Dissertations / Theses: 'Tilapia – Nutrition'

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Anderson, Joseph. "Digestible energy and carbohydrates in the nutrition of tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus Linn." Thesis, Aston University, 1985. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10545/.

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Thorpe, Peter Stuart. "An investigation into the dietary requirements of Oreochromis Mossambicus fry and the formulation and preparation of a dry food for use in aquaculture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001960.

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The need for developing a dry feed which satisfied the nutrient requirements of Oreochromis mossambicus fry was identified. The spawning and grading techniques which resulted in a higher fecundity and ensured uniformity within and between samples of fry are discussed. Preparation techniques were developed which met the physical requirements of fry feeds. An analysis of the flesh and yolk sac fry for amino acid composition was undertaken. The initial test diet was based on these results, as well as on the natural feeding ecology of the species. Feeding trials were undertaken and growth responses monitored to determine the optimum levels of the various dietary components. A feed was developed which gave superior growth to that obtained with natural food organisms. This feed consisted of Torula yeast (47%), Weider Super Protein (44.39%), Vitamin supplement (0.45% - multivitamin), additional vitamin C supplement (0.16%), Spirulina (5%), and methionine supplement (3%). An optimum particle size range for O. mossambicus fry (between 5 & 25mm) was established at 125-200um. The fry should be fed the following feed ratios depending on age: 30.4% body weight/day up to day 5, 30.6% body weight/day up to day 10 and 25.1% body weight/day up to day 15. An optimum feeding frequency of 8/10hr day was recommended. A feed conversion ratio of 1.24:1 and a protein efficiency ratio of 0.682:1 was obtained. Digestable energy of the feed was determined at 16.1 kj/g feed. The established dry feed is suitable for use in commercial hatcheries, and as a formulation for further research on the intensive rearing of O. mossambicus fry.

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Dickson, Malcolm. "The development of tilapia feeds based on locally available materials in Zambia." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3251.

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Nakambala Tilapia Farm commenced operations at the Nakambala Estate of the Zambia Sugar Company near Mazabuka, Zambia in early 1982. The farm used an intensive tank system designed to produce 50 tonnes of tilaplas per annum to provide fish for feeding the labour force on the sugar estate. The project had to manufacture fish feeds on site. A wide range of feed raw materials were used over the course of the project, with formulations designed to aim to supply the nutrient levels suggested by the University of St iIng, Institute of Aquaculture. The raw materials included microalgae from a pilot scale algae culture project funded by the Overseas Development Administration, dried fish, blood meal, carcase meal, soyabeans, cottonseed, hydrolysed feather meal, sunflower oilcake, lucerne, leucaena, yeast, wheatings and maize. Dis involved identification of raw material supplies, development of appropriate feed processing methods, formulation of feeds and manufacture of the feeds. Seventeen feed trials were carried out to evaluatet he use of different feed formulations. Many of these trials concentrated on the supply of vitamins in the feeds as the provision of a vitamin supplement was made impossible by restrictions on foreign exchange allocations. The main conclusions were 1. The poor financial performance of the farm in the initial years of operation was due to problems in project implementation, particularly the absence at the start of the project of a breeding population of tilaplas of a species with proven growth potential in an intensive system. 2. The feeds being produced by 1985 were adequate to sustain good growth in tilapias. Feed trials had shown that there was no need to use a vitamin supplement in the feeds despite advice to the contrary from other authorities. 3. The farming system utilised was appropriate to Zambian conditions, despite being extremely intensive.

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Jackson, Christopher John. "REEVALUATING ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID NUTRITION IN FLORIDA POMPANO, Trachinotus carolinus, AND NILE TILAPIA, Oreochromis niloticus." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2109.

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Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing sector of protein production, and is expected to overtake the harvest of wild fisheries. Limitations in nutrition, specifically fatty acid nutrition, are preventing even more dramatic growth of many species of commercial importance. Currently, much of the research involving fatty acids examines requirements as being correlated to thermal guilds (warm vs. cool water) or salinity tolerance (marine vs. freshwater). However, recent studies have revealed the potential for trophic level to be as much, if not more, influential in determining fatty acid requirements of a species. As such, two feeding trials were conducted to determine the requirements of two species of different trophic levels (Oreochromis niloticus and Trachinotus carolinus) based on C18 PUFA vs. LC-PUFA. Nile Tilapia, O. niloticus, exhibited similar growth regardless of the inclusion of C18 PUFA or LC-PUFA, however, tissue fatty acid profiles were influenced per the diet provided. As such, it was concluded that Nile Tilapia exhibit the capacity to effectively synthesize LC-PUFA from C18 PUFA as is seen in many species that occupy low trophic levels. Florida Pompano, T. carolinus, did not exhibit any significant differences in growth regardless of the diet provided, but numerical differences indicated benefits towards inclusion of dietary LC-PUFAs. Similar to O. niloticus, tissue fatty acid profiles were significantly affected by dietary treatment. Based on numerical differences in growth performance and significant differences in tissue fatty acids, it was concluded that Florida Pompano show a typical carnivorous requirement for LC-PUFA.

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Neves, Renato de Cássio Ferreira [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para estudos metaloproteômico do cobre em plasma, tecido muscular e hepático da Tilápia do Nilo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104084.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neves_rcf_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 810484 bytes, checksum: 4c35f4860011be79141d0a439a5abd04 (MD5)
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a concentração de cobre em amostras de filé da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) coletadas no comércio da cidade de Botucatu-SP-Brasil e amostras fornecidas pelo Laboratório de Nutrição Organismos Aquáticos/FMVZ-UNEST/Botucatu-SP/Brasil. Na etapa de preparação, as amostras de filé foram liofilizadas e moídas criogenicamente até obtenção de partículas menores que 60 mm e a extração do cobre foi feita por ultra-som utilizando-se HCl 0,10 mol L-1 como solução extratora. As determinações de cobre foram feitas por espectrometria de Absorção Atômica em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS) utilizando temperaturas de secagem de 100 oC - 250oC, temperatura de pirólise de 1400 oC, temperatura de atomização de 2400 oC e temperatura de limpeza de 2800 oC. Foi utilizado como modificador químico nitrato de paládio injetado junto com as amostras e tungstênio como modificador permanente. Entre as seis amostras de filé de tilápia coletadas foram encontradas concentrações de cobre da ordem de 0,70 a 1,60 mg kg-1, valores estes considerados de acordo com a legislação brasileira, ( concentrações de cobre em amostras de pescados de até 30,00 mg kg-1). A exatidão e precisão das concentrações de cobre determinadas neste estudo foram avaliadas utilizando-se padrão certificado Lake Michigan Fish Tissue – NIST SRM 1947
The aim of this work was to determine the copper concentrations in filet samples of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected in the Botucatu City - Brazil. In the samples preparation step, the samples were lyophilised and the steak was cryogenically to produce particles smaller than 60 mm and the copper extractant was carried out by ultrasound using HCl 0.10 mol L-1 as extracting solution. The copper determination were carried out by GFAAS, whit a drying temperature of 100oC - 250oC, pyrolysis temperature of 1400oC, atomization temperature of 2400oC, and cleaning temperature of 2800oC. Palladium nitrate was used as a chemical modifier coinjected with the samples, and tungsten was use permanent modifier. Among the six fillet samples of Nile tilapia collected were found copper concentrations of 0.70 to 1.60 mg kg-1, these values are in agreement with Brazilian law, (copper concentrations in fish samples up to 30.00 mg kg-1). The accuracy and precision of the copper concentrations determined in this study were evaluated using certified standard Lake Michigan Fish Tissue - NIST SRM 1947

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Aanyu, Margaret. "Effects of phytogenic compounds on growth and nutritional physiology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24824.

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With increasing world population, the demand for fish is growing thus there is a need to identify products with potential to increase the efficiency of fish production. Phytogenics are among the products being investigated as potential naturally derived growth promoters. The aim of this study was to identify phytogenic compounds and doses with growth-promoting effects in Nile tilapia and investigate relevant pathways underlying their growth promotion effects. The phytogenic compounds limonene, carvacrol and thymol, major constituents of essential oils from the plants citrus, oregano and thyme, respectively, were evaluated. Six Trials (Trials I, II, III, IV, V and VI) were carried out using diets supplemented with varying concentrations of the phytogenic compounds. In Trials I, II and III (Chapter 3), the effects of either limonene (Trial I), carvacrol (Trial II) or thymol (Trial III) on growth performance of Nile tilapia were investigated (objective 1) and performance parameters including final fish weight, daily growth coefficient, growth rate per metabolic body weight, percentage (%) weight gain, % survival, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were evaluated. Results from Trials I, II and III indicated that dietary supplementation of 400 and 500 ppm limonene and 750 ppm thymol had growth-promoting effects in Nile tilapia but the somatic growth was not associated with enhanced feed intake and feed utilisation efficiency. Trials IV and V (Chapter 4) investigated growth and nutritional physiology pathways in Nile tilapia regulated by individual phytogenic compounds (objective 2). This was accomplished by analysing the effects of limonene (Trial IV) and thymol (Trial V) supplemented diets on the expression of key genes participating in selected pathways of somatotropic axis-mediated growth, appetite regulation, nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme defence system. Limonene was supplemented in the diet at 0, 200, 400 and 600 ppm while thymol was supplemented at 0, 250 and 500 ppm. Trials IV and V found that growth-promoting effects of limonene (400 and 600 ppm) in Nile tilapia involved up-regulation of key genes within pathways including somatotropic axis-mediated growth, nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzyme defence system. Dietary thymol at 250 and 500 ppm did not significantly enhance growth of Nile tilapia nor regulate the nutritional physiology pathways listed above. In Trial VI (Chapter 5), the effects of combined phytogenic compounds (limonene and thymol) on growth and nutritional physiology of Nile tilapia was tested (objective 3) to establish if the compounds had synergistic or additive effects on the growth of the fish as well as complementary effects on the selected nutritional physiology pathways. A candidate gene approach was also used for the selected pathways. Results from Trial VI showed that a diet supplemented with a combination of limonene (400 ppm) and thymol (500 ppm) has neither synergistic nor additive effects on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, with limonene mainly influencing the attained somatic growth. The analysed candidate genes involved in the pathways of nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism, antioxidant enzymes and somatotropic axis growth also showed no synergistic or additive effects of a dietary combination of limonene and thymol in Nile tilapia. Overall, results from the study suggest approaches for developing functional diets for Nile tilapia using limonene and thymol growth promoters.

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Soliman, Adel Khamis. "Aspects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) nutrition in Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21525.

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Various aspects of the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) nutrition of Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus are considered in this treatise. The activity of L-gulono-Y-lactone oxidase was assessed in liver and kidney of 14 teleosts of 3 genera, histochemically (qualitatively) and biochemically (quantitatively). Activity of this enzyme was only detected in liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and kidney of O. spilurus and O. aureus. No activity was detected in the species considered herein. The quantitative dietary ascorbic acid requirements of juvenile O. niloticus and O. mossambicus were determined by feeding diets containing graded levels of the vitamin (O~400mg/lOOg) and were based on growth response, food utilization, gross body composition data, tissue and biochemical changes and ability to prevent signs of ascorbic acid deficiency. The recommended level of supplementation of dietary ascorbic acid is l2Smg/lOOg and the net requirement 42mg/lOOg diet. Long-term ascorbic acid deprivation in £. niloticus and O. mossambicus resulted in poor performance in terms of growth, food utilization and survival. Other parameters evaluated included hepatosomatic index, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood parameters, tissue ascorbate concentrations, collagen contents, hydroxyproline and proline contents, and serum transaminase and cholesterol levels. Signs of ascorbic acid deficiency were severe and included haemorrhage~ opercular deformity, tail erosion, exophthalmia, cataract and spinal deformity (lordosis and scoliosis). Histologically scorbutic fish showed evidence of generalized bone changes associated with excessive production of chondrocytes and failur~ of ossification of growing bone areas. Eye lesions were associated with scleral collapse and also observed was hyperplasia of gill secondary lamellae epithelial cells and pronounced steatitis. Tissue ascorbate concentrations were correlated with dietary ascorbic acid levels and both species exhibited highest concentrations in the ovary, brain and testis, followed by heart, liver, gut, gills, eyes and the lowest levels in muscle and gall-bladder. The physiological role for ascorbic acid in each tissue is discussed. Eight week growth studies were conducted to evaluate the utilization of L-ascorbic acid (AA), the sodium salt of L-ascorbic acid (NaAA), glyceride coated L-ascorbic acid (GCAA), the barium salt of L-ascorbic acid 2-sulphate (AA2S) and ascorbyl palmitate CAP) in diets for O. niloticus and O. mossambicus, All five forms were added to the basal diet, containing no ascorbic acid CAAF), on an equimolar basis to supply 12Smg ascorbic acid/IOOg diet. All forms performed well in terms of growth, food utilization, and prevented signs of deficiency, Retention of ascorbic acid in diets after processing was increased by increasing dietary ascorbic acid level. AA2S and GCAA were more stable than AA and NaAA during processing and storage. The stability of AA, NaAA, GCAA and AA2S under different storage conditions was in descending order as follows: Freezer (_20°C), Fridge (S-BoC), room temperature in black bags (22-24°C) and room temperature in clear bags (22-24°C). Leaching of dietary ascorbic acid increased with increasing immersion time and water temperature. Stability and price of each form evaluated suggested that GCAA is to be preferred for use in fish feeds. The antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid were investigated. The results showed that ascorbic acid was not as effective as butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) in preventing in vitro oxidation. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance of a commercial trout diet with the same diet supplemented to a level of l2Smg ascorbic acid/lOOg diet (Diet 2) when fed to O. niloticus. Fish fed the supplemented diet performed significantly better in terms of growth and food utilization concomittant with significantly increased tissue ascorbate concentrations. Sex differences in relation to dietary ascorbic acid nutrition were investigated. Females of both species exhibited significantly higher gonado~ and hepatosomatic indices than males. Females in both species eXhibited higher total ascorbate concentrations in gonad, gills, spleen, brain and blood than males whereas the reverse was true for the eyes. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) levels were very low in tissues of both species. Ascorbic acid depleted O. niloticus fingerlings were fed on each of three diets providing nil, adequate Cl2Smg ascorbic acid/lOOg diet), and luxus (400mg/lOOg diet) of the vitamin after small surgical incisions had been made in dorsolateral musclature. Fish from each group were sampled regularly over 16 days and histological evaluation of the lesion area carried out as well as measurement of the tissue ascorbate levels. Epithelial elements of the healing process developed irrespective of the vitamin level but although fibroblast activity was marked in all three groups, collagenisation was very much slower in the deficient group, and in these the lesion was not mature, even at the termination of the experiment. The role of ascorbic acid in reproduction of tilapias was investigated in three experiments. The first showed that ascorbic acid supplementation of broodstock feed improved both hatchability and fry condition. In the second experiment fry produced from fish fed an unsupplemented diet and subsequently fed the same diet performed poorly in respect of growth and food utilization. Fry produced from broodstock fed the supplemented diet and subsequently fed the unsupplemented diet performed better than the previous group. This indicates transfer of ascorbic acid from the ovary to the eggs thence to the fry providing some protection against ascorbic acid deficiency during the early stages of life.

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Adeoye, Ayodeji. "The effects of selected bio-active feed additives on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production and health." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6561.

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Three investigations were conducted to assess the effects of selected bio-active feed additives on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, feed utilisation, haemato-immunological status, intestinal morphology and microbiology. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding tilapia semi-practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or carbohydrase). After six weeks of the dietary supplementation, tilapia fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase and carbohydrase) showed enhanced growth performance and higher microvilli density when compared to the control group. Additionally, the intestinal bacterial community profile of tilapia fed the carbohydrase supplemented diet was significantly altered in contrast to those fed the control diet. In the second experiment, tilapia were fed with practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or xylanase) for eight weeks. Tilapia fed the xylanase supplemented diet demonstrated significantly higher final body weight (FBW), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and better protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control group. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, ash, energy, phosphorus, calcium and sodium were highest in tilapia fed a diet supplemented with phytase. The third experiment was carried out to assess the combined effects of dietary exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease and xylanase) and probiotics (Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus) on tilapia growth performance and health. After seven weeks of feeding, tilapia fed the diet supplemented with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics showed significantly higher FBW, specific growth rate, improved FCR and better PER. The serum lysozyme activity was observed to be significantly higher in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet when compared to the control group. The dietary supplementation with combined exogenous enzymes and probiotics increased intestinal perimeter ratio, microvilli count (density), diameter and subsequently resulted in higher enterocyte absorptive area in tilapia. This study demonstrates that feeding tilapia with dietary exogenous enzymes can enhance growth performance and modulate microbial community profile. In addition, supplementation with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics is capable of improving tilapia growth performance, immune parameters and intestinal morphology.

