dose of 107 cfu/mL vaccine solution for 30 minutes. Vaccine efficacious was evaluated based on survival rate after challenge test against targetted pathogens, and then the relative percentage survival (RPS) was calculated. The study results revealed that the RPS values of proportional combined vaccine on catfish against A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2, on tilapia against S. agalactiae-N14G, on goramy against M. fortuitum-31 and A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2 were 44.61%; 43.30%, 17.86%, and 45.00% respectively. RPS values of non-proportional combined vaccine on catfish against A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2, on tilapia against S. agalactiae-N14G, on goramy against M. fortuitum-31 and A. hydrophila-AHL0905-2 are 39.61%; 40.00%, 7.14%, and 45.00% respectively. “Trivalent” vaccine is a promising combined-fish vaccine which can be used for prevention of bacterial fish diseases caused by co-infection of more than one type of pathogenic bacteria.
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Monir, Walid, Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman, Saad El-Din Hassan, El Sayed Mansour, and Somayah M. M. Awad. "Pomegranate peel and moringa-based diets enhanced biochemical and immune parameters of Nile tilapia against bacterial infection by Aeromonas hydrophila." Microbial Pathogenesis 145 (August 2020): 104202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104202.
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Naiel, Mohammed A. E., Nahla E. M. Ismael, Samar S. Negm, Mohamed S. Ayyat, and Adham A. Al-Sagheer. "Rosemary leaf powder–supplemented diet enhances performance, antioxidant properties, immune status, and resistance against bacterial diseases in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Aquaculture 526 (September 2020): 735370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735370.
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Aisiah, Siti. "POTENSI TUMBUHAN BANGKAL (Nauclea Orientalis) UNTUK PENGENDALIAN BAKTERI Aeromonas Hydrophila (POTENTIAL PLANT BANGKAL (Nauclea orientalis) FOR CONTROL Aeromonas Hydrophila)." Fish Scientiae 2, no. 4 (June 17, 2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/fs.v2i4.1172.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah didapatkan metode pengendalian penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila pada budi daya ikan yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan uji sensitivitas terhadap bakteri A. hydrophila, uji minimal konsentrasi menghambat bakteri A. hydrophila (uji MIC) dan uji toksisitas terhadap ikan nila. Rancangan yang digunakan untuk uji toksisitas adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu A = Ikan disuntik dengan ekstrak bangkal konsentrasi 20%, B = Ikan disuntik dengan ekstrak bangkal konsentrasi 40%, C = Ikan disuntik dengan ekstrak bangkal konsentrasi 80%, dan D = Kontrol (ikan tidak disuntik), diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Perlakuan ini didapat dari hasil uji sensitivitas antibakteri bangkal yang mempunyai daya hambat dan daya bunuh paling besar terhadap bakteri A. hydrophila yaitu ekstrak daun bangkal dengan pelarut akuades. Pengujian MIC menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bangkal-akuades memiliki daya hambat minimal 20 % terhadap aktivitas bakteri A. hydrophila. Hasil uji toksisitas yang dilakukan terhadap ikan nila dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40% dan 80% mortalitas ikan nila dibawah 50 %. Pengamatan hematologis yaitu eretrosit, leokosit, plasma darah, hematokrit dan leokokrit pada masing-masing perlakuan sebagian besar masih berada dalam kisaran yang normal. Parameter kualitas air yaitu, kadar oksigen terlarut, pH, amoniak, CO2 dan suhu masih dapat mendukung kehidupan normal ikan nila.The purpose of this study was obtained method of controlling diseases caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in fish farming is environmentally friendly. In this study the sensitivity of the test A. hydrophila, a minimum test konsentari inhibiting A. hydrophila (MIC test) and toxicity test on tilapia. The design used for toxicity tests is completely randomized design with 4 treatments it A = Fish injected with extracts bangkal concentration of 20 %, B = Fish injected with extracts bangkal concentration of 40 %, C = Fish injected with extracts of 80 % concentration bangkal, and D = Control ( fish not injected ), repeated 3 times. This treatment was obtained from the results of the sensitivity test antibacterial bangkal inhibition and has the power to kill most of the bacteria against A. hydrophila is bangkal leaf extract with distilled water solvent. MIC testing showed that the extract bangkal - distilled water has a minimum of 20 % inhibition of the bacterial activity A. hydrophila. Results of toxicity tests conducted on tilapia with a concentration of 20 %, 40 % and 80 % mortality of tilapia under 50 %. Haematological observation that eretrosit, leokosit, blood plasm, hematocrit and leokokrit in each treatment is still in the normal range. The water quality parameters, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, CO2 and temperature can still support the normal life of tilapia.
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Noga, E. J., M. J. Dykstra, and J. F. Wright. "Chronic Inflammatory Cells with Epithelial Cell Characteristics in Teleost Fishes." Veterinary Pathology 26, no. 5 (September 1989): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588902600508.
