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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber constructions'
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1
Schuetze, Thorsten. "Wood Constructions for Sustainable Building Renovation." Advanced Materials Research 1150 (November 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1150.67.
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This paper discusses the potentials of different wood constructions for the renovation and extension of existing buildings for sustainable urban renewal. The renovation and extension of existing buildings with wood constructions can contribute significantly to sustainable urban redevelopment. The renovation of building envelopes, such as façades and roofs, with highly insulated wooden components, can reduce the transmission heat losses and related heating energy demand of existing buildings significantly. The extension of existing buildings contributes to the redensification of urban areas and can create synergies with the improvement of existing buildings’ performances. The manifold advantages of specific wooden constructions can be related to different aspects, such as construction type and material properties, building execution, design, logistic and sustainability. The results of this research discuss the architectural design and planning relevant properties of specific timber construction types, such as wood frame, cross-laminated timber (CLT), massive timber, and hybrid timber-concrete, considering the properties of different soft (such as spruce) and hard (such as beech) construction timber species. Timber constructions are compared with conventional massive constructions out of concrete and steel. The results confirm the significant advantages of timber constructions regarding all aspects.
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Parvickaitė, Kotryna. "MODERN SOLUTIONS OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR ADJUSTMENT POSSIBILITIES IN LITHUANIA / MEDINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ NAUJŲ SPRENDINIŲ TAIKYMO LIETUVOJE GALIMYBĖS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.037.
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In this article analyses of modern timber construction solutions are made in order to estimate their adjustment possibilities in Lithuania. Construction analyses are made according to the national Building law and other regulations. Two dwelling houses, build in Vilnius, are used as an example to examine whether their designed reinforced concrete and masonry constructions are replaceable by modern timber constructions.
3
Resnais, Peteris, Aldis Grekis, Matiss Keivs, and Baiba Gaujena. "Possibilities of Useful Use of Glued Wooden Construction Residues." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154106.
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People have erected buildings with the use of timber structures for a long time. The uses of timber constructions are very diverse—it is used for the production of exterior wall and roof constructions, window frames and doors, and it is used for dry as well as wet premises. Scandinavian countries have extremely vast experience of using timber structures. Latvia has a rather extensive timber processing and timber structure manufacturing sector. Many companies are involved in timber processing, however, to enable even more extensive use of timber structures, environmental and technically economic requirements of contemporary building must be taken into consideration. Environmental requirements for timber structures provide certain advantages in comparison to other building materials, but technically economic requirements are very important as well. The development of manufacturing of glued constructions and research of production processes of these constructions allows one to find solutions for the reduction in the cost of timber structures, and the results of such research can ensure significant development of the use of timber structures in building, as well as reduce total construction costs. The basic objective of the study is to investigate the residual materials arising as a result of processing cross-laminated timber constructions (CLT panels), material generated as a result of high levels of construction production, and research of the opportunities to reprocess the residual materials generated as a result of laminated timber structure manufacturing into materials suitable for production of building constructions. The majority of CLT panels are manufactured using 20, 30 and 40 mm thick boards, and, during the panel manufacturing process, there are various standard thicknesses of panels, for example, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 mm, etc. Various layers are used for the creation of various thicknesses depending on the necessary technical properties. Various arrangements of the thickness of a single panel will cause different structural and physical behaviour (i.e., impact of changes in moisture, fire resistance, etc.). During the research and for the purposes of testing of CLT panels, only residues with equal types and thicknesses of lamellae were selected. Two main purposes were included in the panel testing process: (1) Comparison of technical performance of the residues of CLT panels with the classic CLT panel. Curve strength and tensile strength tests were performed in accordance with LVS EN standards (LVS EN 16351: 2016 and LVS EN 408 + A1: 2012). All the samples were prepared according to the LVS EN standards. (2) To assess the impact of two resins (melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and polyurethane (PU)), widely used in industry, on structural properties of recycled CLT material. Results of the research show that recycling residues of glued wooden constructions may lead to good results, and manufacturing residues of CLT panels may be successfully used in construction and for the reduction in CLT panel manufacturing costs.
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Gugutsidze, G., and F. Draškovič. "Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plastics." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-010-0006-4.
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Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plasticsWood is a polymeric material with many valuable features and which also lacks some negative features. In order to keep up with high construction rates and the minimization of negative effects, wood has become one of the most valuable materials in modern engineering. But the use of timber material economically is also an actual problem in order to protect the environment and improve natural surroundings. A panel of scientists is interested in solving these problems and in creating rational structures, where timber can be used efficiently. These constructions are as follows: glue-laminated (gluelam), composed and reinforced wooden constructions. Composed and reinforced wooden constructions are examined less, but according to researches already carried out, it is clear that significant work can be accomplished in creating rational, highly effective and economic timber constructions. The paper deals with research on the formation of composed fiber-reinforced beams (CFRP) made of timber and provide evidence of their effectiveness. The aim of the paper is to investigate cross-bending of CFRP-reinforced gluelaminated timber beams. According to the results we were able to determine the additional effectiveness of reinforcement with CFRP (which depends on the CFRP material's quality, quantity and module of elasticity) on the mechanical features of timber and a whole beam.
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Medveď, Juraj, Bart Ingeleare, and Lieven de Geetere. "Mockup Investigation of Lightweight Timber Floor." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.499.
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This paper dealt with measurement and analysis of different floor structures and their acoustic optimization towards the improvement of the impact sound insulation. Special attention goes to light weight timber frame constructions with taking in account the low frequency bands. The aim of the research is to create or design acoustic optimized lightweight floor constructions and mainly to find a good solution to achieve the best possible impact sound insulation for lightweight floors with the lowest possible thickness and low cost. Following contribution is first part of mentioned investigation and deal about test results on mockup lightweight construction.
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Lewis, Miles. "Composite Vernacular Constructions." Built Heritage 3, no. 4 (December 2019): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03545717.