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Tekle, Esayas Welday. "The effect of dietary L-carntine [i.e. carnitine] supplementation on production performance parameters of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, at sub-optimal water temperature." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50142.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 60-day growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Lcarnitine supplementation on the production performance parameters of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mosambicus. A number of approximately 140 tilapia fry with average weight of l.4g ± 0.71g were stocked in each of 40 fine-meshed hapas (I mx 1mx 1.5m) submerged within a complete recirculation pond system. During the first 30 days of the experiment water temperatures ranged from 19 to 23°C where after it decreased to 16-20°C for the consecutive 30-day period. Dietary treatments consisted of 8 replicates of 5 levels of L-carnitine supplementation labelled as Co, C250,C500, C750 and C 1000represented Omg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg and 1000mg L-carnitine supplementation per kg feed respectively. Results were analyzed for significant differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise comparison test for growth rate, feed intake (FI) and feed conversion efficiency. After completion of the trial 8 fish from each hapa were sacrificed and analyzed for cephalosomatic index (CSI), dress out percentage (viscera, gills and head excluded), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSl). Poor production performance results were generally observed as water temperatures were sub-optimal, especially during the second 30-days period. Results from the trial indicate no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for weight gain, FCR, FI and VS!. A negative trend was observed for FCR with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation for both the first 30-day period (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08, 1.58±0.09 and 1.61±0.17 for C250,C50Q,C750and C 1000)as well as for the consecutive lower temperature 30-day period (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.ll, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.2l for C250, C500, C750 and C 10(0)'Although statistically not significant, fish fed the C250showed better performance in dress out percentage weight either than the control or the higher levels. The increasing trend for head weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation were significant (P<0.05) from Co and C250with and above C500.The decreasing trend for liver weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation became significant (P<0.05) with and above C750.The results of the current study showed a trend in the improvement of L-carnitine on the production performance parameters. However, the natural content of L-carnitine in the basal diet impaired with the inclusion levels, thus further research at lower inclusion levels is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Proef oor 'n tydperk van 60-dae is onderneem om die effek van L-karniten aanvulling op produksie prestasie parameters van Mosambiek tilapia (0. mosambicusi te ondersoek. 140 tilapia vingerlinge met 'n gemiddelde massa van lAg ± 0.7lg is ewekansig uitgeplaas in 40 eksperimentele hapa-hokkies (lmxlmx1.5m) in "n hersirkulasie sementdam-stelsel. Gedurende die eerste 30 dae van die proef het water temperatuur gewissel tussen 19 to 23°C waarna dit gedaal het na tussen l6-20°C vir die opeenvolgende 30-dag periode. Proef-rantsoen behandelings het bestaan uit 8 herhalings van 5 vlakke van L-karnitien aanvulling, naamlik Co,C250, C500, C750 en CIOOOvir Omg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg en 1000mg L-karnitien aanvulling per kg voer afsonderlik. Resultate was ontleed vir betekenisvolle verskille deur gebruik te maak van analise van variansie (ANOVA) ontleding en die Tukey se vergelykende toets vir groeitempo, voerinname en voeromsettingsverhouding. Aan die einde van die proefperiode is 8 visse van elke hapa ontleed vir liggaamskomponent-samestelling (kop-, ingewande- en hepatosomatiese indekse. Ondergemiddelde produksie resultate is waargeneem wat toegeskryf kan word aan onder-optimale water temperature, veral gedurende die tweede 30-dag periode van die proef. Proef resultate het geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) in massatoename, voeromsettingsverhouding (VOV) of visserosomatiese indeks tussen behandelings getoon nie. 'n Negatiewe neiging is waargeneem vir VOV met toenemende vlakke van L-kamitien insluiting vir beide die eerste 30 dag periode (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08, 1.58±0.09 and 1.61±0.17 for C250, C500, C750 and CIOOO) sowel as vir die opvolgende 30-day periode nie (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.11, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.21 for C250, C50o, C750 and CIOOO). 'n Toenemende neiging vir kop-massa met toenemende L-kamitien insluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) vanaf Co en C250 met en hoër as C500. 'n Dalende neiging vir lewermassa met toenemde L-kinsluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) met en hoër as C750. Resultate van die proef dui oor die algemeen op 'n neiging tot verbeterde produksie prestasie parameters van tilapia vingerlinge met toenemde insluiting van Lkamitien. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel om die invloed van natuurlike Lkamitien in die proteïen-bronne van die basaalrantsoen te op die gebrek aan betekenisvolheid van hierdie neiging te verklaar.

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Ramotar-John, Badule Pamila. "Supplementing soybean meal with Camelina (Camelina sativa) in tilapia diets and optimizing commercial tilapia diets for use in intensive systems in the Western region of the United States." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3634261.

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The feed production cost in tilapia diets is driven by the prices of its ingredients such as fishmeal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM). Fishmeal and soymeal combined with other ingredients provides fish with the nutrients required for growth and sustaining life. Soybean meal is used as an alternative to fishmeal, but prices for this traditional ingredient have increased significantly in recent years as a result of high market demand from other industries. Consequently, there has been an increase interest by tilapia nutritionists and feed manufacturers to find less expensive, alternative feedstuffs for use in tilapia diets.

Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil seed crop grown in higher latitudes especially along the US - Canada border, northern China and northern Europe. Camelina after removal of most of the edible oil has been proposed as a fish feed ingredient.

A sixty-day feeding trial was conducted and diets were formulated to contain various levels of camelina inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) for the “camelina meal” while the “camelina oil” was formulated to contain one level (4.7%) of oil and was divided as “raw” and 4.7 “wash”. The results indicated that that fishes fed diets containing camelina ingredients had growth performance and feed utilization results that were similar to fish fed the commercial diet (P>0.05). There were significant differences (P<0.05) for body organ indices and body composition. The 15% camelina meal diet was the lowest cost experimental diet per kilogram gain and therefore, this alternative ingredient might be a potential replacement for soymeal in a more cost effective feed formulation.

The fatty acid composition of tilapia fillets was also analyzed at the end of the feeding trial. The inclusion of camelina meal and oil in tilapia diets resulted in significant increases in the Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio in fillets when compared to the control. The 15% camelina meal provided the best results of the experimental diets yielding significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and lower saturated fatty aid (SFA) than the control diet.

On a commercial scale, tilapia commercial feeds differ in both formulated nutrient levels and ingredient composition. In intensive system culture, natural food is limited making it important that all nutrients are supplied through a complete pelleted diet. An advantage to feeding a pelleted diet is that the pellet-type feed enables the farmers, feed formulators and manufactures to design a diet that provides an optimal nutritional mix for tilapia.

Precise levels in the protein and lipid percentages of tilapia diets can reduce feed costs and also reduce the amount of underutilized protein and lipids stored as fat in tilapia. Feed comprises of over 60% of the variable cost in the intensive aquaculture operation; if feed prices were to increase, it would be a substantial amount for tilapia producers to absorb. Therefore an improved diet formulation designed for tilapia can increase profitability.

Results indicated that the experimental diets (28% Crude Protein (CP)-Amino Acid (AA), 28% CP and 40% CP) performed similar to the control diet (32% CP) as it relates to fish growth. The experiment conducted on a commercial scale at an operating farm found that feeding tilapia the lowest protein level diets (28% CP) resulted in higher biomass gain per raceway, biomass gain per fish and significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control diet (32% CP). The 28% CP diet also had the second best FCR value and most importantly higher returns based on its FCR when compared to the control diet (32% CP).

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Neves, Renato de Cássio Ferreira. "Desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para estudos metaloproteômico do cobre em plasma, tecido muscular e hepático da Tilápia do Nilo /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104084.

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Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Padilha
Banca: José Pedro de Serra Valente
Banca: Luciana Francisco Fleuri
Banca: Lincoln Carlos Silva de Oliveira
Banca: Gustavo Rocha de Castro
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a concentração de cobre em amostras de filé da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) coletadas no comércio da cidade de Botucatu-SP-Brasil e amostras fornecidas pelo Laboratório de Nutrição Organismos Aquáticos/FMVZ-UNEST/Botucatu-SP/Brasil. Na etapa de preparação, as amostras de filé foram liofilizadas e moídas criogenicamente até obtenção de partículas menores que 60 mm e a extração do cobre foi feita por ultra-som utilizando-se HCl 0,10 mol L-1 como solução extratora. As determinações de cobre foram feitas por espectrometria de Absorção Atômica em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS) utilizando temperaturas de secagem de 100 oC - 250oC, temperatura de pirólise de 1400 oC, temperatura de atomização de 2400 oC e temperatura de limpeza de 2800 oC. Foi utilizado como modificador químico nitrato de paládio injetado junto com as amostras e tungstênio como modificador permanente. Entre as seis amostras de filé de tilápia coletadas foram encontradas concentrações de cobre da ordem de 0,70 a 1,60 mg kg-1, valores estes considerados de acordo com a legislação brasileira, ( concentrações de cobre em amostras de pescados de até 30,00 mg kg-1). A exatidão e precisão das concentrações de cobre determinadas neste estudo foram avaliadas utilizando-se padrão certificado Lake Michigan Fish Tissue - NIST SRM 1947
Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine the copper concentrations in filet samples of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected in the Botucatu City - Brazil. In the samples preparation step, the samples were lyophilised and the steak was cryogenically to produce particles smaller than 60 mm and the copper extractant was carried out by ultrasound using HCl 0.10 mol L-1 as extracting solution. The copper determination were carried out by GFAAS, whit a drying temperature of 100oC - 250oC, pyrolysis temperature of 1400oC, atomization temperature of 2400oC, and cleaning temperature of 2800oC. Palladium nitrate was used as a chemical modifier coinjected with the samples, and tungsten was use permanent modifier. Among the six fillet samples of Nile tilapia collected were found copper concentrations of 0.70 to 1.60 mg kg-1, these values are in agreement with Brazilian law, (copper concentrations in fish samples up to 30.00 mg kg-1). The accuracy and precision of the copper concentrations determined in this study were evaluated using certified standard Lake Michigan Fish Tissue - NIST SRM 1947
Doutor

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Gonçalves, Giovani Sampaio [UNESP]. "Digestibilidade e exigência de lisina, proteína e energia em dietas para a tilápia do nilo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100228.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a digestibilidade de ingredientes utilizados em formulações de rações para a aqüicultura, a melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível, e por meio do conceito de proteína ideal a exigência em proteína e energia digestível para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Os resultados estão apresentados em capítulos, redigidos na forma artigos científicos para publicação em periódicos especializados. Foi possível observar diferenças em relação aos valores digestíveis dos nutrientes e aminoácidos, e verificar que os valores de coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína não refletem o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos aminoácidos para alguns alimentos. Com relação à determinação da exigência em proteína e lisina em rações para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (11,0 a 98,0g), o nível de 26% PD não diferiu do nível de 32,0% PD em relação a ganho em peso, sendo estes superiores ao tratamento com 22,0% PD. As diferentes relações proteína digestível (PD) / lisina digestível demonstram que o aminoácido lisina, ainda que, em níveis elevados de inclusão não foi suficiente para a melhora do desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo, quando utilizado em dietas com baixo valor protéico. Entretanto, a suplementação de 7,5% de lisina em relação à proteína digestível (PD) em rações com níveis acima de 26% PD promoveu melhores respostas de desempenho produtivo para a espécie. A determinação da melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível possibilitou a determinação posterior da melhor relação proteína digestível / energia digestível em rações formuladas com base no conceito de proteína ideal. Os resultados demonstram que a energia digestível das rações não influencia o desempenho dos peixes, uma vez que, as rações foram formuladas com base em energia...
The utilization of energetic and protein feeds, highly digestible as well, becomes more and more necessary due to the quality of formulated rations, zootecnic response and relationship with the environment. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids of corn starch, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, and cottonseed meal, corn gluten and fish meal were determined for Nile tilapia. ADC was determined using a reference ration based on albumin, gelatin and corn starch, indicator with the inert chromium III oxide (Cr2O3). Each test ration was made up of 70% of reference ration and 30% of the diet being evaluated. Feces were collected in groups of 5 replicates for each treatment. ADC values for protein and average ADC of amino acids were as follows: corn 89.76 and 96.43%, rice meal 95.88 and 92.26%, wheat meal 93.54 and 84.41%, fish meal 82.59 and 86.36%, corn gluten 89.82 and 87.98%, soybean meal 94.13 and 91.93%, cotton meal 87.10 and 77.47%, respectively. The results reported in this study suggest that ADC of protein might not be a very reliable indicator of ADC values of amino acids, even more so for wheat meal, corn, and cotton meal. Among protein feeds, soybean meal was found to have the highest ADC for protein and amino acids, while corn was the energetic feed with the highest ADC (86.15%) for energy.

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Signor, Altevir [UNESP]. "Levedura íntegra e leverura autolisada como pronutriente em dieta para reprodutores de Tílápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104127.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A composição nutricional da levedura a destaca como alimento funcional. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação da levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nas respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia do Nilo. No Estudo-I 105 fêmeas da linhagem GIFT foram distribuídas em 15 aquários de 500L (três tratamentos e cinco repetições com sete peixes/aquário). No Estudo-II foram utilizados 63 fêmeas e 21 machos da linhagem GIFT distribuídos em três aquários com capacidade de 7000L de água/cada (21 fêmeas e sete machos/aquário). Em ambos os Estudos, os reprodutores foram alimentados ad libitum com dietas isoprotéica e isoenergética contendo 2,0% de levedura íntegra, 2,0% de levedura autolisada ou ausente de inclusão. O Estudo-I foi realizado na UNESP – AquaNutri, Campus de Botucatu e o Estudo-II foi conduzido no Caunesp - Tilapilcultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Avaliou-se nas fêmeas o desempenho produtivo, status nutricional e composição química das gônadas e, o desempenho reprodutivo e o desenvolvimento inicial das larvas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo aplicou-se o teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. A suplementação de levedura íntegra ou autolisada na dieta das reprodutoras, não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das fêmeas. Entretanto, melhorou o desenvolvimento larval 72h após eclosão, com melhor desenvolvimento nas larvas dos reprodutores alimentados com a dieta suplementada com 2,0% de levedura íntegra.
The nutritional composition yeast detach how functional food. The research present objective evaluates the action yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the response reproductive of females of Nile tilapia. In Study-I 105 females of GIFT lineage was randomized in 15 500L-aquarius (three treatments and five repetition with seven fish/aquarium). In Study-II was utilized 63 females and 21 males of GIFT lineage was randomized in three 7000L-aquarium (21 female and seven male for aquarium). The spawning was feed ad libitum with diet isoproteic and isoenergetic with 2,0% whole yeast and autolised yeast or supplementation absent. In Study-I were realize in UNESP – AquaNutri Campus de Botucatu and Study-II in Caunesp – Tilapicultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Was evaluation in female productive performance, nutritional status and chemistry composition of gonad (Study-I) and reproductive performance of spawning and development larvae (Study-II). The data was submitted variance analyses and multiple comparison test of mean. The supplemented whole yeast or autolised yeast in diet of spawning didn’t improvement productive performance and didn’t influence reproductive performance of female. Therefore improved of development larvae at 72h after eclosion with improved development in larvae of spawning feed with diet 2,0% whole yeast.

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Souza, Joana Maria Leite de. "AvaliaÃÃo nutricional da silagem biolÃgica de resÃduos de pescado na alimentaÃÃo de alevinos de tilÃpia." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 1998. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2265.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A hidrÃlise enzimÃtica que teve como produto final a silagem biolÃgica foi produzida atravÃs da mistura de resÃduos de peixes triturados, com um fermento biolÃgico a base de vegetais regionais. Na silagem obtida foram realizadas as determinaÃÃes de acidez, pH, composiÃÃo quÃmica, energia bruta e caracterÃsticas organolÃpticas. Os nÃveis de adiÃÃo de silagem biolÃgica de pescado adotados foram: 0, 10, 20 e 30%, incorporado a uma raÃÃo como base protÃica (Tratamentos, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente) e avaliada biologicamente atravÃs do desempenho de alevinos de tilÃpia (Oreochromis niloticus), e comparado a uma raÃÃo controle cuja base protÃica era constituÃda de farinha de carne e osso e farinha de peixe (Tratamento T1). Estas dietas foram balanceadas de tal modo que fossem isoprotÃicas e isocalÃricas. Para cada tratamento foram feitas 2 repetiÃÃes, em tanques retangulares (3 x 1 x 1 m ) de alvenaria contendo 6 peixes por tanque (mÃdia de peso 15,32Â1,5g e 9,58Â0,22cm de comprimento mÃdio). A duraÃÃo do experimento foi de 97 dias, sendo todos os peixes amostrados a cada 15 dias e alimentados uma vez ao dia a base de 3% da biomassa total de cada tanque. Realizamos as seguintes determinaÃÃes: a) composiÃÃo quÃmica proximal, a qual demonstrou ter 14,34% de umidade, 38,94% de proteÃna, 4,77% de gordura, 31,98% de cinzas, 9,97% de carboidratos; b) pH da silagem, que estabilizou-se em 4,0; c) dos minerais Ca (1,6%) e P (1,7%); d) da AmÃnia; e) do O2; f) do pH da Ãgua dos viveiros, cujos valores permaneceram dentro das faixas de aceitabilidade para cada um. As anÃlises estatÃsticas demonstraram que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa para ganho de comprimento e consumo de raÃÃo, mas houve diferenÃa significativa para ganho de peso, conversÃo alimentar e ganho de biomassa. Nestes parÃmetros destacaram-se T4, T3 e T2, sugerindo a boa qualidade nutritiva da silagem biolÃgica e que esta pode ser incluÃda nas dietas para alevinos de tilÃpia.
Fish silage was obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis of ground fish promoted by a vegetable based biological ferment. Acidity, pH, chemical composition, gross energy and organoleptic characteristics of the were determined. The following silage levels were adopted: 0, 10, 20 and 30 5 was incorporated into the diet of Tilapia alevins (Oreochromis niloticus)as the main protein source in the experimental treatmemt (T2, T3 and T4, respectvely), and its effect on growth was compar with a control treatment (T1). The control included a combination of bovine (meat and bone) meal and fish as the experimental and treatment were isoproteic and isocaloric balanced. Both treatment consisted of twelve round concret tanks holding na average of 8 fish each (mean fish weight were 3,0 + 0,4g and 4.1 + 0,2 g respectively). The alevins were welghed and mesured every 15 days and twice per day (ca. 7% the fish biomass of each tank) over the 97 day experient.

