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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber construction'
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1
Han, Fang, and Shou Feng Wang. "Timber and Chinese Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1766.
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Timber, a traditional construction material that was almost forgotten. Timber structure building got a qualitative leap in structure form, mechanized producing craftmanship and matching products, along with social progress and technology improvement. This paper will summarize modern timber structure forms by comparison with popular constructional material, like concrete and steel, in five aspects including life-cycle energy consumption, structure form, construction cost, construction period, seismic performance. Timber's advantages and disadvantages in architectural design will be listed, which may provide theoretical basis for diversified choice of construction materials in architectural design.
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Far, Harry, and Claire Far. "Timber Portal Frames vs Timber Truss-Based Systems for Residential Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9047679.
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A large number of structures have been built during or after the construction of a house or residential-zoned building, which are not built at the same time and/or integrally with the structural integrity of the residential dwelling. These include carports, pergolas, sheds, and barns. The typical method of constructing these structures is a general timber truss and column system. The aim of this study is to look at the feasibility and economic incentive that may be gained from using a timber portal frame system, similar to the steel or timber portal frames used for larger industrial constructions, over the traditional timber truss and column arrangement. In this study, designs for three cases of timber truss and timber portals were carried out using industry appropriate methods and standards. Using the design information and data gathered through talks with industry professionals, both methods of construction were compared on cost and overall time duration. From the comparison of the truss and portal designs, the use of timber portal frames over timber truss systems proved to have advantage in relation to overall cost and man power involved. This could certainly affect the current attitude towards the construction of small residential buildings in the future.
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Schuetze, Thorsten. "Wood Constructions for Sustainable Building Renovation." Advanced Materials Research 1150 (November 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1150.67.
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This paper discusses the potentials of different wood constructions for the renovation and extension of existing buildings for sustainable urban renewal. The renovation and extension of existing buildings with wood constructions can contribute significantly to sustainable urban redevelopment. The renovation of building envelopes, such as façades and roofs, with highly insulated wooden components, can reduce the transmission heat losses and related heating energy demand of existing buildings significantly. The extension of existing buildings contributes to the redensification of urban areas and can create synergies with the improvement of existing buildings’ performances. The manifold advantages of specific wooden constructions can be related to different aspects, such as construction type and material properties, building execution, design, logistic and sustainability. The results of this research discuss the architectural design and planning relevant properties of specific timber construction types, such as wood frame, cross-laminated timber (CLT), massive timber, and hybrid timber-concrete, considering the properties of different soft (such as spruce) and hard (such as beech) construction timber species. Timber constructions are compared with conventional massive constructions out of concrete and steel. The results confirm the significant advantages of timber constructions regarding all aspects.
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Hardy, A. C. "Timber Frame Construction." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, no. 5 (September 1985): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551230.
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Kurokawa, Tetsuro. "Heavy timber construction." Habitat International 14, no. 2-3 (January 1990): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(90)90056-7.
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Tažiková, Alena, Zuzana Struková, Mária Kozlovská, and Martin Škvarka. "Time–Cost Analysis of Construction of Administrative Buildings Using Wood-Based Construction Systems." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2024): 11176. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311176.
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Nowadays, wooden constructions should occupy an important place in the construction industry, mainly because they eliminate negative effects on the environment. Eco-friendly and sustainable buildings include, for example, buildings made of timber column structures and buildings made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Eco-friendly buildings based on wood are in the minority in Slovakia. The research question is what advantages and disadvantages can the construction of an administrative building from CLT panels include, not only for the construction investor, compared to a construction from a timber column structure? The main research method is the analysis of time and cost parameters of the construction of wooden buildings, with the aim of drawing attention to the characteristics of construction in the segment of administrative buildings in Slovakia. The synthesis of the resulting knowledge has proven the advantage of construction from CLT panels compared to timber column structures. The task of designers is to offer knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of different types of constructions, to which the results of our study contribute. This study is based on a thorough time–cost analysis of the parameters of the CLT construction system and timber column structures, and it definitely fills the publishing gap in the given topic.
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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.
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The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hundred small-medium bridges for connecting 20 districts, 39 wards, and 197 villages using local materials such as local timbers. This laminating technology is not a new technology but the utilization of this technology for constructing the main bridges structures is challenging and limited to the implementation in the civil construction industrial sector. This study composed 2 types of the low-class quality (lcq) of timber materials (such as Shorea sp and Shorea peltata Sym) and 2 types of medium class-quality (mcq) ones (Dipterocarpus and Calophyllum) for constructing the main bridge structures. Based on the laboratory test results utilizing 80% of lcq materials and 20% mcq ones, these composite timber materials may increase the timbers MOE by 145% to 166% from the existing MOE value of the mcq solid timbers. Based on the simulations these laminated composites wooden bridge girders 2 x (70x20) m2, these timber materials have passed all the tests and the application of this technology may improve the lcq timber values and it could be used for an alternative material of the bridge girder's main structures.
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Huzita, Tomohumi, Ryu Noda, and Chihiro Kayo. "Regional Economic Impacts from Timber Check Dam Construction—A Comparison with Concrete Check Dam Construction." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101073.
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Recently, many mountain disasters caused by natural phenomena, such as typhoons and heavy rains, have struck Japan, where check dams are used as important disaster prevention structures. Meanwhile, increased timber use in Japan is expected to revitalize regional economies, thus drawing attention to the use of timber in check dams. However, comparisons between timber and concrete check dams, in terms of their impact on the regional economy, have been overlooked in previous studies. Therefore, targeting Akita Prefecture in Japan, we evaluated quantitatively the respective regional economic impact of timber and concrete check dam construction through an input–output analysis. An extended input–output table was developed based on the revenue and expenditure data obtained from interviews with check dam construction companies. The construction cost and amount of sediment runoff prevention of a concrete check dam was unified with those of a timber check dam to evaluate their respective economic impact. In both cases, the impact of timber check dam construction was about 12 to 13% larger. In brief, timber check dam construction was found to have a more positive impact on the regional economy than concrete check dam construction. However, with the regional self-sufficiency ratio of the lumber and wood products sector at less than 20%, or the lumber price at 60% of its current price, the economic impact of constructing a timber check dam becomes smaller than that of a concrete check dam. In other words, it is important to harvest, process, and use timber regionally to contribute to the regional economy. Specifically, using timber that is processed, rather than simply harvested, in the region has a larger economic impact on the region. Additionally, in timber check dam construction, procuring inexpensive timber and reducing construction costs may be a trade-off for revitalizing the regional economy.