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Certain cells that participate in the chronic inflammatory response of teleost fishes have many features typical of epithelioid cells of mammals. Such features include high metabolic activity, frequent phagolysosomes, and cytoplasmic interdigitations between adjacent cells; however, the epithelioid granulomas formed in response to certain diseases in teleost fishes also have several features associated with epithelial cells. Cases of ulcerative mycosis or acid-fast bacterial infection in Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus), fungal infection in silver perch ( Bairdiella chrysoura), and mycobacteriosis in Mozambique tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) had epithelioid cells that were joined together by well-formed desmosomes with tonofilaments. “Mature granulomas” of the ulcerative mycosis-infected menhaden stained positively for cytokeratin, a cytoskeletal protein that is considered to be highly specific for epithelial cells. The consistent presence of these heretofore unrecognized epithelial features suggest that they may be characteristic of certain types of cells participating in piscine chronic inflammation.
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Newaj-Fyzul, A., A. Mutani, A. Ramsubhag, and A. Adesiyun. "Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens and their Anti-microbial Resistance in Tilapia and their Pond Water in Trinidad." Zoonoses and Public Health 55, no. 4 (May 2008): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01098.x.
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Wanja, Daniel W., Paul G. Mbuthia, Robert M. Waruiru, Lilly C. Bebora, Helena A. Ngowi, and Philip N. Nyaga. "Antibiotic and Disinfectant Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Farmed Fish in Kirinyaga County, Kenya." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (July 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897338.
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Fish bacterial pathogens cause diseases which result in a considerable economic impact on the aquaculture industry, necessitating the use of antimicrobials for their control. However, intensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials has led to increased occurrence of drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria, as well as normal flora. The aim of the current study was to determine the susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from fish, with respect to some commonly used antibiotics and disinfectants. Bacteria were isolated between December 2017 and April 2018 from farmed Nile tilapia, African catfish, goldfish, and koi carp in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility patterns of 48 isolates belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Serratia, and Micrococcus were established using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion technique, respectively. The antibiotics evaluated included ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol, while the disinfectants tested were quaternary ammonium compound, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine. All the bacteria except Micrococcus, Escherichia, and Salmonella species showed multiple drug resistance patterns. Streptococcus showed resistance to six antibiotics, while Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia were resistant to five antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.1 to 0.8, with Streptococcus spp. having the highest score value. All the organisms were sensitive to gentamicin, while co-trimoxazole and ampicillin showed the highest resistance at 73% (n = 34) and 62% (n = 31), respectively. Most of the disinfectants showed antibacterial activity with varying magnitudes. The isolates were 100% sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and formalin, but were resistant to sodium hypochlorite at recommended user-dilution. The study has shown that some of the bacterial isolates were resistant to common antibiotics and disinfectants; thus, it is recommended to include an antibiogram whenever making any therapeutic decision. The resistant bacteria may transmit resistance genes to other fish bacteria and also to human bacteria, thus making it difficult to treat the resultant disease(s); thus, there is a possibility that these resistant bacteria may be transmitted to humans who consume or handle the carrier fish. It is, therefore, advisable that fish are cooked properly before consumption, so as to kill bacteria that may be present.
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Ahmed, Shaimaa A. A., Ghada I. Abd El-Rahman, Amany Behairy, Rasha R. Beheiry, Basma M. Hendam, Faisal M. Alsubaie, and Samah R. Khalil. "Influence of Feeding Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Seeds and Prickly Pear Fruit (Opuntia ficus indica) Peel on the Immune Response and Resistance to Aeromonas sobria Infection in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122266.
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In recent times, nutraceuticals have been used extensively to identify promising feed additives for the improvement of the aquaculture industry through the enhancement of growth and survival rates, potentiation of the immune responses, and fortification of the resistance against infectious bacterial diseases. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with diets supplemented with quinoa seeds (QU) or prickly pear fruit peel (PP) at the dose levels of 10% or 20% of the diet. After 45 days of the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) challenge. The pre-challenge indices indicated that both supplements mediated a significant improvement in most of the estimated parameters, including survival rate, antioxidant status, hematological and immunological indices, and hepatoprotective potential. These effects were recorded in the groups fed with high doses of the supplements (20%). The least changes were observed in the QU10-supplemented fish. In the spleen tissue, the TGF-β gene was upregulated in the PP10-, PP20- and QU20-supplemented groups, while the expression of the IFN-γ gene remained unaffected in all the supplemented groups, except for the PP20-supplemented group, which showed an upregulation. After the challenge with A. sobria, the relative survival percentage was improved by the supplementation of PP and QU, particularly in the PP20-supplemented group, possibly via the promotion of immunological responses, hepatoprotective potency, and modulation of the studied genes. Moreover, the morphological structure of the tissues showed marked recovery. The findings suggest that Nile tilapia fed with different levels of PP peel and QU seeds, particularly at the level of 20%, enhanced the immune response in fish and improved their resistance against A. sobria infection.
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Baldissera, Matheus D., Carine F. Souza, Aleksandro S. da Silva, Maiara C. Velho, Aline F. Ourique, and Bernardo Baldisserotto. "Benefits of nanotechnology: Dietary supplementation with nerolidol-loaded nanospheres increases survival rates, reduces bacterial loads and prevents oxidative damage in brains of Nile tilapia experimentally infected by Streptococcus agalactiae." Microbial Pathogenesis 141 (April 2020): 103989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103989.