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Sussel, Fábio Rosa 1975. "Farelo de algodão na nutrição de tilápias do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques-rede /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95334.

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Orientador: Cláudio Angelo Agostinho
Banca: Margarida Maria de Barros
Banca: Leonardo Tachibana
Resumo: As constantes oscilações nos preços da soja tornam necessárias as pesquisas com ingredientes alternativos para serem utilizados na alimentação de animais aquáticos. Sendo o farelo de algodão (FA) um ingrediente promissor, o mesmo foi objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa. Foram formuladas quatro rações isoprotéicas (32% PB) e isoenergéticas (2800 kcal/kg de ED). A ração controle continha 30% de farelo de soja (FS) e 0% de FA. As demais dietas apresentavam 20% de FS e 10% de FA, 10% de FS e 20% de FA e 0% de FS e 30% de FA. As deficiências de lisina e metionina, considerados aminoácidos limitantes para a espécie, foram supridas com a adição de aminoácidos sintéticos (L-Lisina e DL-Metionina). Foram processadas quatro toneladas de cada ração em extrusora industrial. Utilizouse dezesseis unidades experimentais (TR), onde cada unidade (6 m3) foi povoada com 820 peixes pesando em média 0,468 ± 0,050 kg. O experimento teve duração de 64 dias e foi realizado em condições práticas de cultivo no reservatório da hidrelétrica de Chavantes, rio Paranapanema - Estado de São Paulo. O arraçoamento se deu às 08:00; 11:00; 14:00 e 18:00h. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, constituído de quatro níveis de inclusão de FA (0, 10, 20 e 30%) com quatro repetições. Dentre as variáveis observadas, o ganho de peso dos peixes foi significativo entre os tratamentos, sendo que a inclusão de 20% de FA (0,366 kg) foi superior ao tratamento que só continha FS (0,307 kg). Conclui-se que para a tilápia do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques -rede, a inclusão de 20% de FA na dieta, com a devida suplementação de lisina e metionina, melhora a produtividade.
Abstract: Constant oscillations on soybean prices make necessary the need of new researches with substitutes ingredients to be utilized on feed nutrition of aquatic animals. Once cottonseed meal (CSM) is a promising ingredient, it was the object of this research.To accomplish this research four isoproteic (32% CP) and isoenergetic (2800 kcal ED) diets were formulated. Control diet (T1) contained 30% of SBM and 0% of CSM. The other three diets contained: 20% of SBM and 10% of CSM (T2), 10% of SBM and 20% of CSM (T3) and 0% of SBM and 30% of CSM (T4). Lysine and methionine deficiency was supplied through addition of synthetic amino acid (L-lysine and DL- methionine). Four metric tons of diets were processed in a industrial extruder. Sixteen net cages of 6 m3 (experimental units) were stocked with 820 fish (average weight of 0.468 ± 0.050 g). Experiment lasted 64 days and was carried out under on-farm condition at Chavantes Hidroeletric Reservoir, Paranapanema River, São Paulo State. Food was offered at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hs. Experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and four replicates. Weight gain was significantly affected by treatments, being T3 (0.366 kg) higher than T1 (0.307 kg) and T4 (0.299 kg). It was concluded that, for cage raised Nile tilapia on finishing phase, inclusion levels of CSM on diets up to 20%, with the necessary lysine and methionine supplementation, improves productivity.
Mestre

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Souza, Joana Maria Leite de. "Avaliação nutricional da silagem biológica de resíduos de pescado na alimentação de alevinos de tilápia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 1998. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17604.

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SOUZA, Joana Maria Leite de. Avaliação nutricional da silagem biológica de resíduos de pescado na alimentação de alevinos de tilápia. 1998. 73 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 1998
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Fish silage was obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis of ground fish promoted by a vegetable based biological ferment. Acidity, pH, chemical composition, gross energy and organoleptic characteristics of the were determined. The following silage levels were adopted: 0, 10, 20 and 30 5 was incorporated into the diet of Tilapia alevins (Oreochromis niloticus)as the main protein source in the experimental treatmemt (T2, T3 and T4, respectvely), and its effect on growth was compar with a control treatment (T1). The control included a combination of bovine (meat and bone) meal and fish as the experimental and treatment were isoproteic and isocaloric balanced. Both treatment consisted of twelve round concret tanks holding na average of 8 fish each (mean fish weight were 3,0 + 0,4g and 4.1 + 0,2 g respectively). The alevins were welghed and mesured every 15 days and twice per day (ca. 7% the fish biomass of each tank) over the 97 day experient.
A hidrólise enzimática que teve como produto final a silagem biológica foi produzida através da mistura de resíduos de peixes triturados, com um fermento biológico a base de vegetais regionais. Na silagem obtida foram realizadas as determinações de acidez, pH, composição química, energia bruta e características organolépticas. Os níveis de adição de silagem biológica de pescado adotados foram: 0, 10, 20 e 30%, incorporado a uma ração como base protéica (Tratamentos, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente) e avaliada biologicamente através do desempenho de alevinos de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), e comparado a uma ração controle cuja base protéica era constituída de farinha de carne e osso e farinha de peixe (Tratamento T1). Estas dietas foram balanceadas de tal modo que fossem isoprotéicas e isocalóricas. Para cada tratamento foram feitas 2 repetições, em tanques retangulares (3 x 1 x 1 m ) de alvenaria contendo 6 peixes por tanque (média de peso 15,32±1,5g e 9,58±0,22cm de comprimento médio). A duração do experimento foi de 97 dias, sendo todos os peixes amostrados a cada 15 dias e alimentados uma vez ao dia a base de 3% da biomassa total de cada tanque. Realizamos as seguintes determinações: a) composição química proximal, a qual demonstrou ter 14,34% de umidade, 38,94% de proteína, 4,77% de gordura, 31,98% de cinzas, 9,97% de carboidratos; b) pH da silagem, que estabilizou-se em 4,0; c) dos minerais Ca (1,6%) e P (1,7%); d) da Amônia; e) do O2; f) do pH da água dos viveiros, cujos valores permaneceram dentro das faixas de aceitabilidade para cada um. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que não houve diferença significativa para ganho de comprimento e consumo de ração, mas houve diferença significativa para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e ganho de biomassa. Nestes parâmetros destacaram-se T4, T3 e T2, sugerindo a boa qualidade nutritiva da silagem biológica e que esta pode ser incluída nas dietas para alevinos de tilápia.

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Hajizadeh, Kapateh Ali. "Effect of dietary lipid sources on the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2023.

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Traditionally, fish oil (FO) has been used extensively in aquafeeds. The stagnation in global fish oil production coupled with an increased demand for its use in aquaculture feeds, especially salmonid feeds, has greatly inflated fish oil prices. Therefore, in order to sustain the rapid growth of the tilapia industry, the dependence on these commodities in feeds should be reduced through use of cheaper and more sustainable sources of dietary lipids, such as palm oil. This study therefore investigated several, previously poorly understood, effects of palm oil on reproductive performance of the commercial tilapia species, Oreochromis niloticus; which currently ranks as second most popular species in world aquaculture. In the present study broodstock were fed on experimental diets at full and half ration regimes throughout their entire life cycle from exogenous feeding. Studies were conducted in standardised and controlled hatchery conditions, thereby reducing the potential influence of environmental variations. First feeding O. niloticus fry were fed on four diets, cod liver oil (D 1), palm oil (D 2), mixed palm and cod liver oil (D 3) (9:1 ration) and a commercial trout diet as control (D 4) (Skretting, U.K.) on a reducing ration based on fish size. The present study investigated the effect of dietary lipid sources on (1) growth performance, (2) biochemical composition of eggs (total lipid and fatty acid composition), (3) morphological parameters of eggs (total and relative fecundity, egg size, egg weight and EW:BW), (4) larval quality (larval length and weight) and (5) oocyte recruitment and its associated sex steroid hormones. Experimental diets and feeding ration significantly influenced (p<0.05) the growth performance over a period of 120 days. Total lipid and fatty acid composition of eggs originating from broodstock fed on palm oil, mixed palm and cod liver oil (9:1) or a control diet were not significantly different (P>0.05) when fed at either full (3% BWday-1) or half ration (1.5% BWday-1). The present study, however, confirmed that fatty acid composition of fish eggs reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet, although specific fatty acids were selectively utilized or retained in the eggs. The mean inter-spawning interval (ISI) increased with increasing fish size and averaged 14, 19 and 24 days for fish fed on palm oil, mixed palm and cod liver oil or control diets, respectively. The shortest ISI observed was 7 days for fish fed a palm oil diet. Total fecundity ranged from 660 - 820 eggs/clutch. Mean total fecundity was 750, 820 and 660 eggs/clutch for fish fed a palm, mixed palm and cod liver oil or a control diet, respectively, but these differences were not significant (P>0.05). However, relative fecundity and egg weight to body weight rates as a percentage (EW: BW) were found significantly differ (p<0.05) between fish fed the control diet and experimental diets. Mean egg diameter (2.2 mm) was not significantly influenced (p>0.05) by experimental diets. The egg volume, egg dry and wet weight, fertilisation and hatching rate were also not significantly different between fish fed the experimental diets. Oocyte development was classified into distinct stages based upon oocyte size, biochemical properties and structure. The recrudescence to these stages was not significantly influenced by broodstock fed experimental diets either at full or half ration. Steroid hormones and histological analyses provided valuable data concerning the oocyte development and recruitment in this species. Levels of 17ß-oestradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) peaked within 6 days of spawning, suggesting that vitellogenesis began as early as day 2 or 3 post-spawning. By day 6, ovaries were dominated by large late-vitellogenic/maturing oocytes (stages 6 & 7) occupying about 70% of the ovary. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) reached maximal levels by day 6. It is suggested that pre-vitellogenic oocytes are recruited into vitellogenic growth immediately after spawning and complete vitellogenesis on day 6 post-spawning. Finally, the present study investigated the effect of food restriction at two rations (full and half) on broodstock reproductive performance. Oreochromis niloticus were rationed from first feeding and throughout their life-cycle. The dietary regime, full ration (3%) and half ration (1.5%), influenced fish size but despite this variation no significant differences (p>0.05) were detected in total lipid and fatty acid composition in the eggs, total fecundity, egg diameter, total egg volume and larval size. These results suggested that despite large differences in food availability throughout their life cycle, investment in reproduction had remained remarkably consistent. It appeared that during food restriction, O. niloticus sacrificed body weight and growth so as to maintain reproductive investment. In summary, this study provides valuable information using a novel experimental design on the effects of dietary lipid sources on reproductive performance of female O. niloticus. Substituting palm oil for fish oil as the dietary lipid source and reducing ration by half (1.5% BWday-1) had no significant effect on reproductive performance. Therefore it is suggested that under controlled conditions, lipids of non-marine origin, such as palm oil, can be successfully substituted for broodstock diets. Halving feed requirement should also increase profitability of seed production. KEYWORDS: Tilapia; O. niloticus; palm oil; diet; fecundity; spawning periodicity; oocyte recruitment; reproductive performance.

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Signor, Altevir 1976. "Levedura íntegra e leverura autolisada como pronutriente em dieta para reprodutores de Tílápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104127.

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Resumo: A composição nutricional da levedura a destaca como alimento funcional. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação da levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nas respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia do Nilo. No Estudo-I 105 fêmeas da linhagem GIFT foram distribuídas em 15 aquários de 500L (três tratamentos e cinco repetições com sete peixes/aquário). No Estudo-II foram utilizados 63 fêmeas e 21 machos da linhagem GIFT distribuídos em três aquários com capacidade de 7000L de água/cada (21 fêmeas e sete machos/aquário). Em ambos os Estudos, os reprodutores foram alimentados ad libitum com dietas isoprotéica e isoenergética contendo 2,0% de levedura íntegra, 2,0% de levedura autolisada ou ausente de inclusão. O Estudo-I foi realizado na UNESP - AquaNutri, Campus de Botucatu e o Estudo-II foi conduzido no Caunesp - Tilapilcultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Avaliou-se nas fêmeas o desempenho produtivo, status nutricional e composição química das gônadas e, o desempenho reprodutivo e o desenvolvimento inicial das larvas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo aplicou-se o teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. A suplementação de levedura íntegra ou autolisada na dieta das reprodutoras, não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das fêmeas. Entretanto, melhorou o desenvolvimento larval 72h após eclosão, com melhor desenvolvimento nas larvas dos reprodutores alimentados com a dieta suplementada com 2,0% de levedura íntegra.
Abstract: The nutritional composition yeast detach how functional food. The research present objective evaluates the action yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the response reproductive of females of Nile tilapia. In Study-I 105 females of GIFT lineage was randomized in 15 500L-aquarius (three treatments and five repetition with seven fish/aquarium). In Study-II was utilized 63 females and 21 males of GIFT lineage was randomized in three 7000L-aquarium (21 female and seven male for aquarium). The spawning was feed ad libitum with diet isoproteic and isoenergetic with 2,0% whole yeast and autolised yeast or supplementation absent. In Study-I were realize in UNESP - AquaNutri Campus de Botucatu and Study-II in Caunesp - Tilapicultura Campus de Jaboticabal. Was evaluation in female productive performance, nutritional status and chemistry composition of gonad (Study-I) and reproductive performance of spawning and development larvae (Study-II). The data was submitted variance analyses and multiple comparison test of mean. The supplemented whole yeast or autolised yeast in diet of spawning didn't improvement productive performance and didn't influence reproductive performance of female. Therefore improved of development larvae at 72h after eclosion with improved development in larvae of spawning feed with diet 2,0% whole yeast.
Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Coorientador: Teresa Cristina Dias Ribeiro Koberstein
Doutor

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Nascimento, Thálita Stefann Ribeiro [UNESP]. "Vitamina E em dietas para reprodutoras de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86748.

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A vitamina E funciona como um antioxidante biológico, protegendo os compostos oxidáveis do citoplasma celular, evitando a formação de lipoperóxidos tóxicos. Em fêmeas sua carência determina parada de crescimento do feto, sua retenção e absorção, com morte do embrião em virtude de distúrbios nas produções mesodérmicas que interrompem a circulação vitelina. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da vitamina E sobre as respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Para isso, dietas isoprotéicas (32% PD) e isoenergéticas (3100 kcal kg-1 ED) contendo diferentes níveis de suplementação de vitamina E (200, 300, 400 e 500 mg. Kg-1), foram fornecidas para os grupos de fêmeas (peso médio de 659 ± 121g) por um período de 90 dias. A suplementação de 500 mg influenciou positivamente o volume e o número de ovos produzidos, o índice de desova e a fecundidade relativa e total das fêmeas. Já níveis de suplementação entre 300 e 400 mg afetaram significativamente a taxa de eclosão dos ovos, a sobrevivência e o número de larvas produzidas. A freqüência reprodutiva das fêmeas, taxa de fertilização, bem como o peso e diâmetro dos mesmos não foram influenciados pela suplementação da vitamina nas dietas. O presente estudo mostrou que a vitamina E melhorou o desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo, sendo que o nível de inclusão ideal para essa espécie está entre 300 e 500mg kg-1 da dieta
Vitamin E acts as a biological antioxidant, protecting the oxidizable compound the cell cytoplasm, avoiding the formation of toxic lipoperoxide. In females the lack of arrest determines fetal growth, retention and absorption, with embryonic death due to disturbances in the production mesodermal interrupting vitelline circulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on reproductive responses of female tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To do this, isonitrogenous diets (32% DP) and isocaloric (3100 kcal kg 1-ED) with different levels of vitamin E supplementation (200, 300, 400 and 500 mg. Kg-1), were provided to groups of females (average weight 659 ± 121g) for a period of 90 days. The supplementation of 500 mg has positively influenced the volume and number of eggs produced, the index of spawning and the relative fecundity of females and total. Since levels of supplementation between 300 and 400 mg significantly affected the rate of egg hatching, survival and number of larvae produced. The frequency of reproductive females, fertilization rate, and the weight and diameter of them were not influenced by supplementation of vitamin in the diet. This study showed that vitamin E improved the reproductive performance of female tilapia Nile, and the inclusion level ideal for this species is between 300 and 500 mg kg-1 diet