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AbstractVernacular building is the building for ordinary people, constrained by the practicalities of environmental conditions and physical materials, and influenced by traditional culture, but not mediated by professional architects and engineers. Combinations of earth and timber, such as wattle and daub, are found in the vernacular in almost every part of the world, but are a source of great confusion to archaeologists and scholars. Archaeologists are misled by the remains, in which the earth may have survived but the timber usually does not. Techniques such as Lehmwickel are never recognised in archaeological work. There is no common system of naming or classification, and English speakers regularly describe any combination of earth and timber in walling as ‘wattle and daub’. Many of these techniques have been changed by the impact of modern technology, notably pole and pug construction (which is often confused with wattle and daub, though it is quite different in principle); this is essentially a 19th century development because it relies upon plentiful and cheap nails. The purpose of this paper is to establish a common terminology in English, and where possible in other relevant languages, so that misinterpretations are avoided and scholarship can proceed on an orderly basis.
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Kieslich, Hubertus, and Klaus Holschemacher. "Composite Constructions of Timber and High-Performance Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1171.
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Currently Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) Constructions are often applied for strengthening existing timber beam slabs. The load bearing capacity of the composite construction is primarily affected by the material properties of the timber beam and the concrete slab. But the type of bond between both parts is also of high importance. The concrete slab has to perform several tasks, not only in load carrying direction of the ceiling but also perpendicular to the direction of span or for stiffening the whole building. These tasks will be pointed out in this paper. Furthermore the working process (easy workable mixture and exchange of conventional reinforcement) and the dead load of the construction are of particular interest in the field of redevelopment. Several innovative concretes have been verified for the use in TCC constructions. Regarding their fresh and hardened concrete properties, they all can be described as High Performance Concretes (HPC). In this paper Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC), Structural Lightweight Concrete (SLWC), High Strength Concrete (HSC) or combinations of them will be focused. Especially the advantages but also the disadvantages of innovative concretes for the use in TCC will be presented as well as the results of some experimental investigations.
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Baďurová, Silvia, Radoslav Ponechal, and Pavol Ďurica. "Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Analysis of Passive House with Variable Construction Materials." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2013-0015.
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Abstract The term "passive house" refers to rigorous and voluntary standards for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. There are many ways how to build a passive house successfully. These designs as well as construction techniques vary from ordinary timber constructions using packs of straw or constructions of clay. This paper aims to quantify environmental quality of external walls in a passive house, which are made of a timber frame, lightweight concrete blocks and sand-lime bricks in order to determine whether this constructional form provides improved environmental performance. Furthermore, this paper assesses potential benefit of energy savings at heating of houses in which their external walls are made of these three material alternatives. A two storey residential passive house, with floorage of 170.6 m2, was evaluated. Some measurements of air and surface temperatures were done as a calibration etalon for a method of simulation.
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Baďurová, Silvia, and Radoslav Ponechal. "The Comparative Analysis of External Walls in a Passive House with Respect to Environment and Energy." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.258.
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The term "passive house" refers to rigorous and voluntary standards for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. There are many ways how to build a passive house successfully. These designs as well as construction techniques vary from ordinary timber constructions using packs of straw or constructions of clay. This paper aims to quantify environmental quality of external walls in a passive house, which are made of a timber frame, lightweight concrete blocks and sand-lime bricks in order to determine whether this constructional form provides improved environmental performance. Furthermore, this paper assesses potential benefit of energy savings at heating of houses in which their external walls are made of these three material alternatives. A two-storey residential passive house, with floorage of 170.6 m2, was evaluated. Some measurements of air and surface temperatures were done as a calibration etalon for a method of simulation.
10
Far, Harry, and Claire Far. "Timber Portal Frames vs Timber Truss-Based Systems for Residential Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9047679.
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A large number of structures have been built during or after the construction of a house or residential-zoned building, which are not built at the same time and/or integrally with the structural integrity of the residential dwelling. These include carports, pergolas, sheds, and barns. The typical method of constructing these structures is a general timber truss and column system. The aim of this study is to look at the feasibility and economic incentive that may be gained from using a timber portal frame system, similar to the steel or timber portal frames used for larger industrial constructions, over the traditional timber truss and column arrangement. In this study, designs for three cases of timber truss and timber portals were carried out using industry appropriate methods and standards. Using the design information and data gathered through talks with industry professionals, both methods of construction were compared on cost and overall time duration. From the comparison of the truss and portal designs, the use of timber portal frames over timber truss systems proved to have advantage in relation to overall cost and man power involved. This could certainly affect the current attitude towards the construction of small residential buildings in the future.
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Rickli, Christian, and Frank Graf. "Wildbachsperren aus Fichte und Tanne: Festigkeit und Pilzbefall in den ersten Jahren." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0079.
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Timber constructions in torrent control with Norway spruce and silver fir: wood quality and colonisation with decay fungi during the first years Timber is widely used for protection measures in torrent control. However, life span of woody constructions such as timber check dams is limited due to fungal decay. Only sparse scientific information is available on the long-term behaviour of timber structures and the colonisation with decay fungi. Related to this, in practice a controversial discussion has been going on if either Norway spruce (Picea abies) or silver fir (Abies alba) is more enduring and if bark removal increases resistance against fungal decay. In order to going into this matter, a series of 15 timber check dams built in 1996/1997 has been monitored. The constructions were alternatively realised with Norway spruce and silver fir, half of them each with remaining and removed bark, respectively. The scientific investigations included the documentation of colonisation with rot fungi and the identification of decayed zones with a simple practical approach as well as based on drilling resistance. Colonisation by decay fungi started three years after construction (e.g. Gloeophyllum sepiarium), two years later first parts with reduced wood resistance were detected. The protection measures were still fully functional sixteen years after construction although decay was found on all check dams but two. Wood quality was markedly better in watered sections compared to the occasionally dry lateral abutment sections, without showing clear differences in decay between logs of Norway spruce and silver fir. However, both the practical approach and the drilling resistance measurement suggest more defects on logs without bark. Further investigations and sound statistical analysis are needed to confirm the observed trends.
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Oravcová, Eva. "Construction in the Trend of Sustainability_Wooden Houses with Integrated Photovoltaic Systems." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.209.