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Erman, Ercüment. "Demountable Timber Joints for Timber Construction Systems." Architectural Science Review 45, no. 2 (June 2002): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2002.9697501.
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Jibril Oyebode Bashir, A. Ocholi, A. Lawan, Y. Watafua, and I. Isa. "STRENGTH CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMBINED GLULAM BEAM MADE FROM OPEPE (Nauclea diderrichii) AND OBECHE (Triplochiton scleroxylon) TIMBERS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 6 (December 20, 2023): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2075.
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Quality timber species are declining due to over-exploitation in Nigeria. This has propelled the utilisation of low-grade timbers species that are considered for low-end constructions in the past which called for concern. This study establishes the viability of a typical beam made from locally sourced non-durable Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) with highly durable Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) timber specie in a combined glulam form, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive which serves the impact of environmental sustainability and reduced cost of engineering construction. Seasoned timber samples and PVA adhesive were all obtained locally in Nigeria. Beam specimens were tested in the Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria according to EN 338 (2009). Based on tests, it is evident that solid Opepe and Obeche timber specimens exhibited more durable characteristics than their homogenous glulam when fabricated with PVA adhesive. The combined Opepe/Obeche (GLc OP/OB) glulam beam specimen was proposed into GL18c strength class according to EN 338 based on minimum constraints which it satisfies, reflecting a 41 % greater Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) in comparison with EN 338 experimental value. This study recommends the enhancement of the bending strength, density and modulus of elasticity of a typical non-durable solid Obeche timber beam by 38 %, 47 % and 35 % respectively with 40 % durable Opepe timber in a combined glulam form using PVA adhesive for engineering construction purposes.
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Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.
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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.
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Haase, Peter, Simon Aurand, Jakob Boretzki, Matthias Albiez, Carmen Sandhaas, Thomas Ummenhofer, and Philipp Dietsch. "Bending Behavior of Hybrid Timber–Steel Beams." Materials 17, no. 5 (March 1, 2024): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17051164.
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Driven by climate change and the need for a more sustainable construction sector, policy is increasingly demanding and promoting timber hybrid construction methods. In the German state of Baden-Württemberg, every new public building has to be of timber or timber hybrid construction (Holzbauoffensive BW). The objective of multi-story buildings with large floor spans can only be achieved in a resource-efficient way by hybrid constructions combining timber and steel components. A research project recently completed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology was aimed at the development and systematic investigation of hybrid bending beams in which an advantageous combination of the materials steel and timber is used. For this purpose, steel profiles are integrated into timber cross-sections in a shear-resistant manner by adhesive bonding. As part of the experimental, numerical and analytical investigations, different cross-sections of steel and timber, as well as different construction materials, were considered (GL24h, LVL48p, LVL80p, S355 and S420). The results of large-scale four-point bending tests illustrate the potential of this new hybrid construction method. Depending on the geometry and material combinations tested, the bending stiffness could be increased by up to 250%, and the load-carrying capacity by up to 120%, compared to a glulam beam with identical dimensions.
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MYKHAYLOVSKY, Denis, and Tetiana SKLIAROVA. "FIRE RESISTANCE OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS MADE OF TIMBER." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 13 (December 23, 2023): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.13.2023.4-16.
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Building constructions from timber or cross-laminated timber become more and more widespread. The experience of designing, building, and exploitation of such buildings of various heightsaround the world confirms the expediency of their use. Recently, the construction of frame and panel multi-story buildings from laminated and crosslaminated timber has become especially widespread. In Ukraine, there is still an outdated opinionabout the impossibility of high-rise buildings construction with load-bearing structures made of timber. This article analyzes the current regulatory framework from the point of view of limitations and prospects for their solution regarding such construction and design. A solution to the problem of calculation of high-rise buildings made of laminated timber and panel buildings made of cross-laminated timber is proposed, taking into account the minimum required fire resistance of the main supportingstructures. The algorithm for calculating the loadbearing structures of high-rise buildings with a frame made of laminated and panels made of crosslaminated timber using the method of finite elements and analytical calculation is presented. The expediency and possibility of designing and constructing frame and panel high-rise buildings made from laminated and cross-laminated timber is substantiated.However, in Ukraine, the construction of multistory buildings using glued and cross-glued wood faces a large number of bureaucratic restrictions associated with the lack of modern experience in suchconstruction and a clearly formed regulatory framework.This article analyzes the current regulatory framework from the point of view of limitations and prospects for their solution regarding such construction and design. A solution to the problem of calculation of high-rise buildings made of glued woodand panel buildings made of transversely glued wood is proposed, taking into account the minimum required fire resistance of the main supporting structures. The algorithm for calculating the load-bearing structures of high-rise buildings with a frame madeof glued wood and panel made of cross-glued woodusing the finite element method and analytical calculation is presented. The expediency and possibility of designing and erecting frame and panel highrise buildings from glued and cross-glued wood is substantiated.
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Parvickaitė, Kotryna. "MODERN SOLUTIONS OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR ADJUSTMENT POSSIBILITIES IN LITHUANIA / MEDINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ NAUJŲ SPRENDINIŲ TAIKYMO LIETUVOJE GALIMYBĖS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.037.
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In this article analyses of modern timber construction solutions are made in order to estimate their adjustment possibilities in Lithuania. Construction analyses are made according to the national Building law and other regulations. Two dwelling houses, build in Vilnius, are used as an example to examine whether their designed reinforced concrete and masonry constructions are replaceable by modern timber constructions.
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Resnais, Peteris, Aldis Grekis, Matiss Keivs, and Baiba Gaujena. "Possibilities of Useful Use of Glued Wooden Construction Residues." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154106.