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Martins, Graciela Pessoa [UNESP]. "Soja crua em dietas para a Tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86747.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da soja crua (SC) e a substituição (0,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da soja crua em dietas práticas, sobre o desempenho produtivo, resposta hematológica e análise histopatológica do fígado. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo I - ensaio de digestibilidade. Foram utilizados 80 juvenis (± 50,0 g) de tilápia-do-nilo num sistema para determinação dos CDA, sendo a ração teste acrescida de 0,1% de cr2o3. Estudo II - ensaio de desempenho produtivo e saúde. Por 90 dias. Foram utilizados 160 peixes com peso médio inicial de 17,0 ± 1,55 g, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200L (cinco peixes/aquário). Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Ao final do período experimental determinou-se o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de retenção proteica e porcentagem de sobrevivência). Posteriormente, foram efetuadas as análises hematológicas dos peixes (contagem de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e contagem diferencial de leucócitos) e aos 45 e 90 dias as lâminas histológicas dos fígados. Os peixes alimentados com ração sem SC apresentaram melhor ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Sinais de estresse, confrontos agonísticos, dominância entre os animais e lesão dérmica foi observado nos peixes alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de soja crua. O fígado dos peixes não apresentou edema ou necrose, apenas degeneração. A soja crua prejudicou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia-do-nilo, porém no período de 90 dias, não determinou alterações no eritrograma e histologia do fígado
The research aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of raw soybean (RS) and the replacement of protein from soybean meal by raw soybean protein in increasing levels of RS (0.0, 15.0, 25 , 0, 35.0%) in practical diets on productive performance, hematological response and histopatological analysis of liver. The present research was divided into two studies: Study I - the digestibility trial. In this study 80 juveniles (± 50.0 g) of Nile tilapia were used to determining the ADC. Chromic oxid was added in test diet at a rate of 0.1%. Study II - productive performance and health trial. In this study the experimental period was 90 days. One hundred and sixty fish with initial average weight of 17.0 ± 1.55 g were used. The animals were distributed into 32 cages of 200L containing five fish per aquarium. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to determine productive performance (weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, efficiency protein ratio, protein retention ratio and survival percentage). Hematological parameters evaluated after 90 days were total (erythrocyte and leukocytes count, differential leucocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total plasmatic protein, albumin and globulin). Hematimetric indices were calculated. At the 45th and the 90th days histological slides of fish livers were performed. Fish fed diet with no RS showed better weight gain and feed intake. Signs of stress, agonistic behaviors, dominance among animals and skin lesions were observed in fish fed diets containing raw soybean. Fish livers showed no edema or necrosis, only degeneration. Raw soybean impaired growth performance, however 90 days did not determined alterations neither on erythrogram nor in histological characteristics of liver

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Fernandes, Junior Ademir Calvo [UNESP]. "Proteína e energia digestíveis e colina para Tilápia-do-Nilo: desempenho e respostas fisiológicas em condições de estresse." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105096.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Pesquisas para determinar a exigência em proteína e energia digestíveis e colina simultaneamente são excassas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da proteína e energia digestíveis e colina no desempenho produtivo e nas respostas fisiológicas da tilápia-do-Nilo. Juvenis (87,0 ± 7,0 g), identificados individualmente com micro-chipe foram distribuídos em 40 aquários de 250L (8 peixes/aquário) utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 5x2x2 e 16 repetições: 24,0; 26,0; 28,0; 30,0 e 32,0% proteína digestível, 3200 e 3500 kcal kg-1 energia digestível e 0,0 e 1000,0 mg colina kg-1. Foram determinados parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, índice hepatossomático, gordura visceral, além das respostas fisiológicas antes e após estímulo a quente. A dieta suplementada com colina melhorou a conversão alimentar aparente; os peixes alimentados com dieta com 32,0% PD tiveram menores IHS e GV e a dieta com 3500 kcal ED kg-1 determinou melhores condições de saúde após estresse, enquanto que os peixes alimentados com dieta com 32,0% PD com 3500 kcal ED kg-1, e suplementada com colina determinou melhor desempenho produtivo e higidez dos peixes
Researche effects aimed at determing digestible energy, protein and choline requirement simultaneous by are scarce. This study evaluated effects of digestible protein, digestible energy and choline in the physiological response and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Juveniles (87.0 ± 7.0 g), individualy taged Nile tilapia (Animaltag®) were randomly distributed into 40, 250-L 8 fish per tank seting up a totally randomized trial, 5x2x2 factorial arrangement, with twenty treatments (n=2): 24.0; 26.0; 28.0; 30.0 and 32.0% digestible protein, 3200 and 3500 kcal kg-1 digestible energy and 0.0 and 1000 mg choline kg-1 diet. Growth performance, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat and physiological response before and after heat stress were evaluated. Dietary choline supplementation yielded better feed conversion rate; fish fed diet containing 32.0% DP had lower HSI and VF and diet containing eliciteol 3500 kcal kg-1 best health condition after stress, while fish fed diets with 32.0% DP plus 3500 kcal DE kg-1 and supplemented with choline had better productive performance and were healthier

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Guimarães, Igo Gomes [UNESP]. "Digestibilidade aparente, pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), de alimentos extrusados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95209.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
São escassos os valores de digestibilidade de aminoácidos dos alimentos para a tilápia do Nilo, apesar de ser uma das espécies mais cultivadas mundialmente. Desta forma, determinou-se, com a tilápia do Nilo, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos aminoácidos e da proteína de oito alimentos protéicos: farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras de aves e, farinha de penas, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão-28, farelo de algodão-38 e, glúten de milho-60. Os alimentos foram incorporados a uma dieta prática referência na relação 7:3 (70,0% de dieta referência e 30,0% do alimento teste). Entre os alimentos de origem animal, a farinha de vísceras (89,73%) e a farinha de peixe (88,60%) apresentaram os maiores valores de digestibilidade aparente da proteína (DaP), enquanto a farinha de carne e ossos (78,44%) e a farinha de penas (78,52%) apresentaram os menores valores de DAP. Entre os alimentos de origem vegetal, o glúten de milho-60 (91,39%) e o farelo de soja (92,44%) apresentaram os maiores valores de DAP, enquanto o farelo de algodão-28, o menor valor (78,59%). A digestibilidade média aparente dos aminoácidos do farelo de soja, glúten de milho, farelo de algodão-28, farelo de algodão-38, farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras e farinha de penas, foi respectivamente, 92,33; 89,56; 73,45; 80,71; 88,89; 84,44; 91,24 e 79,71%, o qual se mostrou similar ao valor obtido para a digestibilidade da proteína.

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Gonçalves, Giovani Sampaio. "Digestibilidade e exigência de lisina, proteína e energia em dietas para a tilápia do nilo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100228.

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Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Dalton José Carneiro
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca: Wilson Rogerio Boscolo
Banca: Rose Meire Vidotti
Resumo: Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a digestibilidade de ingredientes utilizados em formulações de rações para a aqüicultura, a melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível, e por meio do conceito de proteína ideal a exigência em proteína e energia digestível para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Os resultados estão apresentados em capítulos, redigidos na forma artigos científicos para publicação em periódicos especializados. Foi possível observar diferenças em relação aos valores digestíveis dos nutrientes e aminoácidos, e verificar que os valores de coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína não refletem o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos aminoácidos para alguns alimentos. Com relação à determinação da exigência em proteína e lisina em rações para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (11,0 a 98,0g), o nível de 26% PD não diferiu do nível de 32,0% PD em relação a ganho em peso, sendo estes superiores ao tratamento com 22,0% PD. As diferentes relações proteína digestível (PD) / lisina digestível demonstram que o aminoácido lisina, ainda que, em níveis elevados de inclusão não foi suficiente para a melhora do desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo, quando utilizado em dietas com baixo valor protéico. Entretanto, a suplementação de 7,5% de lisina em relação à proteína digestível (PD) em rações com níveis acima de 26% PD promoveu melhores respostas de desempenho produtivo para a espécie. A determinação da melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível possibilitou a determinação posterior da melhor relação proteína digestível / energia digestível em rações formuladas com base no conceito de proteína ideal. Os resultados demonstram que a energia digestível das rações não influencia o desempenho dos peixes, uma vez que, as rações foram formuladas com base em energia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The utilization of energetic and protein feeds, highly digestible as well, becomes more and more necessary due to the quality of formulated rations, zootecnic response and relationship with the environment. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids of corn starch, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, and cottonseed meal, corn gluten and fish meal were determined for Nile tilapia. ADC was determined using a reference ration based on albumin, gelatin and corn starch, indicator with the inert chromium III oxide (Cr2O3). Each test ration was made up of 70% of reference ration and 30% of the diet being evaluated. Feces were collected in groups of 5 replicates for each treatment. ADC values for protein and average ADC of amino acids were as follows: corn 89.76 and 96.43%, rice meal 95.88 and 92.26%, wheat meal 93.54 and 84.41%, fish meal 82.59 and 86.36%, corn gluten 89.82 and 87.98%, soybean meal 94.13 and 91.93%, cotton meal 87.10 and 77.47%, respectively. The results reported in this study suggest that ADC of protein might not be a very reliable indicator of ADC values of amino acids, even more so for wheat meal, corn, and cotton meal. Among protein feeds, soybean meal was found to have the highest ADC for protein and amino acids, while corn was the energetic feed with the highest ADC (86.15%) for energy.
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Castro, Cecília Silva de [UNESP]. "Frequência alimentar e período de alimentação no cultivo de rã-touro em tanque-rede." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104162.

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Três frequências alimentares (24, 48 e 96 refeições/dia) e três períodos de alimentação (diurno, noturno e diurno/noturno) foram avaliados neste experimento. Rãs-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), com peso médio de 78,6±15,7g, foram distribuídas em 36 baias na densidade de 88 rãs/m2. As baias, com 0,7x0,7x0,15m confeccionadas em polipropileno e com piso de tela, foram instaladas dentro de tanques-rede de 1m3 distribuídos linearmente em um viveiro de 2000m2 com 5% de renovação de água. As rãs foram alimentadas diariamente com ração comercial extrudada para peixe carnívoro e a quantidade fornecida foi corrigida diariamente com base na estimativa do ganho de peso diário das rãs. O experimento teve duração de 90 dias, correspondendo ao outono e inverno. Frequência e período de alimentação interagiram sobre os valores de peso médio (PM) das rãs. Ao final do experimento, nos períodos diurno e diurno/noturno, não houve diferença nos valores de PM das rãs entre as frequências alimentares avaliadas; entretanto, no período noturno o PM das rãs foi maior na frequência de 48 refeições/dia, cujo valor médio foi de 273,80g. Separadamente, frequência e período de alimentação influenciaram o resultado de conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), que foi melhor na frequência de 96 refeições/dia, com valor médio de 2,13; e no período noturno com valor médio de 2,23. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta. Os coeficientes de disponibilidade aparente de cálcio e fósforo foram maiores na frequência de 48 refeições/dia, independente do período alimentar. Os resultados indicaram que a rã-touro pode ser alimentada tanto durante o dia como a noite, e que maiores frequências alimentares melhoraram a CAA na produção dessa espécie. Recomenda-se, para a criação da rã-touro
Three feeding frequencies (24, 48 and 96 meals/day) and three periods (diurnal, nocturnal and diurnal/nocturnal) were evaluated in this trial. Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), with average weight of 78.6±15.7g, were distributed into 36 pens with density of 88 frogs/m2. The pens with 0.7x0.7x0.15m, made of polypropylene with screened floor, were installed within 36 cages of 1m3 distributed linearly in one pond of 2000m2 with 5% water renewal. Frogs were fed daily, by automatic feeders, with commercial extruded diet for carnivorous fish and the amount of feed supplied was corrected daily based on estimate of daily weight gain. The experiment lasted 90 days, during autumn and winter. Frequency and feeding period showed interaction on values of mean weight (MW). At the end of the experiment, diurnal and diurnal/nocturnal periods, did not show difference in MW values between feeding frequencies evaluated; however for nocturnal period the frogs MW was higher for frequency of 48 meals/day, with average value of 273.08g. However, frequency and feeding period influenced, separately, results apparent feed conversion rate (FCR), which was better for frequency of 96 meals/day, with average of 2.13; and in nocturnal period, with a overage of 2.23. There was no difference between treatments for apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy. Apparent availability of calcium and phosphorus were higher for frequency of 48 meals/day, regardless feeding period. The results indicate that bullfrogs can be fed both during the day and night, and the higher feeding frequencies improve FCR this species. It is recommended for bullfrog raised in cages, diurnal and diurnal/nocturnal feeding with frequency of 96 meals/day; and frequency of 48 meals/day for nocturnal period

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Castro, Cecília Silva de 1982. "Frequência alimentar e período de alimentação no cultivo de rã-touro em tanque-rede /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104162.

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Orientador: Claudio Angelo Agostinho
Banca: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: Silvia Conceição Reis Pereira Mello
Banca: Rolandro Alfredo Mazzon Romero
Resumo: Três frequências alimentares (24, 48 e 96 refeições/dia) e três períodos de alimentação (diurno, noturno e diurno/noturno) foram avaliados neste experimento. Rãs-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), com peso médio de 78,6±15,7g, foram distribuídas em 36 baias na densidade de 88 rãs/m2. As baias, com 0,7x0,7x0,15m confeccionadas em polipropileno e com piso de tela, foram instaladas dentro de tanques-rede de 1m3 distribuídos linearmente em um viveiro de 2000m2 com 5% de renovação de água. As rãs foram alimentadas diariamente com ração comercial extrudada para peixe carnívoro e a quantidade fornecida foi corrigida diariamente com base na estimativa do ganho de peso diário das rãs. O experimento teve duração de 90 dias, correspondendo ao outono e inverno. Frequência e período de alimentação interagiram sobre os valores de peso médio (PM) das rãs. Ao final do experimento, nos períodos diurno e diurno/noturno, não houve diferença nos valores de PM das rãs entre as frequências alimentares avaliadas; entretanto, no período noturno o PM das rãs foi maior na frequência de 48 refeições/dia, cujo valor médio foi de 273,80g. Separadamente, frequência e período de alimentação influenciaram o resultado de conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), que foi melhor na frequência de 96 refeições/dia, com valor médio de 2,13; e no período noturno com valor médio de 2,23. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta. Os coeficientes de disponibilidade aparente de cálcio e fósforo foram maiores na frequência de 48 refeições/dia, independente do período alimentar. Os resultados indicaram que a rã-touro pode ser alimentada tanto durante o dia como a noite, e que maiores frequências alimentares melhoraram a CAA na produção dessa espécie. Recomenda-se, para a criação da rã-touro
Abstract: Three feeding frequencies (24, 48 and 96 meals/day) and three periods (diurnal, nocturnal and diurnal/nocturnal) were evaluated in this trial. Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), with average weight of 78.6±15.7g, were distributed into 36 pens with density of 88 frogs/m2. The pens with 0.7x0.7x0.15m, made of polypropylene with screened floor, were installed within 36 cages of 1m3 distributed linearly in one pond of 2000m2 with 5% water renewal. Frogs were fed daily, by automatic feeders, with commercial extruded diet for carnivorous fish and the amount of feed supplied was corrected daily based on estimate of daily weight gain. The experiment lasted 90 days, during autumn and winter. Frequency and feeding period showed interaction on values of mean weight (MW). At the end of the experiment, diurnal and diurnal/nocturnal periods, did not show difference in MW values between feeding frequencies evaluated; however for nocturnal period the frogs MW was higher for frequency of 48 meals/day, with average value of 273.08g. However, frequency and feeding period influenced, separately, results apparent feed conversion rate (FCR), which was better for frequency of 96 meals/day, with average of 2.13; and in nocturnal period, with a overage of 2.23. There was no difference between treatments for apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy. Apparent availability of calcium and phosphorus were higher for frequency of 48 meals/day, regardless feeding period. The results indicate that bullfrogs can be fed both during the day and night, and the higher feeding frequencies improve FCR this species. It is recommended for bullfrog raised in cages, diurnal and diurnal/nocturnal feeding with frequency of 96 meals/day; and frequency of 48 meals/day for nocturnal period
Doutor

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Diógenes, Alexandre Firmino [UNESP]. "Determinação da relação dos aminoácidos essenciais para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo, pelo método da deleção." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108929.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a melhor relação dos principais aminoácidos limitantes na dieta, pelo método da deleção, para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo da linhagem GIFT. Peixes com peso inicial 20,0±0,8g foram condicionados, por 57 dias, em tanques de alvenaria (1500 L) com sistema de recirculação de água. A alimentação ocorreu três vezes ao dia (08:00, 12:00 e 16:00 horas) com dietas formuladas com base na composição dos aminoácidos corporais e conforme citado por Furuya (2010). Sendo a dieta controle positivo formulada atendendo a todas as exigências dos peixes, e as demais formuladas pela diluição desta com amido de milho, gerando deficiência de 45%. Com exceção do aminoácido teste, os demais aminoácidos foram suplementados na dieta com aminoácidos industriais na mesma concentração da dieta controle positivo (100%). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos e 4 repetições no tempo tomadas duas a duas. A determinação da relação ideal foi feita com base na linha de regressão entre o grupo teste, cujo aminoácido limitante proporcionou a maior redução na retenção de nitrogênio e o grupo controle, traçando uma reta até atingir o platô formado pela retenção proporcionado pela dieta controle positivo, de acordo com o método utilizado por Wang & Fuller (1989). O tratamento controle obteve o maior ganho de peso, resultando na maior deposição de nitrogênio. A relação dos aminoácidos essenciais, expressos em relação a lisina (=100)/taxa estimada do aminoácido foi: metionina, 64; treonina, 94; triptofano, 24; arginina, 126; histidina, 34; isoleucina, 57; leucina, 96; e valina, 76
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of the main limiting amino acids in the diet, by deletion method, for juvenile Nile tilapia GIFT strain. Fishes with an initial weight ± 20.0 g were conditioned for 57 days in tanks (1500 L) with recirculating water system. Fed three times a day (08:00am, 12:00pm and 4:00pm) with diets based on amino acid composition and Furuya (2010). The positive control diet formulated had all the requirements for fishes, and the other made by diluting this with corn starch, had a 45% of deficiency. With the exception of the amino acid test, the other amino acids in the diet were supplemented with synthetic amino acids at the same concentration of positive control diet (100%). A completely randomized design with 11 treatments and 4 replications taken two at a time was used. The determination of the optimum ratio was based on the regression line between group test, whose limiting amino acid provided the greatest reduction in nitrogen retention and the control group, drawing a straight line until it reaches the plateau formed by the retention provided by positive control diet, according to the method used by Wang & Fuller (1989). Thus, the control treatment had the highest weight gain, resulting in higher nitrogen deposition. The ideal ratio of essential amino acids, expressed relative to lysine (=100)/estimated rate of amino acid was: methionine, 64; threonine 94, tryptophan 24, arginine 126, histidine, 34, isoleucine 57, leucine 96, valine and, 76

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27

Diógenes, Alexandre Firmino. "Determinação da relação dos aminoácidos essenciais para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo, pelo método da deleção /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108929.