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Samat, Nur Amalina, Fatimah Md Yusoff, Nadiah Wan Rasdi, and Murni Karim. "The Efficacy of Moina micrura Enriched with Probiotic Bacillus pocheonensis in Enhancing Survival and Disease Resistance of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Larvae." Antibiotics 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080989.
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The administration of probiotics via live feeds, such as Artemia and rotifers, has gained significant attention. Moreover, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in conventional aquaculture practices in order to prevent or control disease outbreaks has resulted in the occurrence of residues and antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the application of eco-friendly feed additives, such as probiotics, as a safer alternative has received increasing attention in recent years. However, only minimal information on the administration of probiotics via freshwater cladoceran Moina micrura is available despite being commonly used for larval and post-larval feeding of freshwater crustaceans and fish. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the application of Bacillus pocheonensis strain S2 administered via M. micrura to red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) larvae. Bacillus pocheonensis that has been previously isolated from Spirulina sp. was subjected to preliminary in vitro evaluation of antagonistic properties. The agar well-diffusion assay revealed that this probiont could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila. The size of inhibition zones ranged from 8.8 ± 0.2 to 18.2 ± 0.4 mm. Moina micrura was later used as a biological model in preliminary in vivo bacterial challenge assays to evaluate the efficacy of B. pocheonensis in protecting the host from diseases. Moina micrura was pre-enriched with B. pocheonensis at 104 and 106 CFU mL−1 before S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila were introduced into the culture. The study revealed that B. pocheonensis at 104 CFU mL−1 was able to significantly enhance the survival of M. micrura after being challenged with both pathogens (63 ± 3%) in comparison to the control group. The relative percentage survival (RPS) of M. micrura was highest (p < 0.05) when treated with B. pocheonensis at both concentrations 104 and 106 CFU mL−1 (38.33) after being challenged against S. agalactiae. To assess the efficacy of B. pocheonensis in protecting red hybrid tilapia against streptococcosis, the larvae were fed with either unenriched (control) Moina or probiont-enriched Moina daily for 10 days. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher survival rate (77 ± 3%) was observed in larvae fed with probiont-enriched M. micrura compared to other treatments, and the RPS was recorded at 62.90. In addition, the S. agalactiae load was suppressed in larvae fed probiont-enriched M. micrura (6.84±0.39 CFU mL−1) in comparison to the control group (7.78±0.09 CFU mL−1), indicating that the probiont might have contributed to the improvement of tilapia health and survival. This study illustrated that M. micrura was suitable to be used as a vector for probiotics in freshwater fish larvae as an alternative to hazardous antibiotics for disease control.
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Yildirim-Aksoy, Mediha, Rashida Eljack, Cole Schrimsher, and Benjamin H. Beck. "Use of dietary frass from black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, in hybrid tilapia (Nile x Mozambique, Oreocromis niloticus x O. mozambique) diets improves growth and resistance to bacterial diseases." Aquaculture Reports 17 (July 2020): 100373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100373.
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Rocha, Rafael dos Santos, Lana Oliveira Leite, Oscarina Viana de Sousa, and Regine Helena Silva dos Fernandes Vieira. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Fresh-Marketed Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Journal of Pathogens 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/756539.
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The contamination of seafood by bacteria of fecal origin, especiallyEscherichia coli, is a widely documented sanitary problem. The objective of the present study was to isolateE. colistrains from the gills, muscle, and body surface of farmed Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) fresh-marketed in supermarkets in Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil), to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics of different families (amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, cephalothin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim), and to determine the nature of resistance by plasmid curing. Forty-four strains (body surface = 25, gills = 15, muscle = 4) were isolated, all of which were susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem. Gill and body surface samples yielded 11 isolates resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, 4 of which of plasmidial nature. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was higher for strains isolated from body surface than from gills. The overall high antibiotic susceptibility ofE. colistrains isolated from fresh-marketed tilapia was satisfactory, although the occasional finding of plasmidial resistance points to the need for close microbiological surveillance of the farming, handling, and marketing conditions of aquaculture products.
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Salem, Mona, Eman Zahran, Rawia Saad, and Viola Zaki. "Prevalence, molecular characterization, virulotyping, and antibiotic resistance of motile aeromonads isolated from Nile tilapia farms at northern Egypt." Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal 21, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.108.
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Objective: This study was aimed to survey Aeromonas spp associated with cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) showing signs of motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) at different fish farms; molecular characterization and identification of test isolates; and to test the isolates for their antimicrobial and virulence activities that contribute to its pathogenesis. Design: Observational study Animals: 280 Nile tilapia Procedures: Clinically diseased 280 Nile tilapia, were collected from different localities at Kafr El-Sheik and Dakahlia governorates. The clinical picture and gross lesions were recorded. Aeromonas spp were isolated and presumptively identified using API20E. The identification was confirmed using PCR. Hemolysin (hylA), lipase, and aerolysin (aerA) virulence genes were detected among isolates obtained from different sampling sites. Besides, antimicrobial activity was reported for the identified A. hydrophila. Results: General septicemic signs were evident on Nile tilapia including, skin hemorrhages and ulcerations, bilateral exophthalmia, congested internal organs with significant mortalities. The prevalence of bacterial infection among naturally diseased Nile tilapia was 79.17, 70, and 58.33 in Kafr El-Sheikh, El- Manzala, and Gamsa fish farms, respectively. The most prevalent bacterial isolates were aeromonads (29.84 %), of all, 65.63 A. hydrophila, 18.75 A. caviae, and 15.63 A. sobria. All isolates were positively amplified using a species-specifying primer to determine A. hydrophila. Virulence genes detection revealed that five A. hydrophila isolates (83.3 %) harbored the aerA gene. Meanwhile, hylA and lipase genes positive isolates were lower reaching 16.7 % for both genes. A. hydrophila was highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol, and MAR index of A. hydrophila isolates was ranged from 0.16-0.42 Conclusion and clinical relevance: Our findings demonstrate that Aeromonas spp are among the bacterial pathogens implicated in summer mortalities in tilapia fish farms in Egypt. Besides, determination of the prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance pattern associated with the disease outbreaks is critical data that warrant the development of strategies to proper monitoring and farm management practices.