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People have erected buildings with the use of timber structures for a long time. The uses of timber constructions are very diverse—it is used for the production of exterior wall and roof constructions, window frames and doors, and it is used for dry as well as wet premises. Scandinavian countries have extremely vast experience of using timber structures. Latvia has a rather extensive timber processing and timber structure manufacturing sector. Many companies are involved in timber processing, however, to enable even more extensive use of timber structures, environmental and technically economic requirements of contemporary building must be taken into consideration. Environmental requirements for timber structures provide certain advantages in comparison to other building materials, but technically economic requirements are very important as well. The development of manufacturing of glued constructions and research of production processes of these constructions allows one to find solutions for the reduction in the cost of timber structures, and the results of such research can ensure significant development of the use of timber structures in building, as well as reduce total construction costs. The basic objective of the study is to investigate the residual materials arising as a result of processing cross-laminated timber constructions (CLT panels), material generated as a result of high levels of construction production, and research of the opportunities to reprocess the residual materials generated as a result of laminated timber structure manufacturing into materials suitable for production of building constructions. The majority of CLT panels are manufactured using 20, 30 and 40 mm thick boards, and, during the panel manufacturing process, there are various standard thicknesses of panels, for example, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 mm, etc. Various layers are used for the creation of various thicknesses depending on the necessary technical properties. Various arrangements of the thickness of a single panel will cause different structural and physical behaviour (i.e., impact of changes in moisture, fire resistance, etc.). During the research and for the purposes of testing of CLT panels, only residues with equal types and thicknesses of lamellae were selected. Two main purposes were included in the panel testing process: (1) Comparison of technical performance of the residues of CLT panels with the classic CLT panel. Curve strength and tensile strength tests were performed in accordance with LVS EN standards (LVS EN 16351: 2016 and LVS EN 408 + A1: 2012). All the samples were prepared according to the LVS EN standards. (2) To assess the impact of two resins (melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and polyurethane (PU)), widely used in industry, on structural properties of recycled CLT material. Results of the research show that recycling residues of glued wooden constructions may lead to good results, and manufacturing residues of CLT panels may be successfully used in construction and for the reduction in CLT panel manufacturing costs.
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Vallelado Cordobés, Patricia, Roberto Martínez, Gamaliel López, Álvaro Iglesias Pordomingo, and Luis Alfonso Basterra. "Construction and performance of a 1:2 scale timber structure under standardized load tests." Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 27 (March 21, 2025): e2025. https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2025.20.
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Timber’s growing prominence in both new construction and heritage rehabilitation demands reliable methods to evaluate structural safety. However, most current load-testing protocols target concrete and overlook key timber-specific characteristics such as creep, delayed deflection, and service classes. This study addresses these gaps by investigating a 1:2 scale two-story timber prototype subjected to monotonic (UNE-EN 380) and cyclic (DAfStb) load tests. A comprehensive array of sensors captured time-dependent deflections and post-unloading recovery, revealing pronounced creep effects and highlighting the limits of existing standards to account for timber’s long-term deformation. Although cyclic tests can be completed more quickly, they do not adequately track delayed deflection behaviour crucial to timber structures; by contrast, the sustained-load protocols demanded by monotonic tests provide meaningful insights into creep and sostenibility considerations (such as water usage). These findings underscore the need to develop updated, consensus-based load-testing guidelines that better reflect timber’s unique mechanical response. Such standards would enable more accurate assessments of timber floors, roofs, and frames in both historic and contemporary contexts.
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Kaya, Musa. "Physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in the construction and furniture industry." BioResources 19, no. 3 (July 17, 2024): 6046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6046-6056.
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Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in wooden construction and furniture industry were examined. Polyurethane (PU) glue was used in the production of laminates with 5 layers. The surface layers in each laminated timber (Glulam) were from the same wood type, and the core layers were from willow wood. The laminated timbers whose outer layers were made of willow (Salix alba L.), yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and ash (Fraxinus L.) wood had an air-dry density value of 0.60 g/cm3 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. The pressure resistance parallel to the fibers was determined in the surface layer ash wood with 48.6 N/mm2. It was found that the static bending resistance was 91.1 N/mm2 in laminated timber with a surface layer of ash wood, and the modulus of elasticity value in bending was 10040 N/mm2 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. Thus, it has been seen in the study that improvements in physical and mechanical properties were achieved, especially as a result of combining willow wood (having fast growth potential and low density) with high-density wood types. According to the results of the study, it is recommended to carry out the necessary studies to increase the physical and mechanical properties of low-density wood types by laminating them with high-density wood types.
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Müller, Theresa, David Borschewski, Stefan Albrecht, Philip Leistner, and Moritz Späh. "The Dilemma of Balancing Design for Impact Sound with Environmental Performance in Wood Ceiling Systems—A Building Physics Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168715.
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Due to the high consumption of resources and energy in the construction sector, the development of resource-efficient and sustainable construction solutions is gaining increasing attention. The awareness of sustainability and resource conservation results in the interest of using natural and renewable materials in contemporary architecture. Timber construction methods offer both constructive and ecological potential for sustainable solutions. From a building physics perspective, the acoustic performance of lightweight buildings, such as those made of timber, presents a challenge. Even if standard requirements are met, the increased low-frequency sound transmission typical for light-weight construction can cause discomfort and is already the subject of questions in building physics, which are currently increasingly extending to timber construction. Within the framework of a holistic approach, this paper compares the problem of acoustic properties, design optimizations and the ecological properties of timber-frame and solid timber construction components. The comparison with heavy materials, such as concrete, shows the relation of acoustic optimization with the change of the environmental profile. In order to establish the interaction between acoustic quality of wooden ceiling constructions and their ecological characteristics, this article aims to demonstrate the potential of materials used in the building sector under ecological aspects considering a life cycle analysis.
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Tenório, Marina, Rui Ferreira, Victor Belafonte, Filipe Sousa, Cláudio Meireis, Mafalda Fontes, Inês Vale, et al. "Contemporary Strategies for the Structural Design of Multi-Story Modular Timber Buildings: A Comprehensive Review." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2024): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083194.