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Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Fábio Rosa Sussel
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a melhor relação dos principais aminoácidos limitantes na dieta, pelo método da deleção, para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo da linhagem GIFT. Peixes com peso inicial 20,0±0,8g foram condicionados, por 57 dias, em tanques de alvenaria (1500 L) com sistema de recirculação de água. A alimentação ocorreu três vezes ao dia (08:00, 12:00 e 16:00 horas) com dietas formuladas com base na composição dos aminoácidos corporais e conforme citado por Furuya (2010). Sendo a dieta controle positivo formulada atendendo a todas as exigências dos peixes, e as demais formuladas pela diluição desta com amido de milho, gerando deficiência de 45%. Com exceção do aminoácido teste, os demais aminoácidos foram suplementados na dieta com aminoácidos industriais na mesma concentração da dieta controle positivo (100%). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos e 4 repetições no tempo tomadas duas a duas. A determinação da relação ideal foi feita com base na linha de regressão entre o grupo teste, cujo aminoácido limitante proporcionou a maior redução na retenção de nitrogênio e o grupo controle, traçando uma reta até atingir o platô formado pela retenção proporcionado pela dieta controle positivo, de acordo com o método utilizado por Wang & Fuller (1989). O tratamento controle obteve o maior ganho de peso, resultando na maior deposição de nitrogênio. A relação dos aminoácidos essenciais, expressos em relação a lisina (=100)/taxa estimada do aminoácido foi: metionina, 64; treonina, 94; triptofano, 24; arginina, 126; histidina, 34; isoleucina, 57; leucina, 96; e valina, 76
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of the main limiting amino acids in the diet, by deletion method, for juvenile Nile tilapia GIFT strain. Fishes with an initial weight ± 20.0 g were conditioned for 57 days in tanks (1500 L) with recirculating water system. Fed three times a day (08:00am, 12:00pm and 4:00pm) with diets based on amino acid composition and Furuya (2010). The positive control diet formulated had all the requirements for fishes, and the other made by diluting this with corn starch, had a 45% of deficiency. With the exception of the amino acid test, the other amino acids in the diet were supplemented with synthetic amino acids at the same concentration of positive control diet (100%). A completely randomized design with 11 treatments and 4 replications taken two at a time was used. The determination of the optimum ratio was based on the regression line between group test, whose limiting amino acid provided the greatest reduction in nitrogen retention and the control group, drawing a straight line until it reaches the plateau formed by the retention provided by positive control diet, according to the method used by Wang & Fuller (1989). Thus, the control treatment had the highest weight gain, resulting in higher nitrogen deposition. The ideal ratio of essential amino acids, expressed relative to lysine (=100)/estimated rate of amino acid was: methionine, 64; threonine 94, tryptophan 24, arginine 126, histidine, 34, isoleucine 57, leucine 96, valine and, 76
Mestre

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Wallace, Janielle L. "Potential of exogenous enzymes in low fish meal diets to improve nutrient digestibility and sustainability of farmed tilapia in Thailand." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24004.

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Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.

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Barone, Rafael Simões Coelho. "Microalgas como ingrediente e suplemento dietético para tilápia Oreochromis niloticus: valor biológico, desempenho e composição da carcaça." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-07062017-085309/.

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Existe um grande potencial para a expansão da produção de microalgas, tanto pela variedade de usos quanto pelos produtos que delas podem ser derivados. Dentre esses usos, as características nutricionais e funcionais conferem às algas alto valor biológico para uso em nutrição humana e animal. No entanto, são poucos os estudos que avaliam seu potencial na nutrição de peixes, mais especificadamente de tilápia, um dos principais produtos da aquicultura mundial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de uso de duas espécies de microalgas e o nível ótimo de inclusão da Schizochytrium em dietas para a tilápia. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios para avaliação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de uma microalga rica em proteína, Chlorella sorokiniana, e outra rica em energia, a Schizochytrium sp., ao longo de ensaios de desempenho e digestibilidade de rações contendo níveis crescentes (0%; 1%; 2,5%; 5%; 7,5% e 10%) de Schizochytrium sp. a fim de determinar o nível ótimo de inclusão nas dietas. As microalgas apresentaram altos coeficientes de digestibilidade para a tilápia, com CDA para a proteína de 90,51 e 97,20 % e para energia de 84,22 e 82,55 %, para a Chlorella e Schizochytrium, respectivamente. Os níveis crescentes de inclusão da Schizochytrium alteraram a digestibilidade das rações de forma decrescente para a proteína, passando de um CDA de 88,07 para 86,01, e energia, de um CDA de 74,19 para 67,35. No ensaio de desempenho foi registrado aumento no consumo de ração e piora na conversão alimentar aparente, sem que outros parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico fossem alterados, à medida que aumentava os níveis de inclusão da Schizochytrium na dieta. Não foram registradas alterações nos conteúdos de macro nutrientes na carcaça dos peixes, no entanto, os níveis crescentes de inclusão alteraram o perfil de ácidos graxos aumentando a quantidade de ácidos graxos n-3 no filé, principalmente do ácido docosaexaenoico (DHA), e redução na relação n-6/n-3. Dessa forma, é possível a utilizar Schizochytrium sp. como aditivo nas dietas para alteração do perfil de ácidos graxos da tilápia, enriquecendo os filés com ácidos graxos n-3, com pouco prejuízo nos parâmetros de desempenho.
There is a great potential for expand the microalgae production as by the variety of it uses as for the products and processes which may derive from them. Amongst such uses, nutritional and functional characteristics provide them a high biological value for use in human and animal nutrition. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated their potential for fish nutrition more specifically tilapia, which is one of the main aquaculture products in the world. The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential use of two microalgae and the optimal level of inclusion of Schizochytrium in diets for tilápia. Therefore, tests were conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of microalgae with high protein content Chlorella sorokiniana and another with high energy, Schizochytrium sp. and also performance assay and feed digestibility containing inclusion levels (0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) of Schizochytrium in order to determine the optimum addition level. Both species were very digestible for tilapia with ADCs for protein of 90.51 and 97.20 and for energy 84.22 and 82.55 to Chlorella and Schizochytrium respectively. The increasing levels of inclusion of Schizochytrium changed the digestibility of feed for the protein, through a ADC from 88.07 to 86.01 and for energy from 74.19 to 67.35 ADC. In the growth test as the inclusion of Schizochytrium increased there was an increase in feed intake and feed conversion ratio but any other growth parameters were changed. Regarding the carcass composition, there were no changes in macronutrients composition however, the increasing levels of Schizochytrium altered the fatty acid profile by increasing the amount of omega 3 mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio. Thus, it is possible to use the Schizochytrium to modify the fatty acid profile of tilápia by incorporating omega 3, with little loss in performance parameters.

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Salvador, Rogério [UNESP]. "Imunização e inflamação por Streptococcus agalactiae em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentadas com ração suplementada com parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100220.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a inter-relação entre a suplementação alimentar com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura e vacinação com extrato oleoso de Streptococcus agalactiae sobre o desempenho produtivo, parâmetros fisiopatológicos e componente celular inflamatório em tilápia do Nilo. Oitenta e quatro tilápia com peso médio inicial de 125,0 + 1,5g foram distribuídas em 12 caixas de fibra, seguindo o esquema fatorial 2x2x3, correspondente a dois níveis de parede celular de levedura (0,0 e 0,3% parede celular), dois tratamentos (solução salina e vacina) e três coletas após o desafio com a bactéria viva (seis, 24 e 48h) com sete repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados durante 77 dias. A vacinação foi realizada 60 dias após o início da alimentação, por meio da inoculação intraperitoneal de 0,5 mL da vacina contendo 108 UFC/mL. Após 15 dias da vacinação, todos os peixes foram submetidos ao desafio com Streptococcus agalactiae vivo, por meio da inoculação intraperitoneal de 108 UFC/mL, veiculadas em 0,5 mL de solução salina (0,85%). As análises do desempenho produtivo mostraram que a suplementação dietética com parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação não influenciou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo e o melhor desempenho ocorreu na utilização da parede celular de levedura. Os parâmetros hematológicos mostraram que a suplementação com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação contra Streptococcus agalactiae em tilápia do Nilo foi essencial para incrementar a hematopoiese. A suplementação alimentar com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação melhorou a resposta de defesa dos peixes, no que se refere à inflamação aguda e destaca a importância da vacinação.
The work evaluates the interrelation between supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast and vaccination with oily extract of Streptococcus agalactiae in the growth performance, phisiopathological parameters and inflamatory cellular component of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Eighty four tilapia with initial average weight of 125,0 ± 1,5g were distributed in 12 fiber aquaria, following the factorial design 2x2x3, corresponding to two levels of cellular wall of yeast (0,0 and 0,3% cellular wall), two treatments (saline solution and vaccine) and three collections, after challenge with bacteria (six, 24 and 48h) with seven repetitions. Fish were fed during 77 days. The vaccination was accomplished 60 days after the beginning of the feeding, through inoculation intraperitoneal of 0,5 mL of the vaccine containing 108 UFC/mL. After 15 days of the vaccination, all fishes were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae, through inoculation intraperitoneal of 108 UFC/ml, diluted in 0,5 mL of saline solution (0,85%). The analyses of the pattern performance showed that supplementation diets with cellular wall of yeast associated to vaccination did not influence the growth performance of Nile tilapia and the best growth performance was obtained using cellular wall of yeast. The phisiopathological parameters showed supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast associated to the vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia were essential to increase the hematopoiesis. The supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast associated to the vaccination improved the immune response of fish, in relation to the sharp inflammation and it detaches the importance of the vaccination.

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Fernandes, Junior Ademir Calvo 1984. "Proteína e energia digestíveis e colina para Tilápia-do-Nilo : desempenho e respostas fisiológicas em condições de estresse /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105096.

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Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Coorientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca : Ana Lucia Salaro
Banca: Leandro Portz
Resumo: Pesquisas para determinar a exigência em proteína e energia digestíveis e colina simultaneamente são excassas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da proteína e energia digestíveis e colina no desempenho produtivo e nas respostas fisiológicas da tilápia-do-Nilo. Juvenis (87,0 ± 7,0 g), identificados individualmente com micro-chipe foram distribuídos em 40 aquários de 250L (8 peixes/aquário) utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 5x2x2 e 16 repetições: 24,0; 26,0; 28,0; 30,0 e 32,0% proteína digestível, 3200 e 3500 kcal kg-1 energia digestível e 0,0 e 1000,0 mg colina kg-1. Foram determinados parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, índice hepatossomático, gordura visceral, além das respostas fisiológicas antes e após estímulo a quente. A dieta suplementada com colina melhorou a conversão alimentar aparente; os peixes alimentados com dieta com 32,0% PD tiveram menores IHS e GV e a dieta com 3500 kcal ED kg-1 determinou melhores condições de saúde após estresse, enquanto que os peixes alimentados com dieta com 32,0% PD com 3500 kcal ED kg-1, e suplementada com colina determinou melhor desempenho produtivo e higidez dos peixes
Abstract: Researche effects aimed at determing digestible energy, protein and choline requirement simultaneous by are scarce. This study evaluated effects of digestible protein, digestible energy and choline in the physiological response and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Juveniles (87.0 ± 7.0 g), individualy taged Nile tilapia (Animaltag®) were randomly distributed into 40, 250-L 8 fish per tank seting up a totally randomized trial, 5x2x2 factorial arrangement, with twenty treatments (n=2): 24.0; 26.0; 28.0; 30.0 and 32.0% digestible protein, 3200 and 3500 kcal kg-1 digestible energy and 0.0 and 1000 mg choline kg-1 diet. Growth performance, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat and physiological response before and after heat stress were evaluated. Dietary choline supplementation yielded better feed conversion rate; fish fed diet containing 32.0% DP had lower HSI and VF and diet containing eliciteol 3500 kcal kg-1 best health condition after stress, while fish fed diets with 32.0% DP plus 3500 kcal DE kg-1 and supplemented with choline had better productive performance and were healthier
Doutor

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Bowyer, Peter Hervé A. "Assessment of a solid-state fermentation product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets for commercial finfish." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6555.

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This body of research explores the dietary application of a bioactive, solid-state fermentation (SSF) product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niltoticus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Consequently, the work provides holistic assessment of the influences of SSF products on animal health and performance; depending upon rearing temperature, nutritional physiologies, feed formulations and extrusion conditions; alongside information on the performance of lupins in aquafeeds. The SSF product (at 0.1 % inclusion) improved growth performance of Nile tilapia fed diets containing lupins. Phosphorous retention appeared higher when the SSF product was included in a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) diet whilst Mg retention was significantly higher in fish fed narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). The experimental ingredients did not appear to show any clear effects upon midgut macrostructure. At an ultrastructural level, the fish fed yellow lupin alone, displayed poorest brush border characteristics but those fed yellow lupin and the SSF product showed signs of amelioration since they did not differ significantly from those fed narrow-leaf lupin. Focus was then turned towards a yellow lupin-based diet in rainbow trout, with two inclusion levels of the SSF product. The SSF product significantly improved growth performance and feed efficiency at 0.5 %, with values closer to a fishmeal-based diet than the lupin control. The SSF product increased the digestibility of protein and energy and bioavailability of numerous elements. However, the digestibility and bioavailability of certain nutrients, e.g. fibre and Zn, were only increased with a 0.5 % inclusion. The SSF product influenced vertebral Ca:P ratio but no effect on vertebral morphology was identified. Fish fed yellow lupin kernel meal displayed high Mn concentrations throughout a number of tissues. The intestinal environment was explored in depth, revealing large differences dependent upon SSF product inclusion rate. Fish fed a 0.1 % inclusion exhibited deteriorated brush border characteristics and high diversity of microbes, including increased proportions of key salmonid pathogens. Those fed a 0.5 % inclusion displayed signs of increased surface area at an ultrastructural level, reduced goblet cell numbers and a low microbial diversity; with domination of one particular family, Enterobacteriaceae. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase within the anterior intestine also appeared to be influenced by SSF product inclusion. Variations in haemato-immunological parameters were also observed between the treatments. In the final experiment, the SSF product was applied, pre-extrusion, to a contemporary rainbow trout formulation, at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %. No significant improvements to performance were identified following SSF product inclusion. However, crude protein digestibility from SSF-supplemented diets was significantly higher than the control and tendencies towards elevated retention of Ca, P, and Mg were apparent. In vitro analysis of free-phosphate release was conducted upon pre- and post-extruded diets, at varying temperatures. This indicated that neither extrusion conditions (105 °C) nor an ambient temperature of 10 °C were sufficient to cease P-liberating capabilities by the SSF product; suggesting that the two conditions combined limited the product’s efficacy in practice. This research evidenced that SSF products can be an effective means of improving the available nutrient profiles of compound diets for both omnivorous, warmwater and carnivorous, temperate finfish. Lupins are a promising alternative protein source but their nutritional value can be substantially improved by SSF product application. Exploration of the effects of SSF products on the intestinal environment revealed that both negative and positive effects on intestinal health can occur, which is highly dependent upon product inclusion rate. The holistic approaches adopted within this series of studies have seldom been performed on monogastric animals and thus provide valuable, transferable information for advancing knowledge in the application of SSF products, exogenous enzymes and lupins to farm animal feeds, in general.

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Guimarães, Igo Gomes 1982. "Digestibilidade aparente, pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), de alimentos extrusados /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95209.