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In the architecture design is indispensable to extend the technology and materials, environmentally friendly, energy saving or energy capable (clean, no fumes) produce. The solution appears to be a combination of natural construction materials - primarily wood for timber constructions, wood products as a sustainable material and the use of alternative energy sources, in the building industry (addition to other) mainly photovoltaic (PV) installations. One of possibility for building industry appears to be use of natural construction materials - primarily the use of wood and wood products (as a sustainable material) for build a timber constructions and simultaneously the use of alternative energy sources (in building industry addition to other) mainly photovoltaic installations. The article refers to the possibilities of integration of PV systems in architecture in their various forms of application into the roofs and facades.
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Sandoli, Antonio, Claudio D’Ambra, Carla Ceraldi, Bruno Calderoni, and Andrea Prota. "Sustainable Cross-Laminated Timber Structures in a Seismic Area: Overview and Future Trends." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052078.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings are recognized as a robust alternative to heavyweight constructions, because beneficial for seismic resistance and environmental sustainability, more than other construction materials. The lightness of material and the satisfactory dissipative response of the mechanical connections provide an excellent seismic response to multi-story CLT buildings, in spite of permanent damage to timber panels in the connection zones. Basically, CLT constructions are highly sustainable structures from extraction of raw material, to manufacturing process, up to usage, disposal and recycling. With respect to other constructions, the potential of CLT buildings is that their environmental sustainability in the phases of disposal and/or recycling can be further enhanced if the seismic damage in structural timber components is reduced or nullified. This paper reports a state-of-the art overview on seismic performance and sustainability aspects of CLT buildings in seismic prone regions. Technological issues and modelling approaches for traditional CLT buildings currently proposed in literature are discussed, focusing the attention on some research advancements and future trends devoted to enhance seismic performance and environmental sustainability of CLT buildings in seismic prone regions.
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Fiore, Alessandra, Martino Antonio Liuzzi, and Rita Greco. "Some Shape, Durability and Structural Strategies at the Conceptual Design Stage to Improve the Service Life of a Timber Bridge for Pedestrians." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062023.
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The use of wood in the construction of bridges has increased in recent decades thanks to the characteristics of this material, i.e., environmentally-friendly and suitability within natural landscapes. Nevertheless, timber constructions may be affected by degrading effects due to biological and/or abiotic agents, and may be exposed to impacts or vibrations due to external forces such as wind, earthquakes or walking pedestrians. Consequently, bridge performance with respect to these aspects should be assessed from the early design stage. Within this context, in this study, some shape, structural and durability strategies dealing with the design of timber bridges for pedestrians are investigated in order to extend the service life of these constructions. More precisely, a methodology consisting of three steps, to be applied at the early conceptual design stage, is proposed. The three fundamental steps to be considered in the preliminary design of timber bridges are: (i) main boundary constraints and load-bearing system; (ii) durability; (iii) vibration levels. In the study, the presented methodology is applied and described for the design of a pedestrian and cyclist timber bridge over the Gravina torrent, in Apulia (Italy).
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Jaskowska-Lemańska, Justyna, and Elżbieta Przesmycka. "Semi-Destructive and Non-Destructive Tests of Timber Structure of Various Moisture Contents." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010096.
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The condition of heritage and historic timber constructions depends on how they are exploited. Numerous environmental factors degrade the physical and mechanical properties of timber and hence, affect the load-bearing capacity of constructions. As a result, frequent evaluations of their technical condition become necessary. Currently, modern technologies allow for extensive diagnostics of timber constructions using non-destructive and semi-destructive methods; yet, in contrast to classical laboratory tests, there is insufficient knowledge of the impact of individual factors on the results of such studies. This article presents an assessment of the influence of the moisture content of timber elements on the results of ultrasonic stress wave, sclerometric, and resistance drilling tests. Additionally, computed tomography scans were performed on selected samples to demonstrate the destruction mechanism occurring during the semi-destructive tests. The research involved three types of wood: pine, spruce, and fir of different moisture contents. The results reveal a strong relation between the moisture of timber and all the tests conducted in terms of both hygroscopic and capillary moisture.
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Müller, Theresa, David Borschewski, Stefan Albrecht, Philip Leistner, and Moritz Späh. "The Dilemma of Balancing Design for Impact Sound with Environmental Performance in Wood Ceiling Systems—A Building Physics Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168715.
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Due to the high consumption of resources and energy in the construction sector, the development of resource-efficient and sustainable construction solutions is gaining increasing attention. The awareness of sustainability and resource conservation results in the interest of using natural and renewable materials in contemporary architecture. Timber construction methods offer both constructive and ecological potential for sustainable solutions. From a building physics perspective, the acoustic performance of lightweight buildings, such as those made of timber, presents a challenge. Even if standard requirements are met, the increased low-frequency sound transmission typical for light-weight construction can cause discomfort and is already the subject of questions in building physics, which are currently increasingly extending to timber construction. Within the framework of a holistic approach, this paper compares the problem of acoustic properties, design optimizations and the ecological properties of timber-frame and solid timber construction components. The comparison with heavy materials, such as concrete, shows the relation of acoustic optimization with the change of the environmental profile. In order to establish the interaction between acoustic quality of wooden ceiling constructions and their ecological characteristics, this article aims to demonstrate the potential of materials used in the building sector under ecological aspects considering a life cycle analysis.
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Kieslich, Hubertus, and Klaus Holschemacher. "Lateral Load Bearing Behavior of Timber-Concrete Composite Constructions." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.665.