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Modular timber construction embodies a pioneering and eco-friendly methodology within the building sector. With the notable progress made in manufacturing technologies and the advent of engineered wood products, timber has evolved into a promising substitute for conventional materials such as concrete, masonry, and steel. Beyond its structural attributes, timber brings environmental advantages, including its inherent capacity for carbon sequestration and a reduced carbon footprint compared to conventional materials. Timber’s lightweight nature, coupled with its versatility and efficiency in factory-based production, accelerates modular construction processes, providing a sustainable solution to the growing demands of the building industry. This work thoroughly explores contemporary modular construction using wood as the primary material. The investigation spans various aspects, from the fundamentals of modularity and the classification of modular timber solutions to considerations of layout design, structural systems, and stability at both the building and module levels. Moreover, inter-module joining techniques, MEP (mechanical, electrical, and plumbing) integration, and designs for disassembly are scrutinized. The investigation led to the conclusion that timber modular construction, drawing inspiration from the steel modular concept, consistently utilizes a structural approach based on linear members (timber frame, post-and-beam, etc.), incorporating stability configurations and diverse joint techniques. Despite the emphasis on modularization and prefabrication for adaptability, a significant portion of solutions still concentrate on the on-site linear assembly process of those linear members. Regarding modularity trends, the initial prevalence of 2D and 3D systems has given way to a recent surge in the utilization of post-and-beam structures, congruent with the ascending verticality of buildings. In contrast to avant-garde and bold trends, timber structures typically manifest as rectilinear, symmetric plans, characterized by regular and repetitive extrusions, demonstrating a proclivity for centrally located cores. This work aims to offer valuable insights into the current utilization of modular timber construction while identifying pivotal gaps for exploration. The delineation of these unexplored areas seeks to enable the advancement of modular timber projects and systems, fully leveraging the benefits provided by prefabrication and modularity.
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Fojtík, Roman, and Veronika Vašková. "Analysis of Biological Damage of the Timber Footbridge." Key Engineering Materials 832 (February 2020): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.832.125.
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Glued laminated timber – Glulam is commonly used for the constructing of wooden structures in the interior and exterior. Wood as an organic material and may be the subject to a biological processes that can be a risk, mainly for construction on the exterior. Analyzed footbridge is made of glued laminated timber and is build in the Czech Republic. Analysis shows a serious disturbance caused by biological influences only a few years after construction completion. This article described summary of analysis of timber footbridge damage and their causes.
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Gebert, Krista M., Michael J. Niccolucci, and Ervin G. Schuster. "Timber Management Costs in the Northern Region: A Historical Analysis." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.4.200.
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Abstract This study investigates three aspects of timber management (TM) costs in the Northern Region of the USDA Forest Service from 1960 to 1995. Total timber management costs and costs/unit of timber harvested were analyzed to determine: (1) trends in unit costs and their probable causes, (2) whether economies of scale existed in timber management over this period, and (3) the distribution of total cost changes geographically and among expenditure categories. Results indicate the prevailing factor behind the upward trend in unit costs was the decline in timber harvested (especially since 1990). Separation of TM unit costs into seven cost categories shows that from 1960 to 1980, road construction accounted for 50% of overall unit costs. After 1985, however, harvest design and administration expenditures replaced road construction as the dominant expenditure category. By 1995, harvest design and administration accounted for 26% of unit costs, while road construction's share had dropped to 13%. Other analysis found unit costs to decrease as the timber land base increased, indicating economies of scale in timber management. Finally, an examination of total timber management costs shows road construction (including reconstruction) was the largest contributor to both cost increases from 1960 to 1980 and decreases from 1980 to 1995. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):200-207.
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Richardson, L. R., and M. Batista. "Fire resistance of timber decking for heavy timber construction." Fire and Materials 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1018(200101/02)25:1<21::aid-fam754>3.0.co;2-e.
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Iringová, Agnes, and Dominika Vandličková. "Analysis of a Fire in an Apartment of Timber Building Depending on the Ventilation Parameter." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0056.
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Abstract In modern buildings are also currently used the wooden-based construction systems. A wide range of uses the timber constructions in apartment buildings is a vision of the countries of the EU. The use of timber and the other recyclable materials in apartment buildings creates the precondition for the implementation, operation and disposal of environmental impacts of the EU 2020 Strategy. In the long term is important to transform the construction of buildings to a sustainable standard, which the application of wood in construction supports. Currently, the fire height of timber-based residential construction in most EU countries is limited to 5 storeys, provided that the timber structures are fire-protected. This paper deals with the influence of the ventilation parameter in the time and the intensity of the gas temperature during a fire in a model of an apartment building with a timber load-bearing structure. The load-bearing structure is made of CLT panels, with a mixed structural unit, i.e. with fire-resistant cladding of all load-bearing and fire-dividing structures. FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator - PyroSim software) is used for dynamic simulations of fire in the model apartment.
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Abdulwahid, Mohanad Yaseen, Isaac Galobardes, and Hassan Radoine. "Understanding the Use of Timber in Semi-Arid Regions: Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111845.
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The use of timber in the building industry has expanded in many countries over the last 20 years due mainly to its light weight, low adverse impact to the environment, and fair mechanical properties. Despite the development of the construction industry in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) in recent years, timber product utilization is still very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of further utilizing timber-based products in the building industry in semi-arid regions using the KRI as a case study. A review of timber product utilization in the region was conducted first and the general properties of timber products were followed. Based on this, a survey focusing on the current situation and suitability of localized grown timber products was carried out to study the feasibility. This article concludes that the use of timber-based products in the KRI presents different barriers, with the availability in the market and technicality of construction with the material being the strongest ones. The article recommends that it is imperative to further research how to promote timber’s utilization in the KRI to be in line with sustainable development.
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SKLIAROV, Ihor, and Tetiana SKLIAROVA. "THE PROPERTIES SYNERGY OF STEEL AND WOOD IN THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF METAL-AND-TIMBER I-BEAMS WITH A CORRUGATED WALL." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 11 (December 26, 2022): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.11.2022.94-103.