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Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Abstract: Instead Nile tilapia is one of the most cultured fish species in the world, amino acid availability values of feed ingredients are scarce for this specie. Thus, apparent amino acid availability coefficients and protein digestibility of four animal products (fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product and feather meal) and four plant protein-rich products (soybean meal, cottonseed meal 28, cottonseed meal 38 and corn gluten meal) were determined for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ingredients were incorporated to a practical reference diet at a 7:3 ratio (70% of reference diet and 30% of test ingredient). Chromic oxide was used as external digestibility marker. Among animal products poultry by-product meal (89.73%) and fish meal (88.60%) presented the highest apparent protein digestibility (APD) while meat and bone meal (78.44%) and feather meal (78.52%) presented the lowest APD. Among plant protein-rich products corn gluten meal (91.39%) and soybean meal (92.44%) presented the highest APD values while cottonseed meal 28 presented the lowest APD (78.59%). Average apparent amino acid availability of feed ingredients were similar to protein digestibility with 92.33%, 89.56%, 73.45%, 80.71%, 88.89%, 84.44%, 91.24% e 79.71% values for soybean meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal 28 and 38, fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal and feather meal, respectively.
Resumo: São escassos os valores de digestibilidade de aminoácidos dos alimentos para a tilápia do Nilo, apesar de ser uma das espécies mais cultivadas mundialmente. Desta forma, determinou-se, com a tilápia do Nilo, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos aminoácidos e da proteína de oito alimentos protéicos: farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras de aves e, farinha de penas, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão-28, farelo de algodão-38 e, glúten de milho-60. Os alimentos foram incorporados a uma dieta prática referência na relação 7:3 (70,0% de dieta referência e 30,0% do alimento teste). Entre os alimentos de origem animal, a farinha de vísceras (89,73%) e a farinha de peixe (88,60%) apresentaram os maiores valores de digestibilidade aparente da proteína (DaP), enquanto a farinha de carne e ossos (78,44%) e a farinha de penas (78,52%) apresentaram os menores valores de DAP. Entre os alimentos de origem vegetal, o glúten de milho-60 (91,39%) e o farelo de soja (92,44%) apresentaram os maiores valores de DAP, enquanto o farelo de algodão-28, o menor valor (78,59%). A digestibilidade média aparente dos aminoácidos do farelo de soja, glúten de milho, farelo de algodão-28, farelo de algodão-38, farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras e farinha de penas, foi respectivamente, 92,33; 89,56; 73,45; 80,71; 88,89; 84,44; 91,24 e 79,71%, o qual se mostrou similar ao valor obtido para a digestibilidade da proteína.
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Rodde, Charles. "Individual feed efficiency in fishes : direct measurement methods and indirect predictors to develop selective breeding programs in two major aquaculture species : European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG044.

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L’aliment utilisé en pisciculture est onéreux et impacte l’environnement. Améliorer l’efficacité alimentaire (EA) pour produire la même quantité de poisson en utilisant moins d’aliment est un objectif majeur pour rendre l’aquaculture plus durable. Cet objectif pourrait être atteint grâce à la sélection génétique, mais cela nécessite des méthodes de phénotypage individuel, et mesurer la prise alimentaire individuelle est complexe chez le poisson. Les deux meilleures méthodes, à l’heure actuelle, consistent soit à élever les poissons individuellement, soit à les marquer avec un tag externe pour les identifier visuellement au sein de petits groupes. Je me suis focalisé sur des questions d’importance critique en lien avec l’estimation de l’EA individuelle, chez deux espèces aquacoles majeures, le bar Européen Dicentrarchus labrax et le tilapia du Nile Oreochromis niloticus. J’ai démontré qu’estimer l’EA individuelle au stade juvénile chez le tilapia du Nil permettait de prédire l’EA sur l’ensemble du cycle de production. Ensuite, j’ai comparé les deux méthodes de phénotypage chez le tilapia du Nil, et observé qu’elles ne fournissent pas des estimations équivalentes. Enfin, j’ai aussi constaté que les poissons les plus efficaces à taux de rationnement restreint n’étaient pas les plus efficaces à satiété, chez les deux espèces.Les deux méthodes de phénotypage demeurent, cependant, fastidieuses. J’ai, en conséquence, cherché de potentiels critères de sélection indirecte qui soient plus faciles à mesurer. Chez le bar européen, il n’y avait pas de corrélation entre l’EA individuelle et le taux métabolique individuel (estimé par la consommation d’oxygène). Par ailleurs, j’ai résolu des problèmes d’ordre méthodologique afin d’implémenter l’analyse de la signature isotopique, grâce à l’échantillonnage non létal des écailles, en tant que critère de sélection indirecte.Pour conclure, sélectionner les poissons au stade juvénile semble fiable et permettra de réduire les coûts de sélection. La méthode de phénotypage de l’EA individuelle à utiliser pour faire de la sélection génétique dépend, cependant, de l’espèce. En particulier, la structure sociale de l’espèce doit être prise en compte dans le choix de la méthode la plus appropriée. En outre, les poissons devraient être phénotypés dans des conditions d’élevage et de nourrissage aussi proches que possible de celles en élevage commercial. Le taux métabolique pourrait être utilisable en tant que critère de sélection indirecte si couplé avec des mesures de l’excrétion d’ammoniac ou de la composition corporelle. Quant à l’analyse de la signature isotopique des écailles, elle est techniquement réalisable et nécessite d’être plus amplement étudiée
In finfish aquaculture, feed is expensive and has environmental impacts. Improving feed efficiency (FE) to produce the same amount of fish with less feed is a major objective for sustainable aquaculture. This can be achieved by selective breeding but this requires methods for individual phenotyping, and measuring individual feed intake (FI) is technically challenging for fishes. The two best methods, to date, are either to rear fish individually or to tag them externally so that they can be visually identified while reared in small groups.I investigated some important issues related to estimation of individual FE, on two major aquaculture species, European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. I demonstrated that estimating individual FE at juvenile stage in Nile tilapia was predictive of FE over the whole production cycle. Then, I compared the two phenotyping methods in Nile tilapia, to discover that they did not provide equivalent estimations. Finally, I also found that the most efficient fish at restricted feeding were not the most efficient at satiety, in both species.Both phenotyping methods remain, however, tedious. I therefore investigated potential indirect selection criteria that are easier to measure. In European sea bass, there was no correlation of individual FE with individual metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption). Furthermore, I addressed methodological issues for implementation of stable isotope analyses with non-lethal sampling of fish scales as an indirect selection criterion.To conclude, selecting fish at juvenile stage seems reliable and will cut selection costs. Phenotyping method for individual FE towards selective breeding depends, however, upon the species. In particular, species collective behaviour must be considered when choosing the most suitable method. Furthermore, fish should be phenotyped at holding conditions and feeding levels that are as close as possible to commercial practices. Metabolic rate might be useful as an indirect criterion if coupled with measures of ammonia excretion or body composition. Scale stable isotope analyses are technically feasible and require further investigation

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Sussel, Fábio Rosa [UNESP]. "Farelo de algodão na nutrição de tilápias do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques-rede." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95334.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
As constantes oscilações nos preços da soja tornam necessárias as pesquisas com ingredientes alternativos para serem utilizados na alimentação de animais aquáticos. Sendo o farelo de algodão (FA) um ingrediente promissor, o mesmo foi objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa. Foram formuladas quatro rações isoprotéicas (32% PB) e isoenergéticas (2800 kcal/kg de ED). A ração controle continha 30% de farelo de soja (FS) e 0% de FA. As demais dietas apresentavam 20% de FS e 10% de FA, 10% de FS e 20% de FA e 0% de FS e 30% de FA. As deficiências de lisina e metionina, considerados aminoácidos limitantes para a espécie, foram supridas com a adição de aminoácidos sintéticos (L-Lisina e DL-Metionina). Foram processadas quatro toneladas de cada ração em extrusora industrial. Utilizouse dezesseis unidades experimentais (TR), onde cada unidade (6 m3) foi povoada com 820 peixes pesando em média 0,468 ± 0,050 kg. O experimento teve duração de 64 dias e foi realizado em condições práticas de cultivo no reservatório da hidrelétrica de Chavantes, rio Paranapanema - Estado de São Paulo. O arraçoamento se deu às 08:00; 11:00; 14:00 e 18:00h. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, constituído de quatro níveis de inclusão de FA (0, 10, 20 e 30%) com quatro repetições. Dentre as variáveis observadas, o ganho de peso dos peixes foi significativo entre os tratamentos, sendo que a inclusão de 20% de FA (0,366 kg) foi superior ao tratamento que só continha FS (0,307 kg). Conclui-se que para a tilápia do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques -rede, a inclusão de 20% de FA na dieta, com a devida suplementação de lisina e metionina, melhora a produtividade.
Constant oscillations on soybean prices make necessary the need of new researches with substitutes ingredients to be utilized on feed nutrition of aquatic animals. Once cottonseed meal (CSM) is a promising ingredient, it was the object of this research.To accomplish this research four isoproteic (32% CP) and isoenergetic (2800 kcal ED) diets were formulated. Control diet (T1) contained 30% of SBM and 0% of CSM. The other three diets contained: 20% of SBM and 10% of CSM (T2), 10% of SBM and 20% of CSM (T3) and 0% of SBM and 30% of CSM (T4). Lysine and methionine deficiency was supplied through addition of synthetic amino acid (L-lysine and DL- methionine). Four metric tons of diets were processed in a industrial extruder. Sixteen net cages of 6 m3 (experimental units) were stocked with 820 fish (average weight of 0.468 ± 0.050 g). Experiment lasted 64 days and was carried out under on-farm condition at Chavantes Hidroeletric Reservoir, Paranapanema River, São Paulo State. Food was offered at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hs. Experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and four replicates. Weight gain was significantly affected by treatments, being T3 (0.366 kg) higher than T1 (0.307 kg) and T4 (0.299 kg). It was concluded that, for cage raised Nile tilapia on finishing phase, inclusion levels of CSM on diets up to 20%, with the necessary lysine and methionine supplementation, improves productivity.

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Nascimento, Thálita Stefann Ribeiro. "Vitamina E em dietas para reprodutoras de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86748.

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Resumo: A vitamina E funciona como um antioxidante biológico, protegendo os compostos oxidáveis do citoplasma celular, evitando a formação de lipoperóxidos tóxicos. Em fêmeas sua carência determina parada de crescimento do feto, sua retenção e absorção, com morte do embrião em virtude de distúrbios nas produções mesodérmicas que interrompem a circulação vitelina. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da vitamina E sobre as respostas reprodutivas de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Para isso, dietas isoprotéicas (32% PD) e isoenergéticas (3100 kcal kg-1 ED) contendo diferentes níveis de suplementação de vitamina E (200, 300, 400 e 500 mg. Kg-1), foram fornecidas para os grupos de fêmeas (peso médio de 659 ± 121g) por um período de 90 dias. A suplementação de 500 mg influenciou positivamente o volume e o número de ovos produzidos, o índice de desova e a fecundidade relativa e total das fêmeas. Já níveis de suplementação entre 300 e 400 mg afetaram significativamente a taxa de eclosão dos ovos, a sobrevivência e o número de larvas produzidas. A freqüência reprodutiva das fêmeas, taxa de fertilização, bem como o peso e diâmetro dos mesmos não foram influenciados pela suplementação da vitamina nas dietas. O presente estudo mostrou que a vitamina E melhorou o desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas de tilápia-do-nilo, sendo que o nível de inclusão ideal para essa espécie está entre 300 e 500mg kg-1 da dieta
Abstract: Vitamin E acts as a biological antioxidant, protecting the oxidizable compound the cell cytoplasm, avoiding the formation of toxic lipoperoxide. In females the lack of arrest determines fetal growth, retention and absorption, with embryonic death due to disturbances in the production mesodermal interrupting vitelline circulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on reproductive responses of female tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To do this, isonitrogenous diets (32% DP) and isocaloric (3100 kcal kg 1-ED) with different levels of vitamin E supplementation (200, 300, 400 and 500 mg. Kg-1), were provided to groups of females (average weight 659 ± 121g) for a period of 90 days. The supplementation of 500 mg has positively influenced the volume and number of eggs produced, the index of spawning and the relative fecundity of females and total. Since levels of supplementation between 300 and 400 mg significantly affected the rate of egg hatching, survival and number of larvae produced. The frequency of reproductive females, fertilization rate, and the weight and diameter of them were not influenced by supplementation of vitamin in the diet. This study showed that vitamin E improved the reproductive performance of female tilapia Nile, and the inclusion level ideal for this species is between 300 and 500 mg kg-1 diet
Orientador: Marta Verardino de Stéfani
Coorientador: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein
Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Banca: Fernando André Salles
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Koch, João Fernando Albers [UNESP]. "Levedura como pronutriente em dietas de matrizes e alevinos de Tílápia-do-Nilo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95265.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Objetivou-se avaliar a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo, em experimento realizado em duas etapas na UNESP. Dois grupos de fêmeas reprodutoras de tilápia do Nilo (734,47 ± 202,08 g), variedade GIFT foram arraçoados por 100 dias com rações isoprotéicas (34% PD) e isoenergéticas (3400 kcal ED/kg), uma contendo 2% de levedura íntegra e outra ausente de levedura. As fêmeas desses dois tratamentos foram fecundadas naturalmente e as larvas, ao final da absorção do saco vitelino, foram alocadas em aquários de 3,5 L e alimentadas por 30 dias com três rações isoprotéicas (35% PD) e isoenergéticas (3280 kcal ED/kg): ausente de levedura; contendo 1% de levedura íntegra ou; 1% de levedura autolisada. Após abate, foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho produtivo: biomassa final; ganho de peso; consumo de ração; conversão alimentar aparente; peso final; comprimento total; fator de condição corporal; altura média, e mortalidade. Foi analisado ainda, o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça dos animais. Verificou-se interação significativa dos fatores analisados para todas as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, exceto para o consumo de ração. A levedura íntegra (2,0%) em dietas de matrizes ou na dieta de alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo (1,0%) aumenta a sobrevivência dos alevinos.
This trial was conducted to evaluate dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as pronutrient of Nile tilapia broodstock female and fingerling diets. The trial was conducted in two phases at São Paulo State University. Two groups of Nile tilapia broodstock female (734,47 ± 202,08 g), genealogy GIFT, were for 100 days fed with isoproteic (34% DP) and isoenergy (3400 kcal DE/kg) diets, one with 2% autolized yeast and the other with no yeast. The broodstock female from this treatment were naturally fecundated and its larvae, at the end of vitellinic sac absorption, were stocked into 3.5 L-aquarium and fed 30 days with three isoproteic (35% DP) and isoenergy (3280 kcal DE/kg) diets: with no yeast, containing 1% full yeast or 1% autolized yeast. After, the fingerling were killed and final biomass; weight gain; ration consumption; apparent feed conversion; final weight; total length; corporal condition factor; mean height and mortality were determined. Dry matter, ash, crude protein and ether extract from fish body were determined. There was interaction of analysed factors for all growth performance variables, except to feed intake. The full yeast (2,0%) in Nile tilapia broodstock female diets or in fingerling diets (1,0%) improvement fingerling survival.

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Martins, Graciela Pessoa. "Soja crua em dietas para a Tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86747.

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Orientadora: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: Dalton José Carneiro
Banca: Edma Carvalho de Miranda
Resumo: A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da soja crua (SC) e a substituição (0,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da soja crua em dietas práticas, sobre o desempenho produtivo, resposta hematológica e análise histopatológica do fígado. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo I - ensaio de digestibilidade. Foram utilizados 80 juvenis (± 50,0 g) de tilápia-do-nilo num sistema para determinação dos CDA, sendo a ração teste acrescida de 0,1% de cr2o3. Estudo II - ensaio de desempenho produtivo e saúde. Por 90 dias. Foram utilizados 160 peixes com peso médio inicial de 17,0 ± 1,55 g, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200L (cinco peixes/aquário). Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Ao final do período experimental determinou-se o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de retenção proteica e porcentagem de sobrevivência). Posteriormente, foram efetuadas as análises hematológicas dos peixes (contagem de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e contagem diferencial de leucócitos) e aos 45 e 90 dias as lâminas histológicas dos fígados. Os peixes alimentados com ração sem SC apresentaram melhor ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Sinais de estresse, confrontos agonísticos, dominância entre os animais e lesão dérmica foi observado nos peixes alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de soja crua. O fígado dos peixes não apresentou edema ou necrose, apenas degeneração. A soja crua prejudicou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia-do-nilo, porém no período de 90 dias, não determinou alterações no eritrograma e histologia do fígado
Abstract: The research aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of raw soybean (RS) and the replacement of protein from soybean meal by raw soybean protein in increasing levels of RS (0.0, 15.0, 25 , 0, 35.0%) in practical diets on productive performance, hematological response and histopatological analysis of liver. The present research was divided into two studies: Study I - the digestibility trial. In this study 80 juveniles (± 50.0 g) of Nile tilapia were used to determining the ADC. Chromic oxid was added in test diet at a rate of 0.1%. Study II - productive performance and health trial. In this study the experimental period was 90 days. One hundred and sixty fish with initial average weight of 17.0 ± 1.55 g were used. The animals were distributed into 32 cages of 200L containing five fish per aquarium. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to determine productive performance (weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, efficiency protein ratio, protein retention ratio and survival percentage). Hematological parameters evaluated after 90 days were total (erythrocyte and leukocytes count, differential leucocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total plasmatic protein, albumin and globulin). Hematimetric indices were calculated. At the 45th and the 90th days histological slides of fish livers were performed. Fish fed diet with no RS showed better weight gain and feed intake. Signs of stress, agonistic behaviors, dominance among animals and skin lesions were observed in fish fed diets containing raw soybean. Fish livers showed no edema or necrosis, only degeneration. Raw soybean impaired growth performance, however 90 days did not determined alterations neither on erythrogram nor in histological characteristics of liver
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SANTOS, Elton Lima. "Avaliação do farelo de coco e do farelo do resíduo de goiaba na alimentação de tilápia-do-nilo." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6738.