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Juliana, Juliana, Yuniarti Koniyo, and Citra Panigoro. "The Influence of Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Leaf Powder Addition to Feed on the Prevalence and Survival Rate of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seeds Infected by Aeromonas hydrophilla Bacteria." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.846.
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Feed is one main factor in aquaculture activities which influences the quantity and quality of aquaculture commodities. Feed can also increase the cultivated fish survivability to prevent from fish diseases. Binahong leaf powder is one material added in the fish feed making which contains active compounds functioning as antibacterial agent. This study did aim at examining the influence of Binahong leaf powder addition to feed on the prevalence and survival rate of Red Tilapia seeds infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This research employed an experimental method using a randomized complete design with four treatments. Each treatment consisted of different Binahong leaf powder dosage used as the material in feed making with treatment A (5%), treatment B (7%), treatment C (9%), and treatment D (control). The test animals were ± 5 cm red tilapia seeds infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Feeding was given twice, in the morning and evening with the feeding rate of 10% per day of the total body weight. The research results showed that the addition of Binahong leaf powder did not influence the prevalence and survival rate of red tilapia seeds infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteria, Binahong, Disease, Feed
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Pádua, Santiago Benites de, Maurício Laterça Martins, Gustavo Moraes Ramos Valladão, Laura Utz, Fernando José Zara, Márcia Mayumi Ishikawa, and Marco Antonio de Andrade Belo. "Host-parasite relationship during Epistylis sp. (Ciliophora: Epistylididae) infestation in farmed cichlid and pimelodid fish." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 5 (May 2016): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000500012.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to describe the host-Epistylis sp. relationship during infestation on farmed fish. Five Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and ten hybrid surubim catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans), all diseased, were used for in vivo morphological analysis of sessile peritrichs by contrast microscopy. Fragments of infected tissues were subjected to histological processing and scanning electron microscopy. Epistylis sp. caused hemorrhagic ulcer disease, and cichlids were more prone to develop infestations throughout the body surface due to the attachment of the colonies to the scales, which did not occur with pimelodids. Multifocal granulomatous dermatitis was observed, associated with the hydropic degeneration of the epithelium and to ulcerative areas of necrosis. Microscopic examination showed the presence of bacterial microflora associated to Epistylis sp. peduncles. Therefore, this species can be considered a portal of entry for opportunistic bacteria.
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Cortés-Sánchez, A. D. J. "Helicobacter pylori, food, fish and tilapia." Food Research 5, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).427.
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Food safety is considered an essential characteristic of food quality and is one that establishes that food, when ingested, will not cause harm to the consumer's health. Foodborne diseases are considered a health problem worldwide due to their incidence and mortality; these diseases have different causal agents of a physical, chemical and biological nature, being the latter mainly related to disease outbreaks where they are included (viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi), generally affecting low-income population groups, children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed. This review focused on giving a general description of food-borne diseases, mainly those developed in fish, highly nutritious food that is highly susceptible to deterioration and contamination by various chemical and biological hazards. Among the fish with the highest production for marketing and consumption is tilapia, which can be a vehicle for transmission of various pollutants of biological origin, including Helicobacter pylori, which has been considered an emerging food pathogen with a considerable impact on human health, whose food contamination and infection may be due to different factors such as inadequate hygiene practices at different stages of the food chain, putting the safety of these foods, and/or the health of consumers at risk.
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Pauzi, Nurfarahin Ahmad, Nurliyana Mohamad, Mohamad Azzam-Sayuti, Ina Salwany Md Yasin, Mohd Zamri Saad, Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin, and Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai. "Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia." October-2020 13, no. 10 (2020): 2166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2166-2171.
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Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. hydrophila was biochemically identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. The isolate was then intraperitoneally injected into red hybrid tilapia, and the mortality, clinicopathological changes, and LD50 were determined up to 240 h post-infection (hpi). Results: The isolate demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) toward amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and streptomycin, with a MAR index of 0.5. The experimental infection of A. hydrophila at 105 CFU/mL in the red hybrid tilapia resulted in 100% mortality at 240 hpi. The LD50 was determined at 1.1×104 CFU/mL. Infected fish demonstrated occasional erratic swimming patterns, localized hemorrhages and depigmentation on the body and operculum areas, fin erosion, enlargement of the gall bladder, and hemorrhage in internal organs. Microscopic observation of infected fish revealed brain congestion, tubular necrosis, and glomerular shrinkage in the kidneys, necrosis of hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels in the liver. Conclusion: The high virulence of A. hydrophila to the red hybrid tilapia emphasizes the importance of active, on-going monitoring of its prevalence in Malaysian tilapia farming.