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In modern bearing structures of frame widely used thin-wall steel profiles and constructions from glued timber. Each of these materials has its own advantages and disadvantages in the issues of bearing capacity, rigidity, heat engineering and other physical characteristics. For further improvement of the efficiency of bearing frame buildings it is expedient to consider possibility of combination of positive properties of timber and metal due to their optimal constructive combination.
The purpose of the research is to determine the effectiveness and expediency of using metal-and-timber I-beam profiles in the construction of building frames. The uniqueness of this construction lies in to synthesize the properties of corrugated metal wall, which is well perceived transverse forces in beams, and belts from mass or glued timber, which are able to perceive significant normal stress along fibers and at the expense of the intensity contribute to the guarantee of bending-steep stability of beams.
For a reliable combination of steel profiled sheet and timber belts it is possible to use mechanical suppression of rigid corrugated steel wall in timber belts, or connection with two-component epoxy adhesive, which has good adhesion both with metal and timber surfaces. As a result of the use of metal profiled walls in timber double-walled beams there is an increase in bearing capacity, rigidity of profile, the necessary height of cut and own weight of beams is reduced. All this significantly increases the range of use of double-branch beams with belts from timber and increases their efficiency.
To ensure high corrosion resistance, a galvanized metal sheet is used. Due to the use of timber and thin corrugated wall, the own weight of combined beams is 2-3 times less than the same metal and solid timber beams of rectangular cut, which reduces the cost of building construction. Application of combined metal-and-timber beams is a promising direction of further increase of efficiency of constructions of bearing frame of buildings, combining positive properties of two materials.
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Smith, Ian, and Monica A. Snow. "Timber: An ancient construction material with a bright future." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84504-4.
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Since before recorded history mankind has used timber for construction and, in "tree rich" rural societies, timber has remained a primary construction material ever since. This reflects the ease with which it can be sourced, its excellent mechanical properties, light weight and easiness to shape. However, over the centuries there has developed widespread aversion within the world's burgeoning urban areas to using timber, because construction practices led to poor fire performance if timber was used. Urbanized societies essentially forgot over recent centuries that if used properly timber is a high-performance construction material. Modern advances in construction know-how and fire suppression techniques coupled with concerns over sustainability of other options, have created conditions wherein timber is re-emerging as a major construction material. Timber has begun to be used in construction of relatively tall urban buildings, rather than being regarded as only suitable for small buildings, and occasional large showpieces that are well isolated from neighbouring structures. This paper summarizes the story of the discovery, diminution and beginnings of re-emergence of timber as a major structural and construction material, and links that to contemporary research at the University of New Brunswick and collaborating institutions. Key words: design, fire, fire engineering, performance-based design, seismic response, structural design, structural response, timber, timber engineering, urbanization, wood
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Orozco, Luis, Hana Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hans Jakob Wagner, Moataz Abdelaal, Felix Amtsberg, Daniel Weiskopf, and Achim Menges. "Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Quantitative Review of 646 Global Design and Construction Stakeholders." Buildings 13, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092287.
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There has been a multi-storey timber construction boom since the start of the millennium. While there is now a body of research on trends, benefits, and disadvantages of timber construction, there is not yet literature on the wider market or the impact of stakeholders on it. This research investigates the (i) architects, (ii) engineers, and (iii) manufacturers involved in the realization of 300 contemporary multi-storey timber buildings from an existing survey. The analysis is based on data sourced from stakeholder websites and the building survey. It evaluates the perceived level of timber expertise of stakeholders based on service categorization and stakeholder type and relates them to the buildings they worked on. The research uses quantitative methods to answer qualitative questions on the connection between architectural variety in timber construction and the stakeholders involved. Interconnectivity between stakeholders and projects is visualized in an interactive network graph. The study shows a segmented mass timber market with relatively few impactful design and construction stakeholders, mostly located in central and northern Europe. It also identifies fabricators as the largest group of innovators advancing the industry and enabling the construction of more complex projects. It reveals the importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing for the industry’s growth.
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Carrasco, Edgar Vladimiro Mantilla, Adriana Braga Guimarães, Matheus Barreto de Góes, and Judy Norka Rodo Mantilla. "DURABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MASS TIMBER BUILDINGS: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MODERN CONSTRUCTION." Revista Políticas Públicas & Cidades 13, no. 2 (September 3, 2024): e927. http://dx.doi.org/10.23900/2359-1552v13n2-95-2024.
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The manufacturing of Mass Timber Panels using advanced technologies has enabled the construction of increasingly taller buildings, fully made of wood or with hybrid systems. Historically, there are brilliant examples of wooden architecture that have endured for millennia, demonstrating the material's potential durability. However, the hygroscopic nature of wood still raises questions about its long-term performance. Recent studies show that with proper design and adequate maintenance, Mass Timber structures can have a long service life, being resistant to various climates, including high humidity and heavy rainfall. In planning actions to construct durable buildings, environmental sustainability issues are equally important. Wood, as a renewable energy source, offers significant construction potential. Mass Timber constructions provide significant benefits in terms of carbon reduction, due to wood's ability to sequester carbon throughout its lifecycle. Additionally, wood is a biodegradable material, contributing to a sustainable lifecycle. This article aims to relate the issues of durability and energy efficiency in Mass Timber buildings, proposing that these constructions not only fulfill their environmental role but also provide longevity, safety, and comfort to users. Studies indicate that Mass Timber buildings can be faster to construct and require less labor, reducing overall costs and environmental impacts when compared to traditional construction methods using concrete and steel.
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Wood, Dylan Marx, David Correa, Oliver David Krieg, and Achim Menges. "Material computation—4D timber construction: Towards building-scale hygroscopic actuated, self-constructing timber surfaces." International Journal of Architectural Computing 14, no. 1 (February 14, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077115625522.
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Haigh, Richard. "Scandinavian methods of construction in Scotland." Structural Engineer 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/ntpz1244.