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The present research was developed in two stages: digestibilidade of the coconut meal and guava and the productive performance in figerlings of Nile tilapia with differentlevels of inclusion of coconut meal. The experiments had been lead in the Laboratory of Ponderal Evaluation) in Aquatic Animals (LaAqua,), located in the Department of Fisherie and Aquaculture of the UFRPE, with the objective to study agro-industrial by-products of the Northeast region: coconut meal (CM) and waste guava meal (WGM) in the feeding of tilápia of Nile, evaluating itself it digestibility of the dry matter, the protein and the energy of the CM and the WGM and the productive performance of tilápia of Nile with levels of 0,15, 30 and 45% of inclusion of CM on the basis of the parameters of: profit of weight, apparent conversion feed, consumption of apparent ration, hepatossomátic index, index of viscero-somatic fat, weight of visceras and the economic viability of the rations. In the experiment digestibility had been used 75 figerlings of Nile tilapia with initial average weight of 20,00 ±5,0g during a period of collection of feces of 25 days. The rations had been supplied "ad libitum" (of 45 in 45 minutes) in small fractions, in the period of the 8:00 to 17:00hs. The methodology for the excrement collection was for direct collection in the deep one of the aquariums, where, daily in the period of the morning and the afternoon the aquariums were clean for the withdrawal of the excrements that were deposited in the deep one of the same ones and later stored in freezer to 0° C. the following results of digestibility for MS, PB, EB, EDa and PDa of the bran of west guava meal had been gotten: 43,36; 61,49; 64,24 %; 3601,03 kcal/kg and 6.89% and for the coconut meal of: 60,36; 75,62; 37,10%; 1878,74 kcal and 15.60% for MS, PB, EB and for EDa and PDa, respectively. For the performance experiment, one used 144 figerlings, reverted sexually, with initial average weight of 2,04 ± 0,02g distributed in 24 aquariums of 70L, in a delineation randomized completely, with four treatments and six repetitions. Four rations semelhants energy (3000kcal/kg of digestible energy and semelhants protein had been formulated (28% of crude protein), supplemented with synthetic amino acids, differing how much to the inclusion levels of the coconut meal (0, 15, 30 and 45%). The experimental period was of 75 days, in a closed system of water circulation. Differences how much to the profit of weight and average consumption of ration had not been observed, however it had an increasing linear effect in the apparent feed:gain ration with the increase of the levels of coconut meal, having significant differences it does not enter the treatments with 0 and 15% of inclusion of coconut meal, in accordance with the test of Tukey. Was not gotten Significant difference in the evaluated anatomo-physiological parameters. Sending regards of this form, the ration with 15% of inclusion of coconut meal.
A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas etapas: digestibilidade dos farelo de coco e de goiaba e o desempenho produtivo de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo com diferentes níveis de inclusão de farelo de coco. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Avaliação Ponderal em Animais aquáticos (LaAqua), localizado no Departamento de Pesca e Aqüicultura da UFRPE, com o objetivo de estudar os subprodutos agroindustriais da região Nordeste: farelo de coco (FC) e farelo de resíduo de goiaba (FRG) na alimentação de tilápiado- nilo, avaliou-se a digestibilidade da matéria seca, da proteína e da energia do FC e do FRG e o desempenho produtivo de tilápia-do-nilo com níveis de 0, 15, 30 e 45% de inclusão de FC com base nas seguintes variáveis de: ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, consumo de ração aparente, índice hepatossomático, índice de gordura viscero-somática, peso das vísceras e da viabilidade econômica das rações. No experimento de digestibilidade foram utilizados 75 alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo com peso médio inicial de 20,00 ± 5,0g, durante um período de coleta de excretas de 25 dias. As rações foram fornecidas “ad libitum” (de 45 em 45 minutos) em pequenas porções, no período das 8:00 às 17:00h. As fezes foram coletadas por pipetagem direta no fundo dos aquários, onde, diariamente nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. Os aquários eram sinfonados para a retirada das fezes que ficavam depositadas no fundo dos mesmos e posteriormente armazenadas em um freezer à 0° C. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados de digestibilidade para MS, PB, EB, EDa e PDa do farelo de resíduo de goiaba: 43,36; 61,49; 64,24 %; 3601,03 kcal/kg e 6,89% e para o farelo de coco de: 60,36; 75,62; 37,10%; 1878,74 kcal e 15,60% para MS, PB, EB e para EDa e PDa, respectivamente. Para o experimento de desempenho, utilizou-se 144 alevinos, machos revertidos sexualmente, com peso médio inicial de 2,04 ± 0,02g distribuídos em 24 aquários de 70 L, em um delineamento inteiramentecasualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram formuladas quatro ações isoenergéticas (3000 kcal/kg de energia digestível) e isoprotéicas (28% de proteína bruta), suplementadas com aminoácidos sintéticos, diferindo quanto aos níveis de inclusão do farelo de coco (0, 15, 30 e 45%). O período experimental foi de 75 dias, num sistema fechado de circulação de água. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao ganho de peso e consumo médio de ração, porém houve um efeito linear crescente na conversão alimentar aparente com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de coco, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tratamentos com 0 e 15% de inclusão de farelo de coco, de acordo com o teste de Tukey. Não obteve-se diferença estatisticamente significativa nos parâmetros anatomofisiológicos avaliados. Recomenda-se dessa forma, a ração com 15% de inclusão de farelo de coco.

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Salvador, Rogério. "Imunização e inflamação por Streptococcus agalactiae em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentadas com ração suplementada com parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100220.

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Orientador: Flávio Ruas de Moraes
Banca: Margaria Maria Barros
Banca: Júlio Hermann Leonhardt
Banca: Maria José Tavares Ranzani de Paiva
Banca: Newton Castagnolli
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a inter-relação entre a suplementação alimentar com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura e vacinação com extrato oleoso de Streptococcus agalactiae sobre o desempenho produtivo, parâmetros fisiopatológicos e componente celular inflamatório em tilápia do Nilo. Oitenta e quatro tilápia com peso médio inicial de 125,0 + 1,5g foram distribuídas em 12 caixas de fibra, seguindo o esquema fatorial 2x2x3, correspondente a dois níveis de parede celular de levedura (0,0 e 0,3% parede celular), dois tratamentos (solução salina e vacina) e três coletas após o desafio com a bactéria viva (seis, 24 e 48h) com sete repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados durante 77 dias. A vacinação foi realizada 60 dias após o início da alimentação, por meio da inoculação intraperitoneal de 0,5 mL da vacina contendo 108 UFC/mL. Após 15 dias da vacinação, todos os peixes foram submetidos ao desafio com Streptococcus agalactiae vivo, por meio da inoculação intraperitoneal de 108 UFC/mL, veiculadas em 0,5 mL de solução salina (0,85%). As análises do desempenho produtivo mostraram que a suplementação dietética com parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação não influenciou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo e o melhor desempenho ocorreu na utilização da parede celular de levedura. Os parâmetros hematológicos mostraram que a suplementação com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação contra Streptococcus agalactiae em tilápia do Nilo foi essencial para incrementar a hematopoiese. A suplementação alimentar com 0,3% de parede celular de levedura associada à vacinação melhorou a resposta de defesa dos peixes, no que se refere à inflamação aguda e destaca a importância da vacinação.
Abstract: The work evaluates the interrelation between supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast and vaccination with oily extract of Streptococcus agalactiae in the growth performance, phisiopathological parameters and inflamatory cellular component of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Eighty four tilapia with initial average weight of 125,0 ± 1,5g were distributed in 12 fiber aquaria, following the factorial design 2x2x3, corresponding to two levels of cellular wall of yeast (0,0 and 0,3% cellular wall), two treatments (saline solution and vaccine) and three collections, after challenge with bacteria (six, 24 and 48h) with seven repetitions. Fish were fed during 77 days. The vaccination was accomplished 60 days after the beginning of the feeding, through inoculation intraperitoneal of 0,5 mL of the vaccine containing 108 UFC/mL. After 15 days of the vaccination, all fishes were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae, through inoculation intraperitoneal of 108 UFC/ml, diluted in 0,5 mL of saline solution (0,85%). The analyses of the pattern performance showed that supplementation diets with cellular wall of yeast associated to vaccination did not influence the growth performance of Nile tilapia and the best growth performance was obtained using cellular wall of yeast. The phisiopathological parameters showed supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast associated to the vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia were essential to increase the hematopoiesis. The supplementation diets with 0,3% of cellular wall of yeast associated to the vaccination improved the immune response of fish, in relation to the sharp inflammation and it detaches the importance of the vaccination.
Doutor

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SANTOS, Elton Lima. "Aditivos naturais promotores de crescimento em dietas para tilápia do Nilo." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6758.

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The research was developed in Laboratory of Ponderal Evaluation in aquatic Animals (LaAqua), located in the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the UFRPE, with the aim to study the effect of the natural promoter growth additive in feed for Nile tilapia, through the evaluation of the digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein and crude energy of the rations, the performance and the morfometry of the mucosa gut of Nile tilapia. The used natural additives had been the alcoholic extract of propolis and garlic powder in the levels of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % and 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% of inclusion in the ration, respectively, arranged in a design randomized with four treatments and six repetitions. In the performance, that was carried through in aquariums of 70L, in a system of closed water circulation with the use of biofilter, the profit of weight, apparent alimentary conversion, consumption of apparent ration, hepatossomatic index, protein efficiency tax, viscerosomatic fat index, digestives somatic index and the morfometry of the mucosa gut had been evaluated, on the basis of the intestinal villus height. In the digestibility experiment had been used 320 juveniles of Nile tilapia with initial average weight of 20,00 ±5,0g The rations hadbeen supplied “ad libitum” (of 45 in 45 minutes) in small portions, in the period of the 8:00 to 17:00 h. The excrements had been collected in the deep one of the aquariums, daily, to each six hours. In the condition where the experiment was carried through, the use of the alcoholic extract of propolis that as additive promoter of growth for Nile tilapia, did not imply in improvement in the performance, however it provided one better energy exploitation of the ration. The garlic powder as additive in rations for youthful the Nile tilapia, did not provide positive effect as promotional of growth, in the studied levels.
Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Avaliação Ponderal em Animais Aquáticos (LaAqua), localizado no Departamento de Pesca e Aqüicultura da UFRPE, com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da adição de aditivos naturais promotores de crescimento na alimentação de tilápia do Nilo, através da avaliação da digestibilidade da matéria seca, da proteína e da energia das rações, do desempenho produtivo e da morfometria da mucosa intestinal de tilápia do Nilo. Os aditivos naturais utilizados foram o extrato alcoólico de própolis e alho em pó nos níveis de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5,% e 0,0; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 % de inclusão na ração, respectivamente, arranjados num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, tanto para digestibilidade, quanto para o desempenho. No desempenho, que foi realizado em aquários de 70L, em um sistema de circulação fechada de água com a utilização de biofiltro, foram avaliados o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, consumo de ração aparente, índice hepato-somático, taxa de eficiência protéica, índice de gordura viscero-somática, índice digestivo-somático e amorfometria da mucosa intestinal, com base na altura das vilosidades. No experimento de digestibilidade foram utilizados 320 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com peso médio inicial de 20,00 ± 5,0g. As rações foram fornecidas “ad libitum” (de 45 em 45 minutos) em pequenas porções, no período das 8h às 17h. As fezes foram coletadas no fundo dos aquários, diariamente, a cada seis horas. Nas condições em que foram realizados os experimentos, pode-se concluir que o uso do extrato alcoólico de própolis, como aditivo promotor de crescimento para tilápia do Nilo, não implicou em melhora no desempenho, porém, proporcionou um melhor aproveitamento energético da ração. O alho em pó, como aditivo em rações para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, não proporcionou efeito positivo como promotor de crescimento, nos níveis estudados.

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Araujo, Daniel de Magalhães [UNESP]. "Fontes de lipídios poliinsaturados na nutrição e saúde da tilápia do nilo (oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100776.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas (FAPEAL)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) exercem importantes funções metabólicas no organismo animal, sendo indispensáveis ao crescimento e higidez em peixes. Foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes relações entre PUFAs ômega-6 e ômega-3 sobre o desempenho, composição químico-bromatológica da carcaça e índices corporais de tilápias do Nilo. Foram utilizados alevinos revertidos (7,5g±0,21), distribuídos em 40 aquários, sendo oito peixes por aquário. Foram confeccionadas oito rações (tratamentos) experimentais: basal (sem adição de óleo); 6% de óleo de girassol (OG); 5% de OG + 1% de óleo de linhaça (OL); 4% de OG + 2% de OL; 3% de OG + 3% de OL; 2% de OG + 4% de OL; 1% de OG + 5% de OL; 6% de OL. O arraçoamento foi feito até aparente saciedade quatro vezes ao dia (8:30, 11:30, 14:30 e 17:30 horas). Ao final de 85 dias, foram determinados o peso final, ganho de peso, consumo alimentar aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência protéica, retenção de proteína e retenção de energia.Foram avaliados também a composição químico-bromatológica da carcaça, os índices corporais e a deposição de gordura visceral. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o desempenho produtivo e composição corporal de tilápias do Nilo. Apenas a gordura visceral foi alterada dentre os índices corporais. Todas as relações entre PUFAs ômega-6 e ômega-3 proporcionaram desempenho zootécnico semelhante em tilápias do Nilo. Recomenda-se escolher a dieta de acordo com o custo de produção.
The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have indispensable metabolic function in fish growth and health. This study was set out to determine the effect of eight diets with different omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs ratios in performance index, body chemical composition and body indexes of Nile tilapia juveniles. Fish (320 male of 7.50±0,21 g mean) were totally randomly distributed, with five replicates, into 40 plastic aquaria (250 L; 8 fish per aquarium). Eight diets were formulated: basal (with no oil supplementation); 6% sunflower oil (SO); 5% SO + 1% linseed oil (LO); 4% SO + 2% LO; 3% SO + 3% LO; 2% SO + 4% LO; 1% SO + 5% LO; and 6% LO. Fish were fed four times per day (8:30; 11:30; 14:30; and 17:30 hours) for 85 days. At the 85th day, performance index, body chemical composition and body indexes were evaluated. There were no significant differences in fish productive performance and body chemical composition. Visceral fat index in fish fed 6% oils diets contend were high. All diets provided equal tilapia growth performance.

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Koch, João Fernando Albers 1982. "Levedura como pronutriente em dietas de matrizes e alevinos de Tílápia-do-Nilo /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95265.

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Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo, em experimento realizado em duas etapas na UNESP. Dois grupos de fêmeas reprodutoras de tilápia do Nilo (734,47 ± 202,08 g), variedade GIFT foram arraçoados por 100 dias com rações isoprotéicas (34% PD) e isoenergéticas (3400 kcal ED/kg), uma contendo 2% de levedura íntegra e outra ausente de levedura. As fêmeas desses dois tratamentos foram fecundadas naturalmente e as larvas, ao final da absorção do saco vitelino, foram alocadas em aquários de 3,5 L e alimentadas por 30 dias com três rações isoprotéicas (35% PD) e isoenergéticas (3280 kcal ED/kg): ausente de levedura; contendo 1% de levedura íntegra ou; 1% de levedura autolisada. Após abate, foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho produtivo: biomassa final; ganho de peso; consumo de ração; conversão alimentar aparente; peso final; comprimento total; fator de condição corporal; altura média, e mortalidade. Foi analisado ainda, o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça dos animais. Verificou-se interação significativa dos fatores analisados para todas as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, exceto para o consumo de ração. A levedura íntegra (2,0%) em dietas de matrizes ou na dieta de alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo (1,0%) aumenta a sobrevivência dos alevinos.
Abstract: This trial was conducted to evaluate dietary yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as pronutrient of Nile tilapia broodstock female and fingerling diets. The trial was conducted in two phases at São Paulo State University. Two groups of Nile tilapia broodstock female (734,47 ± 202,08 g), genealogy GIFT, were for 100 days fed with isoproteic (34% DP) and isoenergy (3400 kcal DE/kg) diets, one with 2% autolized yeast and the other with no yeast. The broodstock female from this treatment were naturally fecundated and its larvae, at the end of vitellinic sac absorption, were stocked into 3.5 L-aquarium and fed 30 days with three isoproteic (35% DP) and isoenergy (3280 kcal DE/kg) diets: with no yeast, containing 1% full yeast or 1% autolized yeast. After, the fingerling were killed and final biomass; weight gain; ration consumption; apparent feed conversion; final weight; total length; corporal condition factor; mean height and mortality were determined. Dry matter, ash, crude protein and ether extract from fish body were determined. There was interaction of analysed factors for all growth performance variables, except to feed intake. The full yeast (2,0%) in Nile tilapia broodstock female diets or in fingerling diets (1,0%) improvement fingerling survival.
Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto
Mestre

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Araujo, Daniel de Magalhães 1980. "Fontes de lipídios poliinsaturados na nutrição e saúde da tilápia do nilo (oreochromis niloticus) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100776.