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The idea to combine the building materials timber and concrete is well known since the 20th of the last century. While timber is beneficial in bearing tensile forces, concrete on the contrary sustains compressive forces very well. Thus, connecting both materials in the way that loads can be transferred between them, their advantages can be used to improve the load bearing capacity of structures. A lot of researches were carried out to investigate different problems of timber-concrete composite (TCC) constructions during the last years. Yeoh et al. [1] for example gave an overview of different full-scale short-term collapse tests in order to evaluate the load bearing behavior of different TCC systems. Nevertheless, some questions are still very few explored, among them is the lateral load bearing behavior of TCC constructions. These structures can be considered as 3 dimensional plane structures, being able to distribute loads along and perpendicular to the span of the timber beams. A concentrated load (applied to one beam of the TCC construction) will deflect it due to bending. All beams are connected with each other because of the concrete slab. For this reason adjacent beams also deflect even if no loads are applied to them directly. These beams contribute to the load bearing of the loaded beam and relieve it partly from the loads, reducing stress in this beam. The described behavior, of distributing loads perpendicular to the span, is called lateral load bearing behavior. This paper will report on short-term bending testes of TCC slabs, carried out at Leipzig University of Applied Sciences. Several slabs have been tested. Each of them had a span of 3.9 m, consisting of three timber beams (10/20 cm) and a connecting concrete slab (thickness 6 cm). Only the middle beam was loaded in the third part points. During the test deflections, as well as strains, at different points were recorded. Additionally, the concrete properties were determined and push out tests were carried out. Overall, seven TCC slabs were manufactured and tested. With the slabs several parameters have been varied, e.g. the type of concrete, the stiffness of the connection system, and the center distance of the timber beams. By varying these three parameters, their effect on the lateral load distribution was examined by measuring deflection and strain at different points of the composite slab. A timber beam ceiling, as reference sample, without concrete topping was tested additionally. The experiments and its results will be described in detail in the paper.
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Žák, Antonín, Ondrej Sikula, and Miroslav Trcala. "Analysis of Local Moisture Increase of Timber Constructions on Ice Arena Roof." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.291.
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Timber is one of the most used materials for roofing of ice arena because of its very good mechanical properties and low weight. High relative humidity of internal air, low temperature and ice rink presence, which cause fall of surface temperatures of constructions under the dew point due to radiation, are risky factors not only from structural point of view, when load bearing capacity of construction in time is reduced, but also from the view point of bio corrosion. Specific hygrothermal microclimate, different from air parameters in the ice arena, is formatted close to the individual members of roof construction. Newly developed mathematical and physical model using CFD simulation is used for simulation of hygrothermal stress in chosen part of the ice arena roof construction, which substantially affects quality, utility properties and life time of timber roof components. Results are compared with experiments in specific ice rink.
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Karpovič, Zbignev, Ritoldas Šukys, and Rimvydas Gudelis. "TOXICITY RESEARCH OF SMOULDERING AND FLAMING PINE TIMBER TREATED WITH FIRE RETARDANT SOLUTIONS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 4 (September 11, 2012): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.709195.
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The emission of toxic gaseous combustion products from timber constructions influences on the time required for evacuation of people from a building during a fire. In order to prolong the time interval until inflammation of timber constructions, fire retardant solutions are used. It is relevant and very important to determine how the emission of toxic gaseous combustion products from pine timber non-treated and treated with fire retardant solutions used in Lithuania differs during thermal destruction. Measuring carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, the paper focuses on toxicity analysis determined by nonstandard and standard research methods of smouldering and flaming pine timber, both non-treated and treated with fire retardant solutions. The description comprises specimens used in research and their preparation, nonstandard and standard research equipment and methods determining toxicity of smouldering and flaming pine timber, both non-treated and treated with fire retardant solutions. The article presents the analysis of experimental results processed by statistical methods.
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Pastushkov, V. G., and V. V. Kastsiukovich. "ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNICAL STATE OF TIMBER OUTLET ELEMENTS OF UNDERGROUND SUPERSTRUCTURES WHILE HOLDING THE MONITORING OF OPERATING UNDERGROUND RUNNING LINE TUNNELS IN MINSK." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.831.
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Timber elements computation methods are presented in the article including the endurance of load action and humidity for timber strength in accordance with statutory documents. The analysis of humidity and temperature conditions of the underground constructions is performed; defects and damages, timber outlet elements of underground superstructure of normal operating are described in details. An alternative method of timber elements underground superstructure longevity rising is proposed in obedience to the mentioned reasons of the decreasing longevity.
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Cabral, Matheus Roberto, and Pierre Blanchet. "A State of the Art of the Overall Energy Efficiency of Wood Buildings—An Overview and Future Possibilities." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081848.
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The main goal of this study was to review current studies on the state of the art of wood constructions with a particular focus on energy efficiency, which could serve as a valuable source of information for both industry and scholars. This review begins with an overview of the role of materials in wood buildings to improve energy performance, covering structural and insulation materials that have already been successfully used in the market for general applications over the years. Subsequently, studies of different wood building systems (i.e., wood-frame, post-and-beam, mass timber and hybrid constructions) and energy efficiency are discussed. This is followed by a brief introduction to strategies to increase the energy efficiency of constructions. Finally, remarks and future research opportunities for wood buildings are highlighted. Some general recommendations for developing more energy-efficient wood buildings are identified in the literature and discussed. There is a lack of emerging construction concepts for wood-frame and post-and-beam buildings and a lack of design codes and specifications for mass timber and hybrid buildings. From the perspective of the potential environmental benefits of these systems as a whole, and their effects on energy efficiency and embodied energy in constructions, there are barriers that need to be considered in the future.
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Inzhutov, Ivan, Victor Zhadanov, Peter Melnikov, Sergei Amelchugov, and Irina Melnikova. "Buildings and constructions on the base of timber for the Arctic regions." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001089.
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Economic efficiency of development of high-latitude territories directly depends on the construction technologies applied here. Traditional materials such as reinforced concrete and steel cause unacceptably high resource consumption throughout the entire technological chain of construction production in the Northern regions, and the mechanical transfer of construction technologies to high-latitude construction are ineffective. Analysis of environmental effects on buildings and structures has shown that the most effective for the Extreme North is the dome shape, namely: the building of the lenticular shape; dome building; the building in the form of a sphere; in the form of a cone formed by rotating the Reuleaux triangle around the vertical axis of symmetry; the building of tetrahedron type, and various shapes formed by the combination of buildings of dome shapes. The rationality of constructions made of wood and wood materials is emphasized, which determines the necessity of creating an industry of glued elements. It has been widely used in high-latitude construction and has proved to be the best in terms of frost resistance, low resistance to corrosion from blizzards, high specific strength and low thermal conductivity for a long time.