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Taukhid, Taukhid, Tuti Sumiati, and Septyan Andriyanto. "EFEKTIVITAS METODE APLIKASI VAKSIN TRIVALEN UNTUK PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT BAKTERI POTENSIAL PADA BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.13.1.2018.67-76.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode aplikasi vaksin trivalen yang memberikan level proteksi terbaik untuk pencegahan penyakit bakteri potensial; motile aeromonas septicemia (MAS), streptococcosis, dan mycobacteriosis pada budidaya ikan air tawar. Vaksin trivalen yang dicobakan merupakan campuran dari tiga jenis antigen, yaitu Aeromonas hydrophila-AHL0905-2 (Ah), Streptococcus agalactiae N14G (Sa), dan Mycobacterium fortuitum 31 (Mf) dengan formulasi 2 Ah : 2 Sa : 1 Mf (v/v). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan lele, nila, dan gurami; masing-masing jenis ikan tersebut merupakan representasi ikan yang rentan terhadap penyakit MAS, streptococcosis, dan mycobacteriosis. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah metode aplikasi dengan menggunakan vaksin trivalen melalui: (A) perendaman, (B) pakan, (C) perendaman + booster, (D) pakan + booster, dan (E) tanpa pemberian vaksin sebagai kontrol. Efektivitas metode aplikasi vaksin tersebut dievaluasi melalui nilai titer antibodi spesifik dan relative percentage survival (RPS) pasca uji tantang terhadap patogen target. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa RPS dari metode aplikasi vaksin trivalen pada ketiga jenis ikan uji yang mencapai nilai ³ 50% secara keseluruhan hanya diperoleh pada aplikasi melalui rendam + booster. Oleh karena itu, metode aplikasi tersebut dapat direkomendasikan untuk digunakan pada pembudidaya ikan air tawar.This study aims to obtain a method of application of trivalent vaccine that gives the best level of protection for prevention of potential bacterial diseases such as motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), streptococcosis, and ycobacteriosis in freshwater fish culture. The trivalent vaccine is a mixture of three types of antigens, namely Aeromonas hydrophila-AHL0905-2 (Ah), Streptococcus agalactiae N14G (Sa), and Mycobacterium fortuitum 31 (Mf) with the formulation of 2 Ah: 2 Sa: 1 Mf (v / v). The test fish used were catfish, tilapia, and giant gourami; each fish is a representation of fish vulnerable to MAS, streptococcosis, and mycobacteriosis. The applied treatments were the application methods of trivalent vaccine through (A) immersion, (B) feed, (C) immersion + booster, (D) feed + booster, and (E) without vaccine as the control. The effectiveness of vaccine application methods was evaluated through the value of specific antibody titer and relative percentage survival (RPS) post-challenge test against the target pathogens. The results showed that overall, the RPS value of > 50% on all three test fish species was obtained only by the vaccine application through soak + booster. Therefore, the application method can be recommended to be used in freshwater fish culture.
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Soto, Esteban, Denise Fernandez, Ronald Thune, and John P. Hawke. "Interaction of Francisella asiatica with Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Innate Immunity." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 5 (February 16, 2010): 2070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01308-09.
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ABSTRACT Members of the genus Francisella are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause important diseases in a wide variety of animals worldwide, including humans and fish. Several genes that are important for intramacrophage survival have been identified, including the iglC gene, which is found in the iglABCD operon in the Francisella sp. pathogenicity island (FPI). In the present study, we examined the interaction of wild-type Francisella asiatica and a ΔiglC mutant strain with fish serum and head kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM). Both the wild-type and the mutant strains were resistant to killing by normal and heat-inactivated sera. The wild-type F. asiatica is able to invade tilapia head kidney-derived macrophages and replicate vigorously within them, causing apoptosis and cytotoxicity in the macrophages at 24 and 36 h postinfection. The ΔiglC mutant, however, is defective for survival, replication, and the ability to cause cytotoxicity in HKDM, but the ability is restored when the mutant is complemented with the iglC gene. Uptake by the HKDM was mediated partially by complement and partially by macrophage mannose receptors, as demonstrated by in vitro assays. Light and electron microscopy analysis of the infected macrophages revealed intracellular bacteria present in a tight vacuole at 2 h postinoculation and the presence of numerous bacteria in spacious vacuoles at 12 h postinfection, with some bacteria free in the cytoplasm.
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Cortés-Sánchez, Alejandro De Jesús, Luis Daniel Espinosa-Chaurand, Mayra Díaz-Ramirez, and Erika Torres-Ochoa. "Plesiomonas: A Review on Food Safety, Fish-Borne Diseases, and Tilapia." Scientific World Journal 2021 (September 21, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3119958.