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This paper presents the Scandinavian prefabricated timber and precast concrete methods of construction used to deliver the £120m Aberdeen 3Rs Schools PPP project. In particular the paper concentrates on the construction detailing of the glulaminated timber, the timber stressed skin panels and the precast concrete sandwich panels which facilitate rapid completion of a weather tight shell.
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Kuda, Daniel, and Monika Petříčková. "Modular Timber Gridshells." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.28.1.27617.
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Needs of considering environmental impacts and growing emphasise on using renewable resources is discussed also in the field of architecture and construction. Timber, as a key element, provides certain benefits with less negative environmental impact than non-renewable resources, represented by commonly used materials (e.g. concrete). Nevertheless, using the timber as a core element for constructing of multi-storey or large hall buildings can be more difficult due to limits of the wood. New task for architects and engineers therefore arises and the target is to come up with a feasible solution for using the timber as a core material, despite its features. One of the key requirements for wide use of load bearing timber structure systems is “modularity”. Many different forms of structures can be achieved by repeating the basic module to fulfil architect’s intentions. This article focuses on a large-span structure, based on gridshell type systems. Such modules could be simply prefabricated and connected to another module. Modules can be pretty small, which contributes to easy and cost-effective transportation. Nevertheless, technical requirement and limitation of such modules needs to be taken into consideration. Problems come up with using the same universal element in parts of structure with different character of load and stress. Also, universal element should fulfil various space and form requirements set by architect. Suggested construction system is based on “fractality”. The goal of the system is to fulfil requirement of final structure and space requirements by replacing the standard module by a predetermined number of sub-modules. Structure is then denser in exposed areas and sparser in others. Design module is than expected to be tested and put into practice for wide usage in construction projects where wood is desired as the core material.
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Smith, Simon. "Briefing: British timber in construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 168, no. 3 (June 2015): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.14.00046.
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Hirai, Takuro. "Current Issues of Timber Construction." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 53, no. 3 (2007): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.53.117.
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Smith, Ryan E., Gentry Griffin, Talbot Rice, and Benjamin Hagehofer-Daniell. "Mass timber: evaluating construction performance." Architectural Engineering and Design Management 14, no. 1-2 (February 20, 2017): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2016.1273089.
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Buchanan, Andrew H. "Fire performance of timber construction." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 2, no. 3 (2000): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1528-2716(200007/09)2:3<278::aid-pse33>3.0.co;2-p.
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Matsudome, Shin-Ichiro. "Japanese prefabricated timber house construction." Habitat International 14, no. 2-3 (January 1990): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(90)90057-8.
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Leicester, R. H. "Engineered durability for timber construction." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 3, no. 3 (2001): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.72.
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Deeny, Susan, Barbara Lane, Rory Hadden, and Andrew Lawrence. "Fire safety design in modern timber buildings." Structural Engineer 96, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/wter3078.
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Designers of the built environment are currently focused on creating new materials for construction, or innovating new construction methods with traditional construction materials. This is part of the very complex challenge of balancing environmental issues, such as energy use, with the ongoing market demand for reducing construction costs and time. This has led to a rapid rise in the uptake of timber, such as glued laminated timber (glulam) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), particularly in the design of multistorey residential buildings. This paper focuses on the design of tall timber construction for which many hybrid and composite forms of timber are being developed, resulting in a wide range of structural typologies.
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Paskoff, Chloé, Conrad Boton, and Pierre Blanchet. "BIM-Based Checking Method for the Mass Timber Industry." Buildings 13, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061474.
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Since the 1990s, mass timber constructions have become more and more popular. This type of construction has characteristics that are ideal for incorporating building information modeling (BIM). A mass timber structure implies offsite prefabrication at the factory, which generates modeling specificities. Although digitalization and BIM are becoming more and more common, and some studies have focused on BIM for mass timber construction, none of them focus on model checking for mass timber construction. In construction projects, there is still no general method that synthesizes the possibilities offered by BIM-based model checking in general, and research on the conformity of mass timber models in particular is almost non-existent. Our research objective is to provide a general step-by-step method summarizing the process of model compliance study with dedicated tools. To conduct this work, we first solidified our understanding of the problem by interviewing professionals from the mass timber construction industry. Next, we developed our method iteratively, supported by tools, and then validated it with three model-checking case studies. This method consists of five steps: checking the specifications, digital environment implementation, requirement deciphering, calculation, and compliance results’ analysis. We then applied our method in three case studies. The results of the case studies are mixed: some audits were successful, while others were not, because barriers to auditing were encountered (missing information, impossible interpretation of data for the model properties, etc.). The obstacles encountered show that, to be efficient, BIM must be conducted on high-quality models, which is not often the case in real-life situations.
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Bucklin, Oliver, Roberta Di Di Bari, Felix Amtsberg, and Achim Menges. "Environmental Impact of a Mono-Material Timber Building Envelope with Enhanced Energy Performance." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010556.
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Broader adoption of timber construction is a strategy for reducing negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions created by the construction industry. This paper proposes a novel solid timber building envelope that uses computational design and digital fabrication to improve buildings’ energy performance. Timber beams are sawn with deep slits that improve thermal insulation and are milled with various joints for airtight, structural connections. To minimize embedded energy and to simplify disposal, the envelope is assembled without adhesives or metal fasteners. The building envelope is evaluated for thermal resistance and airtightness, and fabrication is evaluated for duration and power output during sawing. Finally, a Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) is carried out. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is compared to that of other wood envelope systems with similar thermal conductance. Compared to other timber constructions with similar building physics properties, the proposed system showed lower GWP values (−15.63 kg CO2 eq./m² construction). The development and analysis demonstrate the potential to use digitally controlled subtractive manufacturing for improving the quality of solid timber to achieve higher environmental performance in building envelopes. However, further design and fabrication optimizations may be necessary to reduce required materials and production energy.
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Žegarac Leskovar, Vesna, and Miroslav Premrov. "A Review of Architectural and Structural Design Typologies of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings in Europe." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060757.