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Lestari, Ratri Yuli. "CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Produksi, Karakteristik dan Perkembangannya (CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Production, Characteristics and Development)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v9i1.3126.
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Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product as a laminated board that was arranged in cross order and applied as floor, roof, and wall. This product is an innovation in overcoming the scarce of wood material especially in large diameter and high quality as a building material. The review discusses the history of CLT, the characteristics, and its developments. CLT was first developed in Europe especially in Austria and Germany and then spread around the world. CLT has superiority in term of characteristics such as renewable, recyclable, easy to design and form, good insulation, energy efficient, fire resistance, good seismic characteristics, and also acts as a carbon sink that relieves the stress of global greenhouse gasses effect. CLT also has the strength that comparable to concrete and steel, and suitable for high rise building structure purposes. CLT is a prefabricated product and has advantages such as time saving, labor efficient, minimal post construction waste, and less disturbance to the environment during construction. CLT was developed outside Europe and reached North America, New Zealand and Indonesia. The barrier in adopting CLT are the lack of information of the products. One of the solution is to increase the awareness and the product knowledge.Keywords : architecture, building constructions, cross laminated timber, engineered wood
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Lokaj, Antonín, and Kristýna Klajmonová. "Selected Problems in Using Round Timber in Building Structures." Advanced Engineering Forum 12 (November 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.12.101.
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The content of this paper are possibilities of using round timber in various public facilities structures (e.g. children ́s playgrounds) and in engineering constructions (e.g. watchtowers, bridges and footbridges). Specific problems of designing round timber structures, mainly in joints, are presented here.
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Bettarello, Federica, Andrea Gasparella, and Marco Caniato. "The Influence of Floor Layering on Airborne Sound Insulation and Impact Noise Reduction: A Study on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Structures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 5938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135938.
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The use of timber constructions recently increased. In particular, Cross Laminated Timber floors are often used in multi-story buildings. The development of standardization processes, product testing, design of details and joints, the speed of construction, and the advantages of eco-sustainability are the main reasons why these structures play a paramount role on the international building scene. However, for further developments, it is essential to investigate sound insulation properties, in order to meet the requirements of indoor comfort and comply with current building regulations. This work presents the results obtained by in field measurements developed using different sound sources (tapping machine, impact rubber ball, and airborne dodecahedral speaker) on Cross Laminated Timber floors, changing different sound insulation layering (suspended ceiling and floating floors). Results clearly show that the influence on noise reduction caused by different layering stimulated by diverse noise source is not constant and furthermore that no available analytical model is able to correctly predict Cross Laminated Timber floors acoustic performances.
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Mischler, Adrian. "Techniques d'assemblage permettant de placer les sciages feuillus sur le marché de la construction | Joining Techniques to Introduce Hardwood Timber into the Construction Market." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0257.
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Joining techniques are a decisive factor for the performance of load-carrying structures in wood constructions. They must meet the following static requirements: load carrying capacity,rigidity and ductility. The most frequently used joining techniques for load-carrying structures in wood constructions are presented and their pros and cons are commented on. The performance of spruce and ash timber have been compared using connections of GLT beams assembled in accordance with BSB technique. These tests have shown that hardwood reaches a higher performance than softwood in such applications. Thanks to innovative joining techniques, hardwood reaches new fields of utilisation in modern timber engineering.
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Švajlenka, Jozef, and Mária Kozlovská. "The potential of timber-based buildings in terms of energy efficiency." MATEC Web of Conferences 322 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032201002.
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The topic of energy efficiency is currently under discussion. One of the areas of energy efficiency is the energy efficiency of buildings. The thermo-technical requirements for building envelope structures are gaining increasing importance due to new legislation and technical regulations regarding the reduction of heating and energy demands of buildings over time and because of continuously increasing energy prices. Building construction and the operational costs of buildings are among the largest consumers of material and energy resources and environmental pollutants. Ecological constructions are a response to the current state of the environment. A suitable solution that represents ecological construction, operation and comfortable living is the construction of low-energy and passive houses based on wood. Wood-based buildings have many benefits that are particularly timely in the context of sustainability today. The aim of this paper is to introduce selected aspects of wood-based buildings in the context of energy efficiency and thus to reduce the adverse effects of construction on the surrounding environment.
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Šuštiaková, Marianna, and Pavol Ďurica. "Monitoring Thermal Parameters of Lightweight Wood-Based Perimeter Walls." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.315.
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Based on initial measurements that have been performed on a sample wall, partial results of long time monitoring are presented. The wall was lightweight timber-frame construction built in a climate chamber in the laboratory pavilion type Department of Building Constructions and Urban Planning Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Žilina. Article is focused on changes of thermal properties of insulations during day affected by actual weather condition.
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Uvsløkk, Sivert. "The Importance of Wind Barriers for Insulated Timber Frame Constructions." Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes 20, no. 1 (July 1996): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109719639602000105.
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Fernandes, Jorge, Ricardo Mateus, Helena Gervásio, Sandra Monteiro Silva, Jorge Branco, and Manuela Almeida. "Thermal Performance and Comfort Conditions Analysis of a Vernacular Palafitic Timber Building in Portuguese Coastline Context." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410484.
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The palafitic timber constructions of the central Portuguese coastline are an example of the adaptation to site-specific conditions (climate and sand landscape morphodynamics) using the available endogenous resources. Thus, in a context of environmental awareness and climate change, it is relevant to understand their features/strategies and how they perform. This work analyses the energy performance and thermal condition evaluation of a vernacular timber building–palheiro–from Praia de Mira, through in situ measurements, subjective analysis and energy simulation provided by DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus. The results show a good or satisfactory thermal performance during most of the seasons by passive means only. Despite, it was not possible to guarantee thermal comfort conditions for the occupants during winter. In the energy performance analysis, five scenarios, with different external walls, were compared. In the two scenarios that satisfy the maximum U-value for the climate zone, the current conventional building had a slightly better performance on heating and cooling (less 1.1 and 1.4 kWh/m2, respectively) than the timber building. However, the difference between the two construction solutions is not substantial in the annual energy demand (2.5 kWh/m2, 7.3%), indicating that timber structures are suitable in this mild climate area.