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Fish and fish products are considered a fundamental part of the human diet due to their high nutritional value. Food-borne diseases are considered a major public health challenge worldwide due to their incidence, associated mortality, and negative economic repercussions. Food safety is the guarantee that foods will not cause harm to the health of those who consume them, and it is a fundamental property of food quality. Food safety can be at risk of being lost at any stage of the food chain if the food is contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. Many diverse bacteria are present in the environment and as part of the microbiota of food that can be transmitted to humans during the handling and consumption of food. Plesiomonas shigelloides has been mainly associated with outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases due to the consumption of fish. This bacterium inhabits the environment and aquatic animals and is associated with the microbiota of fish such as tilapia, a fish of importance in fishing, aquaculture, commercialization, and consumption worldwide. The purpose of this document is to provide, through a bibliographic review of databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, among others), a general informative perspective on food-borne diseases and, in particular, the consumption of fish and tilapia. Diseases derived from contamination by Plesiomonas shigelloides are included, and control and prevention actions and sanitary regulations for fishery products established in several countries around the world are discussed to promote the safety of foods of aquatic origin intended for human consumption and to protect public health.
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Hamom, Aishi, M. M. Mahbub Alam, Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal, Sarker Mohammed q. Ibrahim Khalil, Moslima Parven, Tofael Ahmed Sumon, and Md Abdullah Al Mamun. "Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Diseased Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with their Sensitivity to Antibiotics." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 1716–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.200.
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Febriyanti, Titin Liana, Suminto Suminto, and Sutrisno Anggoro. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BAKTERI PROBIOTIK DAN SUMBER CARBON DALAM SISTEM BIOFLOK TERHADAP FCR IKAN NILA LARASATI (OREOCHROMIS SP.)." Akademika : Jurnal Ilmiah Media Publikasi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/akademika.v7i1.99.
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The high demand for fish consumption, especially freshwater fish, make cultivator developing aquaculture especially intensive systems, but constrained by various problems. Such as environmental pollution and increased cases of diseases. Then the need for such a solution that is like biofloc cultivation system. The purpose of this research is to know the combination of optimal biofloc system treatment for Tilapia fish (Oreochromis sp.) FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio). The experimental design used in this study was factorial design, with three repetitions. Factor 1 (ratio C: N), which consists of 3 levels C: N: 12, 18, and 24; Factor 2 (concentration of probiotic bacteria), which consists of two levels of 106 and 108 CFU / ml. This study consisted of six treatments namely A1B1 (ratio C: N 12 + bacterium 106 cfu / ml); A1B2 (ratio C: N 12 + bacterium 108 cfu / ml); A2B1 (ratio C: N 18 + bacteria 106 cfu / ml); A2B2 (ratio C: N 18 + bacteria 108 cfu / ml); A3B1 (ratio C: N 24 + bacteria 106 cfu / ml); A3B2 (ratio C: N 24 + bacteria 108 cfu / ml). The parameter observed is the FCR. The results of this study is the highest FCR on the C / N treatment Ratio 24 and at the density of probiotic bacteria 108 CFU / ml that is equal to 1.69
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Hossain, Md Mer Mosharraf, Amimul Ehsan, Md Anisur Rahman, Monjurul Haq, and Md Bazlur Rashid Chowdhury. "Transmission and pathology of Streptococcus inane in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaculture of Bangladesh." Journal of Fisheries 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.28.
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Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen, recently emergent outbreaks were recorded in commercially cultured monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) result in significant losses termed “streptococcosis”-causes unusual appearances with multi-focal pin-point haemorrhages, abscesses, necrosis and ascites in skin, fin, muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, blood, interstitial fluid specially in central nervous system and brain. This disease was more prevalent (>26%) at summer when the water temperature was approximately >25oC, percentage of mortality was higher >41% during the overcrowding and improper water chemistry. Raised levels of glucose and ammonium in blood serum causes reduced number of free blood cells released into the haemolymph to stomach and gut, result in refrain from eating in diseased tilapia. Stocking density (200 fish/decimal; class IV) had significant effect (P<0.01) on the total production (5,000 to 5,500 kg/ha). S. iniae in the circulating blood cells, extra-tubular haemal spaces containing blood vessels, fixed phagocytes in the hepatopancreas (gastrointestinal tract), bacteria-like particles in the brain tissue, vacuum and necrosis in hepatocytes revealed with histopathology. In vitro study revealed that cohabitation of dead or infected fish with healthy fish resulted infection (horizontal transmission mechanism) to the healthy fish.
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Rahman, Md Shahinur, Subrata Mondal, and Amir Hossain. "Agrochemicals used in freshwater aquaculture in Jhenaidah district, Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v3i2.55931.