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Numerous countries across the globe have witnessed the recent decades’ trend of multi-storey timber buildings on the rise, owing to advances in engineering sciences and timber construction technologies. Despite the growth and numerous advantages of timber construction, the global scale of multi-storey timber construction is still relatively low compared to reinforced concrete and steel construction. One of the reasons for a lower share of high-rise timber buildings lies in the complexity of their design, where the architectural design, the selection of a suitable structural system, and the energy efficiency concept strongly depend on the specific features of the location, particularly climate conditions, wind exposure, and seismic hazard. The aforementioned shows the need for a comprehensive study on existing multi-storey timber buildings, which correspond to the boundary conditions in a certain environment, to determine the suitability of such a construction in view of its adjustment to local contexts. Apart from exposing the problems and advantages of such construction, the current paper provides a brief overview of high-rise timber buildings in Europe. Moreover, it addresses the complexity of the design approach to multi-storey timber buildings in general. The second part of the paper highlights the importance of synthesising the architectural, energy, and structural solutions through a detailed analysis of three selected case studies. The findings of the paper provide an expanded view of knowledge of the design of tall timber buildings, which can significantly contribute to a greater and better exploitation of the potential of timber construction in Europe and elsewhere.
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Gosselin, Annie, Pierre Blanchet, Nadia Lehoux, and Yan Cimon. "Collaboration Enables Innovative Timber Structure Adoption in Construction." Buildings 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120183.
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Timber structures in construction have become more popular in recent years. Nevertheless, besides the complexity of designing, contracting and building these structures, a barrier to their market growth is the complexity of their supply chain relationships encompassing architects, engineers, builders and suppliers. The objective of this study is therefore to identify and characterize the supply chain relationships shared by these stakeholders within a massive timber construction project. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews with architects, structural engineers, builders and timber element suppliers from nine countries, participant observations and secondary data were used to study the various relationship levels involved in timber construction projects. Triangulation and qualitative data analysis were also conducted. Three levels of relationships were then identified: “Contractual,” “Massive timber construction project” and “Massive timber construction industry development.” Results showed that timber structures involve value-added stakeholder relationships rather than linear relationships. These relationships appeared closer and more frequent and involved knowledge and information sharing. Furthermore, prefabricated systems allow for smoother relationships by limiting the number of stakeholders while promoting innovative thinking.
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Crone, Anne, and Coralie M. Mills. "Timber in Scottish buildings, 1450–1800." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 142 (November 30, 2013): 329–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.142.329.369.
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This paper examines the dendrochronological data from Scottish buildings in terms of the proxy evidence it provides for the timber trade and condition of the woodland resource in the centuries under review. The bulk of the timber used in the construction of high status buildings during this period was either oak or pine, imported mainly from Scandinavia and the countries bordering the eastern Baltic. The documentary record for timber imports in Scotland is examined and compared with the physical evidence from the timbers themselves. The poor state of the native deciduous woodlands during this period is reflected in the dendrochronological data and explains the predominance of imported timber. While native Scottish pine has a long history of domestic use, exploitation escalated from the 17th century; there is much more pine in Scottish buildings of post-medieval date, both imported and native, and the difficulties and successes in identifying native pine in buildings is discussed. For the architectural historian and archaeologist, the relationship between the felling date of the timber and the construction of the building is critical to the interpretation of dendrochronological data. The issues which bear upon that relationship, seasoning, transportation times, stockpiling and recycling are considered in a Scottish context.
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Trzciński, Grzegorz, Paweł Kozakiewicz, and Rafał Selwakowski. "The technical aspects of using timber in the construction of forest roads." Journal of Water and Land Development 34, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0059.
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AbstractThis study is on the ecological aspects and interest of the State Forest National Forests Holding (SF) units in reinforcing the ground subgrade by using timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses in forest road construction. The aim of the study was to analyse the technical parameters of forest roads made on a ground subgrade reinforced with timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses. As part of the research, the scope of SF units’ application of technological solutions and the parameters of existing forest district roads made on a timber substructure were determined. A road with reference sections using different variants of subgrade reinforced with timbers logs (oak, pine) and brushwood mattresses were studied. The technical parameters of features ensuring usability, such as, among others, the bearing capacity of the pavement, were selected for the analysis. The ability of the tested pavements to support vehicle axle loads was determined based on the deflection of the surface as well as the primary (MEI) and secondary (MEII) deformation modulus with a calculated deformation indicator (I0). The deformation modulus ME of the pavement and road subgrade were determined using a VSS plate with a diameter of 300 mm. It indicated a large range of results of secondary deformation of surfaces using timber raft construction (107-204 MN·m-2) and brushwood mattresses (26-58 MN·m-2), which are dependent mainly on the diameter of the logs used, their arrangement and the road fill used.
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Olaniyi, O. S., E. B. Ogunbode, C. S. Makun, C. U. Ekekezie, and A. Abdul. "Effect of age on the structural strength of timbers commonly used in Nigeria." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 15, no. 2 (December 12, 2024): 23–27. https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i2.3.
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Timber is a material used for structural purposes in construction. Hence, the knowledge of properties of timber especially strength and factor affecting the strength of timber is very important. Age of timber is one major factor affecting timber strength and timber was usually fetched without knowledge of whether the timber is matured to meet the structural strength required. Therefore, this research tends to evaluate the effect of age on the strength of some selected timber species so that forester and users likewise could be guided on when to deforest. In this study, timbers studied were Universitas Orientalis Kentuckiensis (Eku), Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapele) and Gmelina Arborea (Melina). The age of timber was determined by counting the number of annual growth rings, which is the combination of early wood and late wood and samples of different ages of timber, were obtained by personal visit to forest where they were fetched freshly. The samples obtained were machined and trimmed to standard sizes according to BS 5268 pt2 2003. The compressive strength was done using a timber size of 20mm X 20mm X 60mm, 20mm X 20mm X 300mm for determination of the bending strength and shear was performed using 20mm X 20mm X 20mm timbers (all in three replicate). The maximum compressive strength values were 49.31kN/m2 (at 45years), 45.89kN/m2 (at 60years) and 11.30kN/m2 (at 25years) for Eku, Sapele and Melina while the maximum bending strength were 187.55kN/m2 (at 35years), 278.79kN/m2 (at 70years) and 176.36kN/m2 (at 20years) and shear strength were 10.05kN/m2 (at 50years), 9.22kN/m2 (at 70years) and 10.91kN/m2 (at 25years) for the for the three samples. It was concluded that age of timber affects the strength of timber.