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Chiotan, Corina, and Dumitru Daniel Morlova. "Comparative design of the superstructure of timber bridges, using norm np 005 - 2003 and provisions of european standards." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2015-0033.
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Abstract The norms and standards for design of timber bridges, as well as other structures built from this material, were obsolete, design standards that were used dated from 1978 to 1980. The introduction of European Standards has created a new legislative framework in the field of designing and building timber bridges. Currently the design of such constructions use Norm NP 005-2003 and SR EN 1995-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. Part 1-1: General. Common rules and rules for buildings, SR EN 1995-2: 2005 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. Part 2: Bridges, along with their national annexes. The aim of this paper is to analyze the design of the beams for timber bridges in parallel, using on one hand Norm NP 005 - 2003, and on the other hand provisions of European standards. The design requirements for both norms as well as the results of a case study for a structural element of a timber bridge will be presented.
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Bečkovská, Tereza, Lucie Vacková, and Vladimír Tichomirov. "Latex Paint Influence on the Oriented Strand Boards and the Indoor Climate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.226.
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Oriented strand boards are used to be designed as a water vapor retarder in timber structures. This article presents assessment of latex layer influence on oriented strands boards characteristics. Constructions with latex paint for increasing vapor resistance and constructions with a vapor-proof layer were also compared of indoor air parameters change. The values of hygrothermal properties were monitored in various levels of constructions. Full-scale experiments proved the difference of the humidity phenomena for latex painted boards.
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Homb, Anders, Catherine Guigou-Carter, and Andreas Rabold. "Impact sound insulation of cross-laminated timber/massive wood floor constructions: Collection of laboratory measurements and result evaluation." Building Acoustics 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x16682966.
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Wooden building systems, including cross-laminated timber elements, are becoming more common. The last few years have seen new developments and documentation of innovative types of cross-laminated timber floor assemblies. Regarding impact sound associated to walking persons, running or jumping children, such floor assemblies can be regarded as a weak part. So far, there are no reliable standardized calculation models available, for prediction of impact sound in the entire frequency range. Therefore the design is always based upon previous experiences and available measurements. This article presents the results of a number of well controlled sound insulation measurements of cross-laminated timber/massive wood floor constructions conducted in laboratories. The collection of data and results analysis highlight some basic phenomena. For instance, how structural differences related to the grouping of the constructions change the frequency distribution of the impact sound level and the single number quantities. Another significant result is the influence of the dynamic stiffness of the resilient interlayer of floating floor systems and the mass per unit area of the floors. Based on this analysis, the aim is to identify similarities and carry out simplifications. The data will be further processed and used in the development of prediction models and optimization process of cross-laminated timber floor assemblies.
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Takács, Lajos Gábor. "Fire Protection Aspects of Low-Energy Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.543.
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Structures of low energy buildings and passive houses are different from traditional buildings: thick thermal insulations often made of combustible materials -, lightweight skeleton frame loadbearing structures, timber frame constructions are common. Based on laboratory tests of lightweight building products, building structure design principles and the first fire events in passive houses, this article summarizes the main fire protection problems of passive house structures and gives recommendations for appropriate construction of these houses in fire protection aspects.
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Bilyk, S. I., and D. V. Mykhaіlovskyi. "Engineering methods for calculation of elements from combined glued timber." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.079.
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Extensive world experience in the implementation of building structures made of timber, in particular glued timber, for various purposes confirms the feasibility of their use. This is facilitated by the fact that glued timber effectively accumulates the positive properties of timber as a structural material level the shortcomings of solid timber. One of the types of constructions of glued timber are constructions of combined glued timber. Taking into account the structure and features of elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section, for a detailed analysis of the stress-strain state, a method is proposed, which consists in applying to standard formulas for calculating the reduced cross-sectional characteristics: reduced area, reduced moment of inertia, reduced moment of resistance. To calculation, the elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section according to the second limit state (serviceability), it is proposed to use the reduced modulus of elasticity of the section to the boards of the outer layers. To analyze the proposed method, a number of numerical studies of beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class using analytical calculation methods and using the finite element method in the software package LIRA-CAD, using three-dimensional and flat finite elements. Numerical studies show that the results of calculations of beams of combined glued and glued timber of the same strength class differ within 20% in the direction of increasing the values of deflections and normal stresses in the elements of combined glued timber. Finite element calculations in the software package LIRA-CAD beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class modeled volumetric and flat showed almost complete coincidence of results with a discrepancy of up to 2%, which suggests the need to significantly simplify the modeling, set elements from glued timber with flat finite elements. It is confirmed that the analytical calculation of beams of combined glued timber is recommended to be carried out according to the proposed method. The proposed technique allows to take into account the thickness and mechanical characteristics for the strength class of each board of which the glued cross section of the element, which significantly expands the range of use of combined glued timber. The high level of coincidence (within 5%) of the proposed analytical method with determination of the given cross-sectional characteristics with the results obtained by the finite element method for different cross-sections and spans of beams is confirmed, which allows to assert the expediency of its application in engineering calculations. In addition, the modeling of structures made of combined glued timber is possible with rod elements with the provision of the reduced modulus of elasticity according to the proposed method, which greatly simplifies the calculation of complex rod systems.
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Herms, Jens-Lüder. "Achieving airtightness and weather protection of CLT buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 10011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017210011.
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CLT buildings - a critical view concerning airtightness and weather protection during building time. Wood constructions are gaining a bigger and bigger share in the building industry as well in bigger constructions. Mainly CLT (Cross-Laminated-Timber) elements are due to it’s stability, fast building up time, easy installation and high share of prefabrication a key point for this success. In this presentation I will take a critical view on the building physical properties like diffusion resistance and airtightness. Especially according to the normal building material properties of wood like swelling and dwindling of timber. As well we will take a closer look to different glue technologies which are used on adhesive tapes to seal the CLT elements airtight. There are different technologies available in the market which offer different quality levels. Another point to solve is the temporary weather protection of timber building due to an enlarged building time. Especially when we have visible surface in the walls or in the ceiling they must be protected against rain water – there are new self sticking membranes available in the market which have proven their ability to protect ceilings against rain in a large number of realised constructions. The performance of these products will be presented in some already realised projects and we will take a closer look at the requirements and problems which have been found in these projects.