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Resumo: Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) exercem importantes funções metabólicas no organismo animal, sendo indispensáveis ao crescimento e higidez em peixes. Foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes relações entre PUFAs ômega-6 e ômega-3 sobre o desempenho, composição químico-bromatológica da carcaça e índices corporais de tilápias do Nilo. Foram utilizados alevinos revertidos (7,5g±0,21), distribuídos em 40 aquários, sendo oito peixes por aquário. Foram confeccionadas oito rações (tratamentos) experimentais: basal (sem adição de óleo); 6% de óleo de girassol (OG); 5% de OG + 1% de óleo de linhaça (OL); 4% de OG + 2% de OL; 3% de OG + 3% de OL; 2% de OG + 4% de OL; 1% de OG + 5% de OL; 6% de OL. O arraçoamento foi feito até aparente saciedade quatro vezes ao dia (8:30, 11:30, 14:30 e 17:30 horas). Ao final de 85 dias, foram determinados o peso final, ganho de peso, consumo alimentar aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência protéica, retenção de proteína e retenção de energia.Foram avaliados também a composição químico-bromatológica da carcaça, os índices corporais e a deposição de gordura visceral. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o desempenho produtivo e composição corporal de tilápias do Nilo. Apenas a gordura visceral foi alterada dentre os índices corporais. Todas as relações entre PUFAs ômega-6 e ômega-3 proporcionaram desempenho zootécnico semelhante em tilápias do Nilo. Recomenda-se escolher a dieta de acordo com o custo de produção.
Abstract: The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have indispensable metabolic function in fish growth and health. This study was set out to determine the effect of eight diets with different omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs ratios in performance index, body chemical composition and body indexes of Nile tilapia juveniles. Fish (320 male of 7.50±0,21 g mean) were totally randomly distributed, with five replicates, into 40 plastic aquaria (250 L; 8 fish per aquarium). Eight diets were formulated: basal (with no oil supplementation); 6% sunflower oil (SO); 5% SO + 1% linseed oil (LO); 4% SO + 2% LO; 3% SO + 3% LO; 2% SO + 4% LO; 1% SO + 5% LO; and 6% LO. Fish were fed four times per day (8:30; 11:30; 14:30; and 17:30 hours) for 85 days. At the 85th day, performance index, body chemical composition and body indexes were evaluated. There were no significant differences in fish productive performance and body chemical composition. Visceral fat index in fish fed 6% oils diets contend were high. All diets provided equal tilapia growth performance.
Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Coorientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto
Banca: Edma Carvalho de Miranda
Banca: João Batista Kochenborguer Fernandes
Doutor

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Moraes, Cyntia Rafaela Ferreira de. "Isótopos estáveis de C e N como indicadores da dieta da Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivada em tanques-rede em reservatório do semiárido brasileiro." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/398.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study investigated the relative contribution of natural food and commercial diets assimilated into the Nile tilapia nutrition (nilloticus niloticus) cultured in cages in the reservoir of Santa Cruz-Apodi / RN. All samples of diets and individuals were held between August and November 2013 in the reservoir cages. Individuals throughout the cultivation, as well as take in the natural food, were feed a control 40 and 32% crude protein for three stages of cultivation. For sampling isotopes dorsal muscle samples were taken from 15 individuals captured, collected food samples 15, periphyton and seston (local water filtration). All samples were dried in an oven at a temperature between 55-60 °C for a period ranging from 36-72 hours, and ground in a mortar and pestle manual to a fine powder. were performed sweeps on material samples filters. The powder samples were stored in tin capsules for conducting the analysis of stable isotopes 15N and 13C for tissue samples and diets which were performed at UC Davis Stable Isotope Laboratory Facility, University of California - USA. The field was monitored the limnological variables with the use of a multisensor. In laboratory Limnologia and Water Quality - LIMNOAQUA, analyzes were performed of growing water, in order to characterize the conditions of abiotic cages. The results of the ratios of C and N isotopes for diets and diets of fish and the contribution rates were analyzed using the R software, version 3.2.2. For data of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, for samples with normal distribution and homogeneous variance was applied one-way ANOVA and Tukey test a posteriori. Where the ANOVA assumptions were not satisfied we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and paired Wilcoxon. The values of the isotopic ratios were analyzed individually by period. Regarding the values of the contribution rates of the diets were analyzed together for each period. It was used Mixsiar Mixture Model to determine the relative contribution of diets. Limnological variables did not vary during the study period, only variations were observed for total phosphorus concentrations in the final cultivation stage and chlorophyll-a in the entire study period. Samples of feed showed significant differences in isotopic composition of 13C, and the values of 15N in tissue samples from fish between periods I and II, occurring distinct discriminating rates in diet-tissue interface for both isotopic elements of C and N in all diets. The waste feed supplied contributed to the high availability of natural foods, especially for diet based on seston.The periphyton diet (26.6%) had reduced contribution compared the diets of seston (39.2%) and fish feed (34.3%) for fish reared in Santa Cruz. In this context, it can be concluded that natural diet - seston and periphyton - (65.8%) contributed to the growth of Nile tilapia cultured in cages, changing the paradigm that only provided food is assimilated by the fish, contributing so almost exclusively on the growth of this species
A presente pesquisa investigou a contribuição relativa dos alimentos naturais e dietas comerciais assimilados na nutrição de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivada em tanques-rede no Reservatório de Santa Cruz-Apodi/RN. Todas as coletas das dietas e indivíduos foram realizadas entre agosto e novembro de 2013, nos tanques-rede do reservatório. Os indivíduos durante todo o cultivo, além de assimilar o alimento natural, foram alimentados com ração comercial de 40 e 32% de proteína bruta durante três fases de cultivo. Para as amostragens de isótopos foram retiradas amostras da musculatura dorsal de 15 indivíduos capturados, e recolhidas 15 amostras de ração, perifíton e seston (filtragem da água local). Todas as amostras foram secas em estufa com temperatura entre 55-60 °C por um período variando entre 36-72 horas, e moídas em almofariz manual e pistilo até formar um pó fino. Foram realizadas raspagens do material nas amostras de filtros. As amostras em pó foram armazenadas em cápsulas de estanho para realização da análise de isótopos estáveis de 13C e 15N para as amostras de tecidos e dietas, que foram realizadas pelo laboratório UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility, Universidade da Califórnia EUA. Em campo foi realizado o monitoramento das variáveis limnológicas com o uso de um multisensor. No laboratório de Limnologia e Qualidade de Água LIMNOAQUA, foram realizadas análises da água de cultivo, com o intuito de caracterizar as condições abióticas dos tanques-rede. Os resultados das razões de isótopos de C e N para as dietas e peixes e das taxas de contribuições das dietas foram analisados utilizando o software R, versão 3.2.2. Para os dados de isótopos estáveis de C e N, para as amostras que apresentaram distribuição normal e variância homogênea foi aplicada uma ANOVA one-way e teste a posteriori de Tukey. Nos casos em que os pressupostos da ANOVA não foram satisfeitos foi aplicado o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e teste pareado de wilcoxon. Os valores das razões isotópicas foram analisados individualmente por período. Em relação aos valores das taxas de contribuição das dietas, foram analisadas em conjunto para cada período. Foi utilizado o Modelo de Mistura Mixsiar para determinar a contribuição relativa das dietas. As variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram variações no período estudado, apenas ocorreram variações para as concentrações fósforo total na fase final de cultivo e clorofila-a em todo o período estudado. As amostras de ração apresentaram diferenças significativas em sua composição isotópica de 13C, e para os valores de 15N nas amostras teciduais de peixes entre os períodos I e II, ocorrendo taxas discriminantes distintas na relação tecido-dieta para ambos os elementos isotópicos de C e N em todas as dietas. Os resíduos de ração ofertada contribuíram para a elevada disponibilidade das dietas naturais, especialmente para a dieta com base no seston. A dieta de perifíton (26,6 %) apresentou contribuições reduzidas em relação as dietas de seston (39,2 %), e ração (34,3 %) para os peixes cultivados em Santa Cruz. Neste contexto, pode-se concluir que a dieta natural seston e perifíton - (65,8%) contribuiu no crescimento da tilápia do Nilo cultivada em tanques-rede, alterando o paradigma de que apenas a ração fornecida é assimilada pelos peixes, contribuindo de forma quase que exclusiva no crescimento desta espécie

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Fernandes, Rosangela do Nascimento [UNESP]. "Valor nutritivo do farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86742.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM...
Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Brum, Jackeline Marcante Dallagnol. "Digestibilidade aparente de derivados de soja (Glycine max), parâmetros hematológicos e desempenho de juvenis de Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1970.

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Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Campus de Toledo
This work was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility of soybean products: soybean meal white (FSB), soybean extruded and pressed (FSP), conventional soybean meal (FSC) and protein isolate soybean (IPS) and the basal diet, and assess whether these derivatives cause injury to health and performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For the first study, we used approximately 385 juvenile tilapia with mean weight 26 ± 6.31 g, distributed in five conical tanks with a capacity of 90L. The experimental design was a Latin square. The animals were submitted to the method of fecal collection by sedimentation. During the experimental period were measured average values of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity were measured. The IPS had the best CDaEB index of 84.33%. For CDaPB, there were no significant differences between treatments, with values above 90%. The largest value of digestible energy (ED) was 4139Kcal ED / kg for the IPS. To digestible protein (PD) IPS presented the value of 79.11%, followed by the FSB, and FSC FSP. After the stool collection period, fish were fed for 45 days for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of tilapia. For blood tests, were captured at random eight fish weighing on average 94.17 ± 8.60 g. Through blood tests, there was a significant difference between treatments for hematological parameters of hemoglobin and hematocrit to biochemical parameters showed higher triglyceride levels in the analysis of basal diet. The second study aimed to evaluate the performance of tilapia when exposed to soy-based diets (White, IPS, and Conventional Soybean extruded and pressed). We used 200 tilapia with initial weight of 3.6 g and total length averaging 5.2 cm, distributed in 20 experimental cages, housed in a greenhouse. The distribution of treatments used was a fully cazualizado design with four treatments and five replicates for 60 days. Were prepared five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 28% digestible protein and 3,300 kcal ED / kg. At the end of the experiment, fish were weighed and measured individually, where he obtained the calculations of weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, survival rate and condition factor. At the end of the experiment, there were no statistical differences in the composition of fish among treatments and productive performance. It follows that all foods have excellent CDa evaluated with values above 90% protein digestibility. Derivatives of soy are foods high protein, with excellent rates of apparent availability of its nutrients. The soy-based diets do not cause harm to health of tilapia compared with the reference diet, and can be used as food in order to formulate least cost rations for flour in place of animal origin for this species, and that feeds the base of soy products do not cause damage to the performance of tilapia compared with the reference diet.
O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos derivados da soja: farelo de soja branco (FSB), farelo de soja extrusado e prensado (FSP), farelo de soja convencional (FSC) e o isolado protéico de soja (IPS) e uma ração referência, e avaliar se esses derivados causam prejuízos à saúde e ao desempenho da tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Para o primeiro estudo, foram utilizados aproximadamente 385 juvenis de tilápias com peso médio de 26±6,31g., distribuídos em cinco tanques de fundo cônico com capacidade para 90L. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o quadrado latino. Os animais foram submetidos à metodologia de coleta de fezes por sedimentação. Durante o período experimental foram mensurados os valores médios de temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica foram mensurados. O IPS apresentou o melhor índice de CDaEB de 84,33%. Para o CDaPB, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, apresentando valores acima de 90%. O maior valor de energia digestível (ED) foi de 4139Kcal de ED/Kg para o IPS. Para a proteína digestível (PD) o IPS apresentou o valor de 79,11%, seguido do FSB, FSC e FSP. Após o período de coleta das fezes, os peixes foram alimentados por mais 45 dias, para a avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos das tilápias. Para as análises sanguíneas, foram capturados ao acaso oito peixes com peso médio de 94,17±8,60g. Através das análises sanguíneas, observou-se que houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros hematológicos de hemoglobina e hematócrito, para os parâmetros bioquímicos foram observados maiores níveis de triglicerídeos na análise da ração referência. O segundo estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho das tilápias quando submetidas às dietas a base de soja (Branco, IPS, Convencional e Soja Extrusada e Prensada). Foram utilizadas 200 tilápias com peso médio inicial de 3,6g e comprimento total médio inicial de 5,2cm, distribuídos em 20 tanques-rede experimentais, instalado em uma estufa. A distribuição dos tratamentos utilizada foi um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, durante 60 dias. Foram elaboradas cinco rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas com 28% de proteína digestível e 3.300Kcal de ED/Kg. Ao final do período experimental os peixes foram pesados e medidos individualmente, onde obteve-se os cálculos de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiências alimentar, taxa de sobrevivência e o fator de condição. Ao final do experimento, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas na composição centesimal dos peixes e entre os tratamentos do desempenho produtivo. Conclui-se que todos os alimentos avaliados apresentam excelentes CDa, com valores acima de 90% de digestibilidade da proteína. Os derivados da soja são alimentos altamente protéicos, com ótimos índices de disponibilidade aparente de seus nutrientes. As rações a base de soja não causam prejuízos a saúde das tilápias quando comparadas com a ração referência, e pode ser utilizado na alimentação, visando formular rações de menor custo em substituição às farinhas de origem animal para esta espécie, e que as rações a base de derivados de soja não causam prejuízos ao desempenho das tilápias quando comparadas com a ração referência.

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Mamun, Shamsuddin Mohammed. "Comparative studies of the growth performance, nutritional physiology and energy metabolism of genetically improved and conventional Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)." Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989987043/04.

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Botelho, Renan de Mattos [UNESP]. "Valor nutritivo, pela Tilápia do Nilo, do farelo de algodão suplementado com fitase." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99586.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da enzima fitase com os níveis de suplementação: 750, 1.500, 2.250, 3.000 UFA/kg (unidades de fitase ativa por quilo de ração) e dieta sem suplementação, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e disponibilidade aparente dos minerais do farelo de algodão. Para isso cem juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus; PV 100.0 ± 5.0 g) foram distribuídos em dez tanques-rede. Determinou-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB) e matéria mineral (MM), assim como a disponibilidade aparente do cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), de seis rações, marcadas com 1,00 g/kg de óxido de crômio-III – uma referência (ração purificada) e cinco contendo farelo de algodão (400 g/kg) e os diferentes níveis de suplementação da enzima fitase. O CDA dos nutrientes foi calculado com base no teor de crômio da ração e das fezes. A enzima fitase eleva a disponibilidade da MM e dos minerais P, Zn, Cu e Mn, no farelo de algodão, até o limite próximo de 2080 UFA/kg
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation (0, 750, 1.500, 2.250 e 3.000 FTU/kg) on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and mineral matter (MM) were determinate of cottonseed meal. For this one hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus; BW= 100.0 ± 5.0 g) were assigned to 10 experimental cages. As reference, an albumin and gelatin-based diet [with 0.10 % chromic oxide (III) as external marker] was fed to the juveniles. Six diets (one reference and five based on cottonseed meal and increasing levels of phytase) were formulated to determine the coefficients of apparent availability of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Mn) and digestibility coefficient of nutrients and energy. The enzyme increases the availability MM and minerals P, ZN, Cu and Mn in cottonseed meal, up to around 2080 FTU/kg

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Botelho, Renan de Mattos 1988. "Valor nutritivo, pela Tilápia do Nilo, do farelo de algodão suplementado com fitase /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99586.

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Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha
Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto
Banca: Elisabeti Maria Macedo Viegas
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da enzima fitase com os níveis de suplementação: 750, 1.500, 2.250, 3.000 UFA/kg (unidades de fitase ativa por quilo de ração) e dieta sem suplementação, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e disponibilidade aparente dos minerais do farelo de algodão. Para isso cem juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus; PV 100.0 ± 5.0 g) foram distribuídos em dez tanques-rede. Determinou-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB) e matéria mineral (MM), assim como a disponibilidade aparente do cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), de seis rações, marcadas com 1,00 g/kg de óxido de crômio-III - uma referência (ração purificada) e cinco contendo farelo de algodão (400 g/kg) e os diferentes níveis de suplementação da enzima fitase. O CDA dos nutrientes foi calculado com base no teor de crômio da ração e das fezes. A enzima fitase eleva a disponibilidade da MM e dos minerais P, Zn, Cu e Mn, no farelo de algodão, até o limite próximo de 2080 UFA/kg
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation (0, 750, 1.500, 2.250 e 3.000 FTU/kg) on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and mineral matter (MM) were determinate of cottonseed meal. For this one hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus; BW= 100.0 ± 5.0 g) were assigned to 10 experimental cages. As reference, an albumin and gelatin-based diet [with 0.10 % chromic oxide (III) as external marker] was fed to the juveniles. Six diets (one reference and five based on cottonseed meal and increasing levels of phytase) were formulated to determine the coefficients of apparent availability of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Mn) and digestibility coefficient of nutrients and energy. The enzyme increases the availability MM and minerals P, ZN, Cu and Mn in cottonseed meal, up to around 2080 FTU/kg
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