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Victorero, Felipe, and Waldo Bustamante. "Timber Biogenic Carbon Stock in the Urban Environment: Santiago City as a Second Forest." Sustainability 17, no. 2 (January 11, 2025): 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020529.
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Urban environments significantly contribute to carbon emissions, both through operational processes and the embodied emissions of construction materials, thus exacerbating climate change. Nevertheless, urban timber structures offer a viable alternative by acting as carbon sinks, capable of sequestering carbon for decades or even centuries. This study develops and applies a methodology to quantify the biogenic carbon stored in Santiago City’s timber-based buildings, conceptualized as a “Second Forest” that transfers and preserves the carbon capture capacity of trees in the built environment. The analysis estimates that Santiago’s urban timber constructions have expanded their wood-built surface area by 192,831 m2 over the past eight years, reflecting the growing adoption of timber in urban construction. During the same period, biogenic carbon storage increased from 199.78 kt to 202.73 kt, equivalent to 10.84 kt of CO2 under average conditions. These findings highlight the potential of urban planning strategies, such as promoting taller timber buildings and adopting circular timber practices, to enhance carbon sequestration and reduce reliance on carbon-intensive materials. This research highlights the fundamental role that timber buildings play in urban climate change mitigation, positioning them as active contributors to global carbon management efforts.
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Dias, A., J. Skinner, K. Crews, and T. Tannert. "Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0.
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Svatoš-Ražnjević, Hana, Luis Orozco, and Achim Menges. "Advanced Timber Construction Industry: A Review of 350 Multi-Storey Timber Projects from 2000–2021." Buildings 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040404.
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Throughout the last two decades the timber building sector has experienced a steady growth in multi-storey construction. Although there has been a growing number of research focused on trends, benefits, and disadvantages in timber construction from various technical perspectives, so far there is no extensive literature on the trajectory of emerging architectural typologies. This paper presents an examination of architectural variety and spatial possibilities in current serial and modular multi-storey timber construction. It aims to draw a parallel between architectural characteristics and their relation to structural systems in timber. The research draws from a collection of 350 contemporary multi-storey timber building projects between 2000 and 2021. It consists of 300 built projects, 12 projects currently in construction, and 38 design proposals. The survey consists of quantitative and qualitative project data, as well as classification of the structural system, material, program, massing, and spatial organization of the projects. It then compares the different structural and design aspects to achieve a comprehensive overview of possibilities in timber construction. The outcome is an identification of the range of morphologies and a better understanding of the design space in current serial and modular multi-storey mass timber construction.
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Chen, Qilin. "Sustainable Future: Development and Potential of Modern Timber Structures." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 75 (December 28, 2023): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/zasde138.
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The increasingly prominent issues of high energy consumption and carbon emissions brought about by traditional construction materials have led to the rapid emergence of modern timber structures as a sustainable alternative. This paper comprehensively analyzes the multiple advantages of timber construction, emphasizing its characteristics such as environmental friendliness, thermal insulation, seismic resistance, flexibility, and durability. The eco-friendliness of timber structures stems from wood being a renewable resource, and the construction process significantly reduces carbon footprint. Wood possesses certain flexibility and shock-absorbing capabilities, enabling it to dissipate energy during earthquakes and enhance the building's seismic resistance. Additionally, the design flexibility of modern timber structures allows their application in diverse complex scenarios to meet various demands. In timber structure design, optimization of mechanical performance remains crucial to ensure stability and safety. Implementing appropriate protective measures can prolong the service life of timber structures and ensure their safety in fire incidents. Numerous successful domestic and international cases demonstrate the feasibility of timber structures in various architectural contexts, highlighting their broad prospects for development. Particularly in China, the abundant potential of timber resources provides substantial opportunities for timber structure development. With advancing technology and accumulated experience, China's timber structure construction is poised to achieve significant breakthroughs. In summary, with its unique advantages, modern timber construction will continue to demonstrate its sustainable development value in areas including environmental friendliness, seismic resilience, and durability. It will play a crucial role in contributing to the sustainable development of future architecture.
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Wang, Yueyao, and Regina Dufu Muller-Uri. "Evaluating the durability of mortise-tenon joints in response to natural moisture weathering over time." Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal & Valuation 13, no. 3 (December 1, 2025): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.69554/ichr6417.
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When used in the appropriate context, timber structures might have lower embodied carbon than their concrete and steel counterparts, making timber a popular material for sustainable construction practices. To continue constructing with timber we require more in-depth exploration into timber joinery, which dictates the structural stability and performance of timber-framed construction. Moisture can affect the performance of timber joints. Rapid moisture changes over time can lead to joint failure, affecting the structure’s stability and safety. It is therefore important to understand how natural moisture weathering changes affect timber joints to ensure the longevity and safety of structures made from timber. This paper presents and discusses the results of a series of tests conducted by subjecting samples of timber joints to cyclically varying moisture conditions for several cycles and ultimately judging their effect on the performance of timber joints by measuring their rotational stiffness. The experiments select three commonly used timber joint reinforcement methods — traditional mortise and tenon joints, mortise and tenon dowel reinforcement and mortise and tenon glue reinforcement — to represent the majority of timber buildings in the UK. The results were compared to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the three reinforcement methods. The outcomes demonstrate that prolonged exposure to moisture can have a great impact on the performance of timber connections, resulting in decreased stiffness and strength. The use of reinforcement methods, however, such as mortise and tenon dowel reinforcement or mortise and tenon glue reinforcement, can mitigate the negative effects of moisture weathering changes on timber joints. This paper emphasises the importance of understanding moisture weathering changes and their impact on timber joints to ensure the longevity and safety of structures made from timber.