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Caniato and Gasparella. "Discriminating People’s Attitude towards Building Physical Features in Sustainable and Conventional Buildings." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081429.
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At the present time, buildings technologies for residential constructions are essentially divided into two groups. The first one is associated to conventional techniques using concrete, masonry or in general heavyweight structures, while the second one is associated to timber, e.g., sustainable glulam, crosslam, etc. (lightweight structures). Technicians, scientist, designers and non-expert people have their own stereotyped ideas and attitudes, related to thermal and sound insulation, structural stability, fire resistance, service equipment, heating and cooling systems, etc. Nevertheless, for people who is not strongly related to both construction procedure studies, analysis, experiences or focuses, timber structures appear to be more comfortable, reliable and insulated. The need of investigating the role of non-physical and non-measurable parameters in affecting future inhabitants’ overall preconceptions related to new sustainable buildings is thus of paramount importance. The hypothesis that behavioral, physiological, past experiences and psychological factors can have a non-negligible role in determining the final user perception, interaction and adaptation to timber buildings has to be verified. For these reasons, an international survey was realized in order to investigate what individuals expect from these two different construction technologies. After focused statistical analysis, it could be demonstrated how geographical difference could influence results and that, for indoor comfort, stereotypes do exist for lightweight buildings in comparison to heavyweight ones, highlighting how timber construction are associated to thermal comfort and sensed as innovative even if there is no complete distrust in conventional ones. The influence of non-physical and non-measurable parameters is correlated to people’s attitudes.
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Franke, Bettina, Florian Scharmacher, and Andreas Müller. "Assessment of the Glue-Line Quality in Glued Laminated Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.424.
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Timber constructions with glulam members have regularly to be proofed for their performance to avoid structural collapse. For the assessment of glued laminated timber, it is important to know reliable methods and criteria. The requirements given in standard EN 386:2001 are valid for the quality control of the glulam production. The use and application of these two different methods at existing timber structures were investigated and discussed. The experimental test series comprise different adhesives as well as specimen from new material and existing structures. Problems and issues noted during the test series and analyses of the results are discussed. The correlations found provide advice for the assessment of existing structures.
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Öqvist, Rikard, Fredrik Ljunggren, and Anders Ågren. "Variations in Sound Insulation in Nominally Identical Prefabricated Lightweight Timber Constructions." Building Acoustics 17, no. 2 (June 2010): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351-010x.17.2.91.
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Liblik, Johanna, and Alar Just. "Performance of Constructions with Clay Plaster and Timber at Elevated Temperatures." Energy Procedia 96 (September 2016): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.133.
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Kravchenko, Anastasiia, Sergii Guzii, Yurii Tsapko, and Vít Petranek. "Research of Fire-Retardant Properties of Timber Constructions, Protected Geocement-Based Coating, after their Operation." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.7.
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Was conducted survey of condition and fire-retardant properties of surface of timber constructions, protected by coating on geocement-based, after their operation under atmospheric conditions. For a comprehensive assessment of fire-retardant determined following characteristics: type of corrosive environment; duration of operation of structural elements coated; coating thickness and integrity; cracks; adhesion of the coating to the timber; determination of the fire-retardant properties of the coating. Assessment of the results obtained, despite the significant deterioration in the appearance of geocement-based coating retains its primary function, fire protection, having after one year of operation, – 1 group of combustibility.
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Ruggieri, Nicola. "Timber “Science” in Herculaneum during the 1st Century A.D." MATEC Web of Conferences 242 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824201020.
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The paper deals with the state of the knowledge on wood material used for constructions during the 1st century in Herculaneum, focusing in particular on the analysis of durability measures and for limiting the effects of timber shrinkage. The study founds on the historical literature and on the finds exceptionally conserved in the archaeological site “thanks” to the Vesuvius’ eruption.
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Surdokaitė-Vitienė, Gabija, and Adomas Vitas. "The Building and Renovation History of Vilnius and Kaunas Churches: Dendrochronological Dating and Historical Sources." Art History & Criticism 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mik-2017-0002.
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Summary We present the application of dendrochronological dating of the renovation and construction works of churches in the Kaunas and Vilnius regions of Lithuania. The model for the estimation of the missing rings of Scots pine was used in Lithuania for the first time. We have assessed 18 timber cross-sections from nine churches, which were used for the constructions from the second half of the 17th to 19th c. The oldest wood samples were dated from St. Michael’s Church in Vilnius (1668±4) and St. George, the Martyr, (Bernardine) Church in Kaunas (1693±3). The aim of this study was to compare the results of the investigation of timber samples from 9 churches with archival sources and literature data and to reveal the renovation history of the buildings. The study of written historical sources has revealed a lack of recorded building and reconstruction phases of the churches. This fact was later confirmed by the results of dendrochronological dating. The dating of the timber revealed undocumented reconstruction dates in Zapyškis church (1791±3), St. George, the Martyr, (Bernardine) Church in Kaunas (1711±4), St. Anne Church in Skaruliai (1693±3) and Vilnius Cathedral (1814±4).
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Wang, Tian Hang. "On the Impact of Timber Consumption on Environment due to Wooden Architecture Construction in the Tang Dynasty in Chang’an." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.898.
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As is known, there is great impact on the local eco-system and environment caused by timber consumptions. It is yet important to validate this common belief by scientific data. Considering there is generally a lag on the environmental impact, it is intuitive for us to study the influence based on historical facts in the past. Thus, this paper focuses on the time period of the Tang dynasty in Chang’an, which was famous for being the “Eastern Rome” to investigate the impact of timber consumption on the local environment due to wooden architecture constructions.
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Korolchenko, O. N., S. G. Tsarichenko, and N. I. Konstantinova. "Flammability properties of fire-retardant timber." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2021.30.02.23-34.