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The present experiment was conducted in order to investigate the use of agrochemicals in freshwater aquaculture with emphasis on fish health management. The selected area was Mahespur upazila under Jhenaidah district and the study duration was six months. The main group was fifty fish farmers and the data were collected through interview with fish farmers and key informants (chemical seller). Ten categories of chemicals were identified that are used by fish farmers for various purposes such as pond preparation, water quality management, controlling diseases, supplying oxygen, killing fish predators, Ten pharmaceutical companies were found to provide the agrochemicals to fulfill the farmers need. These companies are Novartis Anmal Health Ltd, Fishtech (BD) Ltd, SK+F BD Ltd, Renata Ltd, ACI Animal Health, Opsonin Pharma Ltd, Eon Animal Health Products Ltd, Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Sciencetech Agro Industries Ltd, Rals. In the study area some kinds of diseases were founded such as Epizotic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Black spot in Stinging cat fish, skin diseases, gill damage, tail and fin rot in Yellow tail catfish (Pangasius pangasius). For highest stocking density tilapia and pangus were mostly affected by diseases in winter. Farmers use various chemicals such as for water quality management agriculture lime, Geotox, JV Zeolite, Mega Zeo Bio, Aquakleen and Biomin, as antibiotic they use Novamix 101, Erocot, Captor, Oxysentin 20%, Renamycin, Aquamycin and Oxysentin 20% are antibiotics with different trade names were seen in the market as well as used by the fish farmers in the study area. The fish farmers use a wide variety of disinfectants in freshwater aquaculture. Timsen, Polgard plus, Formalin, Bleaching powder, EDTA are found available in all the shops of Mahespur. Formalin is used to control protozoan diseases. Virex is used to destroy virus and bacteria. Fish farmers use oxygen suppliers to increase the oxygen level in the water body. Oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide are major active ingredients of such chemical. The recovery of fish diseases was found 80-90% in the study area. During field observation many problems were identified in case of using agrochemicals which included lack of skill and knowledge of farmers about the application, withdrawal period of agrochemicals and drugs and some adverse effects on fish and human health.
Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(2), 63-76
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Chang, Chien-Yi, Chong-Lek Koh, Choon-Kook Sam, Xin-Yue Chan, Wai Fong Yin, and Kok Gan Chan. "Unusual Long-Chain N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone Production by and Presence of Quorum Quenching Activity in Bacterial Isolates from Diseased Tilapia Fish." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (August 29, 2012): e44034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044034.
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Zhang, Y. L., E. Arakawa, and K. Y. Leung. "Novel Aeromonas hydrophila PPD134/91 Genes Involved in O-Antigen and Capsule Biosynthesis." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 5 (May 2002): 2326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.5.2326-2335.2002.
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ABSTRACT The sequences of the O-antigen and capsule gene clusters of the virulent Aeromonas hydrophila strain PPD134/91 were determined. The O-antigen gene cluster is 17,296 bp long and comprises 17 genes. Seven pathway genes for the synthesis of rhamnose and mannose, six transferase genes, one O unit flippase gene, and one O-antigen chain length determinant gene were identified by amino acid sequence similarity. PCR and Southern blot analysis were performed to survey the distribution of these 17 genes among 11 A. hydrophila strains of different serotypes. A. hydrophila PPD134/91 might belong to serotype O:18, as represented by JCM3980; it contained all the same O-antigen genes as JCM3980 (97 to 100% similarity at the DNA and amino acid levels). The capsule gene cluster of A. hydrophila PPD134/91 is 17,562 bp long and includes 13 genes, which were assembled into three distinct regions similar to those of the group II capsule gene cluster of Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Regions I and III contained four and two capsule transport genes, respectively. Region II had five genes which were highly similar to capsule synthesis pathway genes found in other bacteria. Both the purified O-antigen and capsular polysaccharides increased the ability of the avirulent A. hydrophila strain PPD35/85 to survive in naïve tilapia serum. However, the purified surface polysaccharides had no inhibitory effect on the adhesion of A. hydrophila PPD134/91 to carp epithelial cells.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F., and R. J. ROBERTS. "Streptococcal infections of farmed fish." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15174.
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The genus Streptococcus is large and complex, accommodating a wide range of Gram positive bacteria. Only a few biotypes have been isolated from fish and the most pathogenic are those belonging to D serogroup, otherwise known as the Enterococci. Streptococcal septicaemia was first among cultured rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) in Japan in 1958. Since then, the disease has appeared sporadically or in epizootics among cultured or wild fish both in freshwater and marine environments all over the world. Among the freshwater species infected, rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are the most important species. Clinical signs vary among species of affected fish. The most common symptoms are loss of appetite, erratic swimming, darkening of body colour, eye lesions, external haemorrhagic lesions and ulcerations. The standard system for identification is based on the antigenicity of the carbohydrate moiety of the cell wall, according to a scheme devised by Lancefìeld in the 1930's. The American freshwater isolates obtained by Robinson & Meyer (1966), Plumb et al. (1974), Rasheed & Plumb (1984) were all typed Lancefield's group Β serotype in contrast to almost all of the much more frequent isolates from marine fish, which are usually untypable Enter ο co ecus-like strains. The Streptococcus strains isolated from yellowtail (Seriola sp), ayu (Plecoglosus altivelis) and flounder (Rhombosolea. sp) have similar biochemical reactions to Streptococcus iniae, a species isolated from dolphins by Pier & Madin (1976), which is defined in Bergey's Manual as a separate species. Kusuda et al.(1991) have analysed numerous strains from yellowtail infections in mariculture and in eels and have concluded, on the basis of DNA/DNA hybridization studies and biochemistry that a specific condition, caused by such streptococci, exists and that these bacteria were closest to Enterococci in characteristics and that infectious coccosis of marine fish, as seen in Japan, should be called "Enterococcal infection". Enterococci released from diseased fish seem to be the main source of infection. It has been shown that these bacteria remain in seawater and particularly in the mud around farms for a long time. Higher numbers of microorganisms exist in the seawater during summer months in contrast to the winter months when the bacterial load is higher in the mud (Kitao et al. 1979). Ghittino & Prearo (1992) have shown that in freshwater fish the outbreak of the disease was related to an organic pollution of the rivers supplying fish farms, associated with high water temperature (21-22°C). Wild fish can also be infected and spread the bacteria. It is generally believed that the infection is horizontal with infection occurring from direct contact with infected fish or contaminated fish food (Robinson & Meyer, 1996). The mechanisms of enterococcal infections pathogenicity are not yet fully understood.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F., and E. KARAGOUNI (ΚΑΡΑΓΚΟΥΝΗ Ε.). "Rickettsia-like organisms (R.L.O.) infections of fin-fish." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15188.