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Introduction. At present, the house-building industry, that produces timber structures, is in the process of sufficiently intensive development; however, high flammability of wood is the factor that restrains widespread use of timber in construction. The purpose of this work is to optimize the conditions of application of fire-retardant timber in the construction industry. The co-authors believe that the following problems are to be solved to attain this objective:● a comparative analysis of the fireproofing efficiency of several fire-proofing agents applied to different species of wood;● determination of the character of influence produced by fire proofing agents on fire retardant properties of wood.Methods of research. The fire proofing efficiency of sample compositions designated for wood was measured in compliance with the benchmark testing method specified in GOST R 53292 (p. 6.2). Experiments were launched pursuant to the methodology and with the help of measurement instruments specified in GOST 30244–94 (Method 2) to study the extent of the pine-tree timber flammability suppression. Critical values of thermal loads that may trigger inflammation and flame propagation in timber structures, that can be described using values of the critical surface density of the heat flow, were determined pursuant to GOST 30402–96 and GOST R 51032–97. The toxicity of combustion products and the smoke generation ability of fire-retardant pine-tree samples was assessed using standard methods and measurement instruments pursuant to GOST 12.1.044–89 (paragraphs 4.18 and 4.20).Research results and discussion. Biological flame retardants, integrated biological flame retardants that also ensure moisture protection, intumescent coatings, lacquers and varnishes that are ready for use and labelled as having group I and II fire-retardant efficiency pursuant to GOST R 53292, were studied in the course of this research project. The co-authors have identified that the mass loss by all fire-retardant compositions is below 9 %, if applied to samples of larch and oak-tree timber, same as if it were applied to standard samples of pine-tree timber.The findings of the experiment conducted to assess the flammability, ignitibility, flame propagation, smoke generation ability and toxicity of combustion products have proven the maximal efficiency of the composition designated for full-cell pressure impregnation of timber that ensures the properties of the material labelled as G1, V1, RP1, T2, D2.Conclusions. Hence, the research results have enabled the co-authors to assess the discrepancy between average mass loss values demonstrated by the samples of different species of timber (alder, linden, pine-tree, larch, and oak-tree).The comprehensive study of flammability properties of timber, treated by compositions that vary in their chemical composition and mode of action of the fire proofing agent, enabled the co-authors to identify the impact produced by versatile fire-proofing agents on different flammability properties of pine-tree timber with regard taken of the fire-safe use of construction materials and constructions of buildings and structures.
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Blam, Yuriy, and Ludmila Mashkina. "TIMBER SECTOR: FORECASTS AND STRATEGIES." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 3, no. 1 (2019): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-3-1-30-38.
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The authors analyze the information base of the elaborated forecasts and strategies for the timber complex development from the viewpoint of the territorial differentiation in resources and infrastructure availability. The structure of the harvested timber is aligned with the volume and quality characteristics of the wood assortments needed for production of the forecasted types of the final forest product. It is confirmed that the volume of the small-scale wood substance and waste products formed under clean cutting and also under production of board lumber and plywood, cannot be completely utilized within the production of slab materials and pellets. And in the eastern regions when the benefits for transportation to the European countries are cancelled it is unprofitable to process them. The article also gives estimation of the inner market forecast for the main types of forest products which has been attained with the calculations on the base of the inter-regional model , in comparison with the hypothesis built-in the Strategies of the timber complex development. The analysis is given for the main reasons of not fulfilling the tasks which have been put forward under developing the Strategies connected with the changes of the institutional and economic conditions of the timber complex functioning. Also, inflated expectations for the wooden house constructions are noted in the article.
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Wuyts, D., C. Crispin, B. Ingelaere, and M. Van Damme. "Laboratory Sound Insulation Measurements of Improved Timber Floor Constructions: A Parametric Survey." Building Acoustics 13, no. 4 (December 2006): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/135101006779320483.
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Wijnants, L., K. Allacker, and F. De Troyer. "Life-cycle assessment of timber frame constructions – The case of rooftop extensions." Journal of Cleaner Production 216 (April 2019): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.278.
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Qian, Cheng, Sylvain Ménard, Delphine Bard-Hagberg, Jean-Luc Kouyoumji, and Juan Negreira. "Calibration of the ISO tapping machine for finite-element prediction tool on a wooden-base floor." Building Acoustics 26, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x19855227.
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One important challenge of the wooden constructions is to achieve a high quality of acoustic insulation, especially decreasing the impact noise in the low-frequency range. In order to avoid over-designed solutions and expensive experimental tests in the design phase, reliable prediction tools are called for. This article is an initial investigation of modeling the ISO standardized tapping machine on a cross-laminated timber floor, using finite element method. The wooden-based floor was first calibrated in terms of its dynamic properties. The influence of the material properties of the cross-laminated timber floor was discussed. The force generated by the tapping machine was then introduced in the established cross-laminated timber model. The model was finally validated by comparing the simulation results with the measured accelerations.
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Pupsys, Tomas, Marco Corradi, Antonio Borri, and Leon Amess. "Bending Reinforcement of Full-Scale Timber Beams with Mechanically Attached GFRP Composite Plates." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.212.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed to evaluate the performance of timber beams strengthened in bending using GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) plates mechanically attached with high-strength metal screws. Modest ratios of GFRP composite reinforcement can increase beam load-carrying capacity and manipulate failure mode from the brittle tensile in the unreinforced beams to a more extensible failure in the strengthened timber beams. Application of mechanical reinforcement presents a solution of reversibility, compatibility and durability for reinforced timber. The experimental campaign focused on load-deflection relationship and failure modes in order to increase the bending capacity and stiffness of the timber beam. Oak beams with dimensions 145 x 145 x 2450 mm were reinforced with un-bonded pultruded GFRP plates. Hexagon head coach screws 16 mm diameter, 130 mm length, grade 8.8, were used to mechanically attach the reinforcement along with 34 mm outer diameter fender washers, distributing the fastening load away from the screw’s position. All beams were tested until failure under the four-point bending configuration. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reinforcement method and ability to reversibly repair the timber, representing a capability to be utilised in the new constructions or restoration of timber structures.