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Rickettsia-like organisms (R.L.O.) infections of finfish have been reported in several salmonid and non-salmonid species in both fresh and seawater since 1939. This organism was not considered of economical importance to the global fin-fish aquaculture industry until Piscirickettsia salmonis was confirmed as the etiology agent of mass mortalities in the Chile during the 1990's. All cultured salmonid species can be infected by this intracellular bacteria and in diseased fish it may provoke a systemic response affecting most internal organs, but preferentially targeting the liver.For other R.L.O's the pathology may vary depending on both the imunogenicity of the R.L.O. and the species offish affected; eg, R.L.O. infections of the Hawaiian tilapia result in a systemic granulomatous inflammatory response. Initial published reports on R.L.O's affecting cultured juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were described from sea-cages, at rearing temperatures ranging from 12-15°C, in the Mediterranean off the coast of France. In this outbreak the reported pathology was restricted to the mesencephalic regions of the brain. Subsequendy, the organism was identified from cultured sea bass of the coast of Greece, with moribund fish showing similar pathology; i.e brain, olfactory nerve and internal organs inflammation. These samples were preliminarily screened by immunohistochemistry and found to cross react with antisera to P. salmonis. This finding was also confirmed by demonstrating antigenic similarities between P. salmonis and European sea bass R.L.O. isolates from Greece. Recendy, a systemic type of the disease was demonstrated by histopathology in juvenile cultured juvenile sea bass. The meningitis, as well as other internal lesions affecting sea bass, is nearly identical to that seen in for R.L.O. infected Adantic salmon from British Columbia, Canada. Similar lesions have been noted for piscirickettsiosis in both Chilean and Eastern Canadian outbreaks: i.e liver, pancreas, retina, brain stem, meninges and the lamina propria of intestine.
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Jr, Arfiandi, and Reiny A. Tumbol. "Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri patogen pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang dibudidayakan di Kecamatan Dimembe Kabupaten Minahasa Utara Tahun 2019." e-Journal BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/bdp.8.1.2020.27229.
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This study aimed to identify the type of pathogenic bacteria that attack tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency in 2019. The benefit of this research were to obtain information about the types of bacteria in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), so prevention efforts can be made or treatment of the disease. Tilapia as a research sample obtained from existing cultivation sites in the District of North Minahasa Dimembe, North Sulawesi Province. From each location 5-10 individuals were taken with a size of 5-12 cm. The samples were then taken to the laboratory for bacterial isolation. The media for growing bacteria was TSA (Tryptic Soya Agar). The results obtained were adjusted to the Bacterial Fish Pathogens identification book. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively through the presentation of tables and figures. Research results found the bacteria that infected tilapia in North Minahasa Regency including Aeromonas sp, Plesiomonas sp, Flavobacterium sp and Enterobacter sp. Regular and continuous monitoring of fish diseases is needed to monitor the spread of fish diseases, especially quarantine fish diseases in North Minahasa Regency.
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Khalil, Sammar, Preeti Panda, Farideh Ghadamgahi, AnnaKarin Rosberg, and Ramesh R. Vetukuri. "Comparison of two commercial recirculated aquacultural systems and their microbial potential in plant disease suppression." BMC Microbiology 21, no. 1 (July 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02273-4.
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Abstract Background Aquaponics are food production systems advocated for food security and health. Their sustainability from a nutritional and plant health perspective is, however, a significant challenge. Recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) form a major part of aquaponic systems, but knowledge about their microbial potential to benefit plant growth and plant health is limited. The current study tested if the diversity and function of microbial communities in two commercial RAS were specific to the fish species used (Tilapia or Clarias) and sampling site (fish tanks and wastewaters), and whether they confer benefits to plants and have in vitro antagonistic potential towards plant pathogens. Results Microbial diversity and composition was found to be dependent on fish species and sample site. The Tilapia RAS hosted higher bacterial diversity than the Clarias RAS; but the later hosted higher fungal diversity. Both Tilapia and Clarias RAS hosted bacterial and fungal communities that promoted plant growth, inhibited plant pathogens and encouraged biodegradation. The production of extracellular enzymes, related to nutrient availability and pathogen control, by bacterial strains isolated from the Tilapia and Clarias systems, makes them a promising tool in aquaponics and in their system design. Conclusions This study explored the microbial diversity and potential of the commercial RAS with either Tilapia or Clarias as a tool to benefit the aquaponic system with respect to plant growth promotion and control of plant diseases.